How to represent statistics using diagrams
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DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BAR DIAGRAM & GRAPHS
Diagrams are drawn on a plain paper while Graphs are generally drawn on a graph sheet
Diagrams furnish approximate information while Graphs provide accurate and precise information
Diagrams cannot be used for time-series analysis and also in frequency distributions whereas Graphs can be and are used
Construction of graphs is easier as compared to construction of diagrams
DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION
GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTING DIAGRAMS
Neatness - Visually appealing using proper shades / colors Title Selection of scaleSource NoteIndex
Types of Diagrams
Line DiagramBar DiagramRectangle DiagramPie Diagram
BAR DIAGRAM
Simple bar diagram
Sub-divided or component bar diagram
Percentage bar diagram
Multiple bar diagram
Deviation bar diagram
SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM
The most simplest form of bar diagram usually used to represent single variable like sales, profits, tax collected year-wise etc. Ex.1) Represent the data with the help of bar diagram:
Year 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977
No. of Women M.P.s 22 27 34 31 22 19
No. of Women M.Ps
SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM
The most simplest form of bar diagram usually used to represent single variable like sales, profits, tax collected year-wise etc. Ex.1) Represent the data with the help of bar diagram:
Year 1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977
No. of Women M.P.s 22 27 34 31 22 19
0
10
20
30
40
1952 1957 1962 1967 1972 1977
No. of Women M.Ps
No.
of W
omen
M.P
s
YearNo. of Women M.Ps
SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM
2) Below are the data on the number of films made in different regional &/or other languages in India in different years
Year 1947 1951 1961 1970 1971 1972 1973
No. of films 281 229 303 396 433 414 448
0
100
200
300
400
500
1947 1951 1961 1970 1971 1972 1973
No. of films
No. of Films
SIMPLE BAR DIAGRAM
SUB-DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM
3) Represent the following data by a sub-divided bar diagram
Item of Expenditure Family A Family B
Food 200 250
Clothing 100 200
House Rent 80 100
Fuel & Light 30 40
Education 90 210
FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
Family A Family B0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
Family A Family B0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
200
FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
Family A Family B0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
200
100FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
Family A Family B0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
200
100
80
FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
Family A Family B0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
200
100
80
30
FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
Family A Family B0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
200
100
80
30
90
FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
Family A Family B0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
200
100
80
30
90
250
FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
Family A Family B0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
200
100
80
30
90
250
200
FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
Family A Family B0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
200
100
80
30
90
250
200
100
FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
Family A Family B0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
200
100
80
30
90
250
200
100
40
FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
Family A Family B0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
200
100
80
30
90
250
200
100
40
210
FoodClothingHouse RentFuel & LightEducation
SUB-DIVIDED BAR DIAGRAM
4) Represent the following by a suitable diagram
Item of Expenditure Family A Family B
Food 150 150
Clothing 125 60
Education 25 50
Miscellaneous 190 70
Saving or Deficit +10 -30
FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
Family A Family B-125
0
125
250
375
500
FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
Family A Family B-125
0
125
250
375
500
150FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
Family A Family B-125
0
125
250
375
500
150
125
FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
Family A Family B-125
0
125
250
375
500
150
125
25
FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
Family A Family B-125
0
125
250
375
500
150
125
25
190
FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
Family A Family B-125
0
125
250
375
500
150
125
25
190
10
FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
Family A Family B-125
0
125
250
375
500
150
125
25
190
10
150FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
Family A Family B-125
0
125
250
375
500
150
125
25
190
10
150
60
FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
Family A Family B-125
0
125
250
375
500
150
125
25
190
10
150
60
50
FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
Family A Family B-125
0
125
250
375
500
150
125
25
190
10
150
60
50
70
FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
Family A Family B-125
0
125
250
375
500
150
125
25
190
10
150
60
50
70
-30
FoodClothingEducationMiscellaneousSavings or Deficit
PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM
5) Draw a suitable diagram to represent the following data on livelihood patterns in India, USA & UK
Occupation India U.S.A U.K
Agriculture & Forestry 71% 13% 5%
Manufacture & Commerce 15% 46% 55%
Other Industries & Services 14% 41% 40%
Total 100% 100% 100%
PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM
5) Draw a suitable diagram to represent the following data on livelihood patterns in India, USA & UK
Occupation India Cumulative% U.S.A Cumulative
% U.K Cumulative%
Agriculture & Forestry 71% 71 13% 13 5% 5
Manufacture & Commerce
15% 86 46% 59 55% 60
Other Industries & Services
14% 100 41% 100 40% 100
Total 100% 100% 100%
Agriculture & ForestryManufacture & CommerceOther Industries & Services
Agriculture & ForestryManufacture & CommerceOther Industries & Services
PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM
6) The table below gives the break-up of the expenditure of a family on different terms of consumption. Draw percentage bar diagram to represent the data
PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM
6) The table below gives the break-up of the expenditure of a family on different terms of consumption. Draw percentage bar diagram to represent the data
PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM
6) The table below gives the break-up of the expenditure of a family on different terms of consumption. Draw percentage bar diagram to represent the data
Item Expenditure (Rs.) Percentage Cumulative %
Food 240 33.33 33.33
Clothing 66 9.17 42.50
Rent 125 17.36 59.86
Fuel & Lighting 57 7.92 67.78
Education 42 5.83 73.61
Miscellaneous 190 26.39 100.00
Total 720
PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM
6) The table below gives the break-up of the expenditure of a family on different terms of consumption. Draw percentage bar diagram to represent the data
Item Expenditure (Rs.) Percentage Cumulative %
Food 240 33.33 33.33
Clothing 66 9.17 42.50
Rent 125 17.36 59.86
Fuel & Lighting 57 7.92 67.78
Education 42 5.83 73.61
Miscellaneous 190 26.39 100.00
Total 720
PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM
6) The table below gives the break-up of the expenditure of a family on different terms of consumption. Draw percentage bar diagram to represent the data
Item Expenditure (Rs.) Percentage Cumulative %
Food 240 33.33 33.33
Clothing 66 9.17 42.50
Rent 125 17.36 59.86
Fuel & Lighting 57 7.92 67.78
Education 42 5.83 73.61
Miscellaneous 190 26.39 100.00
Total 720
PERCENTAGE BAR DIAGRAM
6) The table below gives the break-up of the expenditure of a family on different terms of consumption. Draw percentage bar diagram to represent the data
Item Expenditure (Rs.) Percentage Cumulative %
Food 240 33.33 33.33
Clothing 66 9.17 42.50
Rent 125 17.36 59.86
Fuel & Lighting 57 7.92 67.78
Education 42 5.83 73.61
Miscellaneous 190 26.39 100.00
Total 720
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Expenditure (Rs.)
26%
6%
8%
17%
9%
33%
FoodClothingRentFuel & LightingEducationMiscellaneous
MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
7) The data given below gives the yearly profits (in thousands of rupees) of two companies A and B.
MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
7) The data given below gives the yearly profits (in thousands of rupees) of two companies A and B.
Year Profits in (‘000 Rs.)
Company A Company B
1994-95 120 90
1995-96 135 95
1996-97 140 108
1997-98 160 120
1998-99 175 130
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99
130
120
108
9590
175
160
140135
120
COMPANY ACOMPANY B
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
COMPANY A COMPANY B
130
175
120
160
108
140
95
135
90
120
1994-951995-961996-971997-981998-99
MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
8) Draw a suitable diagram to present the following data:
MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
8) Draw a suitable diagram to present the following data:
MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
8) Draw a suitable diagram to present the following data:
1998 in % 1999 in %
I Division 16 10.00 12 7.41
II Division 40 25.00 44 27.16
III Division 60 37.50 72 44.44
Failures 44 27.50 34 20.99
Total no. of candidates 160 162
MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
8) Draw a suitable diagram to present the following data:
1998 in % 1999 in %
I Division 16 10.00 12 7.41
II Division 40 25.00 44 27.16
III Division 60 37.50 72 44.44
Failures 44 27.50 34 20.99
Total no. of candidates 160 162
MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
8) Draw a suitable diagram to present the following data:
1998 in % 1999 in %
I Division 16 10.00 12 7.41
II Division 40 25.00 44 27.16
III Division 60 37.50 72 44.44
Failures 44 27.50 34 20.99
Total no. of candidates 160 162
MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
8) Draw a suitable diagram to present the following data:
1998 in % 1999 in %
I Division 16 10.00 12 7.41
II Division 40 25.00 44 27.16
III Division 60 37.50 72 44.44
Failures 44 27.50 34 20.99
Total no. of candidates 160 162
MULTIPLE BAR DIAGRAM
8) Draw a suitable diagram to present the following data:
1998 in % 1999 in %
I Division 16 10.00 12 7.41
II Division 40 25.00 44 27.16
III Division 60 37.50 72 44.44
Failures 44 27.50 34 20.99
Total no. of candidates 160 162
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
1998 1999
21%28%
44%
38%
27%25%
7%10%
I DivisionII DivisionIII DivisionFailures
0
20
40
60
80
I Division II Division III Division Failures
19981999
0
20
40
60
80
1998 1999
I DivisionII DivisionIII DivisionFailures
DEVIATION BARSThese are useful to while representing net quantities like Surplus or Deficit, Profit or Loss, Imports or Exports which have both Positive and Negative Values.
9) For the following data prepare a suitable diagram showing Balance of Trade:
YearsExports
(in Rs. Million)Imports
(in Rs. Million)Balance of Trade (in Rs. Million)
1994 24 9 24 - 9 = 15
1995 115 92 115 - 92 = 23
1996 84 92 84 - 92 = -8
1997 110 120 110 - 120 = -10
1998 130 183 130 - 183 = -53
1999 162 187 162 - 187 = -25
-60
-45
-30
-15
0
15
30
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
-25
-53
-10-8
23
15
Bal
ance
of
Tra
de
Balance of Trade
BROKEN BARS
This is used to represent the data with wide variation.
10) Represent the following data relating to the military statistics at the border during the war between the two countries A and B in 1999 by multiple bar diagram
Category Country A Country B
Army Divisions 4 20
Semi-Army Units 50
Fighter Planes 75 700
Tanks 50 300
Total Troops 100000 170000
PIE CHARTThis type of presentation is used when a share or piece of pie has to be shown amongst many entities.
11) Draw a pie diagram to represent the following data of proposed expenditure by a State Government for the year 1997 - 98
PIE CHARTThis type of presentation is used when a share or piece of pie has to be shown amongst many entities.
11) Draw a pie diagram to represent the following data of proposed expenditure by a State Government for the year 1997 - 98
PIE CHARTThis type of presentation is used when a share or piece of pie has to be shown amongst many entities.
11) Draw a pie diagram to represent the following data of proposed expenditure by a State Government for the year 1997 - 98
ItemsAgriculture &
Rural Development
Industries & Urban
Development
Health & Education
Miscellaneous Total
ProposedExpenditure
(in million Rs.)4200 1500 1000 500 7200
Angle at the centre 210 75 50 25 360
PIE CHARTThis type of presentation is used when a share or piece of pie has to be shown amongst many entities.
11) Draw a pie diagram to represent the following data of proposed expenditure by a State Government for the year 1997 - 98
ItemsAgriculture &
Rural Development
Industries & Urban
Development
Health & Education
Miscellaneous Total
ProposedExpenditure
(in million Rs.)4200 1500 1000 500 7200
Angle at the centre 210 75 50 25 360
PIE CHARTThis type of presentation is used when a share or piece of pie has to be shown amongst many entities.
11) Draw a pie diagram to represent the following data of proposed expenditure by a State Government for the year 1997 - 98
ItemsAgriculture &
Rural Development
Industries & Urban
Development
Health & Education
Miscellaneous Total
ProposedExpenditure
(in million Rs.)4200 1500 1000 500 7200
Angle at the centre 210 75 50 25 360
Agriculture & Rural DevelopmentIndustries & Urban DevelopmentHealth & EducationMiscellaneous
PIE CHART
12) Draw a pie diagram for the following data
PIE CHART
12) Draw a pie diagram for the following data
SECTOR SHARE PIE SHARE
Food 20% 72
Clothing 15% 54
Rent 25% 90
Education 15% 54
Fuel & Electricity 15% 54
Miscellaneous 10% 36
PIE CHART
12) Draw a pie diagram for the following data
SECTOR SHARE PIE SHARE
Food 20% 72
Clothing 15% 54
Rent 25% 90
Education 15% 54
Fuel & Electricity 15% 54
Miscellaneous 10% 36
PIE CHART
12) Draw a pie diagram for the following data
SECTOR SHARE PIE SHARE
Food 20% 72
Clothing 15% 54
Rent 25% 90
Education 15% 54
Fuel & Electricity 15% 54
Miscellaneous 10% 36
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