ANNEX 14: AERODROMES Part II

ANNEX 14:ANNEX 14:AERODROMESAERODROMES

Part IIPart IIAviation Management Aviation Management

CollegeCollegeAirport Management Airport Management

Ms. Zuliana IsmailMs. Zuliana Ismail

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ANNEX 14Chapter 4

Obstacle Limitation Surfaces

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Obstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS)

Defined by ICAOObstacle Limitation Surfaces (OLS) also known as ‘imaginary surfaces’.

WHY ??To ensure the safety of operations in the airspace around aerodromes – (area must free of obstacle, prevent the growth

of obstacles)

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HOW ??

ICAO define the maximum allowable height of any structures that can be placed in the area surrounding the runway.– height of buildings, antennas, trees

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OLS defined by ICAOOLS defined by ICAO

1.1. Inner horizontal surfaceInner horizontal surface2.2. Conical surface Conical surface 3.3. Approach surfaceApproach surface4.4. Transitional surface Transitional surface 5.5. Takeoff climb surfaceTakeoff climb surface

OLS defined by ICAO OLS defined by ICAO

(Top View)(Top View) (Side View)(Side View)

1. Inner horizontal surface1. Inner horizontal surfaceA surface located above an aerodrome and its surrounding area.Normally be in circle. Radius depends on the type of runway. The height is 45m.The purpose is to protect airspace for visual circling prior to landing.

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2. Conical surface2. Conical surfaceA surface sloping upwards from the outer edge of the inner hori zontal surface.

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3. Approach surface3. Approach surfaceApproach surface: Protects the approach to the runway from obstructions. Inner approach surface: Protects the part of the approach closest to the runway threshold.

4. Transitional surfacesLocated on either side of the runway.Protect the area near the runway.

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5. Takeoff climb surface5. Takeoff climb surfaceTo prevent obstructions to the paths of departing aircraft near a runway.

Dimensions of OLS-Approach Dimensions of OLS-Approach RunwaysRunways

ANNEX 14- Chapter 5-7

Visual Aids for Navigation

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Annex 14- Visual AidsAirport Markings

Airport Lighting: Runway & TaxiwayAirport Signs

Objectives

Be familiar with airport lighting, signage and markings.Describe the various navigational aids that exist on aerodromes.

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Airport Markings

Importance of Airport markings To provide information that is useful to a pilot during takeoff, landing, and taxiing.To enhance safety and improve efficiency: Same airport markings for all airports make pilots became familiar.

Runway Markings

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Non-Instrument Runway Non-Instrument Runway (NI)(NI)

Non-Precision Runway Non-Precision Runway (NP)(NP)

Precision Precision Runway (P) Runway (P)

ThresholThresholdd

Touchdown Touchdown zonezone

Aiming Aiming pointpoint

DesignatorDesignatorss

Runway MarkingsRunway Designators: Magnetic azimuth of the centerline of the runwayRunway Centerline Marking: Provides alignment guidance during takeoff and landings.Runway Aiming Point Marking: Serves as a visual aiming point for a landing aircraft.Runway Touchdown Zone Markers: Identify the touchdown zone for landing operations Runway Threshold: Helps identify the beginning of the runway that is available for landing.

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Taxiway Markings All taxiways should have centerline markings. Aircraft should be kept centered during taxi to guarantee wingtip clearance with other aircraft or other objects

Taxiway Centerline : single continuous yellow line

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Taxiway Centerline

Taxiway Markings Surface Painted Signs: to assist pilot in confirming the

designation of the taxiway (location or direction)

Surface Painted Signs

Taxiway Markings Geographic Position Markings: to identify the location of

taxiing aircraft during low visibility operations.

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Airport Signs

Importance of the SignsTo show mandatory instructions, information on a specific location or destination in the aerodrome.Characteristics of signs:– Clear– Rectangular– Different colours for each category– Illuminated (light up)

Airport Signs

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Direction signs: To indicate the intersection for aircraft turning.

Destination signs: To show direction to the specific destinations (cargo areas, military areas, international areas, etc.)

Mandatory signs:To indicate that aircraft ARE NOT ALLOWED

to enter (runway entrance & critical areas)

Location signs:To identify aircraft location.

Runway distance remaining signs: Landing distance remaining

Airport Signs1. Mandatory signs 2. Location signs

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3. Direction signs4. Destination signs

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5. Runway distance remaining signs

Sign Indicating 3,000 feet of Runway Remaining

Airport Signs

Airport Lighting

Importance of Lighting

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Lighting systems from the cockpit window during bad weather.

Poor visibility is mainly due to heavy snowfall

Lighting systems are important for a/c landing during night time.

Runway Lighting Summary

Airport Beacon

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Function: to guide pilot flying to airport at night.

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1. Sequence LightTo guide the pilot’s eyes

toward the runway centerline

Thresholds Light•Appear green for a/c

landing and red a/c take-off

3. Approach Light•Warning light, which a/c

should not land yet

2. Cross Bar Light

•Indicate a/c wings status

Runway Edge Lighting

Runway Center line Light

Runway Touch Down Zone Light

•Give depth view of the runway

Approach Lighting

System (ALS)

Runway Lighting

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Lighting systems from the cockpit window

Runway Edge Lighting: •White

•Turn Yellow in last 610m

Runway Center line Light System :

•White•Alternate white and red in last 610

m•Red in last 310m

Why the lighting colour change?The pilot thus knows about how much runway is left for used.

Taxiway Lighting

Taxiway edge lights: blue

Taxiway centre line: green

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Visual Approach Slope Indicators (VASI)

Visible from 3-5 miles during the day and up to 20 miles or more at night.

Precision Approach Path Indicator (PAPI)

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Function: To assist pilot with visual guidance during an aircraft landingby indicate the pilot’s angle of approach.

Weather Information

To prevent aircraft accidents.To avoid flight delay or cancellations.

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Importance

Types of Bad Weather

Poor visibility due to haze & smoke Wind shear :- sudden change in the wind speed & direction Icing: Heavy SnowThunderstorms

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Airport Weather Stations

Automated Weather Observing Systems (AWOS)

Every 20 minutesObserves temperature, wind speed & direction, visibility, cloud coverage.Can’t observe sudden weather change.

Automated Surface Observing Systems (ASOS)

Every 1 hourObserve weather conditions change rapidly.Current weather, icing, lightning,, air pressure.

Automated Sensor

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Wind Indicators

Wind Indicators

Wind Sock

To Indicate wind direction & speed.The stronger the wind, the straighter the wind sock.Move back and forth when the wind is gusty (angin ribut)

To Indicate wind direction only.To suggest the pilot the runway to be used

Wind Tee

Guiding pilot to determine the correct runway to use for landing and take off

Navigational Aid Systems

Navigational Aid Systems

Civilian AirportsDoppler VHF Omni directional Range Station (VOR)Distance measuring equipment (DME)Instrument Landing System:– Glide slope/ Glide Path– Localizer– Marker Beacon

Military PurposeLong Range Navigation (LORAN)Short Range Navigation (SHORAN)Tactical Air Navigation Systems (TACAN)

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DVOR / DMEVOR and DME are usually collocated, providing pilot with bearing and distance.DVOR: bearing of aircraft (in degrees) DME: distance from aircraft (in miles or km)

Doppler VHF Omnidirectional Range Station (VOR)

Slant range= Distance, D, is the actual distance from the aircraft to the VOR

ILS Components

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Localizer: horizontal guidanceGlide Path:

vertical guidance

Needle indicates direction of runway.Centered Needle = Correct Alignment

Marker Beacons: how far the aircraft

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ILS Operations

Microwave Landing Systems (MLS)

Introduced in 1970s to replace ILS, but discontinued in 1995.

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GPS Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)

To take advantage of the GPS system.Quick data transferring among LAAS, Aircraft and GPS satellites

GPS: Global Positioning System

24 satellites4 satellites in each 6 orbits.Provide location and time info.Control by U.S military

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GPS Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)

The GPS sensor unit (GPSSU) calculates aircraft position (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and exact time.

LAAS