Fall Semester Exam Review 2011 Fall Semester Exam Review.

Fall Semester Exam Review

2011

Fall Semester Exam Review

• Why did homesteaders on the Great Plains build “soddies” and “dugouts”?

Why did homesteaders on the Great Plains build “soddies” and “dugouts”?

• They used what building materials were Available (“sod”) there were very few trees

• What happened on the following dates

• What happened on the following dates

1898 – Spanish –American War1914-1918 World War I (U.S. entered in 1917)1929 Stock Market Crash (signaled the beginning of the Great Depression)1939-1945 World War II1957 Sputnik launched by the Soviet Union (USSR) – U.S. reformed the education system to require more math and science – also marked the beginning of the Space Race

What did the defeat of William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 Presidential election

mean for the Populist Party?

The end of the Populist Party

1892 Candidate for Populist Party

What were the aims of the Populist Party Platform

• Direct Election of Senators• Graduated Income Tax• Free coinage of silver• Government ownership of transportation

and communication systems• Abolition of national banks

What were the aims of the Populist Party Platform

• Direct Election of Senators• Graduated Income Tax• Free coinage of silver• Government ownership of transportation

and communication systems• Abolition of national banks

Did the Populists achieve any of the following aims?

• *Direct Election of Senators (16th Amendment)

• *Graduated Income Tax (17th Amendment)• Free coinage of silver• Government ownership of transportation

and communication systems• Abolition of national banks

What were the aims of the Populist Party Platform

*passed during the Progressive Era

What is laissez-faire capitalism?

What is laissez-faire capitalism?

• The French term laissez-faire literally means "to let people do as they wish." Thus, supporters of laissez-faire capitalism do not want the government to interfere in business matters, or if governments do involve themselves in business matters, to keep government influence to a minimum.

Choose the strongest supporters of laissez-faire capitalism

• Hoover or FDR ?• Liberal or conservative?• Democrat or Republican?

When did laissez-faire capitalism have the greatest influence on the United States economy?• Before 1930 or after 1930?

Choose the strongest supporters of laissez-faire capitalism

• Hoover or FDR ?• Liberal or conservative?• Democrat or Republican?

When did laissez-faire capitalism have the greatest influence on the United States economy?• Before 1930 or after 1930?

What was the impact of the Transcontinental railroad?

What was the impact of the Transcontinental railroad?

• Made travel easier between the east coast and west coast of the United States

• Attracted large numbers of settlers to the Great Plains

• Allowed plains farmers to ship their products to market and buy manufactured goods from east coast markets

• Led to the destruction of the Buffalo and movement of the Plains Indians onto reservations

What is Social Darwinism

What is Social Darwinism

• Social Darwinists argued that the fittest or wealthiest and most intelligent individuals in society would prevail. It gave rise to the slogan “survival of the fittest.”

Define Monopoly

Give an example of a Monopoly

Define Monopoly

• Exclusive control by one company of the means of producing or selling a good

Give an example of a Monopoly• Rockefellers Standard Oil and the

American Tobacco Company during the Gilded Age

What is the difference between the Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL)

What is the difference between the Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Knights of Labor AFL

1. Terrance Powderly2. First national union3. Membership open toeveryone (even womenAnd blacks)4. Haymarket Affair putan end to it

1. Samuel Gompers2. A craft union of skilled workers3. Focused more on workers rights

Both fought for workers rights

Define the following terms related to immigration

• Nativism• Chinese Exclusion Act• Gentleman’s Agreement• Americanization

Nativism

• The policy of protecting the interests of native born Americans against those of immigrants. The Chinese Exclusion Act and National Origins Act are examples of nativist legislation

Nativism

Chinese Exclusion Act

Chinese Exclusion Act

• The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first major law restricting immigration to the United States. It was enacted in response to economic fears, especially on the West Coast, where native-born Americans attributed unemployment and declining wages to Chinese workers whom they also viewed as racially inferior. It halted Chinese immigration for ten years and prohibited Chinese from becoming US citizens. The law was later extended for another ten years before becoming permanent in 1902.

Gentleman’s Agreement

Gentleman’s Agreement

• (1907), U.S.-Japanese understanding, in which Japan agreed not to issue passports to emigrants to the United States, except to certain categories of business and professional men. In return, President Theodore Roosevelt agreed to urge the city of San Francisco to rescind an order by which children of Japanese parents were segregated from white students in the schools.

• the San Francisco school board repealed the segregation order, but the bias and discrimination against Japanese in California continued.

Americanization

Americanization

• It was a movement designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant, American culture. Schools provided programs to teach immigrants skills needed for citizenship.

What are some of the push and pull factors for immigrants coming to the United States

What is the major pull factor (reason) immigrants come to the United States?

What are some of the push and pull factors for immigrants to the United States

What is the major pull factor (reason) immigrants come to the United States?

Jobs (economic opportunity)

Define Sherman Antitrust Act

Define Sherman Antitrust Act

• A federal law passed in 1890 that committed the American government to opposing monopolies (trusts) and unfair competition in business.

• Under the authority of the Sherman Antitrust Act, the federal government initiated suits against the Standard Oil Company and the American Tobacco Company.

• Microsoft, AT&T, Apple, and Google have all been charged with violating antitrust laws and unfair competition in recent times

Define Progressive Era• An era marked by middle class political,

social and economic reform at the local, state, and national levels of government

Problems Solved

• The following slides pose problems faced by the Progressive reformers of the early 1900’s. Explain how they solved each of the problems

• People had no say in what bills lawmakers would consider

Problem?

• Initiative- Allows voters to petition state legislatures in order to consider a bill desired by citizens.

Solution

• Voters could not accept or reject an initiative by lawmakers

Problem?

• Referendum- Allows voters to decide if a bill or proposed amendment should be passed.

Solution

• Voters were stuck with a bad politician until their term ran out

Problem?

• Recall- Allows voters to petition to have an elected representative removed from office.

Solution

• With lower tariff laws the government had to find a new source of revenue

Problem?

• 16th Amendment passed giving government the right to tax incomes

Solution

• Senators were chosen by corrupt big businesses

Problem?

• 17th Amendment- Provided for the direct election of U.S. Senators.

Solution

• husbands were spending their family’s saving on alcohol instead of essential items, e.g. Education. That problem led to family arguments, which eventually led to divorce.

Problem?

• 18th Amendment- banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcohol

Solution

repealed by the 21st Amendment in 1933. In the over 200 years of the U.S. Constitution, the 18th Amendment remains the only Amendment to ever have been repealed.

• Women could not vote

Problem?

• 19th Amendment- Provided women suffrage (voting).

Solution

• Meatpacking industry was selling meat that was unclean and unsafe for public consumption

Problem?

• Meat Inspection Act 1906- In direct response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, this law required that meat processing plants be inspected to ensure the use of good meat and health-minded procedures.

Solution

Why was Woodrow Wilson elected President in 1912

Why was Woodrow Wilson elected President in 1912

Taft and Teddy Roosevelt split the Republican vote

Why was Woodrow Wilson elected President in 1916

Why was Woodrow Wilson elected President in 1916

In the midst of World War I, he ran for re-election with the slogan, "He Kept Us Out of War." 

What were the American Expeditionary Forces

What were the American Expeditionary Forces

• American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.), the official designation for United States troops serving in Europe in World War I. General John J. Pershing commanded the A.E.F. throughout its service.

John J. Pershing

What was the Open Door Policy?

Open Door Policy

• In 1890 Secretary of State Hay sent the European powers the “Open Door” note, claiming the U.S. had the right to equal trade in China. Imperialists felt new overseas markets and sources of raw materials were crucial to the strength of the U.S. economy

What was Dollar Diplomacy?

Dollar Diplomacy

• Taft’s policy aimed at furthering the economic interests of the United States in Latin America by encouraging the U.S. business investment in foreign countries.

What were the major causes and results of the Spanish American War?

Sinking of USS Maine 1898

Spanish American War: Main Causes

1. Yellow Journalism• Yellow journalism is a term coined by the New York Times that

refers to the sensationalism that had become common in the newspapers of William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. In terms of the Spanish-American War, the press had been sensationalizing the Cuban revolutionary war that had been occurring for some time.

2. Remember the Maine!• On February 15, 1898, an explosion occurred on the USS Maine in

Havana Harbor. When 266 Americans were killed in the explosion, many Americans, especially the press, started claiming that the event was a sign of sabotage on the part of Spain. "Remember the Maine!" was a popular cry.

Spanish American War: Results

Treaty of Paris Ends the Spanish American War• The Treaty of Paris officially ended the Spanish

American War in 1898. The war had lasted six months. The treaty resulted in Puerto Rico and Guam falling under American control, Cuba gaining its independence, and America controlling the Philippines in exchange for 20 million dollars.

What was the Roosevelt Corollary?

Roosevelt Corollary

• In what came to be known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt asserted that European nations should not intervene in the Western Hemisphere, however under certain conditions, United States military intervention might be justified “Carry a Big Stick”.

Why did the U.S. build the Panama Canal?

How did the U.S. get permission to build the Panama Canal?

Panama Canal

• Shortened the travel time and distance for a ship travelling between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. It was begun by the French in 1881, but abandoned in 1889. The United States gained construction rights after Panama declared its independence from Colombia in 1903 (with help from Teddy Roosevelt and a little “Gunboat Diplomacy”)

What were the major reasons for U.S. Entry into WWI?

Reasons for U.S. Entry into WWI

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare and the Lusitania: There were unauthorized German submarines along the US East coast threatening U.S. freedom of the seas. Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare in the spring of 1917 provided the final straw for US politicians, and America declared war.

Zimmerman Telegram:Other points influenced entrance to the war, but the Zimmerman Telegram (sometimes called the "Zimmerman note" or "Zimmerman telegraph") finally pushed the US to war.

Economics:Some say the "bankers" were involved. The U.S. had huge economic investments with the British and French. If they were to lose, then they would not be able to pay the U.S. debt back (amounting to about two billion dollars while Germany only borrowed a mere 27 million).

What was the focus of Wilson’s 14 Points?

Wilson’s 14 Points

Included in his “points” were:• No secret treaties• Freedom of the Seas• More free trade• Reduction of arms• Less colonialism (Right to Self

Determination) by which he meant the right of nations to rule themselves.

• League of Nations to promote peace

Wilson's speech on January 8, 1918, focused on free trade, open agreements, democracy and right to self-determination.

What were the weaknesses of The Treaty of Versailles?

Why did the United States Congress oppose the Treaty of Versailles?

What were the weaknesses of The Treaty of Versailles?

PROVISIONS • The treaty established nine new nations. • It carved five areas out of the Ottoman Empire and gave them to France and

Great Britain as mandates, or temporary colonies. • Barred Germany from maintaining an army. • Required Germany to return the region of Alsace-Lorraine to France and pay

reparations, or war damages, amounting to $33 billion to the Allies.• provided for the creation of the League of Nations, an organization intended to

arbitrate international disputes and thereby avoid future wars.

WEAKNESSES • Weakened the ability of the Treaty of Versailles to provide a lasting peace in

Europe. • Eventually lead to the Second World War • Humiliated Germany-contained a war-guilt clause forcing them to admit sole

responsibility for starting World War I. ( also, destroyed Germany’s economy as a result of the huge reparations)

Why did the United States Congress oppose the Treaty of Versailles?

• Congress, led by Henry Cabot Lodge, believed the treaty would undermine U.S. sovereignty and could force the nation into another war.

What caused the Red Scare & Palmer Raids?

Red Scare & Palmer Raids

• Shortly after the end of World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, the Red Scare took hold in the United States.  A nationwide fear of communists, socialists, anarchists, and other dissidents suddenly grabbed the American psyche in 1919 following a series of anarchist bombings. 

What was the Teapot Dome Scandal

Teapot Dome Scandal

• Secretary of the Interior, Albert Fall, without competitive bidding, had leased the U.S. naval petroleum reserve at Wyoming's Teapot Dome to a private oil company. Albert Fall was convicted and sent to prison

What did the1920 Census show?

1920 Census

• The 1920 census marked the first time in which over 50 percent of the U.S. population was defined as urban. More people lived in cities than in rural areas

What was the Hawley Smoot Tariff?

Hawley Smoot Tariff

• 1930, passed by the U.S. Congress; it brought the U.S. tariff to the highest protective level yet in the history of the United States.

• The act brought retaliatory tariff acts from foreign countries, U.S. foreign trade suffered a sharp decline, and the depression intensified.

What was the Great Migration?

Great Migration Causes

• The great migration refers to the movement of African Americans from the southern United States to the north after WWI, from 1910 to 1930. The African Americans migrated to these areas to look for employment (job) opportunities.

What was the Harlem Renaissance?

Harlem Renaissance

• the Harlem Renaissance was a literary and intellectual flowering that fostered a new black cultural identity in the 1920s and 1930s.

• It launched the literary careers of such writers as Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, and Claude McKay

What was the Scopes Trial?

Scopes Trial

• Informally known as the Scopes Monkey Trial - This 1925 Tennessee trial pitted Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan in a fight over the teaching of evolution in the schools and also pointed to the growing divisions in American society between religious fundamentalism and modernism

What were the MAJOR CAUSES

of the Great Depression?

There are several causes of the Great Depression, but the most obvious causes are:

1. Overproduction2. Banking & Money Policies 3. Stock Market Actions 4. Political decisions

FARMERS STRUGGLE

• No industry suffered as much as agriculture

• During World War I European demand for American crops soared

• After the war demand plummeted

• Farmers increased production (overproduction) sending prices further downward

Photo by Dorothea Lange

1. Overproduction (responding to high demand for goods)

2. Banking & Money Policies (low interest rates, buying on the margin (credit), raise in interest rates, low reserve rates for banks.)

3. Stock Market Practices (buying on the margin,overspeculation, bank loans for stock purchases)

4. Political decisions (Smoot-Hawley Tariff, Increase Income Tax)

What were the causes of the Dust Bowl?

Causes of the Dust Bowl

• The Dust Bowl was a period of severe dust storms causing major agricultural damage to the Great plains from 1930 to 1936. The phenomenon was caused by severe drought, decades of over farming, and wind erosion

What was the Bonus Army?

What was the Bonus Army?

• World War I veterans who gathered in Washington, D.C., in 1932 to demand payment of their promised bonuses. More than 12,000 veterans and their families camped near the U.S. Capitol, urging support for a bill to force early payment of bonuses already voted by Congress. When the bill was defeated, most of the crowd returned home, but some angry protests caused local authorities to ask Pres. Herbert Hoover for federal assistance. Army troops led by Gen. Douglas MacArthur drove out the protesters and burned their camps. In 1936 Congress finally enacted a bill that paid nearly $2 billion in veterans' benefits.

New Deal Programs

New Deal Act Acronym Year Significance

Securities and Exchange Commission

Glass-Steagall Act

Social Security Act

Directions: Complete the following Table

New Deal Programs

New Deal Act Acronym Year Significance

Securities and Exchange Commission

SEC 1934 Regulated stock market and restricted margin buying.

Glass-Steagall Act FDIC 1933 Created federally insured bank deposits (FDIC)

Social Security Act 1935 Response to critics (Dr. Townsend and Huey Long), it provided pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid to blind, deaf, disabled, and dependent children.

Directions: Complete the following Table

What were some criticisms of the New Deal?

New Deal Critics

• Many conservative Americans, argued that the New Deal violated the Constitution and sought to impose socialism, although many liberals and socialist leaders believed that FDR was not doing enough.

• The “radio priest” Father Charles E. Coughlin turned on Roosevelt over deficit spending (the increasing national debt) and the Federal Reserve. Louisiana’s “Kingfish” Huey Long challenged Roosevelt, promoting his “Share the Wealth” program that would have restricted how much the wealthy could earn and impose high taxes on those with the greatest incomes.

Analyze the following Cartoon

What event marked the beginning of World War II?

• The date generally given is 1 September 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. It ended on 2 September 1945 with the surrender of Japan.

What event marked the beginning of World War II?

What was the Munich Agreement?

What was the Munich Agreement?

• The Munich Agreement was a pact between Nazi Germany, Italy, France and the United Kingdom.

• The pact appeased Hitler and allowed Germany to take over the Sudetenland.

• British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain was willing to sign the Munich Agreement to avoid war, and in his own words “preserve peace in our time”

Why did Congress pass the Neutrality Acts?

Why did Congress pass the Neutrality Acts?

• Between 1935 and 1939 Congress passed four neutrality acts to limit America's involvement in foreign conflicts.

• In 1937 the act also added a two-year "cash-and-carry" provision permitting Americans to trade with countries who paid cash and transported the goods on non-U.S. vessels

What was the Lend Lease Act 1941?

What was the Lend Lease Act 1941?

• Lend-Lease was a program of the United States Federal government during World War II which enabled the United States to provide the Allied nations with war material while the US was still officially a neutral country.

• This program was the first large step away from American isolationism and towards international involvement since the end of WWI.

When was Pearl Harbor attacked?

1941

What was the purpose of the following poster?

What is her name?

What was the purpose of the following poster?

• this powerful symbol recruited two million women into the workforce to support the war economy while men were off fighting the war.

• Those ads made a tremendous change in the relationship between women and the workplace. employment outside of the home became socially acceptable and even desirable.

What is her name?

Rosie the Riveter