Biological Molecules Chapter 3 Topoisomerase protein bound to DNA Carbon in Biological Molecules • Organic molecules – Derived from living organisms – Contain a carbon backbone • Inorganic molecules – CO 2 , CO, and all molecules without carbon Carbon • Carbon is versatile and can form up to 4 covalent bonds. • Because it can make so many different bonds, Carbon is present in nearly every structure in a cell. 6 C Carbon 12.01 Carbon • Most organic molecules have a carbon backbone. – A chain of carbon atoms bonded together. • Branching off of the backbone are a variety of functional groups. – Small molecules with a specific function that determine the chemical nature of the larger molecule. 6 C Carbon 12.01
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BiologicalMolecules
Chapter 3
Topoisomerase protein bound to DNA
Carbon in Biological Molecules
• Organic molecules– Derived from living organisms– Contain a carbon backbone
• Inorganic molecules– CO2, CO, and all molecules without carbon
Carbon
• Carbon is versatile and can form up to4 covalent bonds.
• Because it can make so many differentbonds, Carbon is present in nearlyevery structure in a cell.
6 CCarbon12.01
Carbon
• Most organic molecules have a carbonbackbone.– A chain of carbon atoms bonded together.
• Branching off of the backbone are a variety offunctional groups.– Small molecules with a specific function that
determine the chemical nature of the largermolecule.
6 CCarbon12.01
Organic Molecules oftencontain Functional Groups
C6H12O6
• A modular approach: small organicmolecules, subunits, are combined toform larger molecules.
• Monomers, “one part”, single subunits.– Example: sugars
• Polymers, “many parts”, long chains ofmany subunits.– Example: starches
Synthesis of Organic Molecules Dehydration Synthesis• “To form by removing water.”
1. A hydrogen ion (H+) is removed from onesubunit.
2. A hydroxyl group (OH-) is removed from thea second subunit.
3. The two subunits can now covalently bondand the H+ and OH- can form water.
Hydrolysis
• “To break apart with water”
• Water is ionized and the H+ and OH-
bind to each new subunit.
• The major way our digestive systembreaks down food.
Types ofBiologicalMolecules
CarbohydratesLipids
ProteinsNucleic Acids
RNA Polymerase protein synthesizingRNA strand from a template DNA helix.
C6H12O6 =
“Chemical Structure”
“Space-Filling Model”
“Ball and Stick Model”
=“Chemical Formula”
Carbohydrates• Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen in a ratio of ~1:2:1 --> (CH2O)n
• Monosaccharide: composed of one sugar.– Glucose, fructose, galactose
glucose
• Disaccharide: composed of two sugars.– Short-term energy storage.– Created by dehydration synthesis of two