Characteristics of Carbon and The Large Biological Molecules Let’s Review!!
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Characteristics of Carbonand
The Large Biological Molecules
Let’s Review!!
What name is given to a molecule that contains carbon atoms bonded to
other carbon atoms?
What name is given to a molecule that contains carbon atoms bonded to
other carbon atoms?
Organic Molecule
What are the four types of organic compounds?
What are the four types of organic compounds?
CarboyhydratesProteins
LipidsNucleic Acids
What elements compose each of these types of organic molecules?What elements compose each of these types of organic molecules?
Carboyhydrates – C, H, OProteins – C, H, O, N, sometimes S
Lipids – C, H, ONucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P
What are the characteristics of carbon that make possible the building of such a wide variety of
organic molecules?
What are the characteristics of carbon that make possible the building of such a wide variety of
organic molecules?
1. Carbon has four valence electrons. It can form four different bonds with other carbon atoms or other atoms.
2. Carbon can form chains, branches, rings – a wide variety of shapes!3. Can form unique, 3-D shapes.4. Can form strong and stable bonds.5. It form single, double or triple bonds.6. Carbon compounds to not readily dissociate in water.7. There is no limit to the size of the molecule.8. Can bond with a wide variety or other elements and functional
groups.9. Only carbon has all of these characteristics.
What name is given to an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen?
What name is given to an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen?
Hydrocarbon
What name is given to a small, specific group of atoms that can be attached to a carbon skeleton?What name is given to a small, specific group of
atoms that can be attached to a carbon skeleton?
Functional Group
What are the two functions of functional groups?What are the two functions of functional groups?
Functional groups give the molecule its unique shape.
Functional groups behave a certain way in chemical
reactions.
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-OH
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-OH
Hydroxyl
Found in sugar molecules.Makes molecules very polar.
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-C=O
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-C=O
Carbonyl
Found in sugar molecules.Makes molecules very polar.
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-COOH
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-COOH
Carboxyl
Found in proteins and lipids.Makes molecules very polar.
Has acidic properties
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-NH2 or –NH3+
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-NH2 or –NH3+
Amino
Found in all amino acids
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-SH
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-SH
Sulfhydryl
Found in the amino acid cysteine.Forms disulfide bridges in the tertiary structure of a protein.
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-PO4
What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?
-PO4
Phosphate
Found in phospholipids, DNA, RNA, and ATP
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
The simple sugars such as glucose.
How are simple sugar molecules recognized? What functional groups
will they have?
How are simple sugar molecules recognized? What functional groups
will they have?
They always consist of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio.
They have both hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups.
What are the building blocks of lipids?What are the building blocks of lipids?
Fatty acids and glycerol
How do you recognize glycerol?How do you recognize glycerol?
It is a 3 carbon compound with hydroxyl on each carbon. There
is no 1:2:1 ratio.
How do you recognize a fatty acid?How do you recognize a fatty acid?
It has a very long carbon skeleton with a carboxyl group at one
end.
What are the building blocks of proteins?
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino Acids
How do you recognize an amino acid?
It consists of a carbon atom bonded to:1. A carboxyl group2. An amino group3. One single hydrogen4. An “R” group which varies in each amino
acid.
How many amino acids are there?
20
Describe a nitrogenous base.Describe a nitrogenous base.
It is a ringed structure with carbon and nitrogen alternating in the
ring. It may have a single ring or a double ring.
Name the nitrogen bases.
AdenineThymineCytosineGuanine
What are purines and pyrimidinesWhat are purines and pyrimidines
A purine is a nitrogen base with 2 rings – adenine and guanine.
A pyrimidine is a nitrogen base with 1 ring – cytosine and
thymine.
What name is given to “giant” molecules that are formed by the
joining of many smaller molecules?
Macromolecules
A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked together by covalent bonds.
Polymer
What are “monomers”?What are “monomers”?
Smaller molecules that are the repeating subunits that are
joined together to make polymers.
What are the monomers of carbohydrates?
Molecules of simple sugars such as glucose.
What are the monomers of proteins?What are the monomers of proteins?
Amino Acids
What is a dehydration reaction?What is a dehydration reaction?
This is the reaction that joins two monomers together. A water molecule is removed between
two monomers. One monomer contributes the “OH” and the
other contributes the “H”
What is a hydrolysis reaction?What is a hydrolysis reaction?
Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis. The
bonds are broken by the addition of a water molecule.
What are three examples of carbohydrates?
What are three examples of carbohydrates?
Sugars, starches, and celluloses.
How are the carbohydrates classified?How are the carbohydrates classified?
By the number of sugar monomers composing them.
What are the three levels of sugar composition? Describe each.
What are the three levels of sugar composition? Describe each.
Monosaccharides – One molecule of sugar.
Disaccharides – Two molecules of sugar bonded together.
Polysaccharides – Many molecules of sugar bonded together.
What purpose do the simple sugars serve? Give 2!
What purpose do the simple sugars serve? Give 2!
Glucose is the principle energy source of all living organisms. It is converted to ATP by
the mitochondria.
The carbon skeletons can serve as the raw materials for the synthesis of other types of
biological molecules.
What is a glycosidic linkage?What is a glycosidic linkage?
It is a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.
Give a purpose of disaccharides.Give a purpose of disaccharides.
Sugars are transported throughout a plant in the form of disaccharides.
(Sugars are transported as monosaccharides in animals.)
What are two types of polysaccharides?
What are two types of polysaccharides?
Structural Polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides.
What are the two types of storage polysaccharide? Define each.
What are the two types of storage polysaccharide? Define each.
Starch – This is how plants store their excess glucose molecules. Many, many glucose molecules are bonded together to form
starch.
Glycogen – This is how animals store excess glucose. Many molecules of glucose are
bonded together by the liver to form glycogen.
What are the two types of structural polysaccharide? Define each.
What are the two types of structural polysaccharide? Define each.
Cellulose – Forms the tough, fibrous material found in the cell wall of plants.
Chitin – Used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons. Used by fungi as the structural
component of their cell wall.
Name the types of lipids.Name the types of lipids.
FatOil
WaxPhospholipids
Cholesterol
What is a distinguishing characteristic of lipids?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of lipids?
They are nonpolar and are not soluble in polar solvents such as water.
What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.
What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.
It is a simple sugar. There is only C, H, and O and it is present in a 1:2:1 ratio.
What type of molecules are these? Explain how you know.
What type of molecules are these? Explain how you know.
These are amino acids. They have a carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a single hydrogen and an “R” group.
What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.
What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.
It is a lipid. It has one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid tails.
What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.
What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.
What is this? What is this?
GlycerolFatty Acid
What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.
What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.
It is a simple sugar. It has the formula CH2O.
What is a saturated fatty acid?What is a saturated fatty acid?
They contain NO carbon to carbon double bonds. As many hydrogen atoms as possible
are bonded to the carbon atoms.
What is an unsaturated fatty acid?What is an unsaturated fatty acid?
They DO contain carbon to carbon double bonds. There will be a “kink” in the tail
wherever a double formed is found.
Why are the unsaturated fatty acids more healthy for us than the
saturated fatty acids?
Why are the unsaturated fatty acids more healthy for us than the
saturated fatty acids?The “kinky tails” of the unsaturated fats prevent
them from packing too close together. They form liquids at room temperature.
The saturated fatty acids have no kinks and will pack very closely together, forming solids. These may lead to cardiovascular diseases.
What are some uses of Lipids?What are some uses of Lipids?
1. Good source of energy.2. They are used to insulate the body.3. They cushion the internal organs.
4. Phospholipids are a structural component of membranes.
How are the phospholipids different from other fats?
How are the phospholipids different from other fats?
They are composed of glycerol, but only have 2 fatty acid tails instead of three. One tail is
saturated, the other is unsaturated.
Describe how the lipids are arranged in a membrane.
Describe how the lipids are arranged in a membrane.
There is a double layer (bilayer) of lipids in the membrane. The hydrophilic glycerol head is found on the outer edge and the inner edge
of the membrane. The hydrophobic fatty acid tails point to each other across the
middle of the membrane.
What is the importance of this arrangement?
What is the importance of this arrangement?
The glycerol molecules draw water to the membrane, but the hydrophobic fatty acid
tails make the membrane insoluble in water.
What is the purpose of wax in biological systems.
What is the purpose of wax in biological systems.
Wax is generally used as a water proofing material on leaves, fruits, feathers, fur.
List some of the purposes of proteins.List some of the purposes of proteins.
1. Enzymes2. Hormones
3. Transport (hemoglobin)4. Contractile (muscle tissue)
5. Antibodies6. Membrane structure7. Structural proteins
What is a peptide bond?What is a peptide bond?
A covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of
another amino acid.
What is a polypeptide?What is a polypeptide?
A chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. It is not yet a fully functioning
protein.
As proteins go, remember this!__________ determines __________!!
As proteins go, remember this!__________ determines __________!!
Shape determines function!
What are the four levels of protein organization?
What are the four levels of protein organization?
PrimarySecondary
TertiaryQuaternary
What is the primary structure of a protein?What is the primary structure of a protein?
The primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids that are put together by the
ribosomes of the cell.
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
What is the secondary structure of a protein?
The secondary structure is the initial folding and shaping of the polypeptide. It is the
repetitive folding due to the formation of hydrogen bonds at regular intervals.
What is the tertiary structure of a protein?What is the tertiary structure of a protein?
Tertiary structure is irregular contortions of a protein due to bonding between side
chains. Tertiary structure gives the protein its shape. It is due to hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges.
What are hydrophobic interactions?What are hydrophobic interactions?
It is the clustering of hydrophobic side chains at the center of the protein.
What are disulfide bridges?What are disulfide bridges?
Covalent bonds between the side chains of two cysteine amino acids. The sulfur of one
cysteine bonds to the sulfur of the second.
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
Two or more polypeptide subunits combine to form a functional protein.
What has happened when a protein has become denatured?
What has happened when a protein has become denatured?
A denatured protein has lost its unique, 3-D shape. It is inactive and can no longer carry
out its function.
What are the two types of nucleic acids?What are the two types of nucleic acids?
DNARNA
What are nucleic acids composed of?What are nucleic acids composed of?
Nucleotides
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
What are the three components of a nucleotide?
Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base.
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