History Computers

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE

Introduction to Computer Science (I)

Introduction

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE

Information Technology in Our Lives

• Digital Convergence– Converting whatever we can in the physical and

communications world to binary on/off signals, called bits

• Text

• Voice

• Picture

• Movie

T. K. Yin, NUK-CSIE

• At Home– Email, Internet shopping, virtual museum,

banking transactions, news– Small computers in VCRs, automobiles, air-

conditioning systems, washing machines,

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• At Play– Group chatting, games, songs and movies from

Internet

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• At Work– Mobile worker– Office software, Database, ERP, SCM, CRM

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• At School or College– Computer-based courses, distance learning

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The History of Computing

• 3000 B.C.: The Abacus– The original mechanical counting device

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1623-1662: Blaise Pascal– French mathematician and philosopher– Built the Pascaline in 1642

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1642: The Pascaline– A counting-wheel design

• A single revolution of one wheel would engage gears that turned the wheel one tenth of a revolution to its immediate left

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1801: Jacquard’s loom– Frenchman Joseph-Marie Jacquard (1753-1871)– Weaving loom– The first significant use of binary automation

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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– Jacquard Loom Salesman’s Model

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1793-1871: Charles Babbage– Envisioned a steam-powered difference engine

and then an analytical engine

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1842: Bassage’s Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• Diagram Showing Method

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• 1816-1852: Lady Ada Augusta Lovelace– Punched cards could be prepared to instruct

Babbage’s engine to repeat certain operations– The first programmer

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

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• 1860-1929: Herman Hollerith– Devised a punched-card tabulating machine to

speed up the 1890 U.S. census

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1890: Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine– Used a hand punch to enter data onto cards

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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– A Pantograph Punch

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1874-1956: Thomas Watson, Sr. – In 1896 Herman Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine

Company, which merged in 1911 with several other company to form the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. It was renamed the International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) by company president Thomas J. Watson in 1924.

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1920s-1950s: The Electro-Mechanical Accounting Machine Era– Punched-card technology

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• Punched Card Office

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• 1903-1995: Dr. John V. Atanasoff and His ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer)

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

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• 1942: The First Elecronic Digital Computer: The ABC

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

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• 1946: The Electronic ENIAC Computer– Dr. John W. Mauchly (middle) collaborated with J.

Presper Ecjert, Jr. (foreground) at the University of Pennsylvania to develop a machine that would compute trajectory tables for the U.S. Army.

– Used vacuum tubes

– ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1951: The UNIVAC I and the First Generation of Computers– Used vacuum tubes in the first generation of computers

(1951-1959)

– The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC I) was developed by Mauchly and Eckert for the Remington-Rand Corporation

– The first commercially viable electronic digital computer

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

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• 1954: The IBM 650– IBM’s first entry into the commercial computer market

was the IBM 701 in 1953

– IBM 650, introduced in 1954, was designed as a logical upgrade to existing punched-card machines

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

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• 1907-1992: “Amazing” Grace Murray Hopper– In 1959, Dr. Hopper led an effort that laid the

foundation for the development of COBOL

– Found the first “bug” in a computer—a real one. She repaired the Mark II by removing a moth that was caught in Relay Number II.

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

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• 1958: The First Integrated Circuit– The first integrated circuit, a phase-shift oscillator, was

invented in 1958 by Jack S. Kilby of Texas Instruments.

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1963: The PDP-8 Minicomputer– In 1963 Digital Equipment Corporation introduced the

PDP-8

– The first successful minicomputer

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

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• 1964: The IBM System/360 and the Third Generation of Computers– The third generation was characterized by computers

built around integrated circuits

– A family of computers with upward compatibility; when a company outgrew one model it could move up to the next model without worrying about converting its data

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1964: BASIC-More Than a Beginner’s Programming Language– Dr. Thomas Kurtz and Dr. John Kemeny of Dartmouth

College developed a programming language that a beginner could learn and use quickly

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• 1969: ARPANET and the Unbundling of Hardware and Software– A U.S. Department of Defense’s Advanced

Research Project Agency (ARPA) sponsorship of a project, named ARPANET, was underway to unite a community of geographically dispersed scientists by technology

– When IBM unbundled and sold software separately, the software industry began to flourish

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

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• 1975: Microsoft and Bill Gates– Bill gates and Paul Allen formed Microsoft

Corporation, now the largest and most influential software company in the world

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

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• 1976: The Apple I– Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, along with Ronald G.

Wayne formed the Apple Computer Company

Source: http://apple.computerhistory.org/stories

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• 1981: The IBM PC– IBM tossed its hat into the personal computer ring with

its announcement of the IBM Personal Computer

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1982: Mitchell Kapor Designs Lotus 1-2-3– In 1982, Kapor founded Lotus Development Company.

Kapor and the company introduced an electronic spread-sheet product, Lotus 1-2-3

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1984: The Macintosh and Graphical User Interfaces– Apple Computer introduced the Macintosh desktop

computer with a very friendly graphical user interface

Source: http://archive.computerhistory.org/

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• 1985-Present: Microsoft Windows– Microsoft introduced Windows, a GUI for IBM PC-

compatible computers in 1985

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1989: The World Wide Web– Berners-Lee and a small team of scientists conceived

HTML (the language of the Internet), URLs (Internet addresses), and put up the first server supporting the neq World Wide Web format

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1993: The Internet Browser– The development in 1993 of the graphical browser Mosaic by

Marc Andreesen and his team at the National Center For Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) made the web accessible to everyone.

– Marc Andreesen and entrepreneur Jim Clark founded Netscape in 1994 to create a web browser based on the Mosaic project.

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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• 1996: The Handheld Computer– The PalmPilot handheld computer was introduced by

Palm Computing, Inc.

Image courtesy of Computer History Museum, http://www.computerhistory.org

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Problem Transformation into Calculations

• Many real problems can be transformed into calculations. Then, these calculations can be conducted in computers.– Examples: Image processing, optimization,

ciphering and deciphering, simulations in dynamic systems

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Personal Computers to Supercomputers

• Personal Computer (PC)– Desktop PC

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– Notebook PC

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– Tablet PC

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– Wearable PC

Source: http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/publicfeature/oct00/wear.html

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• Handheld Computer

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• Workstation– To visualize and solve complex, technical

problems.

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• Server Computers– Applications in business financial, customer

management solutions, decision support data warehouse, e-commerce, and enterprise resource planning

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• Supercomputer– In a six-game match, a chess-playing IBM computer

known as Deep Blue defeats chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov - the first time a reigning world champion loses a match to a computer opponent in tournament play. Deep Blue is an IBM RS/6000 SP supercomputer capable of calculating 200 million chess positions per second.

Source: http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/history/year_1997.html

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Information Systems• Data processing systems

– Transaction handling, record keeping– Primarily for clerical personnel and

operational-level managers

Source: http://www.lockheedmartin.com

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• Management information system– Uses an integrated database and supports a

variety of functional areas– Structured information (for example, a weekly

inventory status report with predefined content and format)

– Applications in hospitals (patient accounting, point-of-care processing), insurance (claims-processing systems, policy administration, actuarial statistics), and colleges (student registration, placement)

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• Decision support system– Helps the decision makers, especially those at

the tactical and strategic levels, in the decision-making process

– Interactive system

Source: http://cdss.state.co.us

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• Executive information system– Subset of DSS– Supports decision making at the executive

levels of management, primarily the tactical and strategic levels

Source: http://www.tzuchi.com.tw/medinfo99/3-3-41.htm

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• Artificial intelligence– Expert systems, simulation of human sensory

capabilities, neural networks, intelligent agents, robots and robotics

Source: http://asimo.honda.com/index.asp

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• Virtual reality– Combines computer graphics with special

hardware to immerse users in an artificial three-dimensional world

Source: http://human-factors.arc.nasa.gov

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References

• A Short History of Computing– Tim Bergin, Computing History Museum American University,

http://www.computinghistorymuseum.org/

• Computer History Museum– http://www.computerhistory.org

• Computers– Larry Long & Nancy Long, Twelfth Edition, Pearson Education,

Inc.

• http://archive.computerhistory.org/