History of computers

The evolution of the modern-day computer The evolution of the modern-day computer started in started in ChinaChina at around at around 500 BC500 BC. The . The abacus was probably the original counting abacus was probably the original counting device. It has survived centuries of device. It has survived centuries of technological advancement for its widely used technological advancement for its widely used today.today.

The Abacus are the The Abacus are the earliest known earliest known counting/calculation counting/calculation instruments.instruments.

Used to aid mental Used to aid mental calculationscalculations

3000 BC: The 3000 BC: The abacusabacus is is invented in Babyloniainvented in Babylonia

Used by Greeks and Used by Greeks and RomansRomans

Refined to suit counting Refined to suit counting system of each culturesystem of each culture

Abacus were also Abacus were also developed by Native developed by Native American culturesAmerican cultures

John NapierJohn Napier, a Scottish theologian and , a Scottish theologian and mathematicians, became famous for his mathematicians, became famous for his discovery of logarithms. He invented in discovery of logarithms. He invented in 16171617 the device that could do this – the Napier’s the device that could do this – the Napier’s bone – a table of logarithms made of ivory.bone – a table of logarithms made of ivory.

1630 Slide Rule

William Oughtred, an English mathematician, invented the SLIDE RULE, a device made of wood with movable scales arrange to slide opposite each other

In In 16421642, a French , a French mathematician named mathematician named Blaise PascalBlaise Pascal invented invented and built the and built the Pascaline. His Pascaline. His invention used gear-invention used gear-driven counting driven counting wheels to do addition. wheels to do addition. He invented this He invented this device to help his device to help his father who was a tax father who was a tax collector. A collector. A programming programming language was later language was later named after the him – named after the him – Pascal Programming Pascal Programming LanguageLanguage..

1694 Leibniz Machine Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, a German

mathematician. His machine, the LEIBNIZ MACHINE, considered of a stepped cylinder that could perform the four fundamental operations and square root.

The concepts used in modern-day computers The concepts used in modern-day computers were laid down by the nineteenth century were laid down by the nineteenth century English visionary and Cambridge professor English visionary and Cambridge professor Charles BabbageCharles Babbage. He invented the Difference . He invented the Difference Engine in Engine in 18221822, which was capable of , which was capable of computing mathematical tables and computing mathematical tables and polynomial equations. polynomial equations.

Charles Babbage is known to be the “Father of Modern Computer”

1833 – Charles Babbage also invented the ANALYTICAL MACHINE designed to perform complex mathematical calculations. This was considered to be the first general purpose computer.

1887 Census Machine Herman Hollerith,

an American statistician and founder of Tabulating Machine Company (now called International Business Machine or IBM) invented the CENSUS MACHINE

The Birth of IBM The Birth of IBM (International Business Machines)(International Business Machines)

In February 1924, Hollerith's In February 1924, Hollerith's company changed its company changed its name to name to International International Business MachinesBusiness Machines, or , or IBMIBM..

1892 Adding/Calculating Machine

William Seward Burroughs, an American inventor, designed a key-driven machine that produced a hardcopy. This was called ADDING/CALCULATING MACHINE.

In In 19441944, , IBMIBM sponsored the building of the sponsored the building of the first electromechanical computer called the first electromechanical computer called the Mark IMark I. The credit for the creation of this . The credit for the creation of this goes to goes to Howard AikenHoward Aiken, a professor at Harvard , a professor at Harvard University. University.

During the years During the years 1943 to 19461943 to 1946, , Dr. John W. Dr. John W. MauchlyMauchly and and J. Presper Eckert Jr.J. Presper Eckert Jr. completed completed the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator), the first large scale and Calculator), the first large scale electronic digital computer.electronic digital computer.

ENIAC had the capacity of 5,000 computations per second

During the first During the first generation, generation, computers were computers were built with built with vacuum vacuum tubestubes – electronic – electronic tubes that were tubes that were made of glass and made of glass and were about the were about the size of the light size of the light bulbs.bulbs.

This generation began with the This generation began with the with the first computers built with the first computers built with with transistorstransistors – small devices – small devices that transfer electronic signals that transfer electronic signals across a resistor. Because across a resistor. Because transistors are much smaller, use transistors are much smaller, use less power, and create less heat less power, and create less heat than vacuum tubes, the new than vacuum tubes, the new computers were faster, smaller, computers were faster, smaller, and more reliable than the first and more reliable than the first generation machines.generation machines.

In 1964, computer manufacturers began In 1964, computer manufacturers began replacing transistors with integrated replacing transistors with integrated circuits. An circuits. An integrated circuits (IC)integrated circuits (IC) is a is a complete electronic circuit on a small complete electronic circuit on a small chip made of silicon (one of the most chip made of silicon (one of the most abundant elements in the earth’s crust). abundant elements in the earth’s crust). These computers were more reliable These computers were more reliable and compact that computers made with and compact that computers made with transistors, and they cost less transistors, and they cost less manufacturers,manufacturers,

Many advances were made Many advances were made during this generation, the during this generation, the most significant being the most significant being the microprocessormicroprocessor – a specialized – a specialized chip developed for computer chip developed for computer memory and logic. Use of a memory and logic. Use of a single chip to create a smaller single chip to create a smaller “personal” computer (as well as “personal” computer (as well as digital watches, pocket digital watches, pocket calculators, copy machines, and calculators, copy machines, and so on) revolutionized the so on) revolutionized the computer industry.computer industry.

Our current generation has been Our current generation has been referred to as the referred to as the “Connected “Connected Generation”Generation” because of the because of the industry’s massive effort to industry’s massive effort to increase the connectivity of increase the connectivity of computers. The rapidly expanding computers. The rapidly expanding Internet, World Wide Web, and Internet, World Wide Web, and internets have created an internets have created an information superhighway that has information superhighway that has enabled both computer enabled both computer professionals and home computer professionals and home computer users to communicate with others users to communicate with others across the globe.across the globe.

Dr. John W. MauchlyDr. John W. Mauchly and and J. Presper Eckert Jr.J. Presper Eckert Jr. introduce the first commercially available introduce the first commercially available electronic digital computer – the electronic digital computer – the UNIVAC 1 UNIVAC 1 (Universal Automatic Computer)(Universal Automatic Computer) – built with – built with vacuum tubes vacuum tubes which could perform 10,000 computations per second.

Development team led Dr. Grace Development team led Dr. Grace Hopper, former US Navy Hopper, former US Navy programmer, introduces the programmer, introduces the A6 A6 CompilerCompiler – the first example of – the first example of software that converts high level software that converts high level language symbols into instructions language symbols into instructions that a computer can execute. that a computer can execute.

Introduction of first high-level Introduction of first high-level programming language – programming language – FORTRANFORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)(FORmula TRANslator)

General Electric Corporation introduces General Electric Corporation introduces ERMAERMA (Electronic Recording Machine Accounting)(Electronic Recording Machine Accounting) – –

the first technology that can read special the first technology that can read special characters, such as digitized information.characters, such as digitized information.

Introduction of first business application Introduction of first business application programming language – programming language – COBOL (Common COBOL (Common

Business Oriented Language) Business Oriented Language) – based on – based on English-like phrases.English-like phrases.

Introduction of the first computer industry Introduction of the first computer industry standard character set – standard character set – ASCII (American ASCII (American

Standard Code for Information Interchange)Standard Code for Information Interchange) that enables computers to exchange that enables computers to exchange

information.information.

Introduction of computer built with an Introduction of computer built with an integrated circuit (IC)integrated circuit (IC), which incorporates , which incorporates

multiple transistors and electronic circuits on multiple transistors and electronic circuits on single silicon chip.single silicon chip.

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) introduces the first introduces the first minicomputerminicomputer

Introduction of the Introduction of the BASICBASIC programming language.programming language.

Introduction of Introduction of ARPANETARPANET and the beginning and the beginning of of InternetInternet..

Dr. Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation develops a Dr. Ted Hoff of Intel Corporation develops a microprogrammable computer chip – the Intel microprogrammable computer chip – the Intel

4004 microprocessor.4004 microprocessor.

First local area network (LAN) – Ethernet – First local area network (LAN) – Ethernet – developed at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research developed at Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research

Center)Center)

The MITS, Inc., The MITS, Inc., AltairAltair becomes the first becomes the first commercially successful microcomputer, commercially successful microcomputer,

selling for less that $400 a kit.selling for less that $400 a kit.

Apple Computer, Inc., founded by Apple Computer, Inc., founded by Steve Steve WozniakWozniak and and Steve JobsSteve Jobs, and , and Apple IApple I

introduced as an easy-to-use “hobbyist” introduced as an easy-to-use “hobbyist” computer.computer.

IBM asks Microsoft founder, IBM asks Microsoft founder, Bill GatesBill Gates, , to develop an operating system – MS-to develop an operating system – MS-DOS – for the soon-to-be released DOS – for the soon-to-be released IBM IBM

personal computerpersonal computer. .

Introduction of the Introduction of the IBM PCIBM PC, which contains an , which contains an Intel microprocessor chip and Microsoft’ MS-Intel microprocessor chip and Microsoft’ MS-

DOS operating system.DOS operating system.

Apple introduces the Apple introduces the Macintosh ComputerMacintosh Computer, , with unique easy-to-use graphical interface.with unique easy-to-use graphical interface.

Introduction of Introduction of Intel 486Intel 486 – the first 1,000,000 – the first 1,000,000 transistor microprocessor.transistor microprocessor.

Microsoft releases Microsoft releases Windows 3.0Windows 3.0, with an , with an enhanced graphical user interface and the enhanced graphical user interface and the

ability to run multiple application.ability to run multiple application.

Release of Release of Word Wide WebWord Wide Web standards that standards that describe the framework of linking documents describe the framework of linking documents

on different computers.on different computers.

Linus TorvaldsLinus Torvalds, a graduate student at the , a graduate student at the University of Helsinki, develops a version of University of Helsinki, develops a version of

UNIXUNIX called the called the Linux Linux operating system.operating system.

Apple introduces the Apple introduces the Newton MessagePadNewton MessagePad – a – a personal digital assistant (PDA) that personal digital assistant (PDA) that

incorporates a pen interface and wireless incorporates a pen interface and wireless communications.communications.

Introduction of computer systems built with Introduction of computer systems built with Intel’s Pentium microprocessor.Intel’s Pentium microprocessor.

Introduction of the Introduction of the MosaicMosaic graphical graphical Web browser, which led to the Web browser, which led to the

organization of Netscape organization of Netscape Communications CorporationCommunications Corporation

Intel begins shipping the Intel begins shipping the Pentium ProPentium Pro microprocessor.microprocessor.

Microsoft releases Microsoft releases Windows 95Windows 95, a major , a major upgrade to its Windows operating system.upgrade to its Windows operating system.

More than 500 million PCs sold More than 500 million PCs sold and more than 250 million PCs in and more than 250 million PCs in

use worldwide.use worldwide.

Microsoft releases Microsoft releases Office 97Office 97 with major Web with major Web enhancements integrated into its application.enhancements integrated into its application.

The number of Internet and World The number of Internet and World Wide Web users estimated at 50 Wide Web users estimated at 50

million.million.

Microsoft releases Microsoft releases Office 98Office 98 integrated with integrated with Internet Explorer 4.0 – antitrust legislation Internet Explorer 4.0 – antitrust legislation

intensifies. intensifies.

Microsoft releases Microsoft releases Office 2000Office 2000 featuring featuring extensive Web integration and document extensive Web integration and document collaboration – soon followed by collaboration – soon followed by Windows Windows

20002000..

A private Internet – A private Internet – Internet2 Internet2 – – expected to be completed with expected to be completed with

higher speed, limited access, and higher speed, limited access, and tighter security is in the works. tighter security is in the works. Expected to include advanced Expected to include advanced virtual reality interfaces called virtual reality interfaces called

nanomanipulators.nanomanipulators.

2013

Presented by Farooq Ahmed

fk