Biochemistry TG09S Carola Fortelius 2010. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 2 Classes of biomolecules.

Biochemistry TG09S

Carola Fortelius 2010

C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010

2

Classes of biomolecules


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Carbohydrates


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Monosaccharides


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6

Chain or ring structure


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Ring structure


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Carbohydrate bonds


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Two important polysaccharides


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Starch


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Cellulose


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Difference in the bonds makes all the difference


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Lipids


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Lipids are hydrophobic/hydrophilic


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Amino acids


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20 different aa found in proteins


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Proteins


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Protein folding


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Enzymes

What are they?

Why do we need them?

Examples?


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EnzymesGlobular proteins that catalyse chemical reactions in living organisms

Properties


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Properties

Specific


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Properties

Specific

Increase rate of the reaction


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Properties

Specific


Unchanged at the end of the reaction


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Properties

Specific



Need them


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Properties

Specific



Need themReactions too slow to maintain life

Can’t increase temperatures/pressure in cells (fatal)

Enzymes Are ProteinsThe enzyme binds to the substrates by its active site

The active site is a pocket formed by the folding of the proteinwhere the substrates bind.


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The enzyme binds to the substrates by its active site

The active site is a pocket formed by the folding of the proteinwhere the substrates bind.


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Active site

The active site involves a small number of key residues that actually bind thesubstrates

The rest of the protein structure is needed to maintain these residues in position


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How do enzymes work?


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Sucrose + H2O

Glucose + Fructose

Substrates

Products


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For a reaction to occur the sucroseand water would have to collide with

enough energy to break and form bonds


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Sucrose + H2O Glucose + Fructose

++

Substrates Products


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Energy

Progress of reaction


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Energy


Substrates


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Energy


Substrates Products


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Energy


Substrates Products

High energy intermediate


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Energy


Substrates Products


Activation energy


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For a reaction to occur the sucroseand water would have to collide with

enough energy to break and form bonds and

This is the activation energy!


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The minimum amount of energy needed to start the reaction, leading to the formation of a high energy

intermediate

= The activation energy


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Energy


Substrates Products


Activation energy

Enzymes reduce the height of the energy

barrier


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Nucleic acids


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a. Sugar component


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b. Base component


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c. Phosphate


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Polynucleotides


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The genetic code


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Biochemistry TG09S Carola Fortelius 2010. C.Fortelius Microbiology and Biochemistry 2010 2 Classes of biomolecules.

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