Top Banner
Copyright© 2015 Society of Automotive Engineers of Japan, Inc. All rights reserved 1 Hybrid Vehicles 1. 1. Introduction Demand for vehicles with better fuel efficiency and cleaner exhaust emissions is growing in light of rising fossil fuel prices and environmental problems such as air pollution and global warming. Automakers have been working to expand the number of vehicle models equipped with hybrid systems as one way of address- ing this demand. Japanese manufacturers have focused on fuel-efficient hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine with an electric motor. Section 1 of this article describes the trends in HEVs that occurred in 2014. 1. 2. Popularization of HEVs in Japan Figure 1 shows that the number of HEVs on the roads in Japan is increasing year after year. The number of hybrid passenger vehicles has significantly exceeded the 3 million vehicle mark and is quickly approaching 4 mil- lion vehicles. In 2013, the number of HEVs on the road in Japan increased by nearly 1 million vehicles compared to the previous year. The number of trucks and other non-passenger hybrid vehicles is also expanding steadily. The number of plug-in HEVs (PHEVs) is also increasing and there are approximately 30,000 on the road. This number should continue to expand in the future as auto- makers continue to increase the availability of PHEVs. 1. 3. New HEVs that launched in Japan in 2014 Table 1 lists the hybrid passenger vehicles that launched in Japan in 2014 according to the month of re- lease. The main trends were as follows. In January, Toyota Motor Corporation released hybrid versions of the Noah and Voxy minivans. These are the first minivans with a height of 1.8 meters or more, seat- ing for 7 to 8 people, and in the 1.8-liter to 2.0-liter class that are equipped with a full hybrid system. The hybrid system is almost the same as the one in the Prius. These vehicles are equipped with a 1.8-liter inline four-cylinder engine and the total system output is 100 kW. The fuel economy is 23.8 km/L (under the JC08 test cycle). In July, Toyota Motor Corporation added a four-wheel drive version of the Crown Majesta. This is the first full-time four-wheel drive HEV from Toyota. The origi- nal hybrid system in the two-wheel drive vehicle was equipped with a 3.5-liter V6 engine and the total system output was 252 kW. In this new four-wheel drive ver- sion, a 2.5-liter inline four-cylinder engine was added, creating a total system output of 162 kW. The fuel econ- omy is 19.0 km/L (under the JC08 test cycle). On the same day in July, Toyota Motor Corpora- tion also added a four-wheel drive version to its hybrid Crown model. The hybrid system is the same as the one in the Crown Majesta. It is equipped with a 2.5-liter inline four-cylinder engine with a total system output of 162 kW. The fuel economy is 21.0 km/L (under the JC08 test cycle). Also in July, Lexus launched the NX300h. The hybrid system in the four-wheel drive version is almost the same as that in the Toyota Harrier. It is equipped with a 2.5-liter inline four-cylinder engine, a 105 kW motor on the front axle and a 50 kW motor on the rear axle. This Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles Fig. 1 Trends in the number of HEVs on the road in Japan (1) Number of vehicles (millions) Passenger vehicles 4 3 2 1 0 Number of vehicles (10,000 vehicles) Trucks PHEVs 4 3 2 1 0 2004 05 06 07 08 Year 09 10 11 12 13
14

Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Mar 09, 2018

Download

Documents

phungphuc
Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Page 1: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

1 Hybrid Vehicles              

1. 1. IntroductionDemand forvehicleswithbetter fuel efficiencyand

cleanerexhaustemissions isgrowing in lightof risingfossil fuelpricesandenvironmentalproblemssuchasair pollution andglobalwarming. Automakershavebeenworkingtoexpandthenumberofvehiclemodelsequippedwithhybridsystemsasonewayofaddress-ingthisdemand.Japanesemanufacturershavefocusedon fuel-efficienthybridelectricvehicles (HEVs),whichcombinean internalcombustionenginewithanelectricmotor. Section1of thisarticledescribesthetrends inHEVsthatoccurredin2014.1. 2. Popularization of HEVs in JapanFigure1showsthatthenumberofHEVsontheroads

inJapan is increasingyearafteryear. Thenumberofhybridpassengervehicleshassignificantlyexceededthe3millionvehiclemarkandisquicklyapproaching4mil-lionvehicles.In2013,thenumberofHEVsontheroadinJapanincreasedbynearly1millionvehiclescomparedtothepreviousyear. Thenumberof trucksandothernon-passengerhybridvehiclesisalsoexpandingsteadily.Thenumberofplug-inHEVs(PHEVs)isalsoincreasingandthereareapproximately30,000on theroad. Thisnumbershouldcontinuetoexpandinthefutureasauto-makerscontinuetoincreasetheavailabilityofPHEVs.1. 3. New HEVs that launched in Japan in 2014Table 1 lists the hybrid passenger vehicles that

launchedinJapanin2014accordingtothemonthofre-lease.Themaintrendswereasfollows.

InJanuary,ToyotaMotorCorporationreleasedhybridversionsoftheNoahandVoxyminivans.Thesearethefirstminivanswithaheightof1.8metersormore,seat-ingfor7to8people,andinthe1.8-literto2.0-literclassthatareequippedwithafullhybridsystem.ThehybridsystemisalmostthesameastheoneinthePrius.Thesevehiclesareequippedwitha1.8-literinlinefour-cylinder

engineandthetotalsystemoutputis100kW.Thefueleconomyis23.8km/L(undertheJC08testcycle).

InJuly,ToyotaMotorCorporationaddedafour-wheeldriveversionof theCrownMajesta. This is the firstfull-timefour-wheeldriveHEVfromToyota.Theorigi-nalhybridsystem in the two-wheeldrivevehiclewasequippedwitha3.5-literV6engineandthetotalsystemoutputwas252kW. Inthisnewfour-wheeldrivever-sion, a 2.5-liter inline four-cylinderenginewasadded,creatingatotalsystemoutputof162kW.Thefuelecon-omyis19.0km/L(undertheJC08testcycle).

On the sameday in July,ToyotaMotorCorpora-tionalsoaddeda four-wheeldriveversionto itshybridCrownmodel. Thehybridsystem is thesameas theoneintheCrownMajesta.Itisequippedwitha2.5-literinlinefour-cylinderenginewithatotalsystemoutputof162kW.Thefueleconomyis21.0km/L(undertheJC08testcycle).

AlsoinJuly,LexuslaunchedtheNX300h.Thehybridsystem in the four-wheeldriveversion is almost thesameasthatintheToyotaHarrier.Itisequippedwitha2.5-literinlinefour-cylinderengine,a105kWmotoronthefrontaxleanda50kWmotorontherearaxle.This

Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

Fig. 1 Trends in the number of HEVs on the road in Japan (1)

Number of vehicles (millions)

Passenger vehicles4

3

2

1

0

Number of vehicles (10,000 vehicles)

TrucksPHEVs

4

3

2

1

02004 05 06 07 08

Year

09 10 11 12 13

Page 2: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

makesthetotalsystemoutput145kW.Inthetwo-wheeldriveversion, thehybridsystemconsistsofa2.5-literinline four-cylinderengineanda105kWmotoronthefront axle, creatinga total systemoutput of 145kW.Thefueleconomyis19.8km/Lforthefour-wheeldriveversionand21.0km/Lfor thetwo-wheeldriveversion(undertheJC08testcycle).

InAugust, SuzukiMotorCorporation launched the

hybridWagonR. This is the first time thatahybridsystemhasbeenequippedonaminivehiclewith the“tallwagon”design(i.e.,amini-vehiclewithaheightof1.55metersormore). Thehybridsystemisaso-calledmildhybridthat isequippedwithan integratedstartergenerator(ISG).TheISGusestheenergyfromdecelera-tion (braking) tocharge thevehicle's leadand lithium-ionbatteriesandthenthiselectricalpower isused for

Table 1 Main hybrid passenger vehicles launched in Japan in 2014(2)─(6)

Dateannounced/wentonsale 2014/1/20 2014/7/9 2014/7/9 2014/7/29 2014/7/29 2014/8/25

Nameofcompany ToyotaMotorCorporation Lexus Suzuki

Nameofvehicle Noah/Voxyhybrid CrownMajestaFour

CrownHybridFour

NX300h NX300h WagonRFZ

Typeofhybridsystem Series-parallel Series-parallel Series-parallel Series-parallel Series-parallel Parallel

Drivetrain Front-wheeldrive Four-wheeldrive Four-wheeldrive Four-wheeldrive Front-wheeldrive Front-wheeldrive

Fueleconomy(JC08testcycle,km/L) 23.8 19.0 21.0 19.8 21.0 32.4

Engine Model 2ZR-FXE 2AR-FSE 2AR-FSE 2AR-FXE 2AR-FXE R06A

Displacement(cc) 1797 2493 2493 2493 2493 658

Output(kW) 73 131 131 112 112 38

Motor Type ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

DCsynchronousmotor

Output(kW) 60 105 105 Front105+Rear50

105 1.6

Battery Type Nickel-metalhydride

Nickel-metalhydride

Nickel-metalhydride

Nickel-metalhydride

Nickel-metalhydride

Lithium-ion

Capacity(kWh) 1.3 1.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 0.04

Dateannounced/wentonsale 2014/9/9 2014/10/23 2014/10/29 2014/11/10 2014/12/1 2014/11/25

Nameofcompany ToyotaMotorCorporation

Lexus ToyotaMotorCorporation

HondaMotorCompany Mercedes-Benz

Nameofvehicle CamryHybrid RC300h EsquireHybrid Legend Grace S550plug-inhybridwithlong

wheelbase

Typeofhybridsystem Series-parallel Series-parallel Series-parallel Series-parallel Parallel Parallel

Drivetrain Front-wheeldrive Rear-wheeldrive Front-wheeldrive Four-wheeldrive Front-wheeldrive Rear-wheeldrive

Fueleconomy(JC08testcycle,km/L) 25.4 23.2 23.8 16.8 34.4 13.4

Engine Model 2AR-FXE 2AR-FSE 2ZR-FXE JNB LEB 276M30

Displacement(cc) 2493 2493 1797 3471 1496 2996

Output(kW) 118 131 73 231 81 245

Motor Type ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

Output(kW) 105 105 60 35 + 27× 2 22 85

Battery Type Nickel-metalhydride

Nickel-metalhydride

Nickel-metalhydride

Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion

Capacity(kWh) 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.9 8.7

Page 3: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

theengineassistduringaccelerationandalsotorestarttheengineafteranidlingstop.Thefueleconomyis32.4km/L(undertheJC08testcycle).

InSeptember,ToyotaMotorCorporationaddedaver-sionof itsCamryhybridwith16-inchwheels. Therewerenochangestothehybridsystemandthefuelecon-omyis25.4km/L(undertheJC08testcycle).

InOctober,LexuslaunchedtheRC300h.Itisequippedwitha2.5-liter inline four-cylinderengineandthetotalsystemoutputis162kW.Thefueleconomyis23.2km/L(undertheJC08testcycle).

In the samemonthToyotaMotorCorporationalsolaunchedtheEsquire.ThehybridsystemisalmostthesameasthatintheNoahandVoxythatwerelaunchedinJanuary.TheEsquire isequippedwitha1.8-liter in-line four-cylinderengineandthetotalsystemoutput is100kW.Thefueleconomyis23.8km/L(undertheJC08testcycle).

InNovember,HondaMotorCompanylaunchedthehy-bridLegend.Thisvehicle isequippedwiththeworld'sfirstthree-motorhybridsystem,asshowninFig.2.Po-sitionedatthefrontofthevehicleareanewlydevelopedV63.5-literdirect-injectionengineanda7-speeddual-clutchtransmission(DCT)withanintegratedelectricmo-tor.Therear-mountedtwinmotorunit(TMU)containstwomotors thatdistribute torque to the rearwheels.This hybrid system features three distinct drivingmodeswherethehybridsystemautomaticallycontrolstheengineand threemotors foroptimalperformance.InEVdrive,thetworearelectricmotorspowertheve-hicle. Inhybriddrive, thegasolineenginepowers thefrontwheelswhilethetworearmotorspowertherearwheels. Inenginedrive, thegasolineengineprovidespowertothefrontwheels.Thehybridsystemautomati-

callyselectsthemostenergy-efficientdrivingmodeandtheoptimalchoiceoffront-wheeldrive,rear-wheeldrive,orfour-wheeldrivebycontinuouslyrespondingtodriverinputsandthedrivingconditions. Thetwomotorsontherearaxleare independentlycontrolledandcansup-plyadvancedtorquevectoringtotheleftandrightrearwheels independently. Thistorquevectoring isnotde-pendentontheenginetorquesoitispossibletoprovideeitherpositive (drive) torqueornegative (declaration)torquetoeachrearwheel. Thetotalsystemoutput is281kWandthe fueleconomy is16.8km/L (under theJC08testcycle).

InDecember,HondaMotorCompany launched thehybridGrace.Thehybridsystemisalmostthesameasthat in theFitHybrid. TheGrace isequippedwitha1.5-liter inline four-cylinderengineandthetotalsystemoutputis101kW.Thefueleconomyis34.4km/L(undertheJC08testcycle).

Inthecaseofimportedhybridvehiclesfromnon-Jap-anesemanufacturers,Mercedes-Benz launchedtheS550plug-inhybridwitha longwheelbaseasanadditionalmodel to itsS-Class inNovember. Thevehicle isde-signedfornormalchargingonlyandittakes4hourstofullychargeadepletedbatteryusinga200Voutlet.Itisequippedwitha3-literV6engineandthetotalsystemoutputis325kW.Thefueleconomyis13.4km/L(undertheJC08testcycle).1. 4. Trends in standardizationISO/TC22/SC37iscarryingoutstandardizationactivi-

tiesforgeneralvehiclespoweredbyelectricity(i.e.,elec-trically-propelledroadvehicles),includingHEVs,fuelcellvehicles (FCEVs),andbatteryelectricvehicles (BEVs).(Upuntil2014thisworkwascarriedoutbySC21,butthischangedtoSC37in2015duetoareorganizationofthe ISO/TC22parentcommittee). Themain trend intheseactivitiesin2014hasbeenthecreationofISO6469-4(anewstandard)sinceJanuaryof2012inWG1,whichisthegroupthathandlessafetyaspectsandterminology.Thisnewstandardconcerns thepost-crashelectricalsafety specifications forelectrically-propelled roadve-hicles.InthefutureitisplannedforthisstandardtobeformallyissuedafterproceedingthroughtheFinalDraftInternationalStandard (FDIS)voting. Furthermore, in2014, revisionworkalsobeganon ISO6469-1 (Safetyspecificationsfortheon-boardrechargeableenergystor-agesystem(RESS)),ISO6469-2(Vehicleoperationalsafe-tymeansandprotectionagainstfailures),andISO6469-3

Fig. 2 Composition of the 3-Motor Hybrid System(3)

Page 4: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

(Protectionofpersonsagainstelectricshock).Therearealsoplans toholddiscussionsonotherelectricalsafetyissues, suchas thegrades toapply todifferent levelsofhighvoltage. Incontrast,WG2,which is thegroupthathandlesperformanceandenergyconsumption,hasbeenworkingonthecreationoffuelconsumptiontestingmethods forallHEVs (ISO23274-1and23274-2). ThisincludesbothHEVswithandwithoutexternalchargingfunctionsandbothof these testingmethodswerepro-posedbyJapan.ISO23274-1(revised),whichisthestan-dardforvehicleswithoutanexternalchargingfunction,wasissuedonJanuary13,2013andISO23274-2,whichisthestandardforvehicleswithanexternalchargingfunc-tion,was issuedonJuly26,2012. Inaddition, ISO/TR(TechnicalReport)11955 (Guidelines forchargebalancemeasurement)wasalsoissuedinOctoberof2008astheguidelinesforthefuelconsumptiontestingmethods.

2 Electric Vehicles              

2. 1. IntroductionElectricvehicles (EVs)havebeenattractingattention

inrecentyearsas thenextgenerationofenvironmen-tallyfriendlymobilitywithexcellentenvironmentalper-formanceandenergyefficiency. Despitethis, themainissuesholdingbackEVs, suchasbatteryperformance(cruisingrange, charging time), cost, and theavailablecharging infrastructure,haveyettoberesolved. How-ever,technologicaldevelopmentstoimprovebatteryper-formanceandreducethecostofEVshavebeenmakingsteadyprogress. Front-runners intheEVfieldsuchasNissanandMitsubishiMotorsCo.,Ltd.haveexpandedthenumberofEVmodelstomeetavarietyofdifferentneedsanduses,whilealsoreducingprice. Inaddition,theJapanesegovernmenthasactivelyworkedtofurtherpromotetheintroductionofEVsintothemarketbyex-pandingtheavailablecharginginfrastructure,aswellasbyencouragingtechnologicaldevelopmentandlaunchingbudgetaryand taxmeasures to improveperformanceand reducecost. Asa result, thepopularizationandadoptionofEVshasstarted togainmoremomentum.Section2of thisarticledescribes thecurrent stateofEVuseinJapan,theinitiativestakenin2014tofurtherexpandtheusageofEVs,andthetrendsinstandardiza-tion. Section4of thisarticlewillprovidemoredetailsaboutthebatterycharginginfrastructureinJapan.2. 2. Popularization of EVs2. 2. 1. Market introduction and sales

Figure3shows thenumberofEVson theroads inJapan,excludingmotor-drivencyclesandmini-vehicles(7).ThenumberofsuchvehiclesinJapanhasincreasedsince2009whenMitsubishiMotorsandFujiHeavyIn-dustriesbegansalesof twosmallEVs, the i-MiEVandtheSubaruplug-inStella, respectively. By theendof2013thenumberofEVshadreached54,757vehicles(thegreatmajorityof thesearemini-vehiclesandpassengervehicles, thenumberof trucksandotherEVshashov-eredaroundseveraldozenvehicles).Table2showsthespecificationsof themainEVs launched inJapan from2009to2013 (8)-(14). InthecaseofpassengerEVs, theNissanMotorCo.,Ltd.begangeneral salesof itsNis-sanLeaf in2010,whileMercedes-Benzbeganselling itssmartfortwoelectricdrivemodelin2012.Alsoin2012,Honda,MazdaMotorCorporation, andToyotabeganleasingtheFitEV,DemioEV,andeQ,respectively.By2013Mitsubishihadestablisheddifferentgrades forthei-MiEVdepending on the cruising range on a singlecharge(thetopmodelfeaturedanextendedrangeonasinglecharge). The lineupof i-MiEVmini-vehiclesalsofeaturedcommercialmodelssuchas theMinicab-MiEVVan(2011)andtheMinicab-MiEVTruck(2013).Mitsubi-shirevisedthepricesofalloftheseEVsinanefforttohelplowerthepricesofotherEVsinJapan.Nissanalsoworkedtoextendthecruisingrangeonasinglechargeof itsLeafEVandrevised itspricingtohelp lowerthesalespricesofotherEVsinJapan.

Table 3 shows the specifications of themainEVslaunchedinJapanin2014(10)(15)(16).InApril,BMWbe-gansellingthei3.Thissamevehicleisalsoofferedwiththeoptionofarangeextender(anengineforgeneratingelectricity) that isexpectedtohelpextendthecruisingrange.

Fig. 3 Trends in number of EVs in use in Japan (7)

505

2006

421

2007

389

2008

1 941

2009

9 030

2010

22 262

2011

38 707

2012

54 757

2013

■Mini vehicles ■Passenger vehicles ■Trucks ■Other

Number of vehicles

60 000

50 000

40 000

30 000

20 000

10 000

0

Year

Page 5: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

InSeptember,deliveriesof theModelS fromTeslaMotorsfinallybeganafterreservationshadopenedbackinthespringof2011.TheModelScanbechargedusingtheCHAdeMOfast-chargingstandard thatwasdevel-opedinJapan,a200Voutlet,orTesla'sownproprietarySuperchargerrapidchargingstand.Themaximumout-

put that theSuperchargercanprovide is120kW (16),whichmakesitpossibletochargetheModelSattwicethespeedoftheCHAdeMOstandard.

InOctoberthee-NV200commercialvehiclefromNis-sanwentonsale.Thissamevehicleisalsoavailableinawagonversion thatcanalsobeusedasapassenger

Table 2 Specifi cations of main EVs launched in Japan from 2009 to 2013(8)─(14)

i-MiEV Subaruplug-inStella

NissanLeaf MINICAB-MiEVVAN

smartfortwoelectricdrive

Externalappearance

Manufacturer MitsubishiMotorsCo.,Ltd.

FujiHeavyIndustriesLtd.

NissanMotorCo.,Ltd.

MitsubishiMotorsCo.,Ltd.

Mercedes-Benz

Salesformat General Fleet General General General

Occupantcapacity 4 4 5 2( 4 ) 2

Cruisingrangeonasinglecharge(km) 120 /180*1,3 90*2 228*1 100 /150*1,3 181*1

ACpowerconsumptionrate(Wh/km) 110*1 114*1 125*1 110*1

Motor Type ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

Max.output(kW) 30 /47*3 47 80 30 55

Battery Type Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion

Totalpower(kWh) 10.5 /16*3 9 24 10.5 /16*3 17.6

Chargingtime

Normal 4.5h/7h*3,4

(AC200 V)8h*5

(AC200 V)8h*4

(AC200 V)4.5h/7h*3,4

(AC200 V)8h*4

(AC200 V)

Rapid*6 15min/30min 15min 30min 15min/35min Notapplicable

FitEV DemioEV eQ Minicab-MiEVTruck

Externalappearance

Manufacturer HondaMotorCompany

MazdaMotorCorporation

ToyotaMotorCorporation

MitsubishiMotorsCo.,Ltd.

Salesformat リース リース リース 一般

Occupantcapacity 5 5 4 2

Cruisingrangeonasinglecharge(km) 225*1 200*7 100*1 110*1

ACpowerconsumptionrate(Wh/km) 106*1 100*7 104*1 120*1

Motor Type ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

Max.output(kW) 92 75*7 47 30

Battery Type Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion

Totalpower(kWh) 20 20*7 12 10.5

Chargingtime

Normal 6h*4

(AC200 V)8h

(AC200 V)3h*4

(AC200 V)4.5h*4

(AC200 V)

Rapid*6 20min 40min 15min 15min

*1 :JC08testcycle *2 :10 -15testcycle *3:Differentdependingongrade*4:ChargingviaAC100Valsopossible(recommendedtochargewithAC200V)*5:ChargingviaAC100Valsopossible *6:50kWoutput,chargingupto80 *7:Measurementvaluefrommanufacturer

Page 6: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

vehicle.Volkswagenhasannouncedthat itwillbeselling its

e-up!ande-GolfEVsinJapan.OrdersstartedinFebru-ary2015(17).

Consequently,itisclearthatthenumberofEVmodelsthatJapaneseconsumerscanchoosefromhasonlybeenincreasingsince2009andthatthevarietyvehiclemodelshasbeenexpandingsteadilytomeetdifferentneedsanduses.2. 3. Initiatives to expand EV popularization2. 3. 1. Adoption of EV buses, trucks, and taxisThe JapaneseMinistryofLand, Infrastructureand

Transport (MLIT) is looking to effectively acceleratethepopularizationandadoptionofelectricvehicleswithparticularlygoodenvironmentalperformance (includingPHEVs).Electricbuses,taxis,andtrucksarebeingusedtopromotemoreenvironmentally friendlyregionsandtransportation-relatedbusinessesandalso topromotelow-carbonurbandevelopment. To thisend,MLIT iscarryingoutaprojecttomakeregionalandtransporta-tionbusinessesmoreenvironmentallyfriendlyasawaytoinducetheadoptionofEVsbyotherregionsandbusi-nesses (18). Thisprojectprovides targetedsupport tospecificautomobileandtransportationbusinesses(limitedtobus, taxi,or truckbusinesses) thathavebeen identi-fiedaspioneerstohelpencouragetherapidpopulariza-

tionofEVs.Everyyearnumerouspotentialtargetsforsupportareselectedandthecreationofwell-conceivedinitiativesisexpectedtohelppopularizetheadoptionofEVsallacrossJapan.2. 3. 2. Adoption of ultra-compact vehiclesInrecentyears,ultra-compactvehicles thatareeven

smaller thanmini-vehicleshavebeenattractingan in-creasingamountofattention.TheguidelinesdevelopedbyMLITtohelppromotetheuseoftheseultra-compactvehiclesdefinetheseasvehiclesthataremorecompact,maneuverable, andenvironmentally friendly thancon-ventional automobiles, and that cancarryoneor twopeopleonshortlocaltrips.MLIThasintroducedrelaxedstandardsbasedontheSafetyRegulationsforRoadVe-hiclesundertheRoadTruckingVehicleLawasawayofensuringthesafetyofultra-compactvehicles. Thesestandardsprohibit thedrivingofultra-compactvehiclesonexpressways, restrictusage to locationscapableofensuringsafeandsmoothtrafficflows,andapplycondi-tions forsizeandperformance. Thisrelaxingofsomeregulationsisallowedonlyinthecaseswherethesafetyandenvironmentalperformanceof thesevehicles isnotadverselyaffected. Thesestandards (theultra-compactvehiclecertificationsystem)wereestablishedinJanuary2013andallowultra-compactvehicles tobedrivenonpublicroadsinJapan(18).

Table 3 Specifi cations of main EVs launched in Japan in 2014(10)(15)(16)

BMWi3 ModelS e-NV200

Externalappearance

Manufacturer BMW TeslaMotors NissanMotorCo.,Ltd.

Salesformat General General General

Occupantcapacity 4 5 Van:2or5Wagon:5or7

Cruisingrangeonasinglecharge(km) 229*1 390/502*2 185/188/190*1,3

ACpowerconsumptionrate(Wh/km) 98*1 ─ 142

Motor Type ACsynchronousmotor

ACinductionmotor

ACsynchronousmotor

Max.output(kW) 125 225/270/310*3 80

Battery Type Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion

Totalpower(kWh) 21.8 60/85*3 24

Chargingtime

Normal 7 ~ 8h(AC200 V)

24.4h/31.4h*5

(AC200 V)8h

(AC200 V)

Rapid*4 30min 3.1h/4h*5 30min

*1:JC08testcycle *2:NEDC *3:Differentdependingongrade*4:50kWoutput,chargingupto80 % *5:Source=JARI

Page 7: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

Since thedefinitionof theseultra-compactvehiclesclearlystatesthatexcellentenvironmentalperformanceis required,mostof thesevehiclesareEVs. Thishasraisedexpectations thatvehiclessuchas thesewillbeable tomakeamajorcontribution toa transportationsystemthatusessignificantlylessenergyandemitsfarlesscarbon.Combiningthesevehicleswithurbanplan-ningmayhelptoimprovequalityoflifeandmobilityasanew formofurbanand local transportation. Thesevehiclesmayevenhavemanyotherpositivesocialben-efits,suchasprovidingaboost totourismandregionalregeneration,aswellassupporting themobilityof theelderlyandchild-raising families. Consequently, localgovernmentsare leadingtrial introductionsof theseul-tra-compactvehiclesandtrialdemonstrationsarebeingcarriedout inconjunctionwithurbanplanningprojectsallacrossJapan.Table4showsthespecificationsofthemainultra-compactvehicles(10)(12)(14)(20).2. 4. Trends in EV standardizationSection1.4explainedhowthe internationalstandard-

ization of electric vehicles is beinghandledby ISO/TC22/SC37. ThesafetyaspectsofEVsarebeingad-dressed in ISO6469-1 to ISO6469-4 (seeSection1.4).The international standards that concern theperfor-manceaspectsofEVs include ISO8714 (Referenceen-ergyconsumptionandrangeforBEV),whichwasissuedin2002,andISO8715(RoadoperatingcharacteristicsforBEV),whichwasissuedin2001.

3 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles        

3. 1. IntroductionSince fuelcellvehicles (FCVs)havezerotailpipeCO2

emissions, the increasedadoptionandpopularizationofthesevehiclesisseenasanimportantwayofhelpingtoreducegreenhousegasemissions (21). FCVsbegantobeleasedtogovernmentagenciesinJapaninDecember2002and,by2014, thedrivingrangeof thesevehicleshadbeenextendedduetotheimprovedhydrogenstor-ageefficiencyof theon-boardhigh-pressurehydrogenfuel tanks. In addition, thewarm-upperformanceofthesevehicleshasalsoimprovedtoallowuseinsub-zerotemperatures. Asaresult, theconvenienceofFCVs isnowconsideredtoberoughlyonaparwithgasolineen-ginevehicles. TheFuelCellCommercializationConfer-enceofJapanhasproposedascenariotohelppromotethepopularizationofFCVs,and2015 is thetargetyeartobeginexpandingtheadoptionofFCVsbythegeneralpublic(22).Inanefforttofollowthroughonthisscenar-io,onJune25,2014Toyotaannouncedthatitwouldbe-ginsellingasedan-typeFCVinJapanduringfiscalyear2014andthatitwouldcostapproximately7millionyen(23). OnDecember15,2014ToyotaputtheMiraiFCVonsaleinJapanfor7,236,000yen(includingconsumptiontax) (24)andHondaannouncedonNovember17that ittoowouldstartsellinganewmodelFCVinJapandur-ingthe2015fiscalyear(25).Thissectionintroducesthe

Table 4 Specifi cations of main ultra-compact vehicles(10)(12)(14)(20)

COMS NewMobilityConcept

MC-β i-ROAD

Externalappearance

Manufacturer ToyotaAutoBodyCo.,Ltd.

NissanMotorCo.,Ltd.

HondaMotorCompany

ToyotaMotorCorporation

Salesformat General Notforsale Notforsale Notforsale

Occupantcapacity 1 2 2 1*1

Cruisingrange(km) 50 100 50 50

Max.speed(km/h) 60 80 70ormore 60*1

Motor Ratedoutput(kW) 0.59 8 2× 2 2×2

Battery Type Lead Lithium-ion Lithium-ion Lithium-ion

Totalpower(kWh) 5.2 6.1 ─ ─

Chargingtime 6h(AC100 V)

4h(AC200 V)

3hoursorless(AC200V)

7hoursorless(AC100V)

*1:Japanesespecifications

Page 8: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

researchanddevelopmentofFCVs, startingwith theMirai,andthetrendssurroundingtheestablishmentofhydrogenfuelstationsinJapan.3. 2. Trends in FCV research and developmentTherewerenewsreleasesaboutFCVs fromtwoof

Japan's largestautomobilemanufacturers,ToyotaandHonda,in2014.

OnAugust29,2014Toyotaannouncedthatithadob-tainedtheapprovaloftheJapaneseMinistryofEconomy,TradeandIndustry (METI)asa“registeredcontainermanufacturer” for its high-pressure hydrogen fueltanks(26).Allcontainersandaccessoriesforstoringgasat1MPa (10atm)ormoreofpressure,suchasahigh-pressurehydrogen fuel tank,mustbetype-certifiedbyMETI. Inaddition, theHighPressureGasSafetyLawin Japan requires that thismanufacturingprocessbemadeavailableforofficialsafetyinspectionsbytheHighPressureGasSafetyInstituteofJapan.NowthatToyotahasobtainedthisapproval,itisallowedtoself-inspectitsownhigh-pressurehydrogenfueltanks,whichisexpect-edincreasemanufacturingefficiencyandproductivity.

Asmentionedabove,ToyotaalsobegansellingitsfirstFCVtothegeneralpublic.Figure4showstheToyota'sMiraiFCV,whichhasthefollowingdistinguishingchar-acteristics(24).

(1) AdoptionoftheToyotaFuelCellSystem(TFCS),which realizes excellent environmental perfor-manceandconvenience

(2) Enhancedequipmentandavehicledesignthaten-suressafetyandsecurity

(3) Adesignthat is instantlyrecognizableasthatoftheMirai

(4) Superiorlevelsofquietnessandexcellentsteeringstabilitythatinstillsthejoyofdriving

(5) A large-capacity,external, electricpowersupplysystem

Table5 shows themain specificationsof theTFCS

andTable6 shows themain specificationsof theMi-rai. TheFC stack andhigh-pressurehydrogen fueltankwerebothdeveloped in-housebyToyota. Thesetechnologiesdeliverapoweroutputdensityof3.1kW/L,2.2timesgreaterthanthatachievedinToyota'sprevi-ousFCHV-advmodel. Powergenerationefficiencyhasbeenimprovedbyusing3Dfinemeshflowchannelsthatensureuniformgenerationofelectricityonthecellsur-faces. Thehydrogenstoragecapacityof the fuel tankhasbeen increasedbyaround20%andtheweightandsizehavebeenreducedtoaround5.7wt%,whilealsoen-suringevenhigherperformance.ToyotaannouncedthattheMiraihasahydrogenrefuelingtimeofaroundthreeminutesandadrivingrangeofapproximately650km(24).

OnNovember17,2014Hondaunveiledboth itsnew-modelFCVconcept car, called theHondaFCVCON-CEPT(Fig.5),andalsotheconceptmodelofitsportableinverterbox, called theHondaPowerExporterCON-CEPT(Fig.6),whichcanprovideanexternalsupplyofelectricityfromaFCVatamaximumoutputof9kW(25).

TheHondaFCVCONCEPT isequippedwithanewfuelcellstackthatis33%smallerthantheoriginalmod-el,producesanoutputof100kWormore,andrealizes

Table 5 Main specifications of the TFCS(24)

FCstack NameTypeVolumeoutputdensityMax.outputHumidificationsystem

ToyotaFCStackSolidpolymerelectrolyte3.1kW/L114kW(155PS)Internalcirculationsystem(nohumidifier)

High-pressurehydrogenfueltanks

NumberNominalusagepressureStoragecapacityFueltankvolumeAmountofstoredhydrogen

2tanks70MPa(approximately700atm)5.7 wt%122.4L(Front:60.0L.Back:62.4L)Approximately5 .0kg

Motor TypeMax.outputMax.torque

ACsynchronousmotor113kW(154PS)335N・m(34.2kgf・m)

Drivebattery Type Nickel-metalhydride

Table 6 Main specifications of the Mirai FCV(24)

LengthWidthHeightWheelbaseTread(front/rear)Min.groundclearanceInteriorlengthInteriorwidthInteriorheightVehicleweightPassengercapacity

4890mm1815mm1535mm2780mm1535/1545mm130mm2040mm1465mm1185mm1850kg4people

Fig. 4 Toyota Mirai FCV(24)

Page 9: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

apoweroutputdensityof3.1kW/L,animprovementofapproximately60%comparedtotheoriginal.Accordingtotheannouncement fromHonda, thehydrogen fuel issuppliedfromahigh-pressuretankthatstoresthefuelatapressureof70MPaandthedrivingrangeofthevehi-cleis700kmormore.Oneofthemeritsofthevehicle'sdesignisthatthefuelcellstackiscontainedentirelyun-derthehoodandwithinthefrontofthissedan-typeve-hicle,whichleavesroomfor5adultpassengers.AnewmodelFCVfromHondabasedonthisconceptvehicleisplannedtogoonsaleinJapansometimeduringthe2015fiscalyear(25).3. 3. Trends in establishing hydrogen refueling

station infrastructureThedevelopment of ahydrogen fuel infrastructure

hasbecomeanurgenttaskasFCVshavebeguntobecommerciallyavailabletothegeneralpublic.HydrogenrefuelingstationsmustbelocatedinareasthatareclosetoFCVusersandanenvironmentmustbeestablishedthatallowshydrogenrefuelingatanappropriatepriceforFCVstogrowinpopularity.

OnJuly14,2014IwataniCorporationopenedthefirstcommercialhydrogenfuelstation inAmagasakiCity inHyogoPrefecture (27). Thisstationhasadoptedanoff-sitemethodtosupply fuel totheFCVsanduses liquid

hydrogen that is transported to the stationon trucksfrom liquidhydrogenproductionbases. Thehydrogenfuelsupplycapacity is6vehiclesperhour (340Nm3/h),thepressureoftheliquidhydrogenduringrefuelingis70MPa,and it takesabout3minutespervehicletofinishrefueling.OnAugust28,2014Iwatanialsoannouncedaplantobuildhydrogenrefuelingstations incentralTo-kyo,theplacewheredemandforahydrogenfuelsupplyismostdesired(28).Inaddition,IwataniCorporationhascommitteditselftobuilding20commercialhydrogenfuelstations inthe fourmajormetropolitanareasofTokyo,Nagoya,Osaka,andFukuokaby2015.Clearly,progressisbeingmadeinpreparationstoestablishasolidfounda-tionforahydrogenfuelsupplyinfrastructureforFCVs.

OnNovember14, 2014 Iwatani announced that thepriceofhydrogenfuelwouldbe1,100yen/kg(100yen/Nm3) (29). Thisprice isequivalent to the fuelcost forhybridvehicles. Accordingto theHydrogenandFuelCellStrategyRoadmap (30)compiledbyMETI,thetar-gets for thepriceofhydrogen fuelwere“equal toorless thanthe fuelcostofgasolineenginevehicles”by2015and“equaltoor lessthanthefuelcostofhybridvehicles”by2020.Consequently,thepriceofhydrogenfuelhasbeensetatalevelthatrealizedthesegoalsafull5yearsaheadofschedule.

OnDecember10,2014 IwataniCorporationsignedacomprehensiveagreementwithSevenElevenJapanCo.tobuildhydrogenstationsandconveniencestoresinthesamefacilities.ItwasannouncedthatthefirsttwosuchfacilitiesarescheduledtoopeninTokyoandAichiPre-fecture in2015 (31). It is thoughtthatasingle locationwhereconsumerscanshopfordailynecessitiesandalsorefuelFCVswillmakeamajorcontributiontoimprovingtheconvenienceandpopularityofFCVs.

JXNipponOil andEnergyCorporation announcedonNovember12,2014that itwouldbeopeningitsfirstcommercialhydrogenrefuelingstation inDecemberofthesameyearandatotalof11suchstationsbytheendof the2014fiscalyear (32). Thefirststation is theDr.DriveEbinaChuoStore thatopenedonDecember25,2014 inEbinaCity,KanagawaPrefecture (33). Therearealsoplanstoopentwoadditionalhydrogenrefuelingstations in thesameprefecture in theIzumiWardandAsahiWardofYokohamaCity. Inaddition, therearealsoplanstoopenonestationinChibaPrefecture,threestations inSaitamaPrefecture, twostations inTokyo,andtwostationsinAichiPrefecture.

Fig. 5 Honda FCV CONCEPT(25)

Fig. 6 Honda Power Exporter CONCEPT(25)

Page 10: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

JXNipponOilandEnergyCorporationalsoannouncedonDecember25,2014that theprice forhydrogen fuelwouldbe1,000yen/kg(excludingconsumptiontax)(33).ThecompanysaidthatitsetthepricetobeequivalenttothegasolinecostofahybridvehicleofthesameclassastheToyotaMiraiFCV. Thehydrogenrefuelingsta-tionsareoperatedwithan“off-site”method,wherecompressedhydrogen is transportedfromthemanufac-turingsiteusingahydrogentrailer,orotherappropriatecontainer.Thehydrogensupplycapacityofthestationsis300Nm3/hwhichmakes itpossible tofillfiveorsixFCVsperhour.Thefillingpressureis70MPa,whichisthesamepressureusedinthefuelstoragetanksoftheToyotaMirai,andittakesabout3minutestocompletelyfillthetanks.

Asdescribedintheprecedingparagraphs,ahydrogenfuel infrastructure isbeingpreparedandput intoplacefollowingthepaceofcommercialsalesofFCVs.3. 4. SummaryIn2014ToyotabegansellinganFCV.Thespreadand

popularizationofFCVs isbeingpromotedbytheJapa-nesegovernmentandlocalagenciesthroughsubsidiestohelpconsumerspurchasethesevehicles. However, thissubsidysystemandthepromotionpolicieshaveatimelimitandwillnotcontinue for long. Therefore, reduc-ingtheuseofexpensivematerials inthefuelcellstackandhigh-pressurehydrogenstorage tanks, aswell asimprovingdurabilitywillcontinuetobeissuesthatneedtobeaddressedtohelpbringdownthecostofFCVs.Itisalsoessentialtoenhancethehydrogenfuelinfrastruc-ture tohelpFCVstobecomewidelyacceptedbycon-sumers.ItisexpectedthatthenumberofhydrogenfuelstationswillcontinuetoincreaseasJapanmovestowardthefull-fledgeacceptanceandadoptionofFCVs.

4 Electric Power               

4. 1. IntroductionTheelectrificationofvehiclesiscontinuingtoadvance

bothtoreduceCO2emissionsandtoimprovepowerper-formance. Asthiselectrificationadvances,electricmo-torsandbatteriesarebeingequippedonvehiclesinvari-ousdifferentcategories.Themotorsandbatterieswithoutputcharacteristicsthatarethemostsuitablefortherespectiveapplicationandlevelofperformancearebeingadopted.ExternalbatterychargingisnecessaryforEVsandPHEVs. Consequently,newchargingmethodsthatofferevenmoreconveniencearebeingdevelopedasthe

charginginfrastructurecontinuestospreadandbecomemorewidelyavailable.ThissectionintroducesthemaintrendsinelectricmotorsandEVcharginginfrastructurein2014.4. 2. Electric motorsTable7showsthemainelectricmotorsusedtopro-

videdrivepower inpassengervehicles sold in Japan.Almostallof thesemotors, regardlessof installation inanHVorEV,areACsynchronousmotorsusingperma-nentmagnets. Theoutputof thesemotorsvaries fromabout2kWforthemotorsused inmildhybridEVstoabout10to40kWinthemotorsforparallelhybridEVs,inwhichthesemotorsmainlyprovidedriveassist.Themotoroutputrises to20 to150kW inhybridsystemsthatenable fullyelectricdriving. Asaresult, there isagreatrangeinmotoroutputdependingonthesizeofthevehicleandthedrivingperformance.Inthecaseofmotorsused inEVs, themotoroutput isusuallyabout30to125kWand,sincethemotoristhemainsourceofpower, thisoutput is largelydependentonthevehicleweight. Thespeedof thesemotorsduringmaximumoutputvaries fromroughlyequivalent to thespeedofagasolineenginetomotorswithhighspeedsof10,000min–1orhigher.Inmostcases,thehighertheoutputofthemotor, thegreaterthechancethat it isalsoahighspeedmotor.

One recent trend influencing the research andde-velopmentofnewelectricmotors is theaimtogreatlyreduceoreliminate theuseof rareearthelementsbyactively seekingmore efficient arrangements for themagnetsandevenadoptingswitchedreluctance(SR)mo-tors,whichusenorareearthelementsatall.Othernewtechnologicaldevelopments, suchasadoptingdifferentwindingwires,arealsobeingpursuedtohelp increaserotationspeedandtoreducesizeandweight.4. 3. Charging infrastructureTheJapanesegovernmentandautomobile industry

groupsare implementingvariouspolicies tohelppro-mote the spread andpopularization of the charginginfrastructure forEVsandPHVs. The followingpara-graphsbrieflydescribethepoliciesbeingimplementedtopromotethespreadandpopularizationof thischarginginfrastructureandtherecenttrendsinbatterychargingtechnologies.4. 3. 1. Policies to promote popularization4. 3. 1. 1. Next-generation vehicle battery charging

infrastructure development and promotion

Page 11: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

In the2012 fiscalyearsupplementarybudget, subsi-diesof100.5billionyenwereenacted for theestablish-mentofacharginginfrastructureandanother30billionyenwasenactedaspartof the2014fiscalyearsupple-mentarybudget. The lattersubsidieswereenacted inanefforttohelpenhancethecontent,suchasbyadding

the establishment ofbillingdevices to the applicabletargetsforthesubsidies,inordertomaketheapplicabletargetseveneasiertouse.4. 3. 1. 2. Establishment of Nippon Charge Service,

LLC (NCS)NCSwasestablishedonMay26,2014by fourmajor

Table 7 Main motors installed in EVs(35)─(44)

Nameofcompany Designation Type(*) Max.output(kW/min-1) Torque(Nm/min-1) Use Mainvehiclesequippedwiththismotor

ToyotaMotorCorporation

1 LM PM 45/─ 169/─ HEV Aqua,CorollaHybrid

2 JM PM 105/4500 270/0─1500 HEV Sai,Camry,EstimaHybrid(front),HarrierHybrid(front),AlphardHybrid(front),HS250 h,NX300 h(front)

3 JM PM 60/─ 207/─ HEV Prius,PriusPHV,CT200h

4 JM PM 123/─ 335/─ HEV RX450 h(front)

5 JM PM 60/─ 207/─ HEV PriusAlpha,NoahHybrid,VoxyHybrid,EsquireHybrid

1 KM PM

147/5615─13000 275/0─3840 HEV Majesta2WD,GS450h

105/─ 300/─ HEV CrownHybrid,Majesta4WD,GS350h,IS300h,RC300h

165/─ 300/─ HEV LS600h

2 FM PM50/4610─5120 130/0─610 HEV EstimaHybrid(rear),HarrierHybrid(rear),Alphard

Hybrid(rear)

50/─ 139/─ HEV RX450 h(rear),NX300 h(rear)

NissanMotorCo.,Ltd.

HM34 PM 50/1646─2000 290/0─1646 HEV FugaHybrid,Cima,Skyline350GTHybrid

SM23 PM 1.8/─ 53.6/─ HEV SerenaS-Hybrid

EM57 PM 80/3008─10000 254/0─3008 EV Leaf,e-NV200

Honda MotorCompany MF6

PM 15/2000 78/1000 HEV CR-Z

PM 10/1500 78/1000 HEV FreedHybrid,FitShuttleHybrid

MF8 PM 124/3857─8000 307/0─3857 HEV Accord,Accordplug-in

H1 PM 22/1313─2000 160/0─1313 HEV FitHybrid,VezelHybrid,Grace

H2 PM 35/3000 148/500─2000 HEV Legend(front)

H3 PM 27/4000 73/0─2000 HEV Legend(rear)

MCF3 PM 92/3695 -10320 256/0─3056 EV FitEV

FujiHeavyIndustriesLtd. MA1 PM 10/ ─ 65/─ HEV XVHybrid

Suzuki WA04A IM 1.6/1000 40/100 HEV WagonR

Mazda MotorCorporation MG PM 60/─ 207/─ HEV AxelaHybrid

MitsubishiMotorsCo.,Ltd.

S61 PM 60/─ 137/─ HEV OutlanderPHEV(front)

Y61 PM 60/─ 195/─ HEV OutlanderPHEV(rear)

Y51

PM 30/─ 160/─ EV i-MiEVM

PM 47/─ 160/─ EV i-MiEVG

PM 30/─ 196/─ EV MinicabMiEV

AudiJapan EAFA PM 40/─ 210/─ HEV Q5hybrid,A6hybrid

BMW ─ PM 40/─ 210/─ HEV ActiveHybrid3,ActiveHybrid5,ActiveHybrid7

─ PM 125/5200 250/100─4800 EV i3

Mercedes-BenzJapan

21227 PM 20/1800 250/0─800 HEV S400Hybrid,E400Hybrid

EM0003 PM 55/4000 130/0─4800 EV smartfortwoelectricdrive

22227 PM 85/3500 340/0─2400 HEV S550Plug-inHybridLong

(*)

Page 12: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

Japanese automobilemanufacturers (Toyota,Nissan,Honda, andMitsubishi) topromote the installation ofelectricvehiclechargingdevicesandtobuildupacharg-ing infrastructurenetworkwithahigh levelofconve-nience(45).NCSisaimingtobuildanationwidenetworkof rapidchargers (in thisarticle thismeansachargerwithanoutputof10kWormore)thatareconnectedtoeachotherand thatalluse thesamecommoncard togainaccess. This isbeingcarriedout toeliminate theinconvenienceofneedingaseparatespecificcardtouseeachoftheoldchargingnetworks.AccordingtoapressreleaseonMarch19,2015,NCSisaimingtohavearound11,000chargers in itscharging infrastructurenetworkoperationalbytheendof2015(46).4. 3. 2. State of progressFigure7showsthecumulativenumberofrapidand

normalchargers(inthisarticle,achargerwithanoutputof less than10kW) thathavebeen installed inJapan.However,therapidchargersshowninthefigurearelim-itedtoonlythosethatreceivedCHAdeMOcertification(47).Thefollowingsectionsprovideexamplesanddetailsabout thestateofprogress in installingbothkindsofchargers.4. 3. 2. 1. Rapid chargersThenumber of these chargers thatwere installed

increasedsignificantlystartingat theendof2014dueto the subsidies thatwere enacted. Thedata isnotshown in thegraph inFig. 7,but thenumberof fastchargerswith theCHAdeMOcharging standard thatwere installedoutsideJapanalso increasedsignificantlystartingin2013andthecumulativenumberofoverseas

CHAdeMOlocationsisquicklyapproachingthatofJapan(48).

TheFamilyMartchainofconveniencestores inJa-panannounced inApril2014that itwould installrapidchargersat500ofitsstorelocationsstartinginthesum-merof2014.Accordingtoawebsitethatallowsyoutosearch forFamilyMartstore locations,680storeshaverapidchargersavailableasofApril 17, 2015. This isoneexample ofhow the subsidies from the Japanesegovernmentandtheeffortsofthefourmajorautomobilemanufacturers (Toyota,Nissan,Honda,andMitsubishi)throughthePHV,PHEV,andEVChargingInfrastruc-turePromotionProjecthavebeenutilizedtomaximumeffect.Bysomecalculations,thenumberoffastchargersin Japan increasedbyapproximately 30%within oneyear.

One type of rapid charger that does not use theCHAdeMOstandard is theSupercharger fromTeslaMotors,Inc.(Fig.8)andittoohasbegunmakinginroadsintoJapan.ThischargerisdifferentfromCHAdeMOinthatitcancurrentlyonlybeusedtochargetheModelSluxurysedanEVfromTeslaMotors.AmajorfeatureoftheTeslaSupercharger is that itcanprovideachargeatamaximumof120kW,whichismorethantwotimesgreaterthantheCHAdeMOstandard(max.50kW).AsofApril15,2015, therewere6 locations inJapanwithTeslaSuperchargersandworldwideitisavailablein419locations(2,305chargers)(52).PlanstosetupadditionalSupercharger stations around theworld through theyear2016werereleasedvia theTeslaMotorswebsite.TheModel S is equippedwith aCHAdeMOadaptersothat itcanbechargedusingafastchargerwiththeCHAdeMOstandard,butcurrently there isnoadapterthatallowsEVsdesignedfortheCHAdeMOstandardtomakeuseoftheTeslaSupercharger.4. 3. 2. 2. Normal chargersFigure7showsthat thenumberofnormalchargers

hasbeenincreasingsteadily.Inrecentyearsitismore

Fig. 7 Cumulative number of chargers for EVs in Japan(48)(49)

Number of normal chargers (stand-type) in JapanNumber of rapid charger locations (CHAdeMO standard) in JapanNumber of rapid chargers (CHAdeMO standard) in Japan

10 000

8 000

6 000

4 000

2 000

0

Cumulative number of chargers installed & sold

Jan. 2008

Jan. 2009

Jan. 2010

Jan. 2011

Jan. 2012

Jan. 2013

Jan. 2014

Jan. 2015

Jan. 2016

Fig. 8 Tesla Motors, Inc. Supercharger (Port Island Golf Club in Kobe City, Hyogo Prefecture).

Page 13: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

commontohearofsingle locationsequippedwithmul-tiplenormalchargers. In theTokyoMidtownparkingarea,125normalchargerswere installed inDecember2014(54).OnFebruary27,2015,MitsubishiMotorsCo.,Ltd.announcedtheinstallationofatotalof1,154normalchargers in its employeeparking lots to enhance theconvenienceofworkerswhocommute toworkusingEVs(Fig.9).AutobacsSevenCo.,Ltd.announcedinitsCSRandGovernanceReporttheinstallationofchargingstandsat102storesbytheendonMarch2015 (normalchargerswillbeinstalledat98ofthosestores)(55).Inalloftheseinstances,thenormalchargersareprovidedforusersleavingavehicleparkedforanextendedperiodoftime,suchaswhileshoppingorworking.4. 3. 3. Technological trends4. 3. 3. 1. Rapid chargersThe line-upofrapidchargermodelscontinues to in-

creasetomeetthevariousneedsofthe installers. Thenumberofdifferentmodelsthatcanbechosen,startingwith10kWmodels, is increasingtoreducetheburdenoftheelectricpowercontractsontheinstallers.Hybridmodel fast chargerswithan internalbatteryarenowalsoavailable for thissamepurpose. Somemodelsarealsoequippedwith twoconnectors tohelprelieve thestressofEVuserswhomustwaitforotherstofinishbe-forecharging.4. 3. 3. 2. Normal chargersTheestablishmentofbillingfunctionsonnormalchar-

gershashelpedturntheprovisionofEVchargers intoaviablebusinessmodel.Initially,mostnormalchargerswerequitesimpleandhadnobilling function,butnowallofthechargermanufacturersaresellingchargermod-elsthatcomewithanICcardauthenticationfunctionforthepurposeofbilling.4. 3. 3. 3. Vehicle-to-home (V2H)Inadditiontoanexternalchargingfunction,someEVs

arealsoequippedwithaV2Hfunctionthatsupplieselec-tricitytoahome. Thefirstsysteminthemarketwiththisfunctionisthe“LEAFtoHome”thatwentonsalefromNissaninJuneof2012.InJuly2014,Mitsubishibe-gansellingitsSMARTV2Hsystem.ThissystemmakesitpossibletouseamixofelectricpowerfromanEV,asolarpowergenerationsystem,andtheexistingpowergridofahome.Inaddition,it isalsopossibletoswitchbetweenchargingordischargingtheEVbatteryatwillwithoutapoweroutageoccurring. FunctionssuchasthesearehelpingtoboosttheaddedvalueprovidedbyEVs.

ReferencesNote:thefollowingreferencesareinJapanese.(1) http://www.cev-pc.or.jp/index.html(2) https://lexus.jp/(3) http://www.honda.co.jp/auto(4) http://toyota.jp/(5) http://www.suzuki.co.jp/car/(6) http://www.mercedes-benz.co.jp/(7) http://www.cev-pc.or.jp/(8) http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp/(9) http://www.fhi.co.jp/(10) http://www.nissan.co.jp/(11) http://www.smart-j.com/(12) http://www.honda.co.jp/(13) http://www.mazda.com/ja/(14) http://toyota.jp/(15) http://www.bmw.co.jp/(16) http://www.teslamotors.com/jp/(17) http://www.volkswagen.co.jp/(18) http://www.mlit.go.jp(19) RoadTransportBureauofMLIT,guidelines for

theintroductionofultra-compactvehicles, http://www.mlit.go.jp/common/000212867.pdf(20) http://www.toyota-body.co.jp/(21) http://www.meti.go.jp/committee/kenkyukai/en-

ergy/suiso_nenryodenchi/suiso_nenryodenchi_wg/pdf/003_02_00.pdf

(22) http://www.fccj.jp/pdf/22_csj.pdf(23) http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/jp/detail/3274916/(24) http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/jp/detail/4197769/(25) http://www.honda.co.jp/news/2014/4141117.html(26) http://newsroom.toyota.co.jp/jp/detail/3906456/(27) http://www.iwatani.co.jp/jpn/newsrelease/detail.

php?idx=1178

Fig. 9 Normal chargers for employees (Mitsubishi Motors Okazaki Plant Employee Parking Area)(56)

Page 14: Hybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... · PDF fileHybrid Vehicles, Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric ... In EV drive , the two rear ... , including HEVs, fuel

Copyright©2015SocietyofAutomotiveEngineersofJapan,Inc.Allrightsreserved

(28) http://www.iwatani.co.jp/jpn/newsrelease/detail.php?idx=1181

(29) http://www.iwatani.co.jp/jpn/newsrelease/detail.php?idx=1186

(30) http://www.meti.go.jp/press/2014/06/20140624004/20140624004.html

(31) http://www.iwatani.co.jp/jpn/newsrelease/detail.php?idx=1193

(32) http://www.noe.jx-group.co.jp/newsrelease/2014/20141112_01_0794529.html

(33) http://www.noe.jx-group.co.jp/newsrelease/2014/20141225_01_0794529.html

(34) http://toyota.jp/(35) https://lexus.jp/(36) http://www.nissan.co.jp/(37) http://www.honda.co.jp/auto(38) http://www.subaru.jp/(39) http://www.suzuki.co.jp/car/(40) http://www.mazda.co.jp/(41) http://www.mitsubishi-motors.co.jp/

(42) http://www.audi.co.jp/jp/brand/ja.html(43) http://www.bmw.co.jp/jp/ja/(44) http://www.mercedes-benz.co.jp/(45) NCScompanyoutline, http://www.nippon-juden.co.jp/profile/(46) NCS,pressreleaseonMarch19,2015(47) http://www.chademo.com/wp/japan/mission/(48) CHAdeMOwebsite,extractfromgraphshowing

rapidchargerinstallationtrends,May27,2015(49) EVPOSSAwebsite, shipmentstatistics,Septem-

ber2014(50) http://www.family.co.jp/services/batterycharger/(51) http://tnhm-juuden.com/(52) http://www.teslamotors.com/jp/supercharger(53) http://japan.teslamotors.com(54) NEC,pressreleaseonJune27,2014(55) http://www.autobacs.co.jp/ja/csr/ev.html(56) Mitsubishi,pressreleaseonMay27,2015(57) http://www.mitsubishielectric.co.jp/home/ smartv2h/