Transcript
AGE OF IMPERIALISM
IMPERIALISM
• Imperialism is the quest for colonial empires
• It can include the use of economic, political, or military power
EXAMPLES
• Roman Empire- force
• France, Spain, England- trade
• Great Britain- “The sun never sets on the British Empire”
REASONS
• Increase trade by providing market for manufactured goods
• Gain sources for raw materials
• Secure military advantages
• Increase prestige
• Share religious and cultural beliefs
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR
• Cuba is owned by Spain, begins revolts in 1868 (Spain also owns Puerto Rico, Guam & Philippines)– Cuban leaders exiled– One was Jose Marti- poet
• 1895- revolt in which Marti is killed
• 1896- Spanish send Gen. Valeriano Weyler to crush revolt- “the Butcher”
Unites States Reaction
• U.S. Press wants war with Spain, Americans are sympathetic
• Hearst and Pulitzer (biggest newpaper owners) very vocal in support of war
• Pres. McKinley wants to avoid war
Events leading to war
• Feb. 9, 1898- Hearst’s journal prints comment of Spanish official concerning McKinley- “weak, and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”
• Feb. 15, 1898- The Maine explodes in Havana, Cuba. Spain is blamed.
• Apr. 20, 1898- Congress recognizes Cuban independence and votes for military force
Teller Amendment
• To gain Cuban trust and support for joining war, US passes the Teller Amendment– States that the United States claimed no
“sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control” over Cuba
– After defeating Spain, control would rest with Cuban people
FAMOUS BATTLES
• Philippine Islands– May 1, 1898- Battle of Manila Bay– Commodore George Dewey defeats Spanish
fleet – Filipino rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo supports
U.S. forces
• Cuba– July 1, 1898- U.S. begins assault on Santiago,
El Caney and San Juan Hill– This was the battle of Teddy Roosevelt and the
Rough Riders
• July 3, 1898- U.S. defeats Spanish fleet off coast of Cuba
• Troops defeat Spanish in Puerto Rico
RESULTS OF WAR
• Spain grants Cuba its independence
• Spain gives Puerto Rico and Guam to U.S.
• Spain gives up control of the Philippines
• United States gains prestige as world power
ANNEXATION DEBATE
• Expansionists argue in favor based upon commercial reasons, naval concerns, the belief that the U.S. would bring democratic government to the Philippines, and that European powers would be kept away
• Anti-Imperialist League formed in June 1898 argues that U.S. should not become imperial power and annexation of Philippines would violate American principles
WAR IN PHILIPPINES
• US military presence in Philippines, won’t leave• Aguinaldo sets up provisional government and
proclaims himself President• Filipino rebels fight 3-year war against U.S.• 1902- Congress passes Philippine Government
Act – Act states that Philippines would be ruled by a
governor and two-house legislature
• The United States would appoint the governor and Upper House
• After order is restored, the Filipinos would elect the Lower House
• William Howard Taft became the first governor of the Philippines
• Jones Act of 1916- allows the Filipinos to elect both houses of their legislature
• Total independence will not come until U.S. concludes that a “stable government has been established”
• Philippines get independence in 1946
ACQUISITION OF HAWAII
• U.S. interest in Hawaii was because of 2 major reasons: 1) strategic location along trade routes to China and 2) fertile soil
• During the 1820s, New England Protestant missionaries travel to Hawaii
• By 1870s, their descendents had become major landowners in Hawaii
• In 1886, Hawaiian king Kalakaua attempts to restrict American influence.
• Hawaiian League is formed to overthrow the monarchy and persuade U.S. annexation
• 1887- League forces Kalakaua to sign a new constitution that limited his power
• U.S. gets rights to use Pearl Harbor as naval base
• 1891- Kalakaua is succeeded by his sister, Liliuokalani
• Queen Liliuokalani tries to encourage Hawaiian nationalism
• U.S. oversees end to monarchy
• Does not annex until 1898
CHINA
• United States trade with China began in 1784 ; limited
• 1843- China opens 5 ports to trade from U.S. and Europe
• 1894- Japanese invasion leads to loss of territory- Taiwan, Liaotung peninsula and control of Korea
• China’s weakness leads to European powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia) making China to divide into spheres of influence
• Spheres of Influence- where a foreign nation has exclusive rights over trade, mines, and railroads
OPEN DOOR POLICY
• Proposed in 1899 by Secretary of State John Hay
• Called for European nations and Japan to accept policy change, as the US wasn’t getting their “fair share” of trade ability
OPEN DOOR POLICY
• Keep all ports in their spheres open to all nations for trade
• Allow Chinese officials to collect all tariffs and duties
• Guarantee equal railroad, harbor, and tariff rates
BOXER REBELLION
• Caused by Chinese resentment of foreigners
• “Boxers” were a nickname as the Chinese word for the group meant “Fists of Righteous Harmony” begins rebellion
• In 1900, they attacked Western missionaries and traders in northern China, killing 300
• Laid siege to foreign settlement in Beijing
• Rebellion ends as international force enters
JAPAN
• Japan becomes imperial power as a result of 1894 invasion of China
• Japan had been very isolated for most of its history
• From 1639-1850s, Japan had only allowed one Dutch trading ship a year
• 1853- Commodore Matthew Perry had sailed into Tokyo Bay
• President Millard Fillmore had encouraged Perry to persuade Japan to open itself up to trade with the West
• Japan becomes industrialized and builds a strong army and navy
• 1894- invades China
• 1904- attacks Russia in Manchuria
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR
• Japanese victory might lead to strong competitor in Asia
• Russian victory might lead to end of U.S. trade with Manchuria
• May,1905- Japan wins crucial battles and asks for U.S. mediation
• Pres. Roosevelt negotiates end to war (for US benefit) and wins Nobel Peace Prize
GREAT WHITE FLEET
• 1907- President Roosevelt sends 4 destroyers and 16 battleships on world cruise
• Roosevelt- “the Pacific was as much our home waters as the Atlantic”
• Point to intimidate the rest of the world on our naval strength.
CUBA
• 1899- Pres. McKinley appoints Leonard Wood as governor of Cuba
• Changes are made such as construction of schools and a sanitation system
• Dr. Carlos Finlay discovered mosquitoes cause yellow fever
• Cubans want independence
PLATT AMENDMENT
• Limits Cuba’s right to make treaties with other countries
• Allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary
• Made Cuba to sell or lease land for U.S. naval or fueling stations (Guantanamo Bay)
• Made Cuba a protectorate
PUERTO RICO
• Made a territory like Samoa• Foraker Act- governor and upper house to
be appointed by U.S. and lower house to be elected by Puerto Ricans
• Jones Act of 1917- made Puerto Ricans American citizens and they can elect both houses of their legislature
• 1952- Becomes a commonwealth
PANAMA CANAL
• The United States had long wanted a shortcut from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean
• The route around Cape Horn was long and dangerous
• Proposals had been made to build a canal across Nicaragua
HISTORY OF CANAL
• 1517- Balboa had proposed a canal be dug across Panama
• 1850- U.S. and Great Britain sign the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty that agrees to an equal partnership to build a canal across Panama
• 1880s- French company begins construction, but does not complete
ROOSEVELT’S ACTIONS
• 1901- Pres. Roosevelt instructs Secretary of State John Hay to negotiate with Great Britain to end partnership
• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty- Britain agrees to allow U.S. to build canal on its own, and in return, U.S. agrees to allow all countries vessels to use the canal
Hay begins negotiations with Colombia- which owned Panama• 1903- Hay-Herran Treaty is drafted-
99-year lease over 6-mile stretch across Panama in exchange for 10 million and 250,000 yearly rental
• Colombian Senate does not ratify treaty
• Philippe Bunau-Varilla, former chief engineer for French effort, asks for U.S. support of Panamanian revolution
• Oct. 9, 1903- Bunau-Varilla meets privately with Pres. Roosevelt
• Nov. 2, 1903- U.S. gunboat arrives in Panama
• Nov. 3, 1903- Panamanian rebels begin revolution
• Nov. 4, 1903- rebels win and declare Panama an independent nation
• Nov. 6, 1903- U.S. recognizes Panama and Hay begins negotiation
• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gives U.S. complete and unending sovereignty over a 10-mile wide canal zone
• Roosevelt later said- “I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate”
ROOSEVELT COROLLARY
• 1823- Monroe Doctrine—no more European settlement in Western Hemisphere
• 1905-Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine—warns other nations not to take any land and encourages arbitration to settle dispute
• Roosevelt states that not only will U.S. keep European powers out of the hemisphere, but that the U.S. will directly intervene in Latin American nations if necessary
• “Speak softly, but carry a big stick”
• Accused of “gunboat diplomacy”
DOLLAR DIPLOMACY
• Following Roosevelt as President, Taft promotes the use of economic power rather than military force
• Suggest replacing European loans with American
• U.S. invests in railroads, mines,and banana and sugar plantations
WILSON
• Wanted democratic governments in Latin America to discourage European involvement
• Sent troops to Caribbean nations to put down revolts and establish constitutional governments
• US is not liked among Latin countries
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