I. Politics & Sectionalism A. The Missouri Compromise (1820) 1. Maine admitted as a free state 2. Missouri admitted as a SLAVE state 3. Limited the spread.

I. Politics & Sectionalism

A. The Missouri Compromise (1820)

1. Maine admitted as a free state

2. Missouri admitted as a SLAVE state

3. Limited the spread of slavery

4. Balance of free & slave states was important

Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

B. Nullification Crisis (1832)

1. South opposes a high tariff designed to boost Northern industry 2. SC wants to nullify the federal law and threatens to secede 3. VP John C. Calhoun of SC resigned

4. Jackson threatened to send in army – SC backed down

II. Sectionalism

A. North

1. Industrial Revolution – begins in Britain

a. textile factories use southern cotton

b. 1789 – technology reaches the U. S.

2. New England – center of U. S. textile industrya. fast moving streams (power)

b. established shipping industry

c. large labor force

The Lowell Textile PlantThe Lowell Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New EnglandTextile

Centers:

1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

New England Dominance in Textiles

3. Mid-Atlantic Area – especially PA

a. coal and iron ore

b. building of machines

4. Favor high tariffs to protect their manufactured goods

5. New Technology

a. Telegraph, Yankee Clipper Ships, Steam powered machines and engines

Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph

Yankee Clipper Yankee Clipper ShipsShips

Yankee Clipper Yankee Clipper ShipsShips

Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat

Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat

The Clermont

OliverEvansOliverEvans

First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive

First automated First automated flour millflour mill

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR

By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

TheRailroad

Revolution,1850s

Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.

Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:

1831

Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine

Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

6. Working Conditions

a. Dirty, dangerous, long hours, low pay, no benefits

b. Emergence of labor unions

1. Not much effect – opposition from employers and government

7. New Immigrants

a. From Ireland and Germany: left because of hardships, poverty

1. Work for lower wages, hated for it by Nativists

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1820

American Population Centers in 1860

American Population Centers in 1860

B. The West (Appalachians to Mississippi)

1. Settled after the War of 1812

2. Small farms, some industry along rivers

3. Favor high tariffs so cities will grow & increase need for farm goods

C. The South

1. Agrarian Society (based on agriculture)

2. King Cotton

a. becomes profitable after the invention of the cotton gin (1797 – Eli Whitney)b. large labor force needed to work cotton fieldsc. slave labor is thought to be necessary

3. Industry does not develop

4. Favor low tariffs – many imported goods used

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, Gin, 17911791

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, Gin, 17911791

Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin

Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

18201820

18601860

III. Slavery

A. First slaves arrived in America in 1619B. Slavery almost died out – but the cotton gin increased the demand for slaves C. Slave Rebellions – most failed miserably

1. Nat Turner (1831)

a. ‘good’ slave from Virginia

b. led a revolt & killed 60 whites

2. Slave codes enacted to prevent rebellion

8%

8%

50%Whites who own

no slaves

2% Free Africa Americans

32%Enslaved African Americans

Whites with 5 or more slaves

Whites with fewer than 5 slaves

Southern Society in 1860

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Southern Southern PopulationPopulationSouthern Southern

PopulationPopulation

Slave Rebellions Throughout Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americasthe Americas

Slave Rebellions Throughout Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americasthe Americas

Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South

Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South

1822

Gabriel Prosser

1800

Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:

Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831

Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:

Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831

Southern Southern AgricultureAgricultureSouthern Southern

AgricultureAgriculture

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports

““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”

William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842

““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”

William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842

Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling in a Sugar-Boiling

House, 1823House, 1823

Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling in a Sugar-Boiling

House, 1823House, 1823

Slave Fortresses on the Coast of Africa

Portuguese Slave Ship

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite

J Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00

J Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy

J Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00

J Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of jail, $540.00

J Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00

Slave MasterBrands

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave muzzle

Slave tag, SC

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave leg irons

Slave shoes

Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

A Georgia PlantationA Georgia PlantationA Georgia PlantationA Georgia Plantation

A Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave Family

The Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of Slavery1. Black Christianity [Baptists or

Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.

2. “Pidgin” or Gullah languages.

3. Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible.

4. Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda

Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda

Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North

Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North

D. Abolitionists – people who wanted to free the slaves

The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villainies!The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villainies!

1. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

1. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)

1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass1847 “The North Star”

a. Self-educated former slave, traveled around the world speaking out against slavery

R2-10

a. Freed slave, illiterate, traveled across the country speaking for the rights of women & blacks

2. Sojourner Truth (1787 – 1883)

3. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)3. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)

R2-4

a. White man, publisher of The Liberator – an anti-slavery newspaper

4. Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896)4. Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896)

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

-- Abraham

Lincoln

So this is the lady who started the Civil War.

-- Abraham

Lincoln

a. White woman, author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)

Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.

2 million in a decade!

1. examined the lives of slaves2. made Northerners aware of how cruel slavery was

E. The Underground RailroadE. The Underground Railroad

The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad

“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape

“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves

“Tracks” ==== routes

“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves

“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep

1. network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape

Follow the Drinking GourdFollow the Drinking Gourd

When the Sun comes back,And the first quail calls,

Follow the Drinking Gourd.For the old man is awaiting for to carry you to freedom

The riverbank makes a very good road.The dead trees will show you the way.

Left foot, peg foot, traveling on, Follow the Drinking Gourd.

The river ends between two hills,Follow the Drinking Gourd.

There’s another river on the other side,Follow the Drinking Gourd.

When the great big river meets the little river,Follow the Drinking Gourd.

For the old man is awaiting for to carry you to freedom,If you Follow the Drinking Gourd.

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessagesName Pattern Meaning

Monkey Wrench Gather tools needed for a long

journey

Wagon WheelLoad or prepare

to board the wagon to begin

the escape.

Crossroad Block

Cleveland, Ohio, an area offering several routes to freedom, so one must be willing to

go on.

Name Pattern Meaning

Carpenter Block Jesus would guide them.

Bear Paw

Take a mountain trail, and follow

the path made by bear tracks to lead them to

water and food.

Basket

Bring enough food and supplies

to get to the crossroads.

Bow Tie BlockDress in disguise,

or change clothes.

Name Pattern Meaning

Log Cabin Person and home are safe to talk to and seek shelter.

Shoo-fly BlockIdentifies a

friendly guide who can help.

Flying Geese Follow the direction of the

points.

Birds in the Air Follow the birds in the air.

Name Pattern Meaning

Drunkard’s PathTravel in a zigzag pattern to avoid

pursuers.

Sailboat BlockTake the sailboat across the Great

Lakes.

North Star Follow the north star.

2. Harriet Tubman

(1820-1913)

2. Harriet Tubman

(1820-1913)

Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.

$40,000 bounty on her head.

Served as a Union spy during

the Civil War.

“Moses”

a. Escaped slave who led others to freedom

Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground

Railroad

Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground

Railroad

Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads

V. Compromise of 1850

A. California wants to become a state1. Gold discovered at

Sutter’s Mill in 18482. 95,000 ‘forty-niners’ rushed to California3. government needed to be put in place quickly

John A. Sutter John A. Sutter

California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849

California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849

49er’s49er’s

B. Issue of slavery rises again

C. Stephen A. Douglas (senator from IL) works out a compromise

1. California admitted as a free state

2. Slave trade ended in Washington, D. C. 3. Stronger Fugitive Slave Law put into effect

4. Slavery possible in the new territories of the southwest

Compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

VI. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

A. Stephen A. Douglas – comes up with the idea of Popular Sovereignty 1. Allows the settlers to decide whether or

not to allow slavery

B. Violence follows

1. John Brown (radical, white, abolitionist) kills settlers 2. “Bleeding Kansas” – a small civil war between slaveholders and radical

abolitionists

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

Border “Ruffians”

(pro-slavery

Missourians)

John Brown: Madman, Hero or

Martyr?

John Brown: Madman, Hero or

Martyr?

Mural in the Kansas Capitol building

by John Steuart Curry (20c)

Mural in the Kansas Capitol building

by John Steuart Curry (20c)

VII. Brooks-Sumner fight (1856)

A. Preston Brooks (representative from SC)

B. Charles Sumner (senator from MA)

1. abolitionist

2. made fun of Brooks’ uncle

C. Brooks attacked Sumner & almost killed him

D. Sumner returned to the Senate THREE years later

VIII. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)

A. Supreme Court case

B. Dred Scott – slave who sued for his freedom because he once lived in a free stateC. Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice, ruled Scott was NOT free

1. Blacks were not citizens & had no right to sue2. Government could not deprive a citizen of property without “due process” 3. any attempt to limit slavery was unconstitutional

IX. Harpers Ferry (1859)

A. site of a federal arsenal in VA

B. John Brown attacked – he wants to:

1. Obtain weapons to give to slaves

2. Start and lead a slave rebellion in Virginia first and then spread southC. Brown was captured by Robert E.

Lee 1. Put on trial & found guilty of treason – hanged

D. Southerners felt that their way of life was in danger

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859

X. Election of 1860

A. Candidates

1. Abraham Lincoln – IL (Republican) did not want slavery to spread to the territories, NOT an abolitionist (yet)2. Stephen A. Douglas – IL (Northern Democrat) thought people of territories should decide about slavery3. John C. Breckinridge – KY (Southern Democrat)4. John Bell – TN (Constitutional Union)

18601860PresidePreside

ntialntialElectionElection

18601860PresidePreside

ntialntialElectionElection

Abraham Lincoln

Republican

Abraham Lincoln

Republican

John BellConstitutional

Union

John BellConstitutional

Union

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

John C. Breckinridge

Southern Democrat

1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart

1860

Election

Results

1860

Election

Results

B. Results

1. Lincoln elected in November 1860

2. Southern states, led by SC, begin to secede from the Union3. By Inauguration Day (March 4, 1861) seven states had seceded –

SC, AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, TX

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860

Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860