I. Politics & Sectionalism A. The Missouri Compromise (1820) 1. Maine admitted as a free state 2. Missouri admitted as a SLAVE state 3. Limited the spread.
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I. Politics & Sectionalism
A. The Missouri Compromise (1820)
1. Maine admitted as a free state
2. Missouri admitted as a SLAVE state
3. Limited the spread of slavery
4. Balance of free & slave states was important
Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820
Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820
B. Nullification Crisis (1832)
1. South opposes a high tariff designed to boost Northern industry 2. SC wants to nullify the federal law and threatens to secede 3. VP John C. Calhoun of SC resigned
4. Jackson threatened to send in army – SC backed down
II. Sectionalism
A. North
1. Industrial Revolution – begins in Britain
a. textile factories use southern cotton
b. 1789 – technology reaches the U. S.
2. New England – center of U. S. textile industrya. fast moving streams (power)
b. established shipping industry
c. large labor force
The Lowell Textile PlantThe Lowell Textile Plant
Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom
New EnglandTextile
Centers:
1830s
New EnglandTextile
Centers:
1830s
New England Dominance in Textiles
New England Dominance in Textiles
3. Mid-Atlantic Area – especially PA
a. coal and iron ore
b. building of machines
4. Favor high tariffs to protect their manufactured goods
5. New Technology
a. Telegraph, Yankee Clipper Ships, Steam powered machines and engines
Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph
Yankee Clipper Yankee Clipper ShipsShips
Yankee Clipper Yankee Clipper ShipsShips
Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat
Robert Fulton & the Robert Fulton & the SteamboatSteamboat
The Clermont
OliverEvansOliverEvans
First prototype of the First prototype of the locomotivelocomotive
First automated First automated flour millflour mill
The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)
1830 1830 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RROhio RR
By 1850 By 1850 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 31,000 31,000 mi.]mi.]
TheRailroad
Revolution,1850s
TheRailroad
Revolution,1850s
Immigrant laborImmigrant laborbuilt the No. built the No. RRs.RRs.
Slave laborSlave laborbuilt the So. built the So. RRs. RRs.
John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)
John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper:
1831
Elias Howe & Isaac SingerElias Howe & Isaac Singer
1840s1840sSewing MachineSewing Machine
Irish Immigrant Girls at LowellIrish Immigrant Girls at Lowell
6. Working Conditions
a. Dirty, dangerous, long hours, low pay, no benefits
b. Emergence of labor unions
1. Not much effect – opposition from employers and government
7. New Immigrants
a. From Ireland and Germany: left because of hardships, poverty
1. Work for lower wages, hated for it by Nativists
National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860
National Origin of Immigrants:1820 - 1860
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1820
American Population Centers in 1860
American Population Centers in 1860
B. The West (Appalachians to Mississippi)
1. Settled after the War of 1812
2. Small farms, some industry along rivers
3. Favor high tariffs so cities will grow & increase need for farm goods
C. The South
1. Agrarian Society (based on agriculture)
2. King Cotton
a. becomes profitable after the invention of the cotton gin (1797 – Eli Whitney)b. large labor force needed to work cotton fieldsc. slave labor is thought to be necessary
3. Industry does not develop
4. Favor low tariffs – many imported goods used
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, Gin, 17911791
Eli Whitney’s Cotton Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, Gin, 17911791
Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin
Slaves Using the Cotton Slaves Using the Cotton GinGin
Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction
Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction
18201820
18601860
III. Slavery
A. First slaves arrived in America in 1619B. Slavery almost died out – but the cotton gin increased the demand for slaves C. Slave Rebellions – most failed miserably
1. Nat Turner (1831)
a. ‘good’ slave from Virginia
b. led a revolt & killed 60 whites
2. Slave codes enacted to prevent rebellion
8%
8%
50%Whites who own
no slaves
2% Free Africa Americans
32%Enslaved African Americans
Whites with 5 or more slaves
Whites with fewer than 5 slaves
Southern Society in 1860
Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)
Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)
Southern Southern PopulationPopulationSouthern Southern
PopulationPopulation
Slave Rebellions Throughout Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americasthe Americas
Slave Rebellions Throughout Slave Rebellions Throughout the Americasthe Americas
Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South
Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South
1822
Gabriel Prosser
1800
Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:
Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831
Slave Rebellions in the Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum South:Antebellum South:
Nat Turner, Nat Turner, 18311831
Southern Southern AgricultureAgricultureSouthern Southern
AgricultureAgriculture
Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi
PlantationPlantation
Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi
PlantationPlantation
Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports
Value of Cotton Exports Value of Cotton Exports As % of All US ExportsAs % of All US Exports
““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”
William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842
““Hauling the Whole Hauling the Whole Week’s Pickings”Week’s Pickings”
William Henry Brown, William Henry Brown, 18421842
Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling in a Sugar-Boiling
House, 1823House, 1823
Slaves WorkingSlaves Workingin a Sugar-Boiling in a Sugar-Boiling
House, 1823House, 1823
Slave Fortresses on the Coast of Africa
Portuguese Slave Ship
Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823
Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823
Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856
Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856
The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite
The Ledger of John The Ledger of John WhiteWhite
J Matilda Selby, 9, $400.00 sold to Mr. Covington, St. Louis, $425.00
J Brooks Selby, 19, $750.00 Left at Home – Crazy
J Fred McAfee, 22, $800.00 Sold to Pepidal,Donaldsonville, $1200.00
J Howard Barnett, 25, $750.00 Ranaway. Sold out of jail, $540.00
J Harriett Barnett, 17, $550.00 Sold to Davenport and Jones, Lafourche, $900.00
Slave MasterBrands
Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements
Slave muzzle
Slave tag, SC
Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements
Slave leg irons
Slave shoes
Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet
Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of
their cabin their cabin on a on a
Southern Southern plantation.plantation.
Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of
their cabin their cabin on a on a
Southern Southern plantation.plantation.
A Georgia PlantationA Georgia PlantationA Georgia PlantationA Georgia Plantation
A Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave Family
The Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of Slavery1. Black Christianity [Baptists or
Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.
2. “Pidgin” or Gullah languages.
3. Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible.
4. Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].
Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda
Southern Pro-SlaverySouthern Pro-SlaveryPropagandaPropaganda
Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North
Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North
D. Abolitionists – people who wanted to free the slaves
The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villainies!The Tree of Slavery—Loaded with the Sum of All Villainies!
1. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895)
1845 The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass1847 “The North Star”
a. Self-educated former slave, traveled around the world speaking out against slavery
R2-10
a. Freed slave, illiterate, traveled across the country speaking for the rights of women & blacks
2. Sojourner Truth (1787 – 1883)
3. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)3. William Lloyd Garrison (1801-1879)
R2-4
a. White man, publisher of The Liberator – an anti-slavery newspaper
4. Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896)4. Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896)
So this is the lady who started the Civil War.
-- Abraham
Lincoln
So this is the lady who started the Civil War.
-- Abraham
Lincoln
a. White woman, author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.
2 million in a decade!
Sold 300,000 copies inthe first year.
2 million in a decade!
1. examined the lives of slaves2. made Northerners aware of how cruel slavery was
E. The Underground RailroadE. The Underground Railroad
The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad
“Conductor” ==== leader of the escape
“Passengers” ==== escaping slaves
“Tracks” ==== routes
“Trains” ==== farm wagons transporting the escaping slaves
“Depots” ==== safe houses to rest/sleep
1. network of abolitionists who helped slaves escape
Follow the Drinking GourdFollow the Drinking Gourd
When the Sun comes back,And the first quail calls,
Follow the Drinking Gourd.For the old man is awaiting for to carry you to freedom
The riverbank makes a very good road.The dead trees will show you the way.
Left foot, peg foot, traveling on, Follow the Drinking Gourd.
The river ends between two hills,Follow the Drinking Gourd.
There’s another river on the other side,Follow the Drinking Gourd.
When the great big river meets the little river,Follow the Drinking Gourd.
For the old man is awaiting for to carry you to freedom,If you Follow the Drinking Gourd.
Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages
Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessagesName Pattern Meaning
Monkey Wrench Gather tools needed for a long
journey
Wagon WheelLoad or prepare
to board the wagon to begin
the escape.
Crossroad Block
Cleveland, Ohio, an area offering several routes to freedom, so one must be willing to
go on.
Name Pattern Meaning
Carpenter Block Jesus would guide them.
Bear Paw
Take a mountain trail, and follow
the path made by bear tracks to lead them to
water and food.
Basket
Bring enough food and supplies
to get to the crossroads.
Bow Tie BlockDress in disguise,
or change clothes.
Name Pattern Meaning
Log Cabin Person and home are safe to talk to and seek shelter.
Shoo-fly BlockIdentifies a
friendly guide who can help.
Flying Geese Follow the direction of the
points.
Birds in the Air Follow the birds in the air.
Name Pattern Meaning
Drunkard’s PathTravel in a zigzag pattern to avoid
pursuers.
Sailboat BlockTake the sailboat across the Great
Lakes.
North Star Follow the north star.
2. Harriet Tubman
(1820-1913)
2. Harriet Tubman
(1820-1913)
Helped over 300 slaves to freedom.
$40,000 bounty on her head.
Served as a Union spy during
the Civil War.
“Moses”
a. Escaped slave who led others to freedom
Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground
Railroad
Leading Escaping Slaves Along the Underground
Railroad
Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads
V. Compromise of 1850
A. California wants to become a state1. Gold discovered at
Sutter’s Mill in 18482. 95,000 ‘forty-niners’ rushed to California3. government needed to be put in place quickly
John A. Sutter John A. Sutter
California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849
California Gold Rush, California Gold Rush, 18491849
49er’s49er’s
B. Issue of slavery rises again
C. Stephen A. Douglas (senator from IL) works out a compromise
1. California admitted as a free state
2. Slave trade ended in Washington, D. C. 3. Stronger Fugitive Slave Law put into effect
4. Slavery possible in the new territories of the southwest
Compromise of 1850
Compromise of 1850
VI. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)
A. Stephen A. Douglas – comes up with the idea of Popular Sovereignty 1. Allows the settlers to decide whether or
not to allow slavery
B. Violence follows
1. John Brown (radical, white, abolitionist) kills settlers 2. “Bleeding Kansas” – a small civil war between slaveholders and radical
abolitionists
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854
“Bleeding Kansas”“Bleeding Kansas”
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
Border “Ruffians”
(pro-slavery
Missourians)
John Brown: Madman, Hero or
Martyr?
John Brown: Madman, Hero or
Martyr?
Mural in the Kansas Capitol building
by John Steuart Curry (20c)
Mural in the Kansas Capitol building
by John Steuart Curry (20c)
VII. Brooks-Sumner fight (1856)
A. Preston Brooks (representative from SC)
B. Charles Sumner (senator from MA)
1. abolitionist
2. made fun of Brooks’ uncle
C. Brooks attacked Sumner & almost killed him
D. Sumner returned to the Senate THREE years later
VIII. Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
A. Supreme Court case
B. Dred Scott – slave who sued for his freedom because he once lived in a free stateC. Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice, ruled Scott was NOT free
1. Blacks were not citizens & had no right to sue2. Government could not deprive a citizen of property without “due process” 3. any attempt to limit slavery was unconstitutional
IX. Harpers Ferry (1859)
A. site of a federal arsenal in VA
B. John Brown attacked – he wants to:
1. Obtain weapons to give to slaves
2. Start and lead a slave rebellion in Virginia first and then spread southC. Brown was captured by Robert E.
Lee 1. Put on trial & found guilty of treason – hanged
D. Southerners felt that their way of life was in danger
John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859
John Brown’s Raidon Harper’s Ferry, 1859
X. Election of 1860
A. Candidates
1. Abraham Lincoln – IL (Republican) did not want slavery to spread to the territories, NOT an abolitionist (yet)2. Stephen A. Douglas – IL (Northern Democrat) thought people of territories should decide about slavery3. John C. Breckinridge – KY (Southern Democrat)4. John Bell – TN (Constitutional Union)
18601860PresidePreside
ntialntialElectionElection
18601860PresidePreside
ntialntialElectionElection
Abraham Lincoln
Republican
Abraham Lincoln
Republican
John BellConstitutional
Union
John BellConstitutional
Union
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat
Stephen A. DouglasNorthern Democrat
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
John C. Breckinridge
Southern Democrat
1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”
1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart
1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart
1860
Election
Results
1860
Election
Results
B. Results
1. Lincoln elected in November 1860
2. Southern states, led by SC, begin to secede from the Union3. By Inauguration Day (March 4, 1861) seven states had seceded –
SC, AL, FL, GA, LA, MS, TX
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
Secession!: SC Dec. 20, 1860
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