Characteristics of Carbon and The Large Biological Molecules Let’s Review!!

Characteristics of Carbonand

The Large Biological Molecules

Let’s Review!!

What name is given to a molecule that contains carbon atoms bonded to

other carbon atoms?

What name is given to a molecule that contains carbon atoms bonded to

other carbon atoms?

Organic Molecule

What are the four types of organic compounds?

What are the four types of organic compounds?

CarboyhydratesProteins

LipidsNucleic Acids

What elements compose each of these types of organic molecules?What elements compose each of these types of organic molecules?

Carboyhydrates – C, H, OProteins – C, H, O, N, sometimes S

Lipids – C, H, ONucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P

What are the characteristics of carbon that make possible the building of such a wide variety of

organic molecules?

What are the characteristics of carbon that make possible the building of such a wide variety of

organic molecules?

1. Carbon has four valence electrons. It can form four different bonds with other carbon atoms or other atoms.

2. Carbon can form chains, branches, rings – a wide variety of shapes!3. Can form unique, 3-D shapes.4. Can form strong and stable bonds.5. It form single, double or triple bonds.6. Carbon compounds to not readily dissociate in water.7. There is no limit to the size of the molecule.8. Can bond with a wide variety or other elements and functional

groups.9. Only carbon has all of these characteristics.

What name is given to an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen?

What name is given to an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen?

Hydrocarbon

What name is given to a small, specific group of atoms that can be attached to a carbon skeleton?What name is given to a small, specific group of

atoms that can be attached to a carbon skeleton?

Functional Group

What are the two functions of functional groups?What are the two functions of functional groups?

Functional groups give the molecule its unique shape.

Functional groups behave a certain way in chemical

reactions.

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-OH

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-OH

Hydroxyl

Found in sugar molecules.Makes molecules very polar.

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-C=O

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-C=O

Carbonyl

Found in sugar molecules.Makes molecules very polar.

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-COOH

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-COOH

Carboxyl

Found in proteins and lipids.Makes molecules very polar.

Has acidic properties

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-NH2 or –NH3+

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-NH2 or –NH3+

Amino

Found in all amino acids

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-SH

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-SH

Sulfhydryl

Found in the amino acid cysteine.Forms disulfide bridges in the tertiary structure of a protein.

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-PO4

What is the name of this functional group? Where would you find this functional group?

-PO4

Phosphate

Found in phospholipids, DNA, RNA, and ATP

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

What are the building blocks of carbohydrates?

The simple sugars such as glucose.

How are simple sugar molecules recognized? What functional groups

will they have?

How are simple sugar molecules recognized? What functional groups

will they have?

They always consist of C, H, and O in a 1:2:1 ratio.

They have both hydroxyl groups and carbonyl groups.

What are the building blocks of lipids?What are the building blocks of lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol

How do you recognize glycerol?How do you recognize glycerol?

It is a 3 carbon compound with hydroxyl on each carbon. There

is no 1:2:1 ratio.

How do you recognize a fatty acid?How do you recognize a fatty acid?

It has a very long carbon skeleton with a carboxyl group at one

end.

What are the building blocks of proteins?

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Amino Acids

How do you recognize an amino acid?

It consists of a carbon atom bonded to:1. A carboxyl group2. An amino group3. One single hydrogen4. An “R” group which varies in each amino

acid.

How many amino acids are there?

20

Describe a nitrogenous base.Describe a nitrogenous base.

It is a ringed structure with carbon and nitrogen alternating in the

ring. It may have a single ring or a double ring.

Name the nitrogen bases.

AdenineThymineCytosineGuanine

What are purines and pyrimidinesWhat are purines and pyrimidines

A purine is a nitrogen base with 2 rings – adenine and guanine.

A pyrimidine is a nitrogen base with 1 ring – cytosine and

thymine.

What name is given to “giant” molecules that are formed by the

joining of many smaller molecules?

Macromolecules

A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked together by covalent bonds.

Polymer

What are “monomers”?What are “monomers”?

Smaller molecules that are the repeating subunits that are

joined together to make polymers.

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

Molecules of simple sugars such as glucose.

What are the monomers of proteins?What are the monomers of proteins?

Amino Acids

What is a dehydration reaction?What is a dehydration reaction?

This is the reaction that joins two monomers together. A water molecule is removed between

two monomers. One monomer contributes the “OH” and the

other contributes the “H”

What is a hydrolysis reaction?What is a hydrolysis reaction?

Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis. The

bonds are broken by the addition of a water molecule.

What are three examples of carbohydrates?

What are three examples of carbohydrates?

Sugars, starches, and celluloses.

How are the carbohydrates classified?How are the carbohydrates classified?

By the number of sugar monomers composing them.

What are the three levels of sugar composition? Describe each.

What are the three levels of sugar composition? Describe each.

Monosaccharides – One molecule of sugar.

Disaccharides – Two molecules of sugar bonded together.

Polysaccharides – Many molecules of sugar bonded together.

What purpose do the simple sugars serve? Give 2!

What purpose do the simple sugars serve? Give 2!

Glucose is the principle energy source of all living organisms. It is converted to ATP by

the mitochondria.

The carbon skeletons can serve as the raw materials for the synthesis of other types of

biological molecules.

What is a glycosidic linkage?What is a glycosidic linkage?

It is a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction.

Give a purpose of disaccharides.Give a purpose of disaccharides.

Sugars are transported throughout a plant in the form of disaccharides.

(Sugars are transported as monosaccharides in animals.)

What are two types of polysaccharides?

What are two types of polysaccharides?

Structural Polysaccharides

Storage Polysaccharides.

What are the two types of storage polysaccharide? Define each.

What are the two types of storage polysaccharide? Define each.

Starch – This is how plants store their excess glucose molecules. Many, many glucose molecules are bonded together to form

starch.

Glycogen – This is how animals store excess glucose. Many molecules of glucose are

bonded together by the liver to form glycogen.

What are the two types of structural polysaccharide? Define each.

What are the two types of structural polysaccharide? Define each.

Cellulose – Forms the tough, fibrous material found in the cell wall of plants.

Chitin – Used by arthropods to build their exoskeletons. Used by fungi as the structural

component of their cell wall.

Name the types of lipids.Name the types of lipids.

FatOil

WaxPhospholipids

Cholesterol

What is a distinguishing characteristic of lipids?

What is a distinguishing characteristic of lipids?

They are nonpolar and are not soluble in polar solvents such as water.

What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.

What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.

It is a simple sugar. There is only C, H, and O and it is present in a 1:2:1 ratio.

What type of molecules are these? Explain how you know.

What type of molecules are these? Explain how you know.

These are amino acids. They have a carbon atom bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a single hydrogen and an “R” group.

What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.

What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.

It is a lipid. It has one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acid tails.

What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.

What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.

What is this? What is this?

GlycerolFatty Acid

What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.

What type of molecule is this. Explain how you know.

It is a simple sugar. It has the formula CH2O.

What is a saturated fatty acid?What is a saturated fatty acid?

They contain NO carbon to carbon double bonds. As many hydrogen atoms as possible

are bonded to the carbon atoms.

What is an unsaturated fatty acid?What is an unsaturated fatty acid?

They DO contain carbon to carbon double bonds. There will be a “kink” in the tail

wherever a double formed is found.

Why are the unsaturated fatty acids more healthy for us than the

saturated fatty acids?

Why are the unsaturated fatty acids more healthy for us than the

saturated fatty acids?The “kinky tails” of the unsaturated fats prevent

them from packing too close together. They form liquids at room temperature.

The saturated fatty acids have no kinks and will pack very closely together, forming solids. These may lead to cardiovascular diseases.

What are some uses of Lipids?What are some uses of Lipids?

1. Good source of energy.2. They are used to insulate the body.3. They cushion the internal organs.

4. Phospholipids are a structural component of membranes.

How are the phospholipids different from other fats?

How are the phospholipids different from other fats?

They are composed of glycerol, but only have 2 fatty acid tails instead of three. One tail is

saturated, the other is unsaturated.

Describe how the lipids are arranged in a membrane.

Describe how the lipids are arranged in a membrane.

There is a double layer (bilayer) of lipids in the membrane. The hydrophilic glycerol head is found on the outer edge and the inner edge

of the membrane. The hydrophobic fatty acid tails point to each other across the

middle of the membrane.

What is the importance of this arrangement?

What is the importance of this arrangement?

The glycerol molecules draw water to the membrane, but the hydrophobic fatty acid

tails make the membrane insoluble in water.

What is the purpose of wax in biological systems.

What is the purpose of wax in biological systems.

Wax is generally used as a water proofing material on leaves, fruits, feathers, fur.

List some of the purposes of proteins.List some of the purposes of proteins.

1. Enzymes2. Hormones

3. Transport (hemoglobin)4. Contractile (muscle tissue)

5. Antibodies6. Membrane structure7. Structural proteins

What is a peptide bond?What is a peptide bond?

A covalent bond formed by a dehydration reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of

another amino acid.

What is a polypeptide?What is a polypeptide?

A chain of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. It is not yet a fully functioning

protein.

As proteins go, remember this!__________ determines __________!!

As proteins go, remember this!__________ determines __________!!

Shape determines function!

What are the four levels of protein organization?

What are the four levels of protein organization?

PrimarySecondary

TertiaryQuaternary

What is the primary structure of a protein?What is the primary structure of a protein?

The primary structure is the unique sequence of amino acids that are put together by the

ribosomes of the cell.

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

The secondary structure is the initial folding and shaping of the polypeptide. It is the

repetitive folding due to the formation of hydrogen bonds at regular intervals.

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Tertiary structure is irregular contortions of a protein due to bonding between side

chains. Tertiary structure gives the protein its shape. It is due to hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges.

What are hydrophobic interactions?What are hydrophobic interactions?

It is the clustering of hydrophobic side chains at the center of the protein.

What are disulfide bridges?What are disulfide bridges?

Covalent bonds between the side chains of two cysteine amino acids. The sulfur of one

cysteine bonds to the sulfur of the second.

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Two or more polypeptide subunits combine to form a functional protein.

What has happened when a protein has become denatured?

What has happened when a protein has become denatured?

A denatured protein has lost its unique, 3-D shape. It is inactive and can no longer carry

out its function.

What are the two types of nucleic acids?What are the two types of nucleic acids?

DNARNA

What are nucleic acids composed of?What are nucleic acids composed of?

Nucleotides

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

What are the three components of a nucleotide?

Sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base.

Thank you so much for downloading one of my products!

If you found these materials to be beneficial, well prepared, and an asset to your classroom, please come for a visit to my store on TeachersPayTeachers.com. I would love to have you follow me on TpT. You can reach my store by clicking on the link below. 

Amy Brown (aka Science Stuff on TpT)

I would also be thrilled to have you follow me on other forums. Please click and follow on any of the links below that interest you.

My Blog Facebook Twitter