Industrial Revolution

Organizing CEs for Instruction: Era 6 -The

Industrial Revolution as a Global Event

Craig Benjamin (GVSU)With special thanks and acknowledgement to

Bob Bain and Lauren McArthur Harris(The University of Michigan)

Key Questions

• How do we organize for instruction global, multi-scaled content expectations?

• How do we re-purpose lessons and resources?

Goals for This Session

• Organize Era 6 for instruction, as an example of what can/should be done with other eras

• Acquire/create/re-purpose teachable materials

Approaches to the Industrial Revolution & Industrialism

• Textbooks: How does the textbook “represent” the Industrial Revolution? What do you see? What don’t you see?

- Beck: regional to national to local (Manchester) to multi-regional to global impact, side boxes: more global in scope. Last chapter in section: politics, economics. Many activities and questions connected to today. Majority regional (Europe); time frame 1800-1900

Approaches to the Industrial Revolution & Industrialism contd

- Spielvogel: zooms in on England and the region, argues that industrialization leads to Western domination and nationalization; starts with England and Europe, moves out to Africa (imperialism) and then to Japan and China; zooms in on two people (England and Germany) describing conditions; connecting economic revolution to other institutions

- Stearns: regional perspective, distinct temporal breaks; “western civ. plus”; two paragraphs on U.S.; six sentences on Asia; all images are of Europe. Spread: why some areas and not others (talks about scholars’ ideas); more time spent on life on industrial life (regional); “tease” at the beginning of section about spreading to the rest of the world

Approaches to the Industrial Revolution & Industrialism –David Christian’s Approach

• This Fleeting World: How does the David Christian “represent” the Industrial Revolution? What do you see? What don’t you see?– Christian: Industrialism is multi-causal;

part of modernity; focuses on global story but then looks at many regions (Russia, Japan); shows inter-regionalism; follows some commodities; shows increase in Europe’s GDP at “expense” of China & Asia

David Christian’s Approach contd

– happens over three temporal patterns (“waves”); multi-time; multi-space; fewer names; more on inventions; connects to other contexts, (e.g. spread of ideas, gives theory for Europe’s increase in power); yet, not mentioning certain stories, or omits end to other stories

– identifies historical interpretation, and historical disagreements; yet he is also making an interpretation, and presenting an argument; opportunity to explore economic relationship ; his thought experiments are creating “relevance” ; not isolated issue, but enhances global interactions; diffusion of ideas, inventions that “fueled” Industrialism existed “outside” Europe; extends to Imperialism, democracy, etc.

Models of how the WHGCEs Treat the Relationship BetweenIndustrialism, Politics and Europe’s Rise to Global Domination

Components of Imperialism, Industrialism and National and Political Revolts

Break Down of Industrialism

NOW … A GLOBAL STORY for ERA SIX

(1700-1914)

The Industrial Revolution as a Global Event

• How did life change between 1700 and 1914?• What explains the changes? What are

plausible, though possibly competing, explanations?

• Evaluate the merits of arguments holding that changes in Europe’s relative strength in the world was byproduct of factors “internal” to Europe or “external” Europe.

Now Consider the following: What do you make of these

“facts?”

What surprises you?What supports what you’ve always known? What challenges what you’ve always known?

Fact 1: Consider population …. or demography …

16

World Population, 400 BCE - 2000 CE

17

But the growth was not equal everywhere!

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

1750 1850 1900

Millions

World Population Growth in Era Six

Population of India, China & Europe, 1400- 2000

19

Year Population in Millions

% of World Population

1750 141 19.3

1850 292 25.0

1900 482 30.0

World Population of People of European Descent in Europe, the

United States, and Canada

For example, the population of European descent in these three regions grew significantly between 1750

and 1900.

What explains such growth?What would you expect

happened to enable such growth?

21

Not only was the human population

growing, it was moving across

and within continents.

22Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Migration from Europefrom 1750 or earlier

23Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Continuing Atlantic slave trade after 1750

24Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

Labor migration from Asiamainly after 1750

25

Major Global Migrations

Europeans overseas including

Siberia1820-1930

55-60,000,000

Africans to theAmericas1811-18701,900,000

Asians overseas1850-19202,500,000

Migrations, 1700-1940

• Source: Patrick Manning, Migration in World History (New York: Routledge, 2005), 146 • Note: Boxes show millions of departures; circles show arrivals• Africans (1650-1940), Europeans (1840-1940), Indians (1840-1940), Chinese (1840-1940)

What surprises you? What challenges your understanding? What do you think explains such

movement?What would you expect

happened to enable such shifts in population?

Consider changes in cities …

29

Growth of the Population of Boston

1690 - 7,000

1790 - 18,038

1900 - 560,892

158%

3,010%

30

Growth of the Population of Detroit

1870 – 79,577

1900 – 265,000

1930 -1,500,000

233%

466%

Most Populous Cities, 1500Name Population

1 Beijing, China 672,000

2 Vijayanagar, India 500,000

3 Cairo, Egypt 400,000

4 Hangzhou, China 250,000

5 Tabriz, Iran 250,000

6 Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey 200,000

7 Gaur, India 200,000

8 Paris, France 185,000

9 Guangzhou, China 150,000

10 Nanjing, China 147,000

Most Populous Cities, 1800Name Population

1 Beijing, China 1,100,000

2 London, United Kingdom 861,000

3 Guangzhou, China 800,000

4 Edo (Tokyo), Japan 685,000

5 Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey 570,000

6 Paris, France 547,000

7 Naples, Italy 430,000

8 Hangzhou, China 387,000

9 Osaka, Japan 383,000

10 Kyoto, Japan 377,000

Most Populous Cities, 1900Name Population

1 London, United Kingdom 6,480,000

2 New York, United States 4,242,000

3 Paris, France 3,330,0004 Berlin, Germany 2,707,000

5 Chicago, United States 1,717,000

6 Vienna, Austria 1,698,0007 Tokyo, Japan 1,497,000

8 St. Petersburg, Russia 1,439,000

9 Manchester, United Kingdom 1,435,000

10 Philadelphia, United States 1,418,000

What surprises you? What challenges your understanding? What do you think explains such

movement?What would you expect

happened to enable such shifts in population?

Fact 2: Consider changes in wealth and power …

36

$0.00

$500,000.00

$1,000,000.00

$1,500,000.00

$2,000,000.00

$2,500,000.00

$3,000,000.00

1700 1820 1870 1913

The Modern Revolution meant powerful economic growth in the world as a whole.

World Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Dollars

as valued in 1990

Estimated World Income, 1000 BCE-2000 CE (Per Capita)

Source: Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms a Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 2

38

Powerful, but not equal.

The countries which modernized first used it to their

advantage.

39

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1700 1820 1870 1913

Eur./N.AAsia

Percentage of World GDP Western Europe and North America vs. Asia

The Modern Revolution shifted the world’s economic center.

Share of World GDP 1700-1890

Share of Manufacturing Output, 1750-1900

Real Wages, English Laborers1209-1809

Source: Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms a Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 41

Real Income in England1260-2000

Source: Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms a Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 195

Comparative Income Per Capita,1800-2000

Source: Gregory Clark, A Farewell to Alms a Brief Economic History of the World (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2007), 321

What surprises you? What challenges your understanding? What do you think explains such

changes?

46

But a growing population meant

that human need for resources—for energy—was growing, too.

And humans dealt with this need by using

fossil fuels. Watch!

47

5 watts

Small wax candle, 800 BCE

48

Parson’s turbine, 1884 CE

100,000 watts

49

Fact 3: The Fossil Fuel Revolution

The biological old regime ends when vast new sources of energy come into

use:

CoalElectricity

GasPetroleum

Nuclear

50

By taking energy from fossil fuels like coal instead of biomass like

wood…

52

and with better and better steam

engines to harness coal’s

energy…

53

Power loom weaving Lancashire, 1835

People could produce more

efficiently.

54

In Britain coal mines were close to factories and cities.

In China coal mines were far from factories and cities.

How might history have been different if Britain’s coal mines had been located, say, in the Carpathian Mountains of southeastern Europe.?

56

Robert Fulton’s Clermont steamship 1807

And travel more

quickly.

57

George Stephenson’s “Rocket” steam locomotive

1829

And travel more quickly

58

The increasing power of

steam engines in Era

Seven

59

The Industrial Revolution

Fossil fuel energy in production and transportation

60

The Industrial Revolution allowed for new global economic

relationships.

61

Cotton exports from agrarian economies to industrial economies

Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

62

Textile exports from industrial to agrarian economies

Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library 2002 © 1993-2001 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.

63

Old limits on how much energy

people could use were gone!

And in Era Six people tore down other limits too…

64

Sounds great!

But what did governments need

to do to make these ideas work?

Fact 4: New economic ideas

• People should be able to buy and sell land freely.

• People should be able to buy and sell labor freely.

• People should be able to buy and sell goods freely.

65

Improve public health.

Build railroads, ports, and telegraphs.

Standardize weights and measures.

66

Antiseptic medicine

1867

Transcontinental railroad 1869

Metric system1790

67

In Era Six, government played a greater role than

ever before in people’s lives.

And while that happened,

people’s ideas about government

changed, too!

68

People moved more quickly.

Ideas moved more quickly.

69

RailroadSteamboat

Transatlantic cableNewspaper

Fact 5: The

Communication Revolution

70

The Speed RevolutionOne hour of optimum travel:

Walking - 5 km Horse-drawn coach - 10 km Railway locomotive (1847) - 96 km Normannia steamship (1890) - 40 km French rapid train - 297 km Jet plane - 1000 km

71

Railway Development

in Europe1840

1850

72

Railway Development in Europe

1880

73

Railway Construction in India1853-1931

74India, 1877

After the Modern Revolution, much more food went on the world market…

75India, 1877

… and it was often shipped to where it got the highest price,

76

not to where it was needed most.

77

And industrial technology could be used not only to create, but to

destroy.

78

And more of the world was colonized than ever before.

79

Battle of Omdurman, Sudan, 1898

Sudanese dead, 10,000

British dead, 48

80

Fact 6: The European Moment

Land surface of the world controlled by Europeans:•1800 35%•1878 67%•1914 84%

But . . . duration of European world domination in the past 2000 years:

80yrs

81

Modernize the army.

Modernize the economy.

Maintain independence.

Russia Mexico

JapanEgypt

82

People who traveled to learn about one part of the Modern

Revolution, like fossil fuels,….

83

also learned about the democratic part of the Modern

Revolution.

84

And they didn’t keep the ideas to themselves. They communicated

them, because it was all part of the package.

What surprises you? What challenges your understanding?

What scale have we been working?

Might you use any of this with students? How?

Fact 7: Consider changes in social situations …

Comparative Activity

• Through history, children had always labored. Yet, today child labor is outlawed, or severely outlawed in many countries in the world.

• When did this happen? Where did it happen?• Why then? Why there?• Why do you think child labor would become

a public issue when it did?

Comparative Activity

• Use the following documents to develop a theory about restrictions on child labor, particularly their timing and location.

• That is, if children had always labored in history, where were some places that were outlawing or restricting child labor? Why there? Why then?

Age of Workers in England

Sadler Commission, 1832

Japanese Commission, 1906

Japanese Labor

Japanese Factory Act, 1911

British Factory Acts, 1833

Return to A Thought Experiment We Considered Last Time

Think of how early 20th century industrialism might look at:• Local level (Detroit area)• Mid-regional level (Midwest)• National level (U.S.A.)• Hemispheric level (Western)• Global

• What changes at each of these levels? • What details are added or removed? • How are they connected (nested)? • At what level does this topic become world history?

The Industrial Revolution as a Global Event

• How did life change between 1700 and 1914?• What explains the changes? What are

plausible, though possibly competing, explanations?

• Evaluate the merits of arguments holding that changes in Europe’s relative strength in the world was byproduct of factors “internal” to Europe or “external” Europe.

Michigan's Content Expectations• Use Era 6 as an example of how to organize your courses• Identify the CEs that pertain to Industrialism and the

Industrial Revolution (circle relevant ones)• Ask what are the key ideas or concepts?• Think about:- how you would teach these- materials you would use use (i.e. how would you use your

school’s textbook?)Then design your courses accordingly

Write around and discussion next!