Transcript
Electric Vehicles: What’s in Your Garage?
CleanTALK San Diego in partnership with
San Diego Regional Clean Fuels CoalitionNovember 19, 2009
• Disclosure
– My own opinions based upon science and engineering estimates and various available references
– If you like it you can hire me
– If you don’t like it, I’m happy to help you get started on your own quest
• Objectives
– Increase awareness and understanding for making better informed personal and business choices
– Start a dialog for public consensus and support on key issues
– Capture a little of your imagination
• Imagination and Future Vision
– Read the 23 pages of Chapter 10 in Thomas Friedman’s book, “Hot, Flat , and Crowded”
– Energy and transportation will be more closely connected
– Changes are going to affect the way we live, our children live and the way our grandchildren live
• Lessons from history
– Transportation has been one of the most significant influences in the development in civilization, life style, and the economy
– Transportation is 64% of San Diego’s energy consumption
Units Electricity Natural Gas Petroleum Fuels Total
Gallons 1,880,000,000
BTU 2.162E+14
MMTh 581
GWh 18,648 17,027 63,362 99,037
% of Total 18.8% 17.2% 64.0%
San Diego County Energy Consumption
Electricity
19%
Natural Gas
17%Petroleum Fuels
64%
Were the Price Equal to the Cost
• Air Quality
– NOX
– HC
– Particulates
• Healthcare Costs
• National Security
– Reliable Energy for the Economy
– Follow the Money
• Climate Change
– GHG
– Carbon caps and taxes are coming
• International trade policies
– Global Economy
– New Business and Employment Sectors
Reasons for Alternative and Renewable Fuels
If You Can Afford them
CARB ZEV Requirement is Pushing
$5,000 penalty per each ZEV credit not produced
How Fast?
EV’s Best Friend
Charging Stations
Energy Diet
• 100 Mile Range
• 24kWh battery (gas tank)
• 240Wh/mile (mileage)
• 15.5¢/kWh (fuel cost)
• 3.72¢/mile
Nissan Leaf Battery Electric Plug-in Vehicle
LA 4 Drive Cycle
BEV Fuel Efficiency
Power PlantFuel
Electricity
Transmission &
Distribution
Charger &
Battery
Propulsion Motor
33% typical
(50% CC)
80% 90%93% 22%
InverterSun
Charger &
Battery
Propulsion Motor
(95%) 80% 90% 72%
Local Solar
(PV 22%)
Gasoline 30 MPG Vehicle
Energy Diet
• 300 Mile Range
• 10 Gallons (gas tank)
• 30 MPG (mileage)
• $3.00/Gallon (fuel cost)
• 10¢/mile
Energy Efficiency of Operation
Vehicle Range (Miles)
Energy Storage (kWh)
Energy Storage
(Gallons)
Net Efficiency
to Propulsion
Gasoline ICE
300 366 10 20%
BEV-Grid 100 24 0.66 22%
BEV- Local Solar
100 24 0.66 72%
Fuel Costs of Operation
Vehicle Fuel Cost Mileage Cost/Mile
Gasoline ICE $3.00/gal 30 mi/gal 10¢
BEV-night 5¢/kWh 4.2 mi/kWh 1.2¢
BEV-mid peak 10¢/kWh 4.2 mi/kWh 2.4¢
BEV-base tier 1 13¢/kWh 4.2 mi/kWh 3.1¢
BEV-mid tier 2 15¢/kWh 4.2 mi/kWh 3.8¢
BEV-peak 28¢/kWh 4.2 mi/kWh 6.7¢
Vehicle Fuel Cost
Fuel
Mileage
Fuel
Cost/Mile Battery Engine Brakes Tires Misc
Total
Mntnce
Mntnce/
Mile
Total
Cost/Mile
Gas ICE 3.00 30 0.10 100 2,700 3000 500 500 6,800 0.07 0.17
BEV 0.05 4.2 0.01 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.10
BEV 0.10 4.2 0.02 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.11
BEV 0.15 4.2 0.04 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.12
BEV 0.20 4.2 0.05 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.14
BEV 0.25 4.2 0.06 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.15
BEV 0.30 4.2 0.07 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.16
BEV 0.35 4.2 0.08 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.17
BEV 0.40 4.2 0.10 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.18
BEV 0.45 4.2 0.11 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.20
BEV 0.50 4.2 0.12 7200 0 1000 500 200 8,900 0.09 0.21
Estimated Cost of Operation
Maintenance (Based on 100,000 miles)
• BEV Advantages
– Home fueling
– Zero emissions
– Minimal service• No oil, belts, filters
• >3x brake life
– Local storage for grid
• Disadvantages
– Needs infrastructure and PUC tariffs for sustainability
– Time to refuel
– Needs noise
• 30 MPG ICE Advantages
– Range and fueling infrastructure traditional
– Time to refuel
– Slightly less expensive
• Disadvantages
– Oil, air quality, GHG
– Service cost, time
– Time and distance to fuel station
BEV vs. 30 MPG ICE
• Chemistry
– Individual cells
– Reversible electrochemical energy
– Unique characteristics• Power
• Energy
• Life
• Charge rate
• Resistance
• Cost
• Toxicity
• Packs
– Series cells to minimize wasted heat
– Need heat rejection design for safety and long life
– Equalization
– Balancing
– Battery Management System
– High capital for economies of scale
Battery Basics
• Safety in operation
• Light weight (power and energy density)
• Quick charge/discharge
• High power
• High energy
• Wide temperature operation
• Inexpensive
• Long shelf life
• High operation cycle life
• Easily manufactured
• Easily recycled
• Environmentally safe
• Available materials
• High Quality, Fast Delivery, Cheap –Pick two!
Desired Battery Characteristics
• Cycle life exponentially increases with decreasing depth of discharge (DoD)
• Energy capacity (range) may significantly decease in extremely cold temperatures –needs to be managed
• High rate charges and discharges can shorten the battery life and waste more energy due to heat generation-efficiencies can easily drop 30%-increasing the cost of usable kWh
Some Battery Observations
• Avoiding “empty” and “full” can be the best thing you do for your battery life.
• Charging is not linear-85% in half the time for a full charge.
• Braking regeneration saves fuel, but uses some battery life
• Heat is the enemy of batteries, inverters, and electric motors.
• Each cell in a series pack gets exactly the same current.
• BMS is required because cells are different and age differently.
More Battery Observations
• Power
– Capacity
– Up front cost
– Limits charging/discharging
– Acceleration
– Load
– Slope
• Energy
– Power over time
– What you pay for
– Range
Power and Energy
• Fuel or battery into vehicle (1/2 mv²)
• Vehicle into brakes
• Vehicle into hill climb (30 feet = 30mph)
– Design highways to go up for deceleration and go down for acceleration
• Brakes into heating air and wearing brakes
– Over 2,000 MWh/day in San Diego
• Alternatively, brakes into regeneration, storage, and reuse
Energy Path
References
• “Hot, Flat, and Crowded,” Thomas Friedman, New York Times Journalist
• “Deep Hot Biosphere,” Thomas Gold deceased
• CARB ZEV Presentations
• EPA
• DoE
– EERE
– NREL
– ANL
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