Canadians in Hong Kong and the Rest of the World: Some Policy Implications Shibao Guo University of Calgary & Don DeVoretz RIIM/Simon Fraser University.
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Canadians in Hong Kong and the Rest of the World: Some Policy Implications
Shibao GuoUniversity of Calgary
&Don DeVoretz
RIIM/Simon Fraser University
8th Metropolis ConferenceVancouver, March 24, 2006
Outline
• Contextual information
• Theoretical framework
• A questionnaire approach
• Preliminary results
• Conclusions and implications
The Chinese Leaver-Stayer Project
• Examines the underlying forces that influence the “move-stay” decision for Chinese immigrants
• Two stages
1. Seeks understanding of the integration experience of Chinese immigrants in Canada
2. The experience of Chinese immigrants who returned “home”
Research Questions
• Why do some people decide to leave while others stay?
• Who leaves, who stays, and why?
• Does Canada push them back home or do forces in their home country attract them back?
• What are the policy implications?
Human Capital
Triangle
Questionnaire
I. Basic information
II. Motivations for moving
III. Re-integration experience in China
IV. Concluding remarks
I: Basic Information
Gender Age Place of Birth
Current Residence
Family Members
Language
Marital Status
Nationality Education
Background
Gender
41. 33%
58. 67%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Male Female
Age Distribution
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
<20 20-25 26-30 31-33 34-36 37-39 40-42 43-45 46-48 49-51 52-55 56-59 >=60
%
Marital Status
36.99%
58.90%
0.00% 4.11%0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Single Married Seperated Divorced
%
Place of Current Residence
1.52%4.55%
1.52%1.52%4.55%
18.18%15.15%
53.03%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Mac
ao
Bei
jing
Dal
ian
Gua
ngzh
ou
Nan
ning
Sha
ngha
i
Hon
g K
ong
Oth
er
Citizenship Status before Leaving Canada
1.39%
9.72%
31.94%
56.94%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Canadian Citizen Chinese Citizenwith Canadian PR
Chinese Citizenon Canadian Visa
Other
Education Background
1.37% 2.74% 4.11%
12.33%
30.14%
49.32%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Less ThanHigh School
High SchoolDiploma
Non-University
Certificate orDiploma
Bachelor'sDegree
Master'sDegree
Ph.D.
%
Where Did You Receive Your Highest Level of Education?
1.37%
47.95%
34.25%
12.33%
4.11%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Aomen Canada Mainland HK Other
%
Do You Still Have Relatives in Canada?
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Yes No
II. Motivations for Moving to Canada/China
Motivations for Moving to Canada
21.33%24.00%25.33%
28.00%
36.00%40.00%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
%
Have You Achieved Your Main Goals?
71.43%
28.57%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Yes No
%
Preventing Factors
4.11%4.11%
5.48%
6.85% 6.85%
9.59%
10.96%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
Lang
uage
Diff
icul
ties
Cul
tura
lBa
rrie
rs
Lack
of
Can
adia
nQ
ualif
icat
ions
Lack
of
Can
adia
nW
ork
Expe
rienc
e
Lack
of S
ocia
lN
etw
ork
Rac
ism
inC
anad
ian
Soci
ety
Chi
nese
Qua
lific
atio
nsN
otR
ecog
nize
d
Chi
nese
Wor
kEx
perie
nce
Not
Rec
ogni
zed
Oth
er* (
Mai
nly
Less
Empl
oym
ent
Opp
ortu
nitie
s)
%
1. Chinese qualifications not recognized 2. Chinese experience not recognized
3. Lack of Canadian work experience 4. Lack of Canadian qualifications
5. Language difficulties 6. Lack of social network
Motivations for Returning to China
29.23%
53.85%56.92%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%S
tudy
More
Job
Secu
rity
Less
Str
ess
Taki
ng C
are
of
Pare
nts
Speaki
ng E
nglis
h
Acq
uirin
gC
anadia
n
Natu
ral
Envi
ronm
ent
Oth
er*
*
1. More opportunities for promotion
2. Higher paying jobs
3. More job security
Length of Stay in Canada
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 24 30
Years
%
City of Residence before Returning to China
0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%
Ed
mo
nto
n
Ha
milt
on
Mo
ntr
ea
l
To
ron
to
Va
nco
uve
r
How Long Have You Returned to China?
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 17 25 29
Years
%
III: Re-integration Experience in China
• Any difficulties of re-integrating into Chinese society?
• Employment Experiences in China
• Social Experience
• Impressions of China
• Experience with government and non-government organizations
Have You Encountered Any Major Difficulties?
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
Yes No
%
Major Difficulties
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
18.00%
20.00%C
ultu
ral
Adj
ustm
ent
Lang
uage
Soc
ial
Net
wor
king
Fin
ance
s
Cor
rupt
ion
Bur
eauc
racy
Em
ploy
men
t
Pol
lutio
n
Bei
ng a
For
eign
er
Acq
uisi
tion
ofC
hina
PR
Oth
er*
%
Current Job in China
11.67%
13.33%
16.67%
18.33%
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
16.00%
18.00%
20.00%
Senio
r
manager
Pro
fessio
nal
occ.
in
busin
ess a
nd
Cle
rical
occupations
and c
lerical
Pro
fessio
nal
occ.
in h
ealth,
regis
tere
d
Occ.
in s
ocia
l
scie
nce,
govern
ment
Occ.
in a
rt,
culture
,
recre
ation a
nd
Reta
il t
rade
superv
isors
,
sale
spers
ons,
Stu
dent
/
Work
1. Teachers and professors 2. Professional occ. in business & finance
3. Other managers occupations 4. Senior managers
Household Annual Income in China (¥)
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
Up to 20000 20001 to 50000 50001 to100000
100001 to150000
150001 to250000
Over 250001
$
%
Household Income in Canada
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
up to 20000 20001- 31000 31001- 46000 46001- 62000 62001- 78000 Over 78001
$
%
Employment Situation after Returning to China
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
50.00%
Much Better Better Same Worse Much Worse
%
Is the China you returned to the same as the one you left with?
0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%
Yes No
If no, how would you describe it? (%)
More open 41.3 Same 4 Less open 1.3
More developed
48 Same 4 Less developed
0
More bureaucratic
9.3 Same 17.3 Less bureaucratic
10.7
More difficult to travel
6.7 Same 6.7 Less difficult to travel
28
More polluted
32 Same 5.3 Less polluted
6.7
Compared with Canada, how would you describe your life in China as a whole?
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Much Better Better Same Worse Much Worse
Compared with your life BEFORE you left China, how would you describe your situation in China NOW?
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Much Better Better Same Worse Much Worse
Any regrets of returning to China?
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Yes No In some ways
In your re-integration process, which group most helpful?
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Your
work
unit
Govern
ment
org
aniz
atio
ns
Friends a
nd
fam
ily
Non
-
govern
ment
org
aniz
atio
ns
Oth
er
3.23 Areas That Need Help
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%
Fin
din
g a
Jo
b
Fin
din
ga
cco
mm
od
atio
n
Ap
ply
ing
for
Re
sid
en
t Pe
rmit
Ap
ply
ing
for
rese
arc
h g
ran
t
Ap
ply
ing
for
aL
oa
n to
Sta
rtB
usi
ne
ssA
pp
lyin
g fo
r a
loa
nto
bu
y a
na
pa
rtm
en
t or
ah
ou
se
Fin
din
g a
sch
oo
lfo
r yo
ur
child
ren
Pro
vid
ing
Ch
ine
sela
ng
ua
ge
cla
sse
s
Fin
din
g a
job
for
you
r sp
ou
se
Oth
er*
%
Areas That Need Help
0.00%
2.00%
4.00%
6.00%
8.00%
10.00%
12.00%
14.00%F
ind
ing
a J
ob
Fin
din
ga
cco
mm
od
atio
n
Ap
ply
ing
for
Re
sid
en
t Pe
rmit
Ap
ply
ing
for
rese
arc
h g
ran
t
Ap
ply
ing
for
aL
oa
n to
Sta
rtB
usi
ne
ssA
pp
lyin
g fo
r a
loa
nto
bu
y a
na
pa
rtm
en
t or
ah
ou
se
Fin
din
g a
sch
oo
lfo
r yo
ur
child
ren
Pro
vid
ing
Ch
ine
sela
ng
ua
ge
cla
sse
s
Fin
din
g a
job
for
you
r sp
ou
se
Oth
er*
%
Policy Implications
• How much returning is good for Canada?– 0%?– 100%?
• What can Canadian Government do to help retain this group of immigrants?
• What are the policy implications of this research to other immigrants in Canada?
Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!Thank you!
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