Transcript
AIRPORT PLANNING
AND DESIGNBy Srinivas
Introduction
Airport Engineering encompasses the
planning, design, and construction of
terminals, runways, and navigation aids to
provide for passenger and freight service.
An airport is a facility where passengers
connect from ground transportation to air
transportation
AIRFIELD is an area where an aircraft can
land and take off, which may or may not be
equipped with any navigational aids or
markings
Air transportation
One system of transportation which tries to
improve the accessibility to inaccessible areas
Provides continuous connectivity over water
and land
Provide relief during emergencies and better
compared to others some times
Saves productive time, spent in journey
Increases the demand of specialized skill work
force
Air transportation
Helps tourism, generates foreign reserves
Requires heavy funds during provision and maintenance
Highly dependent on weather conditions compared to other modes
Requires highly sophisticated machinery
Adds to outward flow of foreign exchange
Purchase of equipment, airbuses etc.
Safety provisions are not adequate.
Providing a support system during the flight is complicate
Specific demarcation of flight paths and territories is essential
Development of Air Transport
1903 – first successful flight by Wilbur and
Orville Wright at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina
1909 – Louis Bleriot crossed English channel
to England
1911 – Post was carried by air in India from
Allahabad to Naini (pilot: Henri Pequet)
crossing Ganga
1912 – Flight between Delhi and Karachi
1914 – Air passenger transport began in
Germany
Development of Air Transport
1918 – first international service between
France and Spain
1919 – London – Paris flight
1919 – International Commission on Air
Navigation (ICAN) was established
1919 – 6 European airlines formed in Hague
the International Air Traffic Association (IATA)
to control the movement of air traffic and have
a coordinated approach
1928 – Havana Convention on civil aviation
1929 – Warsaw convention on civil aviation
1944 – international civil aviation convention
1944 – Chicago convention, establishing
provisional ICAO (international civil aviation
organization)
1945 – International Air Transport Association
(IATA) established in meeting at Havana, Cuba
1947 – ICAO was established as a body of
United Nations
27, July 1949 – worlds first jet airliner made its
journey from hatfield airport
1954 – Boeing Dash 80 type prototype, B707
first flight
1969 – concorde first flight
2006 – Airbus A328 made first flight (one of the
biggest passenger air craft i.e., 800 persons)
Air Transport in India
1911 – post was carried by air in India from Allahabad to Naini
1912 – flight between Delhi and Karachi
1927 – Civil Aviation Department was established
1929 – Regular air service between Delhi and Karachi
1932 – Tata airways ltd was setup
1933 – Indian trans-continental airways ltd was formed
1938 – 153 aircrafts were registered
1946 – Air transport licensing board was established
1947 – Tata changed its name to Air India Ltd
1948 – Air India International ltd was established by government
1953 – Air Transport Corporation bill was made, provision for establishing two corporations, one for the domestic services and other for the international services.
1972 - The International Airport Authority of India (IAAI) was setup
to coordinate the international aviation from different locations of the country
1981 -Vayudoot service was started. It merged into Indian Airlines in 1993
1985 - Air taxi policy
1994 -Airport Authority of India (AAI) was formed by merging International Airport Authority of India (IAAI) and National Airports Authority (NAA).
Airport Authority of India
Controls overall air navigation in india
Constituted by an act of parliament and it came into being on 1st April, 1995
Formed by merging NAA (National Airport Authority) and IAAI (International Airport Authority of India)
Functions of AAI
Control and management of the Indian airspace extending beyond the territory limits
Design, development and operation of domestic and international airports
Construction and management of facilities
Functions of AAI
Development of cargo ports and facilities
Provision of passenger facilities and information
systems
Expansion and strengthening of operating area
Provision of visual aids
Provision of communication and navigational aids
(ex: Radar systems)
Aircraft components
Reference: http://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/k-12/airplane/airplane.html
Aircraft components
Aircraft components
Aircraft components
Aircraft characteristics
Engine Type and Propulsion Atmospheric propulsion and trans-atmospheric
propulsion
Propulsion may be through any type of engine Piston engine, jet engine (turbo jet, turbo propulsion or ram jet)
or rocket engine etc.
Piston – most conventional form, fuel is converted to mechanical or electrical energy
Jet – these have a capacity to provide a jet with a height thrust, which is used for movement.
Different types of jet engines exist. In case of turbo, jet known as turbo propulsion is used. Here not simple thrust is used, instead huge amount of air is sucked, and is transformed into jet.
Rocket engines used in trans-atmospheric propulsion systems
Speed, power increases from piston to rockets
Type of propulsion
Engine Speed limit kmph
Piston 250 to 750
Ram jet 1280 to 2400
Rocket 4600
Operative altitude of aircraft depends up on
Type of engine
Propulsive power available to aircraft
Piston engines – low altitudes
Turbo jet or turbo propulsions – low to high
altitudes
Ram jets – used in missiles at middle altitudes
Where other type of movements are less
Rocket jets – outside atmosphere
Size of air craft:
One of the important aspect
Here not just the size of main body, but the size of
overall wing space is considered important
By ICAO, FAA guidelines, air craft wing space is
considered but not main body for classifying the
airport.
It is important to look at different aspects of size.
Size of Aircraft
Size of Aircraft involves Fuselage length
From nose of the aircraft to the tail of the aircraft
Fuselage is the area which compasses the fuel which is to be transported along the aircraft, which is used along the path, at the same time it also encompasses the payload and that is the passengers and the freight that will also be placed within the fuselage length.
Height and width (at tail) Since additional wings are provided at tail in lateral, vertical
directions
Gear tread (distance between main gears)
Wheel base Distance between nose gear (pilots location) and main
gear(at wings connection)
Wing span
Measured at the location of wings to the furthest ends
of wings
Wing span decides
Width of taxi way
Clearance between two parallel traffic ways
Size of apron and hanger
Width of hanger gate
Aircraft characteristics
Length of aircraft decides
Widening of taxi way on curves
Sizes of apron and hanger
Height of aircraft or empennage height
It decides the height of hanger gate
The gear tread and wheel base
Min turning radius of the aircraft.
Aircraft characteristics – weight
&wheel configuration
Pavement thickness, design, materials etc.,
depend on the weight and wheel distribution of
aircraft.
Different types of weights
Maximum gross take-off weight
Total amount of weight when it is taking off from
runway
Maximum standard landing weight
Fuel consumed during transport will be deducted from
take-off weight
Operating empty weight
Operating at zero pay load
Weight and wheel distribution
Pay load
Load for which revenues are generated (passengers +
freight)
Zero-fuel weight
Air craft reaching destination and fuel is getting empty
Note: (maximum is taken considering biggest aircraft allowed at
airport
Wheel configuration defines how the weight
will be transferred to the bottom
More the no of wheels, lesser the stress, hence
less thickness enough.
Different wheel combinations available based on
size of aircraft.
Single tandem, duel tandem and multi axle
tandems are used based on the size and weight
of air craft.
Some wheel configurations are shown in the next
slide.
Minimum turning radius
While making a turn, the nose gear is steered and hence it makes an angle with the axis of main gear called angle of rotation.
The point of intersection of axis of main gear and line through axis of steered nose gear is called point of rotation.
Max angle varies between 50 to 60 degrees
The line joining the centre of rotation and the tip of farthest wing of aircraft is known as minimum turning radius.
The amount depends on size of aircraft
Minimum circling radius
Related to movement of aircraft with in the air
Radius in space required for the aircraft to take a smooth turn
It depends on
Type of aircraft (size, power propulsion system etc.,)
Air traffic volume
Weather condition
It is the total radius which is provided at the top of the air port in which the aircraft will be circling if it is not allowed to land.
Speed
Air speed
Speed of air craft in air relative to medium.
Indicated speed
Indicated by the instrument onboard
2% lower than actual true speed
The reason is it is relative speed what is true, to
get the correct value of speed 2% is reduced for
resistance in air.
Capacity of air craft
No of passengers and amount of cargo it can
handle
Dependant on
Size
Propulsive power of aircraft
Speed of air craft
Noise
Big problem if nearer to developed areas
Major sources of noises are
Engine
Machinery (more during landing)
Primary jet (more during take-off)
Disturbances are more during take off
Since the inception of jet engines the noise
has been reduced to a great extent
Vortices at tail end
Vortices form at tail when moving at high
speed
Have a tendency to break tail if they are heavy
and eddies are formed
Vortices are made of 2 counter rotating
cylindrical masses of air extending along the
path
These are formed near tail ends of wings or
tail end of aircraft
The velocity of wind in these vortices will be
very high
Jet blast
This aspect belongs to aircrafts having jet engines
This is the blast that comes out of jet engine at the rear of air craft to provide a force for movement
If we consider the case where air craft is standing and jet blast is coming from back side, it is so hot and creates severe conditions
The severity depends on
Height of tail pipe
Angle of tail pipe
Hence, blast fences are needed to control the damage to the pavements
Fuel spillage
Spilling of fuel occurs when the engine is
shutdown or loosing speed
It is spilled fuel from the engine or other
locations into the aircraft. This may cost the
speed when it is moving on runways or
taxiways or apron.
Influencing characteristics of
aircraft on design of airport
Engine type and propulsion
Size
Aircraft weight and wheel configuration
Minimum turning radius
Minimum circling radius
speed capacity
Noise
Vortices at tail ends
Jet blast
Fuel spillage
Engine type and propulsion
decides
Size of the aircraft
Speed
length of the runway (more speed ->longer runway)
Weight (more if bigger propulsion system)
Carrying capacity (depends on size)
Noise (depends on propulsion system)
Circling radius (high power, and speed crafts have high radius)
Range (distance it can move without refueling)
Maintenance facilities
Ballast pads (required for jet propulsion)
Size of aircraft influences Load carrying capacity
Other facilities like apron, terminal area etc.
Bigger the size larger are facilities to be provided at airport terminal building
Wing span will increase with size It has effect on taxiway width
Separation between traffic lanes
Size of gate, apron size, width of hanger etc.
Length Widening of taxiway on curves, apron, hangers, width of exit
way
Height : further influences height of hanger gate
Wheel base, gear tread also changes
Aircraft wheel configuration
Thickness of runway, taxiway, apron
Distribution of load to ground
Turning (difficult for more weight in case of sharp
curves)
Stability (depends on the support system
provided and also depends on wheel
configuration)
Minimum turning radius
Radius of taxiways
Taxiway is the connecting pavement which is provided between the runways and aprons
Minimum circling radius:
Defines the minimum distance between 2 near by airports
For larger aircrafts it will be in kms hence more distance is required between 2 airports
Adjustments of timings of landing and takeoff
Airport capacity(decrease with increased air circle time)
Zoning laws related to height of obstruction
Speed
Reduces journey time
Increase in frequency of operations
Improving and broadening the air network system
Capacity
Processing terminals
Passenger and baggage handling facilities
Cargo processing
Size of apron, special equipments etc.
Vortices at tail ends
Hazardous to aircraft
Stresses at fuselage and other joints
Pressure under wings producing lifts and drags
Jet blast
Inconvenience to passengers
May do harm to airport runways and other components of airport
Fuel slippage
Badly effects bitumen pavements
Causes slip of wheels
Selection of site for airport
Air traffic potential Magnitude of passenger and freight traffic expected
Adequate access
Sufficient airspace
Circling radius should be taken care
Sufficient land Various facilities, terminal buildings, security systems
Atmospheric and meteorological conditions
Availability of land for expansion
Availability of utilities
Development of surrounding area
Ground accessibility
Presence of other airports
Regional plan
Soil characteristics
Surrounding obstructions
Use of air port
Atmospheric and meteorological conditions
Visibility Fog, smoke, haze
Affected by wind
Development of area (industrial)
Causes reduction in frequency and hence in capacity handling
Wind Direction and intensity
Associated topographical features (hills, valley)
Windward/leeward side
Locating development w.r.t site of airport
Availability of land for expansion
Future prediction of air traffic
Land for parking vehicles, providing facilities
Land cost at later stage
Availability of land at later stage
Availability of utilities
Water, power etc.,
Sewerage, communication etc.
Development of surrounding area
Residential or sensitive area
Industrial development
Height of development
Zoning laws
Noise pollution
Movement of air pollution
Birds and hits at engines
Economy of construction
Alternate sites to be examined
Availability of local construction material
Terrain even or not
Problematic areas
Water logging areas
Reclaimed areas
Ground accessibility
Travel time in air vs on ground
Easily approachable using all modes
Proximity to areas of trip generation
Facilities for private vehicle users
Efficient transport system
Presence of other airport
Traffic volume
circling radius
Types of air crafts in different airports
Type of operating facility
Instrumental flight rules, design flight rules
Separation distance between radii
May cause
Accidents, reduction in capacity
Characteristics of soil
Strength of soil sub grade
Drainage of soil
Level of water table and its impact
Sub-soil drainage effects
Valley side may have flooding
Soil with good amount of pervious material like
sand or gravel is considered good
Use of airport
Civil or for military
Adaptability for other usage during emergencies
Surrounding area obstructions
Clear air space for take off and landing
High rise buildings not allowed
High trees are cleared off
Zoning laws are made to take care
Factors affecting the size of
airport Size of airport
Defined by the space for operators, controlling systems, facilities, manpower etc.
Controlled by peak aircraft traffic, aircraft characteristics
Elevation of airport size above MSL density and air pressure reduces
Effects runway requirements, lift, drag etc.
Aircraft performance varies altitude, air density, pressure , temperature
Meteorological conditions Wind, temperature
Effects runway orientation, length and no of runways reqd.
Performance characteristics of aircraft
Volume of air traffic (peak hour volume, size of aircraft, nature of air traffic, runways, taxiways etc.,)
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