THE AGE OF IMPERIALIS M EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN CHINA, INDIA, AND AFRICA
Dec 26, 2015
THE AGE OF
IMPERIALISMEUROPEAN IMPERIALISM IN
CHINA, INDIA, AND AFRICA
VOCABULARY OF IMPERIALISM
IMPERIALISM–THE PRACTICE OF ACQUIRING COLONIES FOR
THE BENEFIT OF THE MOTHER COUNTRY
MOTHER COUNTRY– A state that controls colonies
COLONY– An area controlled by another country for that
country’s benefit
VOCABULARY OF IMPERIALISM
RAW MATERIALS– Natural material that can be manufactured into a
more valuable product• For ex: rubber is a cheap natural resource necessary for
manufacturing tires
MANUFACTURED GOODS– Products made in a factory from raw materials that
can be sold to consumers• For ex: tires are a manufactured good that can be sold to
consumers at a higher price than rubber
COLONY
Produces raw materials for the mother country’s
industry and buys the manufactured goods the mother country
produces
COLONY– MOTHER COUNTRY RELATIONSHIP
MOTHER COUNTRY
Uses raw materials from the colonies to make manufactured goods and then sells them to the colonies
MANUFACTURED GOODS
•RAW MATERIALS
•MONEY
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
ECONOMIC• Because of the Industrial
Revolution many European countries produced a surplus of manufactured goods
• Factory owners also needed raw materials for factories
• Factory owners needed places to sell the goods they produced
• European countries acquired colonies to gain raw materials and sell manufactured goods
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
POLITICAL• NATIONALISM–Countries competed to
acquire colonies to show their power and show up their rivals
• PRESTIGE–Honor and respect–More colonies = more prestige
from other countries
• These two ideas caused European countries to acquire colonies in Asia and Africa
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
MILITARY• NAVAL BASES– European countries built advanced
and large navies– They needed bases to supply their
ships all over the world– Europeans took colonies to serve
as bases– Great Britain, Germany, Japan, the
USA, Italy, and France all did this
• MANPOWER– European countries used the
population of their colonies as soldiers
MILITARY BASES
CAUSES OF IMPERIALISM
RACIAL• SUPERIORITY
– Europeans were technologically superior to all other parts of the world
– They viewed all other peoples as inferior to them
• THE WHITE MAN’S BURDEN– Europeans felt it was their duty to
“civilize” non-Europeans– They wanted to make non-
Europeans more like them – They conquered Asians and
Africans• Forced natives to speak their
language• Changed native customs• Spread Christianity• Westernization
WHO PRACTICED IMPERIALISM?
USAEUROPE
JAPAN
RUSSIA
WHO WERE THE VICTIMS OF IMPERIALISM?
AFRICA
CHINA &
KOREA
IN DI A
IMPERIALISM IN
INDIA
INDIAN HISTORY: A TIMELINE
MAURYAN EMPIRE•321 BC – 232 AD•Emperor Asoka
GUPTA EMPIRE•320 AD – 535 AD•Golden Age of Hindu culture
MUSLIM INVASIONS•1000 AD – 1500 AD
MUGHAL EMPIRE•1526 AD – 1857 AD•Muslim dominated•Emperor Akbar the Great
GREAT BRITAIN’S IN INDIA•1600 – 1857: British East India Company increasingly controls India•1857: SEPOY REBELLION•1858 – 1947: Britain controls India as a colony
BRITISH IMPERIALISM IN INDIA
BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY COMES TO INDIA: 1600 – 1750•Private company given control over trade w/ India by the British government in 1600•Established trading posts and traded tea and other luxuries w/ Europe
BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY TAKES CONTROL: 1750 – 1857•Mughal Empire was very weak and was losing control of India•As a result the British East India Company took control over much of India•The East India Company controlled these areas like a government:
Collected taxes, built roads and schools, spread ChristianityCreated an westernized army using native Indian soldiers called SEPOYS
THE SEPOY REBELLION: 1857 – 1858•Many Indians were unhappy w/ the British East India Company’s rule of India•East India Company went too far by giving bullets to their Sepoys greased w/ cow and pig fatThis violates the beliefs of Muslims and HindusThe Sepoys rebelled against the British East India Company and tried to drive the British out of India (very violent and brutal)•The rebellion failed, Britain’s Parliament took away the East India Company’s power and ran India as a colony until 1947
THE SEPOY MUTINY
BRITISH INDIA
THE RISE OF JAPAN
MEIJI RESTORATION OF 1868
OLD JAPAN
EMPEROR
SHOGUN(Military leader)
DAIMYO(Nobles)
SAMURAI(Similar to knights
in Europe)
Peasant Farmers &
Craftsmen
Merchants
JAPAN MODERNIZES: 1853 – 1905
1853PERRY EXPEDITION•USA sends a naval expedition to force Japan to trade with America•Japan is threatened into agreeing to give up isolation and trade with Europe & America
1904 – 1905RUSSO – JAPANESE WAR•Japan & Russia both wanted Korea as a colony and to use China as a market for goods and source of raw materials•Japan shocks the world and defeats Russia, a major European power•Treaty of Portsmouth: gives Japan control of Korean and spheres of influence in China
1868MEIJI RESTORATION•Emperor Meiji and his supporters force the conservative shogun out of power•Create a limited monarchy based on Germany’s government•Reduced the power of daimyo & samurai•Immediately westernized Japan’s military, government, economy, and society
1894 – 1895SINO – JAPANESE WAR•Japan fights a war with China over control of Korea•Japan’s westernized army defeats China easily•Japan begins to acquire colonies throughout Asia
PERRY EXPEDITION
MEIJI RESTORATION
A SCENE FROM A NEW MODERN JAPAN AFTER THE REFORMS OF THE MEIJI RESTORATION
JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE
How did they do it?• POLITICAL REFORMS– MEIJI CONSTITUTION
(1889)• Emperor held most political power in Japan• Established equality of all men before the law• Created an elected legislature with limited powers• Only wealthy men had the power to vote
– Created a strong government to implement reforms
JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE
How did they do it?• ECONOMIC REFORMS– Government helps
business• Builds railroads and ports• Sets up banks & factories
– Wealthy families buy factories from the government and set up their own businesses
– Japan quickly goes through an Industrial Revolution
– The Japanese economy is westernized and modern
JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE
How did they do it?• SOCIAL REFORMS– Established equality
between social classes• Took away some of the privileges of the daimyo and samurai, but they still held political power
– Built schools and universities• Increased education• Students sent to Europe to study western ideas
– Adopted western dress, customs, and culture
– Women had few rights and were left out of government
JAPAN BECOMES A MODERN NATION-STATE
How did they do it?• MILITARY REFORMS– Main goal of Japan’s
plans for westernization – Wanted a strong to
resist western imperialism
– Copied western armies and navies• Used guns and cannons• Built modern warships• Created large armies
using peasant manpower– Built a very strong
military based on the Prussian army
SINO-JAPANESE WAR
RUSSO – JAPANESE WAR
JAPAN BUILDS A COLONIAL EMPIRE
THE DECLINE OF THE CHINESE
EMPIRE&
IMPERIALISM IN CHINA
CHINESE DECLINE: mid 1800s
TAIPING REBELLION• Peasant rebellion in
the mid 19th century• Caused by peasants’
desire for their own land
• Killed millions of Chinese
• Eventually stopped by the government
• Caused massive chaos and destruction
OPIUM WARS• British government sold
opium (an addictive drug) to the Chinese people
• Chinese government tried to stop the drug trade
• Britain declared war and used modern technology to defeat the Chinese army & navy
• Unequal treaties favored Britain, forcing China to trade with Europe
TAIPING REBELLION
OPIUM WARS
EUROPE COMES TO CHINA:
Spheres of Influence• “Sphere of Influence”– An area of one country unofficially controlled
by another country
• Britain, Russia, France, Germany, and Japan divide China into “spheres of influence”– They each wanted raw materials, markets,
naval bases, prestige, and to spread Western culture
• Europe now controlled much of China
WHAT DID CHINA DO ABOUT IT?
FAILURE TO REFORM
• Conservatives controlled the Chinese government
• They did change China to meet the European threat
• China failed to westernize or modernize its military, economy, or society
BOXER REBELLION• In 1899, Chinese
nationalists rebelled to kick foreigners out of China
• They were called Boxers
• The Boxers hated foreigners and attacked Europeans all over China
• European countries & the USA teamed up and crushed the rebellion
FAILURE OF THE BOXER REBELLION
•The Boxers tried to drive “foreign devils” from China
•The Boxers used martial arts and believed they were immune to bullets, they were wrong
•Europeans crushed the rebellion and established stronger control over China
IMPACT OF IMPERIALISM ON
CHINABEFORE IMPERIALISM CHINA WAS:
• A powerful empire• United under a
strong central government
• The most powerful empire and culture in Asia
AFTER IMPERIALISM CHINA WAS:
• Weak & divided• Controlled by
European states• 2,000 year old
Chinese empire collapsed in 1911
IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA
WHY COLONIZE AFRICA?
• NATIONALIST CAUSES– Nationalist feelings led to competition between
European countries to gain colonies in Africa– European states all wanted the PRESTIGE
increase that came from gaining colonies– Europeans took over most of Africa for this
reason
• ECONOMIC CAUSES– Africa was rich in natural resources• Gold, coffee, silver, rubber, copper, diamonds, etc.
– Colonies in Africa provided raw materials and were a market for European manufactured goods
“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”
• Before 1878 most of Africa was free• Between 1878 and 1914 European states
acquired colonies over almost all of Africa• Only two African states (Liberia & Ethiopia)
were not colonies of Europe in 1914• CONGRESS OF BERLIN– In 1884, the countries of Europe met and
started to divide up Africa between them– After this meeting European countries
“scrambled” to take as many colonies in Africa as they could
“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”
• FRANCE–Conquered a large empire in west Africa
• BRITAIN–Conquered the largest empire in Africa–Controlled South Africa, Egypt, and most
of the land in between
• OTHER EUROPEAN STATES–Belgium, Germany, Italy all acquired a
few colonies to add to their prestige
“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”
“SCRAMBLE FOR AFRICA”
SCRAMBLING FOR AFRICA
1.How does this cartoon reflect the idea of a “scramble” for Africa?
2.Why were European countries interested in acquiring colonies in Africa?
POSITIVES AND NEGATIVES OF IMPERIALISM FOR COLONIES &
MOTHER COUNTRIES
POSITIVES OF IMPERIALISM
• MOTHER COUNTRY– Access to raw materials & markets– Increased political power and prestige– Naval bases and ports for fueling ships– Spreading their culture, language, and way
of life• COLONY– Political Unity
• Ex) India, under British rule, became united for the 1st time ever
– Westernization• Increased education, literacy, medicine, and disease
prevention– Economic development
• Europeans built roads, railroads, telegraph lines, mines, sewers
NEGATIVES OF IMPERIALISM
• MOTHER COUNTRY– Competition for colonies led to war & conflict
with other European countries– Cost of maintaining & defending colonies was
high– Opposition by natives to being controlled by
Europe• COLONY
– Lack of political freedom– Artificial borders
• Europeans created colonies with groups of people living together that historically didn’t get along
– Lack of economic development• Colonies relied on Europeans for ALL manufactured
goods– Suppression of native culture
• Europeans restricted the culture, religion, and customs of people they controlled in colonies