Improving End-To-End Tsunami Warning for Risk Reduction on ... · Improving End-To-End Tsunami Warning for Risk Reduction on Canada's West Coast (CSSP-2013-TI-1033) iii Document Description

Improving End-To-End Tsunami Warning for Risk Reduction on Canada's West Coast

Peter Anderson Simon Fraser University Prepared By: Simon Fraser University 8888 University Drive Burnaby, B.C. V5A 1S6 Associate Professor and Director, Telematics Research Lab, School of Communication Contractor's Document Number: Project Report (Tasks 6 and 7) Version 1.2 PWGSC Contract Number: W7714-145880 DRDC Project Number: CSSP-2013-TI-1033 Technical Authority: Philip Dawe, Portfolio Manager, DRDC – Centre for Security Science Disclaimer: The scientif ic or technical validity of this Contract Report is entirely the responsibility of the Contractor and the contents do not necessarily have the approval or endorsement of the Department of National Defence of Canada.

Contract Report DRDC-RDDC-2016-C174 March 2016

Improving End-To-End Tsunami Warning for Risk Reduction on Canada's West Coast

Canadian Safety and Security Program

Project Number CSSP-2013-TI-1033

Project Report (Tasks 6 and 7) For period ending 31 March, 2016

Version 1.2

Improving End-To-End Tsunami Warning for Risk Reduction on Canada's West Coast (CSSP-2013-TI-1033)

Record of Amendments

Version Number

Date Description Author

1.0 15 March, 2016 Initial version Peter Anderson

1.1 18 March, 2016 Small edits Peter Anderson

1.2 26 March, 2016 Inclusion of additional participant feedback

Peter Anderson

DocumentDescriptionThisdocumentprovidesfinalreportingforTasks6and7oftheImprovingEnd-To-EndTsunamiWarningforRiskReductiononCanada'sWestCoastProject(CSSP2013-TI-1033)fortheperiod1January,2016to31March,2016.ProjectOrganizationTechnicalAuthorityPhilipDawePortfolioManager–EmergencyManagement&DisasterResilienceDefenseResearchandDevelopmentCanada,CentreforSecurityScience222NepeanStreet,11thfloorOttawa,OntarioK1A0K2ProvinceofBritishColumbiaRepresentativeandProjectChampionRalphMohrmannSeniorRegionalManagerandAssistantDirectorofOperationsEmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaMinistryofJustice2261KeatingXRoadSaanichton,BCV8M2A5ResearchLeadPeterAndersonAssociateProfessorandDirector,TelematicsResearchLabSchoolofCommunicationSimonFraserUniversity8888UniversityDriveBurnaby,B.C.V5A1S6ResearchTeamPeterAnderson,Director,TelematicsResearchLab,SimonFraserUniversityStephenBraham,Director.PolyLAB,SchoolofCommunication,SimonFraserUniversityOlympiaKoziatek,DepartmentofGeography,SimonFraserUniversityAmandaOldring,SchoolofCommunication,SimonFraserUniversityAmandaOye,SchoolofCommunication,SimonFraserUniversityDawnUrsulak,SchoolofCommunication,SimonFraserUniversityMarcd’Aquino,HolisticEmergencyPreparednessandResponse

Table of Contents RecordofAmendments iiDocumentDescription iiiProjectOrganization iiiAcknowledgements viListofTables ixListofFigures ixListofAcronyms x1.0Introduction 12.0ImprovingEnd-To-EndTsunamiWarningforRiskReductiononCanada'sWestCoast:ProjectSummary 22.1ProjectObjectivesandScope 22.2StudyMethodology 22.2.1Phase1:Task3-ComprehensiveReviewofExistingCoastal

WarningandCommunicationNetworksandLast-mileSegments 2 2.2.1.1CreationofaNotificationMatrixandPlanningTool 3 2.2.1.2CommunitySurveying 3 2.2.1.3GISDataGatheringandMapping 4 2.2.1.4SocialMediaTwitterAnalysis 5 2.2.1.5SelectedRadioPropagationMapping 62.2.2Phase2:Task4-PilotingandEvaluatingNewTechniquesand

TechnologiesinCommunities 7 2.2.2.1NewMethodsforIdentificationofAdditionalCoastal

Populations-at-risk 7 2.2.2.2SelectionofProjectNotificationTechnologyPilots 8 2.2.2.3SelectionofCommunitiesandOtherParticipantsfor

PilotProjects 112.2.3Phase2:Task5-TsunamiNotificationToolKit 142.3ImpactonStatedProjectOutcomes 152.3.1IdentifyingMostVulnerablePopulations,HazardZones,and CommunityCapacities 152.3.2IncreasingCommunity-levelRiskAwarenessandEncouraging

AppropriatePreparednessandMitigationActivities 172.3.3BuildingSocialCapitalthroughFacilitatingConnectednessand CommunityBuilding 202.3.4OtherEngagement 202.3.5ReportsandPublications 212.4RelationshiptootherCSSPProjects 212.5RecommendationsForFurtherAdvancingTsunamiNotification 213.0LeveragingTsunamiNotificationPracticestoSupportB.C.All-HazardsNotification 223.1Background 223.1.1B.C.Geography 223.1.2HazardsinBritishColumbia 223.1.3BritishColumbiaEmergencyManagementResponsibilities 23

3.1.4ComprehensiveEmergencyManagementPlan 233.1.5LocalAuthorityResponse 243.1.6ProvincialResponse 243.1.7TheDutytoNotify 253.2B.C.PublicNotificationArrangements 253.3CurrentNotificationChallenges 263.4LeveragingTsunamiNotificationArrangements 263.4.1Recommendations 29 3.4.1.1BackgroundStudies 29 3.4.1.2EnhancementsofCurrentProvincialNotification Systems 30 3.4.1.3EducationandTraining 304.0TheWayForward:TransitioningtoaSmartB.C.All-HazardsNotification System 324.1Recommendations 344.1.1EngagementandCollaboration 344.1.2GuidanceandCoordination 34

AcknowledgementsThisprojectwassupportedthroughtheCanadianSafetyandSecurityProgram,afederalprogramledbyDefenceResearchandDevelopmentCanada’sCentreforSecurityScience,inpartnershipwithPublicSafetyCanadaCSSP2013-TI-1033.Manypeoplecontributedtheirvaluabletimeandinformationtoenablethisprojecttobecarriedoutsuccessfully.Wehaveattemptedtoacknowledgebelowthosewhocontributedthroughoutthedurationoftheprojectandapologizeforanyomissions.GordonKirk,B.C.AmbulanceServiceCraigMcGowan,B.C.AmbulanceServiceRodSalem,B.C.AmbulanceServiceSolLancashire,B.C.HydroNickHeath,B.C.MarineTrailsNetworkAssociationJasonWood,B.C.MinistryofTransportationandInfrastructureSteveWaugh,BellaCoolaDaveRainnie,CanadianBroadcastingCorporationBrianBain,CanadianCoastGuard-WesternClayEvans,CanadianCoastGuard–WesternMikeMcCullagh,CanadianCoastGuard–WesternGlennOrmiston,CanadianCoastGuard–WesternSusanPickrell,CanadianCoastGuard-WesternIanWade,CCG,CanadianCoastGuard-WesternNathanWebb,CanadianCoastGuard-WesternDougAllport,CanadianPublicSafetyOperationsOrganizationBrentFalkins,DFO,CanadianHydrographicServices,InstituteofOceanSciencesDennySinnott,DFO,CanadianHydrographicServices,InstituteofOceanSciencesFredStephenson,DFO,CanadianHydrographicServices,InstituteofOceanSciencesAspaKotsopoulos,CanadianRadio-televisionandTelecommunicationsCommissionPeterEnsor,CapitalRegionalDistrictCherylWaugh,CentralCoastRegionalDistrictPhilipDawe,CentreforSystemsScience,DefenseResearchandDevelopmentCanadaSheldonDickie,CentreforSystemsScience,DefenseResearchandDevelopmentCanadaJackPagotto,CentreforSystemsScience,DefenseResearchandDevelopmentCanadaDaveSamson,CermacCanadaDirkdeJager,ChromaCommunicationsWendyMagnes,DestinationBritishColumbiaJohnTidbury,DistrictofPortHardyKarlaRobison,DistrictofUclueletMikeWebb,E-CommAndrewBryan,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaIanCunnings,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaChrisDuffy,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaClareFletcher,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaKathrynForge,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbia

MichaelHiggins,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaMaurieHurst,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaIanLighthouse,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaMichaelKnauff,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaRobertKennedy,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaKelliKryzanowski,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaSueLaunder,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaCameronLewis,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaChrisMah,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaRalphMohrmann,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaJohnOakley,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaPeterPrendergast,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaPatQuealey,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaToddSmith,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaRobertWhite,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaSoniaWoolford,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaJenniferMcLarty,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbia,SocialMediaUnitAshleySpilak,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbia,SocialMediaUnitArmelCastellan,EnvironmentCanadaMichaelGismondi,EnvironmentCanadaFredVoglmaier,EnvironmentCanadaCarolOgborne,GeoBCJoshuaChan,GeoBCPatriciaMcCourt,IndigenousAffairsandNorthernDevelopmentCanadaKimMikkelesen,IndustryCanadaMelodyMeyers,IndustryCanadaPawasVerma,IndustryCanadaWendyWu,IndustryCanadaMajorDavidProctor,MARPC/JointTaskForcePacificMontyCook,NAVCanadaWilfBangert,NetworkBC,OfficeoftheChiefInformationOfficerChrisHauff,NetworkBC,OfficeoftheChiefInformationOfficerJamesMcGrath,NetworkBC,OfficeoftheChiefInformationOfficerHowardRandell,NetworkBC,OfficeoftheChiefInformationOfficerJohnCarrick,NOAANationalTsunamiWarningCenterPaulHaung,NOAANationalTsunamiWarningCenterPaulWhitmore,NOAANationalTsunamiWarningCenterNathanBecker,NOAAPacificTsunamiWarningCenterStuartWeinstein,NOAAPacificTsunamiWarningCenterRandyZaleshuck,NorthIsland911GarryRogers,NRCAN,PacificGeoscienceCentreTeronMoore,OceanNetworksCanadaPeterClarkson,ParksCanadaChuckLok,PortMcNeilCindyJeromin,PortMetroVancouverWayneHirlehey,PublicSafetyCanada

DavidJones,Roadpost,Inc.GregFletcher,RegionalDistrictofMountWaddingtonGloriaLeGal,RegionalDistrictofMountWaddingtonGlennAlsaker,RogersWirelessClementCheung,RogersWirelessMichelleAlton,RCMPDennisCrowe,RCMPDebbieLetkemann,RCMPGregoryGoss,SierraSystemsFraserHacking,SierraSystemsJohnClague,EarthSciences,SimonFraserUniversityNickHedley,DepartmentofGeography,SimonFraserUniversityHowieSiemens,StrathconaRegionalDistrictandCityofCampbellRiverLaylaGuica,SurreySearchandRescueLuizaGuica,SurreySearchandRescueLucasBrown,TelusCommunicationsJenniferConner,TelusMobilityJeffHortobagyi,TelusCommunicationsMoutiWali,TelusMobilityTimWebb,TofinoRobinNeale,TransportCanadaMadelineMcDonald,VillageofPortAliceMikeAtchison,ZeballosFireDepartmentDougBrown,WuikinuxvNationWewouldespeciallyliketothankover90communities,regionaldistrictsandFirstNationsforenablingtheirlocalauthoritiestoparticipateinouron-linetsunaminotificationandAlertReadytestsurveysand/orcommunitypilotprojects.

ListofTablesTable1.ParticipatingCommunities 11Table2:LocalPlansandCapabilitiesforallLocalAuthorities 17

ListofFiguresFigure1:LocationsofSampled@EmergencyInfoBCTwitterFollowers 6Figure2:FlickrSourcedKayakingLocations 8Figure3:WestCoastTrailinReachGPSandTextMessageDeliveryTiming 12Figure4:CCGSBartlettIridiumGomessagingTestLocations 13Figure5.CCGSBartlettMSATEmergNetTestLocations 13Figure6:KayakingLocationswithMarginalTsunamiNotificationCoverage 16

List of Acronyms 5G FifthGenerationMobileWirelessTechnologiesB.C. BritishColumbiaBCAS B.C.AmbulanceServiceBCERMS B.C.EmergencyResponseManagementSystemBCEAS BritishColumbiaEmergencyAlertingSystemCAP CommonAlertingProtocolCBRNE Chemical,Biological,Radiological,NuclearandExplosiveEventsCCG CanadianCoastGuardCEMP ComprehensiveEmergencyManagementPlanCRTC CanadianRadio-televisionandTelecommunicationsCommissionCSSP CanadianSafetyandSecurityProgramEC EnvironmentCanadaEMBC EmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaHSPA HighSpeedPacketAccessGIS GeographicalInformationSystemIOT InternetofThingsLMD LastMileDistributorLMR Land-MobileRadioLTE LongTermEvolutionMF MediumFrequencyNAADS NationalAlertAggregationandDisseminationSystemNOAA NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministrationNPAS NationalPublicAlertingSystemNRCAN NationalResourcesCanadaNTWC NationalTsunamiWarningCenterNWS NationalWeatherServicePTWC PacificTsunamiWarningCenterPECC ProvincialEmergencyCoordinationCentrePENS ProvincialEmergencyNotificationSystemPERCS ProvincialEmergencyRadioCommunicationsServicePREOC ProvincialRegionalEmergencyOperationsCentrePSBN PublicSafetyBroadbandNetworkPTWC PacificTsunamiWarningCenterRCMP RoyalCanadianMountedPoliceRSS ReallySimpleSyndicationorRichSiteSummarySEND SatelliteEmergencyNotificationDeviceSFU SimonFraserUniversitySMS ShortMessageServiceVGI VolunteerGeographyInformationVHF VeryHighFrequencyWPAS WirelessPublicAlertingService

1.0 IntroductionThepurposeofthisdocumentistwo-fold:1)tosummarizethecurrentprojectactivitiesandkeyfindings(ImprovingEnd-To-EndTsunamiWarningforRiskReductiononCanada'sWestCoast)and2)tooutlineoptionsandpresentrecommendationsforaroadmaptoadvanceimplementationofaB.C.all-hazardsnotificationsystembased,inpart,onexperienceandknowledgederivedfromthecurrentproject.Thereportisdividedintofoursections:Section1(thissection)includesanintroduction;Section2providesasummaryofworkcarriedoutinthisproject,itsalignmentwithCSSPoutcomegoals,andrecommendationsforadvancingtsunaminotification;Section3containsaseriesofbackgroundprofilesofB.C.hazards,localandprovincialauthorityemergencymanagementrolesandresponsibilities,includingemergencynotification,aswellasabriefdescriptionofnotificationmethods;Section4discusseshowresultsofthisworkcanbeleveragedtosupportbroaderB.C.notificationeffortsandSection5makesrecommendationsforintegratingandtransitioningcurrentarrangementsintoafutureSmartB.C.All-HazardsNotificationSystem.Throughoutthereport,theterm“notification”isusedoftenandisintendedtoencompassthemeanstoalertpeoplethatahazardeventhasoccurred,towarnthemaboutthenatureofimpendingthreat,andtoprovidethemwiththenecessaryinformationandinstructionstoprotectthemselvesfromtheevent.Often,diversemeansandmethodsofcommunicationmaybeusedforthealertandfollowupinformationdissemination.

2.0 ImprovingEnd-To-EndTsunamiWarningforRiskReductiononCanada'sWestCoast:ProjectSummary

Thissectionreviewstheworkundertakeninthisproject,underlyingmethodologies,results,andlessonslearned,alongwithrecommendationsforfurtheractions.Thestudytookintoaccountfindingsandaction-basedrecommendationsofpreviousB.C.tsunaminotificationstudiesandinitiativescarriedoutoverthepastdecade.

2.1 ProjectObjectivesandScope

Theprinciplestudyobjectiveswereto:• bringpractitionersandkeystakeholdergroupstogetherwithsubjectmatterexperts

toshareknowledgeandbuildrelationshipstosupportlong-termdevelopmentofsustainable,reliableandintegratedWestCoastCanadianend-to-endpublicalertingandemergencycommunicationsystemsandtocontributetostrengtheningthesetypesofsystemselsewhereinCanada;

• improveapplicationofthesesystems,throughselectedpilotprojects,tosupportremoteareatsunamialerting,and

• provideclearandaction-specificrecommendationstoadvanceimplementationofanall-hazardsalertingsystem.

Theprojectwascomposedoftwomajorphases:

• Phase1:(April–December,2014)Conductingastudytoinventoryandassessexistingcoastalwarningandcommunicationnetworksandlast-milesegments.

• Phase2:(January,2015–March,2016)Pilotingandevaluatingnewtechniquesandtechnologiesthatcansupportregion-wideandlocalizedneeds.ThisphaseincludedrevisingandexpandingtheSimonFraserUniversity(SFU)“TsunamiWarningMethodsPlanningToolKit”,aplanningguideoriginallypublishedin2006,andproducingrecommendationsforaroadmaptowardanall-hazardsnotificationsystemforBritishColumbia,basedonexperienceandknowledgederivedfromthecurrentproject.

2.2 StudyMethodology2.2.1 Phase1:Task3-ComprehensiveReviewofExistingCoastalWarning

andCommunicationNetworksandLast-mileSegmentsFromtheoutset,theprojectsetouttoaddressrecommendationsofpreviousinitiativesandcarryoutnewresearchbyestablishingaframeworkandstudymethodologythatwouldenableitsteamtosystematicallycaptureandstorestudydataconcerning:

• tsunamihazardzones;• populations-at-risk;• coastalsocio-economicactivities;• keynotificationprocessesandstakeholders;

• currentandemergingnotificationmethodsandtheirunderpinningcommunicationinfrastructures,includingcoverage;

• currentnotificationmethodsusages,practicesandcapabilities,and• otherareacommunicationmethodsandsupportingtechnologynotcurrently

integratedintoexistingtsunaminotificationsystems.Theprincipledatagatheringmethodsemployedinthisstudyphaseincluded:semi-structuredinterviews,sitevisitsandemailcorrespondencewithkeyagencies;Internetandonlinejournalanddatabasesearchesforbackgrounddataandinformationconcerningwarningssystems,lessonslearnedandrecommendedgoodpractices,coastalpopulations,socio-economicactivities,communicationscoverageandcommunitytsunamihazardandpublicinformationprograms;downloadingspecialTwitterdatasetstoidentifyfollowersof@NWS_NTWCand@EmergencyInfoBC(thetwokeyaccountsusedtodisseminateofficialWestCoasttsunamibulletins);participationintheTsunamiNotificationNetworkingGroupandEmergencyManagementBritishColumbia(EMBC)planningmeetingsandactivities,andinterviewswithcommunicationserviceprovidersandvendors.Anumberofadditionalrequestsweremadetoselectedagenciesforspecializeddataconcerningnotificationprocesses,methods,supportinginfrastructuresandlocationsoffacilitiesandservicecoverage.

2.2.1.1CreationofaNotificationMatrixandPlanningTool

Throughoutthecollectionperiod,datawasreviewedandorganizedintocategories.Categorieswerethenconvertedtodatafieldsinasetofspreadsheetstoestablishaframeworkforsystematicallyrecordingandorganizingstudydata.Datafieldsinitiallyincluded:communityandothergeographiclocationsandcurrenttsunaminotificationzonesidentifiedintheBritishColumbiaTsunamiNotificationProcessPlan;variousotherjurisdictionalboundaries;typesofmethodsusedforreceivingofficialexternaltsunaminotifications,aswellasmethodsusedtodisseminatemessagestolocalpopulations.Thesefieldsweresupplementedbyaddinggeo-referencecodesandotherattributedatatoeachidentifiedlocation.Thisprocessresultedinthecreationofalargegeo-codedcommunitynotificationmatrixthatcouldbeusednotonlyfordatacollectionpurposes,butalsotosupportanalysisandinformtheselectionpilotprojectsandtheirparticipantsinPhase2.Mostimportantly,thematrixevolvedintoapracticalcommunity,regionalandprovincialplanningtoolthatcanbeusedtosupportall-hazardsnotificationplanning.

2.2.1.2CommunitySurveying

GiventhelimitedtimeframeforPhase1initialdatacollection(April-September2014),initiallyitwasunclearastohowfeasibleitwouldbetocollectdetaileddataforalllocationsalongtheB.C.coast,anditwasdecidedthatconcentratinginitiallyonacoastalsub-regionwouldprovideanopportunitytotestandvalidatethematrix.TwonorthernVancouverIslandregionaldistricts,MountWaddingtonRegionalDistrictandStrathconaRegionalDistrict,agreedtoparticipatebycontactingtheircommunities’emergencymanagementauthoritiesandassistingwithfillingintheappropriatedatafields.Asworkprogressed,itwassoonrealizedthatanon-lineversioncouldprovideameanstoquicklyexpanddatacollectionacrosstheentirecoastalregion.Coincidentally,thecompletiondeadlinefor

Phase1wasextendedtoendofDecember,2014,makingthislatestcollectionmethodfeasible.

Consequently,anonlinequestionnairewascreatedthatimbeddedthesamedatacollectionfieldsfoundinthespreadsheet,butwasexpandedtoincludeadditionalquestionsconcerningnotificationpreferencesandcommunitycapacitiestoreceiveandlocallyre-distributetsunaminotifications.WiththeassistanceofEMBC’sregionalmanagers,invitationsweresentouttolocalauthorityrepresentativeswithintheirregions.Theseincludedrepresentativesfromincorporatedmunicipalities,regionaldistrictsandFirstNations.Acopyofthesurveyquestionnaireaccompaniedtheinvitationtoenableparticipantstoviewthequestionsandgathernecessaryinformationbeforegoingon-line.ForthosewithoutInternetaccess,anoptiontofaxtheresultswasprovided.Thesurveyproduced84responseswithasamplingofallcoastalareas,urbanandrural.41werefromauthoritiesrepresentingincorporatedmunicipalitiesandregionaldistricts,29werefromFirstNationsand14werefromunincorporatedlocations.Theresultswerethenincorporatedintothecommunitymatrixspreadsheets.ThesurveyprovedtobeaveryusefultoolforcommunitydatacollectionandcouldprovideatemplateforexpandedsurveyingaboutemergencynotificationpracticesinotherB.C.regions.

2.2.1.3GISDataGatheringandMapping

AveryuniquefeatureoftheprojectwastheuseofdatavisualizationthroughGISmapping.TwotypesofdatawereusedtosupportGISmapping:OriginalandDeriveddata.Originaldatareferstothedatathatwasdownloadedfromanexternalsource.Deriveddatareferstodatathatwascreatedfromoriginaldatasetsorcollectedthroughothermeans(e.g.,surveys).

Over100datasetswerecollectedand/orderivedfromanumberofsources.PrincipalOriginaldatasourcesinclude:DataB.C.(GeoBC),HectaresBC,Geobase,SpectrumDirectandspecialsetsfromagenciesandserviceproviders,includingcellular.Deriveddatasourcesinclude:Census,emailandSMSnotifications,Twitter,NetworkBCandprojectsurveys.

TwoofthemostsignificantsetsofDeriveddatacamefromthecommunitynotificationmatrixandlocalauthoritynotificationsurveysdescribedabove.Oncethedatawasplacedintotables,spatialjoinswereadministeredtoidentifythelatitudeandlongitudefieldsforeachrepresentativelocation.Thistechniqueworkedforoverhalfthelocations;therestweremanuallyentered.ThedatawasthenimportedintoArcGISandconvertedintoavectorformatfile.AspatialjoinwasalsoprocessedbetweenthesurveydataandthecensusdatatoidentifythepopulationoftheB.C.coastalregion.Usingthistechnique,aseriesofspecializedmapswascreatedbasedondataextractedfromthecommunitynotificationmatrix,surveyquestionsandotherdatasets.Examplesofotherdatasetsincludegeographicalfeaturesandnames,politicalandcensusboundaries,tourismlocationsbyactivity,landandmarinetransportationroutes,criticalinfrastructure,publicsafetyservices,economicactivities,andmostimportantly,communicationandemergencynotificationsystemscoverage.Essentially,everyeffortwasmadetogeocodeas

muchcollecteddataaspossibleinordertoproduceacomprehensiveviewoftheentirecoastalregiontosupportidentificationofpopulations-at-riskandanalysisofavailablenotificationmethods.Thisapproachprovedtobeveryusefulinlaterphasesoftheproject,especiallyinplanning,executingandassessingpilotprojects.ThisGISinitiativealsohelpedtocreateanotherpotentiallyusefulplanningtoolthatcouldsupportsimilaranalyticalworkinotherhazarddomainsandregionsofB.C.2.2.1.4SocialMediaTwitterAnalysis

TheNTWCsendsoutautomatedshortenedWarning,Advisory,WatchandInformationmessagesonitsTwitteraccount,@NWS_NTWC.EMBCalsousesthe@EmergencInfoBCTwitteraccounttoalertBritishColumbianstotsunamithreatsbyamplifyingmessagesandverifiedinformationfromNTWCandEMBCofficials.Inourstudy,weundertooktoidentifyB.C.followersoftheU.S.NationalTsunamiWarningCenterandEmergencyManagementBritishColumbiaTwitterfeedsthroughcollectingasampleof9,999followersfromeachofthe@NWS_NTWCand@EmergencyInfoBCTwittersitesandanalyzingfollowerprofiledata.Oncethesampleswereimported,thenextstepwastosearchforeligibleusersandtieslocatedinthePacificWestCoastRegionandcheckandhand-codeeachB.C.followerforstatus,language,andlocation.

Asmightbeexpected,theseresultscorrelatewithpopulationdensitiesandcommunicationinfrastructureavailability.Thevastmajorityoffollowersarelocatedinthelargercentres,mostofwhicharealsolocatedinlowertsunamiriskzones.Thelackoflargernumbersoffollowersinthehigherriskandmoreremotecoastalsub-regionsalsoappearstocorrelatewithlackofmobilephoneand/orbroadbandInternetservice.

Inspiteofthis,interestinsocialmediacontinuestogrow,andasconnectivityimprovesthroughoutB.C.,socialmediaapplicationswillplayanincreasinglyimportantroleinemergencynotification.Further,EMBC‘s@EmergencyInfoBCistheB.C.Government’sofficialTwitterchannelforallprovincial-levelandlarge-scaleemergencyalertsandnotifications.Assuch,ourstudymethodologycanbeausefultoolforidentifyingall@EmergencyInfoBCfollowersandreachofEMBCTwittermessagingacrosstheprovince.Moreover,asshowninFigure1,theinitialmappingoffollowersfortsunaminotificationshelpedtosupportthisprovincialanalysis,sinceallfollowersreceivetsunamiaswellasothernotifications.Ofcourse,theresultsaretimesensitiveanddatacollectionandanalysiswouldneedtobecarriedoutmoreregularlytoretaincurrentperspectives.Theprocesscouldalsobemademoreefficientthroughadditionalautomationandstandardizationofdatacollectionandcoding.

Figure1:LocationsofSampled@EmergencyInfoBCTwitterFollowers

2.2.1.5SelectedRadioPropagationMappingInordertoidentifyandmapcoverageavailabilityofexistingCoastalradiofrequency-basednotificationsystems,twomethodswereemployed:1)obtainingGIScoveragedatadirectlyfromsystemprovidersandIndustryCanada,theradiolicensingauthorityand2)generatingourownmapsbaseduponcreatingalgorithmsandprogramcodingtoautomaticallysearchandfilterdatafromIndustryCanada’sSpectrumDirectlicensingdatabaseandtostreamlinepropagationmapping.Duetoitsvastdiversity,takingintoaccountcoastalterrainfeaturesiscriticaltoplottingcorrectline-of-sightcoveragetoensurethatareaswithpoorornoservicearenoted,particularlyfornotificationtotransientpopulations.Inourproject,wewereabletomapthekeywirelessnetworksthatareusedfortsunaminotification.TheseincludeCanadianCoastGuardVHFandMFradio,EnvironmentCanadaWeatheradio,mobilecellularservice,andover-the-airAM,FMandtelevisionservices.Asaproof-of-concept,generatingourownmaps,usingdatafromIndustryCanada’sradiolicensingdatabase,provedespeciallyusefulforidentifyinghiddencommunicationresources,suchasotherpublicagencyandprivatesectorradiosystemsthatarenotcurrentlyincorporatedintocommunityandregionalnotificationsystems,butcouldsignificantlyimprovereachofwarningstopopulations-at-risk,especiallyagencyemployeesandotherradiosystemusers.Bothmethodsofradiopropagationmappinghave

widespreadapplicationinall-hazardsnotificationcoverageanalysisforanyregionofB.C.

2.2.2 Phase2:Task4-PilotingandEvaluatingNewTechniquesandTechnologiesinCommunities

2.2.2.1NewMethodsforIdentificationofAdditionalCoastalPopulations-at-risk

Whilewewereabletonotelocationsformanyofthesettledpopulationsthatarepotentially-at-riskfromtsunamis,wediscoveredanumberofothercoastalpopulationgroupsthatarenotwelldocumented.Thesearetransientpopulationsthatresidetemporarilyinoraretraversingthroughcoastalareas.Therearemanyvarietieswhosenumbersvaryaccordingtoeconomic,socio-cultural,seasonalandotherfactors.Examplesincludelogging,commercialfishingandaquacultureworkers,recreationallandandmarinepopulations,tourists,etc.and,fromourmapping,wehavebeenabletoconfirmthattheytravelthroughoutallofB.C’ssub-regions,includingthemostremotelocationswherecommunicationservicesaremarginalatbest.Further,ourresearchandconsultationswithU.S.andCanadiannotificationauthorities,emergencyplannersandcoastalindustryofficialsrevealthatmanyofthesepopulationsarenotfullyintegratedintoexistingtsunaminotificationarrangementsallalongtheWestCoastofNorthAmerica,asmostconventionalarrangementsfocusonmorepermanentsettlementsandadjacentareas.Consequently,astimeandresourcespermitted,wecontinuedtoresearchandgathercoastalpopulationdata,includingB.C.ParksandParksCanadavisitorattendancerecordsAmongthemoreinnovativetechniqueswepilotedwastheuseofaformofcrowdsourcingthatengagesprivatecitizensassensorsoftheenvironmenttoprovideinformationwhichistermed“VolunteeredGeographicInformation”(VGI).Withthecurrentuseofsmartphones,othermobiledevicesandsocialmedia,usersareconstantlyuploadingpictures,changingstatuses,sendingmessages,etc.Theseactionsalsogeneratemetadatafilesthatoftenincludelocationaldata.AnexampleofthisVGIapplicationisFlickr,awebsitethatallowsuserstouploadtheirimagesfromanywhereandincludetitles,descriptions,date,usernameandlocationintheformoflatitudeandlongitude.AnapplicationnamedBulkrallowsuserstosearchkeytermsanddownloadlargequantitiesofimageswiththecorrespondingmetadata.ThelocationaldatacanbebroughtintoaGeographicInformationSystem,representedaspointlocationsofwhereimagesweretakenwiththetimeanddayoftheyear.VGIhassomeinherentlimitationsanduncertaintiesthatmustbeaddressed.First,withusingcitizensasagentsofdatacollecting,theyarenotrequiredtoprovideaccuratelocationtextdescriptionsthatareessentialinthefilteringprocess.Second,GPSaccuracymayvarybyphoneandtopography,whichmayoffsetthesiteaccuracyofthetakenimagebyseveralmetresormore.Third,datacollectedmaynotincludeafullsetofassociatedlocationsforspecifickeywords.Despitetheselimitations,VGIisausefulformofauxiliarydatabecauseitprovidesactualcitizenreportedlocationsthatcanrevealinsightintotransientpopulationbehaviour.VGIdatasetsarealsodynamicinthattheyare

continuouslyupdated.Fromthesesets,generalpatternscanbeobservedaboutwhenandwherecertainactivitiesoccur.Forinstance,astaticcampsitepointdatasetpublishedbyanestablishedorganizationoftenwillnotbeupdatedregularly.Mostlikely,itwillalsonotcontainspecifictimesofhighandlowusage,unlessfurthersupplementedfromotherdatasets.VGIdoesnothavethislimitationbecauseusersarenotrestrainedbytimeanddateofwhentheycantakeanduploadpictures.Inthecaseofcampsites,VGIdatasetscanshowatrendofhigherandlowercampingactivityinwarmandcoolseasonsrespectively.Asapilottobetterdocumentseasonaltransientpopulationtrendsandassociatedtsunaminotificationlocations,wesearchedFlickrtofollowandrecordcoastalkayakers.Thedatawasusedtosupplementexistingstudysetsandtoaddmoretemporaldimensionstoguidetheselectionoflocationsforfuturepilotprojects,asshowninFigure2.Assuch,thisformofcrowdsourcinganalysiscouldbeanotherusefultoolforidentifyingtransientpopulationsacrossavarietyofactivities,seasonsandlocationsthroughoutB.C.,especiallyinregionswherenoattendancerecordsareavailable.

Figure2:FlickrSourcedKayakingLocations

2.2.2.2SelectionofProjectNotificationTechnologyPilotsBaseduponanalysisofdatacollectedinPhase1andfeedbackfromstakeholders,asetofpilotstoevaluatenewtechniquesandtechnologieswereidentifiedthat,whencombined,

wouldcatertobothfixedandtransientpopulationsinurban,ruralandremotecoastalsub-regions.Specialattentionwasgiventoassessingtheirsuitabilityinsub-regionsthatarepoorlyservedfromacommunicationsperspective.Thepilotsandresultsarebrieflysummarizedbelow,butdescribedindetailintheCSSPTask4report.Selectedpilotscentredon:

1. Testingandassessingsuitabilityoftwo-wayportableandmobilesatellitebasedtechnologiestoalertandcommunicatewithtransientpopulations,especiallyincoastalsub-regionsthatlackconventionalcommunicationinfrastructures;

2. InvestigationofexpandedusageofMSATEmergNetsatellitetwo-wayradiosystemtoenhancecoastalemergencyinteragencycommunicationinteroperabilityandreliability,and

3. TheAlertReadyrolloutinBritishColumbia–assessingimplicationsofNAADSforenhancingtsunamiwarningandadvisorynotification,especiallyinremotecoastalsub-regions.

Consultationswereundertakenwithabroadrangeofstakeholderstosolicittheirinput,andparticipationintheseactivitiesandpilotprojectswereinitiatedinearlySummer2015ascoastalactivitiespickedupandswungintofullseason.InterestedpartiesincludedCanadianCoastGuard,ParksCanada,coastalindustries,adventurerecreationalgroups,FirstNations,localauthoritiesandEMBC.Two-wayPortableandMobileSatellite-basedNotificationOneofthemostsignificantWestCoastnotificationchallengesiscommunicatingeffectivelywithpopulationson-the-movebothonlandandwater.OurPhase1assessmentrevealedthatthereisnoubiquitousmeansofreachingthesetransientpopulations.Currentcoastalmobilenotificationislimitedtoover-the-airAMandFMradiobroadcast,cellular,WeatheradioandCanadianCoastGuardVHFcoverage,allofwhichremainsincompletealongthecoast.Evenwhereradioandmobilesatellitecommunicationsystemsareemployed,accesstoandreliabilityofservicecanbesignificantlyinfluencedbyline-of-sightcoverageissuesduetomountainousterrainandotherobstructions.Notwithstandingthesechallenges,overthepastdecadeanumberofmobilesatellitesystemsandserviceshaveemergedthatcouldhelptoexpandmobilenotification.TheseincludeShortMessageSystem(SMS)enabledmobilesatellitephones,mobileIPbasedsatellitedevicesandtwo-waySatelliteEmergencyNotificationDevices(SENDs).Thesedevicesoperateondifferentplatforms,employingbothlowearthandgeostationaryorbitalsatellitesystemsandsupportvariousformsofmessaging.Afteraseriesofinitialtestsofsixdifferentvariationsthatcouldbepiloted,wedecidedtofocusonthemostmobile,accessibleandlikelyaffordablesystemsthatabroadrangeofcoastalpopulationsmightuseandthatwecouldtestinasmanycoastalareasaspossiblefrombothlandandmarineperspectives.Twosystemswechosewerethetwo-waySatelliteEmergencyNotificationDevices(SENDs)andShortMessageSystem(SMS)enabledmobilesatellitephones.SpecificserviceschosentoexemplifyeachweretheDelormeinReachandIridiumGoservices.Eachsupportsitsownmobilehandsetstoprovideshortmessaging

andGPStracking,butthroughdifferentsoftwareapplicationsanduserfeatures.Botharecommerciallyavailableand,inparticular,theinReachdevicesarenowwidelysoldthroughoutdoor,sportingandelectronicsoutletsandareincreasinglybeingusedtosupportawidevarietyofrecreationalandoutdoorworksafeactivities.Thesedevicesweretestedinawidevarietyoflocations,andresultsweremappedtoverifyhowwelltheyperformedindifferentterrainsandenvironments.MSATEmergNetMSAT,NorthAmerica’slongestrunninggeostationarymobilesatelliteservice,offersbothatelephoneandatwo-wayvoice-radiocapability(calleddispatchradio).Thetwo-wayradiofunctionsmuchlikeaterrestrialtrunkingradiosystem,andofferstalk-groupsthatcanbepre-configuredfordifferentgroupsofagencies.Becausethesystemissatellite-based,otherthanrequiringuseofalocalDCpowersource,itcanoperatewithoutrelyingonlocalterrestrialinfrastructureandcanbeusedovervastgeographicareas.Thisserviceprovedtobemorereliableforacquiringandmaintaininganetworkconnectionthanmobileservicesthatrelyuponlowearthorbitsatelliteservices,particularlyinthemountainousBCcoastalregion.InB.C.,aspecialservicepackageconfiguredspecificallyforemergencypreparednessandresponseagencieshasbeendevelopedcalled“EmergNet”.Thisservicepackageincludestworadiotalk-groups(generalandprivateone-to-one),aswellasvoicetelephonecapability.EMBChasEmergNetterminalsinstalledatitsEmergencyCoordinationCentreandatallofitsProvincialRegionalEmergencyOperationsCentres.Anumberofcoastalemergencymanagement,healthandpublicsafetyagencies,includinglocalauthoritiesalsohavejoinedEmergNet.Despitethesedevelopments,EmergNetstillremainsunderutilizedfromanoperationalperspectiveand,inconsultationwithexistingsubscribersandadditionalkeystakeholders,wechosetoundertakesomesmallpilotingtoencourageexpandedusageofMSATEmergNettoenhanceemergencyPSTNandcoastalemergencyinteragencycommunicationinteroperability,includingassessingthefeasibilityofestablishingaspecialcoastalsub-network.Theseactivitieswereintegratedintomostofthecommunityandcoastalmarinepilots.AlertReadyInearly2015,EMBCbeganplanningaseriesofAlertReadypilottests,withapriorityfocusontsunaminotificationinB.C.coastalareas.Toassistintheseefforts,ourprojectteambeganworkingwithEMBCandprovidedaninitialseriesofbroadcastcoveragemaps,alongwithotherexistingcommunicationscoverageinformationfromtheproject’sGISdatabasetohelpidentifythepotentialreachofAlertReady.OneofourkeygoalswastousetheteststoverifywhichcoastalregionscanactuallyreceivealertsviaAlertReady.ThisvalidationisimportantbecauseAlertReadymayserveasoneofthefirstubiquitoustsunaminotificationdeliverysystemsforallcoastalpopulationsresidingatfixedlocations,urbanorremote.

2.2.2.3SelectionofCommunitiesandOtherParticipantsforPilotProjects

Takingintoaccountthediversityandrangeanddistributionofnotificationarrangementsthatisrequiredfornotifyingallcoastalpopulations,weattemptedtochooseapilotprojectstrategythatwouldbeasinclusiveaspossible,bothinpopulationandlocationrepresentation,whilealsotakingintoaccountrelativelylimitedtimeframes,projectresources(staff,equipmentandtravel),availabilityofparticipantsandlogisticalchallengesofundertakingprojectsinmoreruralandremoteprojectareas.

Further,whileallcoastallocationspossesssomedegreeoftsunamirisk,ourownanalysisindicatesthatthosemostatimmediatephysicalriskfromtsunamisalsoappeartobemostatriskfromacommunicationcapabilityperspective.TheseareasincludeB.C.TsunamiNotificationZonesA,BandCand,morespecifically,thewesternareasofHaidaGwaii,(ZoneA),CentralCoast(ZoneB)andNorthernandWesterncoastalregionsofVancouverIsland(ZoneC).

Takingthesefactorsintoaccount,weattemptedto:• beculturallyandjurisdictionallydiverse;• includeasbroadacoastalarearepresentationaspractical;• includearangeofemergencyauthorities;• includecommunicationoptionsforbothfixedandtransientpopulations,and• giveprioritytoremoteregionswithlimitedaccessandcommunication.

Akeyobjectivewastousethesepilotsasameanstosampleandtogainmoreinsighttopotentialmethodsthatcanbemorefullyarticulatedinthenextprojectphase,revisingthetsunamiwarning’toolkit’.

Table1.ParticipatingCommunitiesCommunity/Region Tsunami

NotificationZone(s)

TsunamiRunupPlanningLevels(m)

Remoteness CommunicationAvailabilityRange

Gitga'atNation(HartleyBay)

B 6 Remote Medium

WuikiunxvNation B 6 Remote LowPortAlice C 9 Semi-remote Medium

Ehattesaht/ChinehkintFirstNation

C 9 Semi-remote Low

Zeballos C 9 Semi-remote LowUcluelet C 9 Rural High

TseshahtFirstNation C 9 Rural HighRegionalDistrictofMount

WaddingtonCandD 9/4.1 Urbanto

remoteHightoLow

StrathconaRegionalDistrict

CandD 9/4.1 Urbantoremote

HightoLow

Inall,localauthoritiesinsevencommunitiesandtworegionaldistrictsparticipateddirectlyintestsanddemonstrationsofdifferentcombinationsoftheselectedtechnologies(inReach,IridiumGoandMSAT).FourofthesewereFirstNationcommunities.Twoother

regionaldistrictsdidnotdirectlyparticipateinthepilotsduetotiming.ThesewereCapitalRegionalDistrictandCentralCoastRegionalDistrict.However,wedidundertaketocarryoutsomeinitialtestingofmobiletechnologiesinthoseareas.Threeagencieswithspecificemergencyresponseresponsibilitiesalsoparticipatedinpilots.ThesewereEmergencyManagementBritishColumbia,CanadianCoastGuardandParksCanada.Atthecommunitylevels,theselectedpilottechnologieswereusedprimarilytoverifythereliabilityofcommunicationalongevacuationroutesandatassemblysites,EOCsandcommunitysupportfacilities,aswellasatotherstrategiclocations,suchasdocks,helicopterlandingsites,airstrips,etc.Communityparticipantsweregivenhands-onopportunitiestotestandcomparethemwithexistingarrangements.Inanumberofcommunitieswewereabletocombinecommunicationsdemonstrations,testingandassessmentsaspartoflocalemergencyplanningandtrainingactivities.Tosupporttestingofout-of-areacommunication,projectteammemberswereabletoparticipateinsendingandreceivingmessageswithcommunitymembers.Throughtheseprocesseswewereabletoassistinvalidatingormodifyingcurrentarrangements,determinecommunicationsissuesatproposedsafelocationsand/orevenhelptofindmoresuitablelocations,based,inpart,oncommunicationscoverage.Thisground-truthingprovedtobeinvaluableaswellasinstructiveforparticipants.Inothercases,smallertestsanddemoswereconductedasinitialproofs-of-conceptinhopesofstimulatinggreatercollaborationinthenearfuture.Inordertovisualizetestresults,datalogswereextractedfromtheinReachserver,thatrecordedGPStrackmessagestransmittedbythedevicesandwereabletobesynchronizedandcombinedwithinternallogsstoredonthedevicestoproduceacomprehensiverecordofthetravelroute.ThroughaspecialrequestmadetoinReachCanada,wewerealsoabletoobtainmoredetailedlogsthatalsoincludedthetimestampsofwhentextandGPSmessagesfromdeviceswerereceivedbytheserverandwheninboundmessageswerereceivedbydevices,allowingforacalculationofmessagingtiminganddelays.Normalwasconsideredtobewithin5minutes,Moderatelatencytobebetween5and10minutesandHighlatencygreaterthantenminutes.Bycombiningandintegratingalloftheselogsandattributes,wewereabletoplotthedataasaseriesofmapoverlaysandtoidentifycoastalsub-regionsand,morespecifically,localareaswhereterrainsaffectline-of-sitevisibilitywithsatellites.Figure2isanexampleofmessagingalongtheWestCoastTrail.MSATandIridiumdonotprovideextensiveloggingofgeocodedtracks,butsinceallofthepilottechnologieswereco-locatedduringpilots,therecordedinReachtrackswereabletobelatersynchronizedwithtimestampsfromMSATandIridiumtestsinordertoproducemapoverlaysandidentifyareaswheregeographicalobstructionsaffectedsatellitecommunication,asillustratedinFigures3and4.

Figure3:WestCoastTrailinReachGPSandTextMessageDeliveryTiming

Figure4:CCGSBartlettIridiumGomessaging

TestLocationsFigure:5.CCGSBartlettMSATEmergNetTest

Locations

Inadditiontocollectingandanalyzingassociatedtechnicaldata,wealsoexaminedarangeofotherfactorsandissuesthataffectthefunctionalityandusabilityofthetestedsystems.Examplesinclude:suitability;complexityofsetup,configurationanduseofdevices;batterypowermanagement;documentation;trainingandongoingusersupport;dataloggingandexportforplanning,responseandrecoveryoperations,andmulti-purposeuseoftechnology.Theresultswereincorporatedintothetsunaminotificationtoolkitdocument.Further,thismethodofengagingcommunitiesandagenciesinground-truthingworkedwellincommunitiesandisverytransferabletootherregionsofB.C.Infact,asafollowup,wehavealreadybegunusingitinseveralnon-coastalFirstNationcommunities.AlertReadyWewereabletoparticipateintheSeptember,2015EMBCAlertReadytestbyhelpingtosetupashorton-linefeedbacksurveytosolicitconfirmationfromcoastalcommunityemergencyauthoritiesabouttheirreceptionofthealertbroadcast.Afewdaysbeforethetest,anoticewassentfromEMBCRegionalManagerstocoastalemergencyauthorities,informingthemoftheupcomingtest,invitingthemtoobservethetestandthenfilloutouron-linefeedbacksurvey.At13:58HrsonSeptember16th,theAlertReadysystemwastestedbyissuingabroadcastintrusivealertonradioandTVstationanddistributionsystemsthroughoutB.C.Eventhoughtherewaslimitedadvancenoticeaboutthetest,27localcoastalauthoritiesresponded.Whilethemajorityofrespondentswerelocatedinthemoreurbancoastalsub-regionsofB.C.,ofparticularnotewereresponsesfromremotecoastalauthoritieswhosecommunitiesarelocatedinsub-regionsthatareinthemostunderservedfromacommunicationperspective.Althoughverypreliminaryatthisstage,thedataindicatesthat,barringline-of-sitetoreceivedsignals(terrestrialand/orsatellite),eventhemostremotecoastallocationsarenowwithinthecoverageoftheAlertReadysystem.WeintendtoassistEMBCinconductingsurveysduringfutureteststoverifyreceptionofmessagesthroughoutB.C.2.2.3 Phase2:Task5-TsunamiNotificationToolKit

ThefinaloutcomeofTask5wastheproductionofaBritishColumbiaTsunamiMethodsToolKitforCommunityPlanning.Themainpurposeofthetoolkitistoprovidecommunityandothercoastalauthoritieswithinformationaboutvariouswarningmethodsandprocedurestoassistthemwithplanninganddevelopingtsunamiwarningmethodsandproceduresfortheirownareas.

Thedocument,inpart,isbasedonapreviousdocumentproducedbytheSFUTelematicsResearchLabin2005,withextensiverevisionsandupdatestoreflectcontemporarynotificationpracticesandunderpinninginfrastructures.Asubstantialamountofbackgroundinformationwasincorporatedfrompreviousphasesoftheproject.

Severalothermethodswereusedtogatheradditionalinformation.AseriesofInternetandonlinejournalsearcheswereconductedconcerningwarningssystems,lessonslearnedandrecommendedgoodpractices.Provincialandfederalprogramswerereviewedandinformationwasgatheredfromotherjurisdictionsthroughinterviewsandotherpersonalcontact,avisittotheU.S.NationalOceanicandAtmosphericAssociation’sNationalTsunamiWarningCenterandparticipationintheU.S.NationalTsunamiMitigation

Program.AdditionalinformationwasgatheredthroughparticipationinEMBC,regionalandlocalworkshops,planningmeetingsandexercises(especiallyTsunamiNotificationNetworkingGroupandrural/remotecoastalcommunity),andinterviewswithcommunicationserviceproviders,vendorsandothersupplyorganizations.Otherinformationwasderivedfromdatacollectedandanalyzedduringtheconductingofpilotprojectsandmappingandvisualizationofcompiledcoastaldatasets.

ThedocumentalsohighlightstherapidchangesoccurringintheCanadiancommunicationsenvironmentresultingfromthetransitionfromanalogtoInternetProtocol-basedfixedandmobileterrestrialandsatellitesystems.Inparticular,oneofthemostsignificantparadigmshiftsistherapidmovementawayfromtheuseoffixedsinglemodetechnologies(suchaslandlinetelephoneandover-theairbroadcasting)towardspersonalizedandgloballyconnectedmobilecommunicationtechnologies(suchaswirelesssmartdevices)whichcombinealloftheattributesoftraditionalmassandpersonalizedserviceswithnewformsofsocialcommunicationandnetworking.Consequently,toremainrelevant,tsunamiandotheremergencynotificationarrangementsnowmustdrawuponandintegrateabroadmixtureoftraditionalandcontemporarysystemstosupporttimelycommunicationwithallpotentiallyaffectedpopulations(fixedandtransient).Manyofthetoolkit’ssectionscontaininformationandstrategiesthatcanbeappliedgenericallytoall-hazardsnotification,includingbasicsofpublicwarningsystems,considerationsforeffectivewarning,aswellasmostofthenotificationmethodsexamined.

2.3 ImpactonStatedProjectOutcomes

ThisprojectcontributedtotheCSSPIntermediateOutcome6:Alertandresilientcommunitiesandthefollowingrelatedimmediateoutcomes:

• 6b:Community-basedbestpracticesenhanceresilienceandprovidecommunitieswithtoolstodevelopandimplementresilienceroadmaps,and

• 6d:Newtechnologicalcapabilitiesavailabletothepublicareimplementedandenhancecommunityresilience.

Takingthesebroadoutcomegoalsintoaccount,theprojectwasgearedtowardstheimprovementoftsunamiwarningtohelpbuildstrongcommunitiesandenableconnectedpractitioners,thusincreasingresiliencetodisastersby:

1. Identifyingmostvulnerablepopulations,hazardzonesandcommunitycapacities;2. Increasingcommunity-levelriskawarenessandencouragingappropriate

preparednessandmitigationactivities,and3. Buildingsocialcapitalthroughfacilitatingconnectednessandcommunitybuilding.

2.3.1 IdentifyingMostVulnerablePopulations,HazardZones,andCommunity

CapacitiesTheprojectenabledustocarryoutaverycomprehensivereviewanddocumentationoflocationsofcoastalpopulations-at-risk,aswellasgaininsighttotheircharacteristics,levelsofpreparednessandcurrentnotificationcapabilities.

Asdiscussedabove,awidevarietyofmethodologieswasusedtocollect,recordandintegratethisdata.ThroughtheuseofGIS,eachdatasetwasconvertedtoalayerthathelpedtocreatecompositeviewsoftheentirecoast,aswellasspecificsub-regionsorlocations.BoththecommunitymatrixandderivedGISdatabasesenabledthedatatobesorted,filteredandvisualizedbyvirtuallyanycommonfield,includinggeographical,jurisdictional,methodofcommunicationavailable,communityattribute,etc.Thecorrelationofhumanpopulationlocationandactivitywithareageographicfeatures,tsunamihazardwarningzones,andcommunicationscoveragedatahelpedustoidentifyandvisualizetherangeofnotificationoptionsatanygivenlocationwhich,inmanycases,canserveasanimportantdeterminantoftechnicalwarningcapacity.Throughthisprocess,itwaspossibletoidentifyregionsthatareeasiertonotifythanothers,andbywhichmethods.Conversely,andperhapsmoreimportantly,throughthissameprocess,weareabletoconductgapanalysestoidentifylocationsthathavethepooresttechnicalcoverageorlowlocaluptake.Thiswasparticularlyimportantforunderstandinghowtransientpopulationscouldbeorcouldnotbenotifiedthroughconventionalmethods(suchasCoastGuardRadio,Weatheradio,cellularapps,includingSMS,Twitter,etc,),asFigure5illustratesforkayakers.Theresultsalsoallowedustoidentifycommunitiesandregionsthatwouldbesuitableforpilotingofyet-to-beadoptedconventionaland/ornewmethods,andtousein-fieldtestingtoverifyourcommunicationscoverageprojections.Theresultsweresharedwidelywithstakeholdersandotherinterestedparties.

Figure6:KayakingLocationswithMarginalTsunamiNotificationCoverage

Anotherderivedbenefitwastheidentificationandmappingofanumberof“hidden”resourcesthatcanhelplocalandregionalemergencymanagersextendoramplifyNTWCandEMBCtsunamiwarnings.Examplesincludepagingoffiredepartmentofficialsinremotecommunitiesthroughcentralizeddispatchservices,notificationof51RCMPcoastaldetachmentofficesthroughRCMP’sOperationalCommunicationsCentres,andnotificationof51coastalambulancestationsbyBCAmbulanceService’sEmergencyResponseManagementSystem,allthreeofwhichdisseminateNTWCandEMBCTsunamiWarning,Advisory,WatchandCancellationmessages.2.3.2 IncreasingCommunity-levelRiskAwarenessandEncouraging

AppropriatePreparednessandMitigationActivitiesThroughasurveyof86coastalcommunities,wewereabletogainsomeinsightsaboutcurrentlevelsoflocaltsunamiactionplanning,warningmessagereceptionandlocaldisseminationcapabilities,aswellaseducationandawarenessactivities.AsTable2indicates,localnotificationandawarenessengagementprocessesremainunderdevelopedamongthemajorityofcommunitiessurveyed,andmoreattentionneedstobegiventoassistingcommunitiesandtheirresidentsforreducingtheirexposuretotsunamisthroughincreasedpreparednessandmitigationactivities.

Table2:LocalPlansandCapabilitiesforallLocalAuthoritiesPlansandCapabilities Sum %Total

Emergencycommunicationsplan 51 61%

Tsunamiactionplan 44 52%

Meanstoreceiveexternaltsunaminotificationsandcarryoutnecessaryactionsona24hourperday

basis 44 52%

Meanstodisseminatelocaltsunamimessagesona24hourperdaybasis 34 40%

Tsunamieducation/awarenessprogram 34 40%

Thisprojectcontributedtothiscapacitybuildinginseveralways:

• Assistingcommunitiesandregionswithassessingtheiremergencycommunicationandnotificationneedsandcapabilities;

• Providinglocalmeanstotestandvalidatenewnotificationtechniquestoassesstheirappropriatenessandreliability,and

• Incorporatingtheresultsintocommunityemergencynotificationplansandpractices.

Muchofthisworkwascarriedoutthroughthepilotprojectsand,onanumberofoccasions,especiallyinFirstNations,inconjunctionwithlocalemergencyplanningandtrainingworkshopsfacilitatedbyMarcd’Aquino(oneoftheprojectcontributors).Thefollowingshortnarrativesdescribesomeoftheprojectoutcomesthathaveledtoimprovedpreparednessandmitigation.Communitytestingofsatellitebasedtwo-wayvoiceandtextmessagingsystems.Aboriginalgovernmentandotherlocalauthoritieshadanopportunitytotestandassesssatellitecommunicationsequipmentand,then,determinetheirsuitabilityandapplication.Initially,virtuallyallparticipantsatthestartofthesesessionsfeltsomewhatintimidatedwhentheywerefirstgivenseveraldifferentdevicestotryout.Butbytheendofthesessions,theywereexcitedabouttheexperiencesandnewknowledgegained.Testswereperformedwithkeypersonnelfromeachcommunity,whereweloggedlocationsandqualityorperformanceofequipment.Theseresultswereshared,andthemostsignificantoutcomeforthecommunitieswasfindingoutwhatworkedthebestbasedonneedsandlocationviability.Technologyvalidation.Therearemanyexamplesofhowcommunitytestinghelpedtoidentifygapsandweaknessesthatcouldnegativelyimpactlocalwarningandresponsearrangements,aswellasrevealandvalidatenewopportunitiesforfillinggaps.OneexampleconcernsacommunitythathadjustpurchasedanumberofnewWeatheradioreceiversbut,throughthetestingwithus,discoveredthattheradioswerenotequippedtoreceivethecorrectlocalbroadcastfrequency,andwereabletochangetoadifferentmodelwiththecorrectconfiguration,potentiallyavertingafutureemergencynotificationfailure,aswellasanimmediateandunnecessaryfinancialburden.Asecondexampleconcernsacommunitythatwasfinalizingplanstodevelopanewcommunitytsunamievacuationsite.Throughconductingcommunicationtestsatthesite,wewereabletodeterminethatitwasvirtuallyacompletecommunicationsdeadzoneduetoitsproximitytoanearbymountain.Fortunately,throughadditionalareatesting,anewlocationwasfound,whichhadbettercommunicationcoverageandwasonlyashortdistancefromtheoriginalproposedsite.Athirdexampleconcernstheuseofpilotedtechnologytoinitiateandsuccessfullyfacilitateanunplannedactualemergencyresponseoperation.DuringthepilotingofinReachdevicesalongtheWestCoastTrail,ourprojectmemberswereapproachedbyagroupofhikerstoassistinamedicalemergency.Byinitiatingthepre-configuredemergencycontactfeaturesonthedevice,ourmemberswereabletocontactourexternalprojectteam,theParksCanadaJasperOperationsCentreandParksManager,allofwhoimmediatelyknewtheincidentlocationthroughimbeddedgeolocationdatainthemessages.DuringtheensuingactionsourprojectteammembershelpedtocoordinatetheinformationexchangeandtheJasperCentrewasabletoreceiveadditionalinformationabouttheconditionoftheinjuredperson,localtreatmentgivenandestablisharescueplanwiththehikers.Withinlessthanfourhoursoftheoriginalnotification,theinjuredhikerwasevacuatedbyboat.

Finally,fortheCanadianCoastGuard,theteststhattookplaceontheCGGSBartlettwereconsideredasignificantfootstepintothefuture.Themobilesatellitetwo-waymessagingtechnologiesused,demonstratedthatessentialcommunicationscanbeestablishedevenwhenVHFandcellcommunicationsaredownorotherwiseunavailable.Operationallythisallowsoperationscentres(CCGRegionalOperationsCentre,JointRescueCoordinationCentreandotherEOCs)toknowwheretheirresponseunitsarewithouthavingtocontactthemandwaitforareply.ThisgreatlyimprovestheSituationalAwarenessofanincident,providinginstantinformationforplannersandcommanders.IncorporatingtheresultsintocommunityandagencyemergencyplansandpracticesThecommunityvisitsandpilotsresultedinseveralcommunitiesacquiringorplanningtoacquirenewsystems.Bytheendofthepilotproject,threecommunitieshadpurchasedMSATEmergNetsystems,andseveralothersareplanningtodosointhenearfutureforprimarycommunitycommunicationback-upandmobilecommunicationpurposes.Forimprovedtwo-waytextmessagingandtracking,oneoftheparticipatingcommunity’sEmergencyServicesDepartmenthasbudgetedforsixoftheinReachdevicestobepurchasedin2017.ThedeviceswillbeallocatedtotheDistrict'sEmergencyManagementTeamandwillbeincorporatedintoeachmanager’semergencyresponsekits.Anexampleofwherethedevicesmaybepracticableforthecommunityisduringtsunamievacuationevents.Inthecommunity,therearesixdesignatedcommunitysafe(high)zonesallocatedforvisitorsandresidentsfortheirsafetyduringpotentialtsunamiincidents.EachEmergencyManagerhasbeengivenresponsibilityforaspecificcommunitysafezonebasedontheneighbourhoodstheyresidein.ThesecommunitysafezoneshavethepotentialtobecomeisolatedduringaCascadiaSubductionZoneevent.TheinReachdevicescouldprovetobecriticaltoolsforrelayingmessagesamongtheEmergencyManagers,thelocalEmergencyOperationCentre,andexternalpartnerswhencellphoneandothercommunicationsystemsaredown.CanadianCoastGuardhasproposednewprojectstoprovidesomeofitssurfaceresponseunitswithtabletsandsatellitetwo-waymessagingdevicesforalongerdurationtrialperiodforcommunicatingwithitsoperationscentresduringoperations.ThenewtrialswouldtoincludeGPStracking,email,SMStext,pictures,andsatellitevoicephonecommunications.ForParksCanada,inremotesettingssuchastheWestCoastTrail,itsabilitytocommunicatedirectlywithhikersduringanemergencyhasbeenverylimited.Asaresult,emergencyrespondersaretypicallydealingwithverylimitedinformationregardingtheurgencyandlocationoftheincident.Thishasoftenresultedinrespondersputtingthemselvesatgreaterriskthanwaslaterdeterminedtobenecessary.Operationallythroughthepilotproject,wewereabletoconfirmwithParksCanadathatinReachtechnologyisgenerallyeffectivealongtheWestCoastTrail.Furtherissuesremainregardingopportunitiestorepowerthedevicesduringtheremotemulti-dayhike,aswellasadoptionofthedevicesbyallhikers.ParksCanadahasexpressedinterestincontinuingthisworktoenhanceitsabilitytocommunicatewithparkusersinremotesettings.

2.3.3 BuildingSocialCapitalthroughFacilitatingConnectednessandCommunityBuilding

Becausetheprojectfollowedaparticipatoryresearchmodel,itprovidednumerousopportunitiesforcollaborationandlocalinteractiontoenhancebothtechnicalandsocialconnectivity,aswellastechnologyandknowledgetransfer.Somekeyoutcomeswereintroducingnewmethodologiesforsupportinglocalnotificationresearchandplanning(communitynotificationmatrixtoolandGISmapping)andenablingcommunityandagencyparticipantstolearnaboutnewtechnologiesandtestandevaluatethemwithintheirownlocalgeographicalandculturalcontexts.Theprojectalsohelpedtoincreaseregionalemergencycoordinationandcontactwithresidentsinmoreremotesareas,particularlyFirstNations.Fromapracticalperspective,thecommunicationground-truthingexercisesgreatlyassistedcommunitieswithoptimizingtheselectionofevacuationlocationsbyensuringcommunicationsavailabilityandregionaldistrictsconfirming"low"and"nocontact"areaswithintheirregions,particularlymarinelocations.2.3.4 OtherEngagementDuringtheprojectperiod,over16presentationsweregiven,primarilybyPeterAnderson,including:

• April9,2014 TsunamiNotificationNetworkingGroup,Victoria• May13,2014 MountWaddingtonRegionalDistrict,PortMcNeil• July3,2014 TsunamiNotificationNetworkingGroup,Victoria• November6,2014 TsunamiNotificationNetworkingGroup,Victoria• November4,2014 Mid-IslandEmergencyManagersMeeting

(viateleconference)• December2,2014 U.S.NationalTsunamiWarningCenter,Palmer,Alaska• January23,2015 CascadiaRegionEarthquakeWorkgroup,Victoria• January28,2015 CSSPTsunamiWarningProjectReviewCommittee (viateleconference)• February10,2015 NationalTsunamiHazardMitigationProgram,Portland,

Oregon• February17,2015 NationalPublicAlertingSummit,Edmonton• February24,2015 EMBCRegionalManagersProjectBriefing

(viateleconference)• March2,2015 TsunamiNotificationNetworkingGroup,Victoria• August12,2015 EhattesahtFirstNationandVillageofZeballos• August14,2015 MountWaddingtonRegionalDistrict,PortMcNeil• November9,2015 TsunamiNotificationNetworkingGroup,Victoria• January22,2016 TsunamiNotificationNetworkingGroup,Victoria

(viateleconference)

TheprojectalsocontributedtograduateresearchintotheuseofTwitterfortsunaminotificationandtheteachingoftwoSFUseniorundergraduatecoursesconcerningtheroleofcommunicationinmitigatingdisasters.2.3.5 ReportsandPublicationsInadditiontothisreport,fourotherprojectreportswereprepared:

1. ImprovingEnd-To-EndTsunamiWarningforRiskReductiononCanada'sWestCoast:CSSP-2013-TI-1033Task3Report,Revision1.2,12January,2015.

2. ImprovingEnd-To-EndTsunamiWarningforRiskReductiononCanada'sWestCoast:CSSP-2013-TI-1033Task4.1Report,31March,2015.

3. ImprovingEnd-To-EndTsunamiWarningforRiskReductiononCanada'sWestCoast:CSSP-2013-TI-1033Task4FullReport,Revision1.1,30November,2015.

4. BritishColumbiaTsunamiNotificationMethods:AToolkitCommunityPlanning”.ImprovingEnd-To-EndTsunamiWarningforRiskReductiononCanada'sWestCoast:CSSP-2013-TI-1033Task5Report,Revision1.2,12January,2015.

2.4 RelationshiptootherCSSPProjectsThisprojectcloselyalignswithtwootherCSSPProjects:

1. FieldOperationalTestFacilityForNext-GenerationInteroperableMission-CriticalCommunicationsand

2. WirelessPublicAlertingService(WPAS)DevelopmentandDemonstrationInitiative.

2.5 RecommendationsForFurtherAdvancingTsunamiNotification

1. Annuallyupdatethecommunitynotificationmatrixthroughanonlinesurvey;2. GISmapping.Continueidentifyingcoastaldatasourcestofurthersupportspatial

analysisofresources,vulnerabilityandmitigation;3. Continueworkingwithorganizationstogatherinformationabouttransient

populations,includingtourismguides,touroperators,accommodationproviders,industrysectors,regionaldistricts,parksmanagers;

4. Establishaspecialtsunamiawarenessandpreparednessinitiativeformaritimeandtransientpopulations;

5. Increaseawarenessthroughspecialeventssuchasoutdoorrecreationshows;6. Continueworkingwithcommunitiesinenhancingemergencyplanningand

responsearrangementsthroughlocaltestingandground-truthingofcommunicationandnotificationtechnologiesandon-sitetraining,and

7. Improveintegrationofexistingnotificationtechniquesatalljurisdictionallevels(discussedinmoredetailinSections3and4).

3.0 LeveragingTsunamiNotificationPracticestoSupportB.C.All-HazardsNotification

3.1 Background3.1.1 B.C.GeographyAsof2011,thepopulationofBritishColumbiawas4.4millionpeople.ThemajorpopulationcentresareMetroVancouver(pop.2.4million)andtheCapitalRegionalDistrict(pop.370,000).Otherpopulationcentresinclude:Kelowna,Kamloops,Nanaimo,ChilliwackandPrinceGeorge.Thereare27regionaldistricts,160municipalities,198FirstNationsbandsandsixtreatyFirstNationscommunitiesinB.C.BritishColumbiaisethnicallyandculturallydiverse.Accordingtothe2001census,thetoptenlanguagesintheprovinceareEnglish,Chinese,Punjabi,German,French,Tagalog,Spanish,Italian,KoreanandDutch.Eachyearover40,000immigrantsarrivefromaroundtheworld.BritishColumbiaisborderedby:

• TheNorthwestandYukonterritoriestothenorth;• Alaskatothenorthwest;• Albertatotheeast;• PacificOceantothewest,and• WashingtonState,IdahoandMontanatothesouth;

BritishColumbia’secologyisvariedwithcoastal,mountainous,plateauanddesertterrains,aswellasextensiveriverandlakesystems.B.C.’stotallandandfreshwaterareais95millionhectares,occupyingabouttenpercentofCanada'slandsurface.BritishColumbiahasnearly1,000provincialparksandprotectedareas,attractingabout20millionvisitorseachyear.

3.1.2 HazardsinBritishColumbia

ThediversityofBritishColumbia’sclimate,geography,settlementandlandusepatternsandeconomicactivitiescreatesaverydiverseprovincialhazardprofile.Over50naturalandhuman-inducedhazardshavebeenidentifiedwithinB.C.,andcontinuedurbanizationandclimatechangeareexpectedtodirectlyinfluencethenumber,typesandseverityofdisastersfacedbyindividuals,communitiesandalllevelsofgovernmentinthecomingdecades.High-riskhazardsaredetailedasfollows:

• Seismic-Earthquakes• Tsunami

• VolcanicEruption• Wildfire• Flood• Drought• Hazardousmaterialsevent• OilSpills• Dambreaches• Pandemics• Terrorism,includingChemical,Biological,Radiological,NuclearandExplosiveEvents

(CBRNE)3.1.3 BritishColumbiaEmergencyManagementResponsibilities

TheB.C.EmergencyProgramActanditsregulationssetoutthebroadresponsibilitiesforemergencymanagementwithintheprovince.UndertheauthorityoftheAct,EMBCisdesignatedastheleadcoordinatingagencyintheprovincialgovernmentforallemergencymanagementactivities.EMBCprovidesexecutivecoordination,strategicplanningandmulti-agencyfacilitation,andstrivestodevelopeffectiveworkingrelationshipsinanincreasinglycomplexemergencymanagementenvironment.EMBCworkswithlocalgovernments,FirstNations,federaldepartments,industry,non-governmentorganizationsandvolunteerstosupporttheemergencymanagementphasesofmitigation,prevention,preparedness,responseandrecovery.Additionally,EMBCengagesprovincial,nationalandinternationalpartnerstoenhancecollectiveemergencypreparedness.TheEmergencyProgramActandtheLocalAuthorityEmergencyManagementRegulationestablishtheresponsibilityofB.C.localauthoritiestodevelopemergencyplansbasedonthehazardsandvulnerabilitiesintheircommunities.Localauthoritiesrangefromsmallisolatedcommunitieswithlimitedresourcesandveryspecificrisks,tolargemetropolitanareaswithcomplexriskprofilesandextensiveresourcecapabilitiestomeetresponseandcoordinationchallenges.Basedonhazard,riskandvulnerabilityassessments,emergencyplansneedtobedevelopedtoalevelrequiredtomeetcommunityneedsandaddressassociatedriskprofiles.3.1.4 ComprehensiveEmergencyManagementPlanTheComprehensiveEmergencyManagementPlan(CEMP)shapesEMBC'semergencyplanningstructure.CEMP’sfoundationisbasedontheB.C.All-HazardPlanthatoutlinestheprovincialconceptofoperations,aswellastherolesandresponsibilitiesthatareapplicableinallemergenciesordisasters.TheAll-HazardPlandoesnotoverridelocalauthorityplans,exceptwherealocalauthorityisunderaprovincialstateofemergency.

Duringeventsthatrequiretheactivationoftheprovincialemergencymanagementsystem,boththelocalauthorityplanandtheAll-HazardPlanmaybeactivated.Emergenciesvaryinscopeandintensity,fromsmall,localizedincidentswithminimaldamage,tomulti-jurisdictionaldisastersresultinginextensivedevastationandlossoflife.Forplanningpurposes,emergenciesanddisastersarethoseeventsthatcanresultin:

• Fatalities;• Casualties;• Displacedpeople;• Interruptionofessentialpublicservices;• Propertydamageorloss;• Economicimpacts;• Damagetobasicinfrastructure,and• Significantharmtotheenvironment.

Thereare“no-notice”and“notice”events.“No-notice”eventsarerapidonsetemergencyeventssuchasflashfloodsandlandslidesthatoccurwithlittleornowarning,andcancauseanextremeemergencyconditioninanyareaoftheprovince.Duringa“notice”slower-onsetemergencyevent,priorwarningmaycomefromlocalprogramsoroutsideorganizationsthathaveaccesstoscientificmethodsforpredictinghazardssuchastsunamis,floods,forestfiresandsevereweather.Wherereliablepredictionispossible,actioncanbetakenbeforetheonsetofanemergency.3.1.5 LocalAuthorityResponseTheEmergencyProgramActestablishesthatalocalauthorityisatalltimesresponsibleforthedirectionandcontrolofthelocalauthority'semergencyresponse.TheLocalAuthorityEmergencyManagementRegulationfurtherrequiresthateverylocalauthorityinBritishColumbiaestablishanemergencymanagementorganization,developandmaintainacurrentlocalemergencyplanandestablishprocedurestoimplementtheplan.Duringactivations,localauthoritieswillinitiateactionstosavelivesandpropertyinsupportoftheincidentsitecommand,usingjurisdictionalresources,aswellasresourcesavailablethroughmutualaid/assistanceagreements.However,ifthesituationescalatesbeyondlocalcapacity,theprovincialemergencymanagementstructurewillbeactivated.3.1.6 ProvincialResponseAttheprovincialgovernmentlevel,EMBCprovidescoordinationwithprovincialministriesandcrowncorporationsinsupportoflocalgovernmentresponse.Provincialemergencyresponseassistanceisintendedtosupplementnotsubstitutecommunityresources.EmergencyresponseandrecoveryiscarriedoutinaccordancewiththeB.C.EmergencyResponseManagementSystem(BCERMS).EMBCcanactivate,onshortnotice,oneormoreofitssixProvincialRegionalEmergencyOperationsCentres(PREOCs)and/orthe

ProvincialEmergencyCoordinationCentre(PECC)tocoordinateprovincialresponseandrecovery,monitoremergencyeventsandassistimpactedcommunitiesinemergencyresponseandrecovery.Ifseveralministriesareinvolvedinanintegratedprovincialresponse,EMBCwillcoordinateintegratedprovincialemergencymanagementthroughthePREOCsandPECC.3.1.7 TheDutytoNotify

ThedutytonotifyisestablishedundertheauthorityoftheB.C.EmergencyProgramActanditsregulations.Asindicatedearlier,thelocalauthorityis“atalltimesresponsibleforthedirectionandcontrolofthelocalauthority’semergencyresponse”,and,aspartofthelocalemergencyplan,must“establishproceduresbywhichthosepersonswhomaybeharmedorwhomaysufferlossarenotifiedofanemergencyorimpendingdisaster”.

Provincially,accordingtotheAct,theministermay“conductpublicinformationprogramsrelatingtoemergencypreparedness”andmust“provideadviceandassistancetolocalauthoritiesinthedevelopmentoflocalemergencymanagementorganizationsandlocalemergencyprograms”,and“coordinateorassistincoordinatingthegovernment'sresponsetoemergenciesanddisasters”.

TheProvincemustalso“assistlocalauthoritieswithresponsetoorrecoveryfromemergenciesordisastersthatareofsuchmagnitudethatthelocalauthoritiesareincapableofeffectivelyrespondingorrecoveringfromthem.”

Thisassistancemayincludebothamplifyinglocalemergencynotificationsthroughitsprovincialchannels(e.g.,email,websitesandsocialmedia),aswellassupportingwideareanotificationthatisbeyondthecapacityoflocalauthorities,suchastsunamiwarning.

3.2 B.C.PublicNotificationArrangements

AcrossBritishColumbia,awidevarietyofemergencynotificationsystemsareusedtosupportall-hazardswarning.Asdiscussedabove,generally,localauthoritiesareresponsibleforissuingwarningsabouthazardsthatposerisktopopulationsresidingwithintheirjurisdictions,andwarningsareparticularlyimportantwhenprotectiveactionsarerequired,suchasevacuationorshelteringinplace.

However,localauthoritiesarenotalwaystheoriginatorsofinitialwarnings,especiallythosethatspreadbeyondanylocaljurisdictionorrequiretheinputandguidanceofhazarddomainspecialists.Inmanyofthesesituations,otheragenciesmaybedelegatedresponsibilityforissuinginitialwarningsforhazards.Examplesare:EnvironmentCanadaforextremeweatherandairquality;theB.C.RiverForecastCentreforflood,andAvalancheCanadaforavalanches.Industryalsousesawidevarietyofotherwarningsystemstoreachpeopleatriskaroundcriticalfacilitiessuchchemicalplantsanddams.Anevenmorecomplexarrangementinvolvestsunaminotification,inwhichEMBCservesastheofficialCanadianWestCoastreceivingpointforU.S.NationalTsunamiWarningCenter(NTWC)messagesthatconstitutethetriggersforissuingB.C.tsunamiwarnings.In

caseswhereNTWCissuesatsunamiWarning,AdvisoryandWatch,EMBC’senhancednotificationprocesswillbeimmediatelyinitiated,usingsocialmedia,EmergencyCoordinationCentreemail,PENS(theProvincialEmergencyNotificationSystem,anautomatedemail,texttovoicetelephoneandfaxsystem),theEmergencyInfoBCwebsiteandAlertReady.However,ifNTWCissuesanearthquakenotificationthatdoesnotresultinanytsunamithreat,EMBCmaynotissueanotificationtoitsgreateraudienceorviasocialmedia.EMBC’sinitialmessagingtargetsareemergencyandpublicsafetyauthorities,criticalinfrastructureandserviceprovidersandthemedia,althoughthepubliccanalsobenotifiedviaEMBCinitiatedsocialmediaandAlertReady.And,eventhoughthepublicmayreceiveNTWCandEMBCtsunamiwarningsorotherinformationthroughthesechannels,localauthoritiesarestillrequiredtodirectlycommunicatethethreattoasmanyoftheiraffectedpopulationsaspossible.

3.3 CurrentNotificationChallenges

Establishinganintegratedall-hazardsB.C.approachtopublicwarningisacomplexprocessinwhichanumberofchallengesmustbeaddressed,includingthefollowing:

• Manyofthehazardspecificnotificationarrangementshaveevolvedindependentlyamongdifferentorganizationsandjurisdictionswithdifferentmandatesandgovernancestructures;

• Warningsfromdifferentsourcesoftenusedifferentterminologytoexpressthesameissuesofriskandrecommendedaction;

• Thereareveryfewcommonstandards,protocols,orproceduresfordevelopingandissuingwarningmessages;

• Thereisnocentralizedcoordinationorsetofcommontechnicalstandardsforallhazarddomains;

• Fewlocalemergencymanagersorfirstrespondershaveeffectivewaystoinputinformationandwarningsintomanyofthesesystems;

• Therearedifferentsystemaccessarrangementsforpublicengagement(somehavevoluntaryopt-inwhileothershavenoopt-outprovisions);

• Notificationsystemsusedifferenttechnologiesandhavedifferentpublicreach;• Manyofthesystemsarenotinteroperable,and• Manysystemsarebecomingobsoleteordonottakeintoaccountrapidlychanging

publicusagepatterns.

3.4 LeveragingTsunamiNotificationArrangements

Tsunaminotificationisaparticularlyusefulmodelasacontributortoall-hazardsnotificationasitconstitutesBritishColumbia’smostintegratedend-to-endsystemofsystemsandtakesintoaccountadiversityofpopulationsandlocalitiestobeserved,rangingfromheavilypopulatedurbancentrestotinysettlementsanddestinationspotslocatedinsomeoftheworld’smostruggedandaccessibilitychallengedterrains.Nosinglenotificationmethodcanreachallpopulations-at-risk,andauthoritiesarerequiredto

employawiderangeoflegacyandcontemporarycommunicationtechnologiesandstrategies.Thespecificmethodsandtechnologiesusedlargelydependupontherequirementsandcapacitiesofthelocalcommunitiesinvolved.Regardlessofthemethod,additionalcriticalconsiderationsareconsistencyinapplicationandmessaging,timeliness,aswellasensuringwidespreadpublicknowledgeofthenatureoftherisks,methodsofnotificationandexpectedactions.Muchcanbelearnedfromtheseeffortstoprovideeffectiveintegratedandconsistentnotificationinthecoastalregion,assimilargeo-politicalfeaturesandnotificationchallengesexistinotherregionsofBritishColumbia.ThechoicesofmethodsemployedeverywhereintheProvinceareheavilyinfluencedbythephysicallocationandnatureofthepopulation(e.g.residentsvs.non-residents),availablesupportinginfrastructures,institutionalandjurisdictionalarrangements,localcustomsandeconomicandsocialactivities.InmanyB.C.ruralandremoteregions,communicationwithpopulations-at-riskremainchallengedbecauseoflimitedmodesoftransportationandwidelydispersedpopulationsthatvaryaccordingtoseasonalfluctuationsandeconomiccircumstances.Fromanelectroniccommunicationperspective,particularlyinruralareas,therearewidelyvaryinglevelsofaccesstoservices(especiallybasiclandlineandcellulartelephone,Internetandlocalbroadcastingservices)duetohigherinfrastructurecosts,smallersupportingpopulationsandgreaterdistancesfromlargercentres.Evenwheretwo-wayradioandsatellitecommunicationsystemsareemployed,accesstoandreliabilityofservicecanbeaffectedbyline-of-sightcoverageissuesduetomountainousterrain.Inrecognizingthesechallenges,theProvincehasembarkedonseveralinitiativestobringaffordablebroadbandservicestoallBritishColumbians,including:

• ConnectingBritishColumbiaAgreementtoincreaseaccesstoInternetservicesinruralandremoteareasandexpandaccesstocellularservicesalongunconnectedsegmentsofprovincialhighways;

• BCBroadbandSatelliteInitiativetohelpmakeaccesstosatellite-basedhigh-speedInternetmoreaffordableforcitizensandsmallbusinessesinremoteareasthatcurrently,andfortheforeseeablefuture,havenootherbroadbandInternetsolutions,and

• PathwaystoTechnologyProgramledbyFirstNationsorganizationswiththegoalofconnectingorenhancingconnectivitytoall203ofB.C.'sFirstNationscommunities.

Currently,high-speedInternetservicesareavailableto94%ofBritishColumbianhouseholds.BritishColumbiahasagoalof100%ofitsresidentshavingaccesstohigh-speedInternetservicesby2021.ThesedevelopmentswilllaythefoundationsforcreatingarangeofnewoptionsforintegratingandstandardizingemergencynotificationarrangementssupportedthroughInternetProtocol-basedfixedandmobileterrestrialandsatellitesystems.Thesesystemsaremoreaddressable,becomingmoreaffordableandwidespreadinuse,includingnewdataexchangeschemes,suchastheCommonAlertingProtocol(CAP),andofferopportunitiestobettermanage,integrateandtargetwarning

messagessimultaneouslyacrossawidevarietyoffixedandmobiledisseminationsystems,withexponentially-growingcommunicationcapacity.Nationally,effortsareunderwaytocapitalizeonthesedevelopmentsthroughtheestablishmentofaNationalPublicAlertingSystem(NPAS).TheseeffortsbuildontheworkofCanadianfederal,provincialandterritorialgovernmentsandtheCanadianRadio-televisionandTelecommunicationsCommission(CRTC).NPASembodiesanall-channelcommunicationsapproachtoenablealertingauthoritiestotransferasinglealertingelectronicinformationfiletoacentralcollectionpointforpublicdistributionthroughavarietyofestablishedcommunicationsmedia.ThesedigitalalertmessagesmayalsoberedistributedthroughmultiplemethodsbyotherLastMileDistributors(LMDs)andthepublic.Presently,emergencyalertsarebeingdistributedthroughtheuseofasingleNationalAggregationandDisseminationSystem(NAADS)thatisoperatedbyPelmorexCommunicationsInc.(TheWeatherNetwork).SincetheNAADSystembecameavailablein2010,EnvironmentCanadaandall13provinces/territorieshavecompleteduseragreementstoissueoracceptemergencyalertsviatheirEmergencyManagementOrganizationsthroughtheNAADSystem.ThefirstnationalpublicalertinitiativetouseNAADSisAlertReady,whichlinkstoCanadianlicensedover-the-airtransmittersandbroadcastingdistributionandvideo-on-demandundertakingstoenableauthorizedemergencyorganizationstoprovidewarningmessagesdirectlytolistenersandviewers.Asthesystemexpands,itwillincludetheparticipationofcellphonecompanies,socialmediawebsitesandotherInternetandmultimediadistributors.Onthepublicsafetycommunicationsfront,newopportunitiesareemergingtoimproveinteragencyemergencynotificationandsituationalawarenessthroughanewpublicsafetybroadbandnetworkinitiative.WhilethesechangesholdpromisefordramaticallyexpandingthereachofpublicemergencymessagedisseminationacrossCanada,anumberofadditionalstepsneedtobetakentointegratethesearrangementswithexistingnotificationmethods,andensureadoptionbytheemergencymanagementorganizationsandthepublic.Beginningin2015,andcontinuingthrough2016,EmergencyManagementBritishColumbia(EMBC)hascommencedaseriesofprovince-widepilottestsoftheBritishColumbiaEmergencyAlertingSystem(BCEAS)componentofAlertReadytoenhancetsunaminotificationinB.C.coastalareas.Whiletsunamiwarningisthekeyinitialfocus,theenvisionedgoalisfortheBCEAStoeventuallyencompassallhazardsandallregions.Simultaneously,aspartofitsStrategicPlan,EMBChasembarkedonaprogramtointegrateandreplaceitslegacynotificationsystems,whichrequiremanualmanagementofcontactinformationforwarningdissemination,withahostedmulti-channelsolution.Drawinguponexperiencefromthecurrentproject,thefollowingobservationsandrecommendationsareofferedtofurthertheseefforts.Anumberofthemethodsusedintsunaminotificationwarningcanserveasfoundationalelementsforanall-hazardssystem.AmongthesearetheProvincialEmergencyNotificationSystem,AlertReadyandsocialmediaservicessuchasTwitterandEmergencyInfoBCwebsite.Presently,thesesystemsarenotfullyintegratedandrequiremanualinputtingof

messageinformation.Further,theintendedmessagerecipientsandrequirementsforscalingandgeo-targetinghavenotbeenfullyidentifiedonaprovince-widebasis.3.4.1Recommendations3.4.1.1BackgroundStudies

1. ConductacomprehensivestudytoidentifyandanalyzewhatexistinghazardeventnotificationsystemsareavailabletothepublicthroughoutBritishColumbia,including:

o Theunderpinningtechnologies;o Coverage;o Interoperability;o Easeofintegrationwithothersystems;o Howwellmessagingcanbegeographicallytargetedinassociationwiththe

areasatrisk,ando Governanceandotherinstitutionalarrangements.

2. Usingexistingtsunaminotificationmethodsaspotentialfoundationalcomponentsforall-hazardsnotification,conductastudytoassesstheirprovince-wideavailabilityandsuitabilityforeachformofhazardnotification.

3. ExtendcurrentmappingofcoastalcommunicationscoveragetoincludeallofB.C.,andinclude:

o AM,FMandTV;o CableandSatelliteTV;o MobilecellularHSPAandLTE;o Fixedbroadband;o Weatheradiobeyondimmediatecoastalareas,ando Otheragencyradiosystems.

4. Identifyanddocumenttheuniquefeaturesofunderpinningcommunicationsnetworkingarrangements.Forexample,manybroadcastingstationsusenetworkedrebroadcastingtransmitterstoextendcoveragetoadjacentareasortosupportregionalnetworking.ForAlertReadypurposes,CRTCregulationsrequireallprogramoriginatingstationsandassociatedrebroadcastingstationstobeincludedwhenalertmessagesareissued.However,inBritishColumbia,thesenetworkscanstretchintoareaswellbeyondtheimpactsofalocalhazardevent.Assuch,itisimportanttounderstandthepotentialforoverwarning.

5. Carryouton-linesurveyswithlocalemergencymanagersandthepublicduringanAlertReadyprovincialtesttoconfirmreceiptofmessages,effectivenessandfunctioningoftheoverallsystem.

6. MonitorcommunicationtrendsinB.C.toensurethatallusergroupsandtheircommunicationcustomsareproperlyidentifiedandtakenintoaccount.

3.4.1.2EnhancementsofCurrentProvincialNotificationSystems

1. BeginningwithPENSandAlertReadyfortsunamiwarning,developanautomatedprocessforimportingNTWCmessagedata(NTWCCAPfeeds)intotemplatesthatcanbeeasilyandquicklyeditedbyEMBCdutymanagerstoaddressB.C.specificrequirements.

2. DevelopanautomatedprocessusingopensourcetoolstoexportallPENSmessagesinCAP-CP,RSS,email,Twitterandotherstandardizedformatstoimprovetimeliness,consistencyandaccuracyinmessagingcontentandnotification.

3. Reviewandincorporate,whereappropriate,bestpracticesandexperienceofothernotificationproviderssuchasNTWC,EnvironmentCanadaandAlbertaEmergencyAlert.

4. Developamobileappfortsunamiwarningthatcouldserveasapilotforanall-hazardsapp,similartoEMBC’suseof@EmergencyinfoBC.

5. Investigatestandardsandprotocolsforautomatedmessagedeliverytoanddisplayonnetworkedelectronicsigns,includingapilotforprovincialroadsigns,aswellasautomaticupdatingoftheEmergencyInfoBCandotherwebsitessuchasDriveBC.

6. UsetheproposedPENSenhancementsasapilottodefineandconductproof-of-conceptassessmentsforahostedall-hazardsProvincialhub,basedonopenstandards,andintegratedwithnationalNPAS,Multi-agencySituationalAwarenessSystem(MASAS),andotherthird-partyemergencyapplications.

3.4.1.3EducationandTraining

1. Throughpartnerships,establishaprovincialframeworkforimprovingpublicwarningeducationandtraining,includingestablishingcriteriaforcertification.

Toprovideforeffectiveuseofpublicwarning,everywarningauthorityshouldhaveaplanforhow,inaimingtobenefitthepublic,itusesnotificationsystemsthatincorporateexistingandemergingnotificationsystems.Toprepareaneffectiveplan,anauthorityfirstmusthaveafullunderstandingoftheenvironmentinwhichtheauthorityoperates.Everycommunityisdifferentintermsofneedsandthreats.Thecurrentsituationwillneedtobeexplored,suchasanticipatedthreats,populationsat-risk(includinglocations),capabilities,andauthority.Goalsandobjectivesneedtobedefined,andaplanpreparedthatincludesdetailsofrolesandresponsibilities.

EspeciallyasAlertReadyandothernewservicesrollout,allusersmustunderstandthesystemsandprocedures,whichcanbeaccomplishedthroughinitialandrecurringtrainingandexercises.Whilethecurrenttsunaminotificationsystemcannotserveallnotificationpurposes,manyofitsunderlyingprinciples,whichhavebeenoutlinedinpreviousprojectreports,especiallyTask3andTask5(ToolKit),arecommonandcanbeincorporatedintoall-hazardnotificationpractices.Integratingnotificationsystemsintoregularoperationsalsohasbenefits;itbuildsfamiliaritywithsystems,enablesbetterthinkingskills,andprovidesbetter

responsetoemergencies,includingrespondersafety.Useshouldincludeoperationofthetechnology,aswellasformingmessagesanddeterminingdistributionchannels,allofwhichwillbuildskills.

Whileusersrequireactualtrainingonalertandnotificationsystems,thepublicshouldalsobe“trained.”Educatingthepublicwillincreasethelikelihoodthatthepublicwilltakeactionstoprotectthemselveswhenanactualeventoccurs.Thecurrentprovince-widetestingofAlertReadycanserveasavaluableinputtothisprocess.

4.0 TheWayForward:TransitioningtoaSmartB.C.All-HazardsNotificationSystem

Section3.4outlinedprovisionsforinitiatinganintegratedProvincialall-hazardspublicnotificationsystembyusinganenhancedProvincialEmergencyNotificationSystemasafoundationforahostedmulti-channelpublicnotificationsolution.SuchaninitiativeisalsoinalignmentwithB.C.residents’andvisitors’useofmoderntechnologyandcommunicationexpectations.

Theworldisrapidlychangingasthepublicandindustrymovetonewsmartphoneandbroadbandcellularcommunicationstechnologies.ThePublicalsoneedstohaveaccesstotoolsforprovidingandreceivinghazardeventinformationandhelpinginanemergency,andthatarecompatiblewithamodern,mobile,smartphone-dominatedworld.Internet-enabledmobiletechnology,especiallysmartphonesandbroadbandmobilewireless,isparticularlycriticaltopublicsafetybecauseitcanprovideforrapidtargetedalertingandenhancedsituationalawarenesssimultaneouslythroughmultiplechannelsandapplications.

MobileandInternet-connectedtechnologiesarebecomingdominant,leadingtotheemergingInternetofThings(IoT)ofhighlyconnectedpeople,computersandsensors.Asdemonstratedinourpilotprojects,eventhemostremoteB.C.regionscannowbeconnectedthroughIPenabledmobilesatellitesystems.Theresultisthatlegacytechnologies,previouslyusedinemergencyresponseandpubliccommunication,suchasagencyLand-MobileRadio(LMR),landlinetelephone,facsimile,broadcastradiotechnologies(manydatingbacktothe1930’swithlittlechange)arenowinanexponentialdeclineinrelativecapability,availabilityandrelevancetoapublicthatisincreasinglyconnectedtoandbyweb-basedandsocialmediaresources.Thisdeclineisrapidlyreachingacriticalpointwhereatransitionofagenciestomoderntechnologyisrequired,whilealsoensuringthatmembersofthepublichavethesmarttools,includingsmartphones,cellularcommunicationnetworks,apps,instantmessagingandsocialmediatoolsthattheyneedtobepreparedandsafeinemergenciesandmajordisasters.

Recognizingthislife-criticaltransition,inadditiontoinitiativessuchasNPAS,NAADS,includingAlertReadyandWirelessPublicAlertingService,Canadaisinthebeginningstagesofpreparingforanadvancedbroadbandcellularcommunications-basedPublicSafetyBroadbandNetwork(PSBN)andhasauniqueopportunitytoachieveacomprehensivevisionforenhancingthesafetyandsecurityofallCanadians.Asimilartransitionisinprocessthrougharangeofhighly-fundednationalandinternationalinitiativesaroundtheworld,includingintheUSandEurope,andB.C.mustnotbeleftbehind;carefulplanningandstrongcommitmentcancreateacutting-edgepublicsafetycommunicationssystemtoallowfirstrespondersanywhereinthecountrytocommunicatewitheachother,sendingandreceivingcriticalvoice,videoanddatatosavelives,reduceinjuries,andimpactstopropertyandtheenvironment.Broadbandfixedandmobilenetworkscanalsodisseminatevitalinformation(inmultipleformatsandlanguages)tothepublicduringemergencies.However,thesenewprocessesandtoolsmustinterfacetothe

publicandmustbecompatiblewiththerichandubiquitouscommunicationstoolsthatthepublicisusing.

BothCanadaandtheU.S.haveadoptedLongTermEvolution(LTE)asthetechnicalstandardfor700MHzwirelessPSBNtosupport“smartphone”technology,withsoftwareapplications,messagingandvoicecommunicationsanywhere,anytime.LTEisthesamestandardadoptedforcommercialcellularusebut,forPSBN,willrequirehigherstandardsofreliability,resiliencyandsecurity.Inaddition,thecommercialcommunicationsindustryisinitiatingthetransitionfrom4thGenerationtechnologiessuchasLTEtonew5thGeneration(5G)technologies,andthisprocessmustalsobeaddressedbytheEmergencyManagementcommunitywhileadoptingsmarttechnologies.

Whilemanyrespondersandemergencymanagershaveexperienceinusinginformationandcommunicationtechnologiesinanofficeenvironment,extendingthistofield-leveloperationscanbeanewexperienceand/orbelimitedtouseofavailablecommercialservicesthathavenotbeendesignedorscaledforemergencyuse.Majoron-demandcriticaloperationsrequirespecialin-fieldinteroperabilitysolutionsthatoftendifferfromday-to-dayurbansolutions.Further,Canada,andespeciallyBritishColumbia,alsohascomplexterrainsandmanyareasoflowpopulationdensityforwhichextensionofemergingfixedPSBNsystemsisimpractical.Intheseareas,PSBNwillneedtobedeployedonanas-neededbasis.DeployablesystemswillalsobeneededinruralandurbanareasthatdonothaveenoughPSBNcapacityorwhenmajoremergenciesoverwhelmexistingcapacity.

Toaddresstheseneeds,anotherCSSPsupportedprojected,ledbySimonFraserUniversity’sTelematicsResearchLab,hasrecentlyestablishedCanada’sfirstnationalin-fieldPSBNwirelesstestingandvalidatingcapability,specificallyfocusedondeployableLTEsystemstosupportdisasterresponsesituationswhereconventionalcommunicationinfrastructuresaredamagedornon-existent.Thisuniqueandinnovativefield-basedPSBNfacilityistestingdifferentbackhaultechniquesconnectedtoemergingbroadbandsystemsandcontributingtothedevelopmentofnewprotocolsandstrategiestoovercomeconnectivityandinteroperabilityproblems.TwocorefieldtestlocationshavealreadybeenestablishedintheMetroVancouverandtheInteriorregionsofBritishColumbia.

Similarly,membersofthepublicandcommunityleadersneedtohaveaccesstonewtoolsovercommercialInternetandsmartphonenetworking,andbeawareandcomfortablewiththesetools,beforeamajoremergencyordisasterofthescalethatcanstrikeinBritishColumbiaoccurssuchas:earthquakes,tsunamis,landslides,floods,avalanches,andwildfires,plusemergingnewrisks,suchasriots,terrorismandmajorcriminalactivities.BecausetheSFUin-fieldPSBNwirelesstestingfacilityusesthesametechnologybaseascommercialsystems,itcanalsoserveasaproto-typingfacilityfornext-generationemergencynotification.

Inadditiontoaidingthetransitionofresponderagenciesandthepublictosmarttechnology-enabledemergencymanagement,awarenessandnotificationsystems,itisalsoimportanttosupportthetransitionofcriticalB.C.industriestomodernappropriatetools,toallowsupportofinfrastructure,businesscontinuity,andforindustrysupportof

governmentandrespondersduringmajoremergenciesanddisasters.Furthermore,B.C.possessesmanybusinessesthatbuildsmarttechnologytoolsforemergencymanagement,andmanythatcanenterthemarket.ItisimportanttohaveanenvironmentinwhichthesebusinessescangrowwhilesupportingthesavingoflivesandtheenvironmentinourProvince,compatiblewiththe2016#BCTECHStrategy.

Consequently,thereareimportantsynergiesandbenefitstobegainedfromthesecombineddevelopments.

4.1 Recommendations

4.1.1 EngagementandCollaboration

1. Supportthetransitiontomodern,mobilesmartphone-enabledemergencycommunicationsandoperationsforagencies,communitiesandthepublic,inmajoremergenciesanddisastersthroughpartnershipsandnewinitiativesthatenableemergencymanagementpractitionerstoworkwithtechnologists,academia,governmentandindustrypartnerstoexploreandtestoptionstosolvepublicsafetycommunicationandinteroperabilityproblemsinpublicalerting,SAR,flood,wildfire,seismic,tsunamiandotheremergencyresponse.

2. EnhanceandexpandexistingSFUCSSP-fundedPublicSafetybroadbandfacilitiestosupportextensiveurbanandlong-rangerural,remoteandcommunity-deployedtestsofawiderangeofconsumerandgovernmentsmarttechnologies,onland,onwaterandintheair,and

3. Supportcontinuousoutreachtoagenciesandcommunities,through:o Workshopsandtraining;o Community/agencyprojects;o Communityandagencyvisitsanddemonstrationsforbothunderstanding

requirements,anddiscussinganddemonstratingmodernsmartandmobileemergencymanagementtechnology,and

o Exercisesandspecialevents.

4.1.2 GuidanceandCoordination

1. Inalignmentwithnationallyadoptedapproaches,establishaProvincialPublicAlertingWorkingGrouptobuildconsensusaroundandacceptanceof:

o Provincialpublicalertingprinciples,guidelinesandoperatingprocedures;o Technicalprotocolsandstandards;o Proceduresandprotocolsforcoordinatingwarningsthatimpactmultiple

jurisdictions;o Commonterminologyforall-hazardnotification;o Standardmessageprotocolsandtemplates;o Pilotprojectstotestconceptsandapproaches;o Trainingandcertificationstandards,ando Educationandoutreachcampaigns.

Improving End-To-End Tsunami Warning for Risk Reduction on ... · Improving End-To-End Tsunami Warning for Risk Reduction on Canada's West Coast (CSSP-2013-TI-1033) iii Document Description

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