Biochemistry TG09S Carola Fortelius 2010. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 2 Classes of biomolecules.
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Biochemistry TG09S
Carola Fortelius 2010
C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010
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Classes of biomolecules
C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010
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Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides
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Chain or ring structure
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Ring structure
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Carbohydrate bonds
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Two important polysaccharides
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Starch
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Cellulose
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Difference in the bonds makes all the difference
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Lipids
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Lipids are hydrophobic/hydrophilic
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Amino acids
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20 different aa found in proteins
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Proteins
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Protein folding
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Enzymes
What are they?
Why do we need them?
Examples?
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EnzymesGlobular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Properties
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EnzymesGlobular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Properties
Specific
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EnzymesGlobular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Properties
Specific
Increase rate of the reaction
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EnzymesGlobular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Properties
Specific
Increase rate of the reaction
Unchanged at the end of the reaction
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EnzymesGlobular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Properties
Specific
Increase rate of the reaction
Unchanged at the end of the reaction
Need them
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EnzymesGlobular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms
Properties
Specific
Increase rate of the reaction
Unchanged at the end of the reaction
Need themReactions too slow to maintain life
Can’t increase temperatures/pressure in cells (fatal)
Enzymes Are ProteinsThe enzyme binds to the substrates by its active site
The active site is a pocket formed by the folding of the proteinwhere the substrates bind.
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The enzyme binds to the substrates by its active site
The active site is a pocket formed by the folding of the proteinwhere the substrates bind.
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Active site
The active site involves a small number of key residues that actually bind thesubstrates
The rest of the protein structure is needed to maintain these residues in position
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How do enzymes work?
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Sucrose + H2O
Glucose + Fructose
Substrates
Products
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For a reaction to occur the sucroseand water would have to collide with
enough energy to break and form bonds
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Sucrose + H2O Glucose + Fructose
++
Substrates Products
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Energy
Progress of reaction
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Energy
Progress of reaction
Substrates
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Energy
Progress of reaction
Substrates Products
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Energy
Progress of reaction
Substrates Products
High energy intermediate
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Energy
Progress of reaction
Substrates Products
High energy intermediate
Activation energy
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For a reaction to occur the sucroseand water would have to collide with
enough energy to break and form bonds and
This is the activation energy!
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The minimum amount of energy needed to start the reaction, leading to the formation of a high energy
intermediate
= The activation energy
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Energy
Progress of reaction
Substrates Products
High energy intermediate
Activation energy
Enzymes reduce the height of the energy
barrier
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Nucleic acids
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a. Sugar component
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b. Base component
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c. Phosphate
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Polynucleotides
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The genetic code
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