7.1 age of imperialism

AGE OF IMPERIALISM

IMPERIALISM

• Imperialism is the quest for colonial empires

• It can include the use of economic, political, or military power

EXAMPLES

• Roman Empire- force

• France, Spain, England- trade

• Great Britain- “The sun never sets on the British Empire”

REASONS

• Increase trade by providing market for manufactured goods

• Gain sources for raw materials

• Secure military advantages

• Increase prestige

• Share religious and cultural beliefs

SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR

• Cuba is owned by Spain, begins revolts in 1868 (Spain also owns Puerto Rico, Guam & Philippines)– Cuban leaders exiled– One was Jose Marti- poet

• 1895- revolt in which Marti is killed

• 1896- Spanish send Gen. Valeriano Weyler to crush revolt- “the Butcher”

Unites States Reaction

• U.S. Press wants war with Spain, Americans are sympathetic

• Hearst and Pulitzer (biggest newpaper owners) very vocal in support of war

• Pres. McKinley wants to avoid war

Events leading to war

• Feb. 9, 1898- Hearst’s journal prints comment of Spanish official concerning McKinley- “weak, and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd”

• Feb. 15, 1898- The Maine explodes in Havana, Cuba. Spain is blamed.

• Apr. 20, 1898- Congress recognizes Cuban independence and votes for military force

Teller Amendment

• To gain Cuban trust and support for joining war, US passes the Teller Amendment– States that the United States claimed no

“sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control” over Cuba

– After defeating Spain, control would rest with Cuban people

FAMOUS BATTLES

• Philippine Islands– May 1, 1898- Battle of Manila Bay– Commodore George Dewey defeats Spanish

fleet – Filipino rebel leader Emilio Aguinaldo supports

U.S. forces

• Cuba– July 1, 1898- U.S. begins assault on Santiago,

El Caney and San Juan Hill– This was the battle of Teddy Roosevelt and the

Rough Riders

• July 3, 1898- U.S. defeats Spanish fleet off coast of Cuba

• Troops defeat Spanish in Puerto Rico

RESULTS OF WAR

• Spain grants Cuba its independence

• Spain gives Puerto Rico and Guam to U.S.

• Spain gives up control of the Philippines

• United States gains prestige as world power

ANNEXATION DEBATE

• Expansionists argue in favor based upon commercial reasons, naval concerns, the belief that the U.S. would bring democratic government to the Philippines, and that European powers would be kept away

• Anti-Imperialist League formed in June 1898 argues that U.S. should not become imperial power and annexation of Philippines would violate American principles

WAR IN PHILIPPINES

• US military presence in Philippines, won’t leave• Aguinaldo sets up provisional government and

proclaims himself President• Filipino rebels fight 3-year war against U.S.• 1902- Congress passes Philippine Government

Act – Act states that Philippines would be ruled by a

governor and two-house legislature

• The United States would appoint the governor and Upper House

• After order is restored, the Filipinos would elect the Lower House

• William Howard Taft became the first governor of the Philippines

• Jones Act of 1916- allows the Filipinos to elect both houses of their legislature

• Total independence will not come until U.S. concludes that a “stable government has been established”

• Philippines get independence in 1946

ACQUISITION OF HAWAII

• U.S. interest in Hawaii was because of 2 major reasons: 1) strategic location along trade routes to China and 2) fertile soil

• During the 1820s, New England Protestant missionaries travel to Hawaii

• By 1870s, their descendents had become major landowners in Hawaii

• In 1886, Hawaiian king Kalakaua attempts to restrict American influence.

• Hawaiian League is formed to overthrow the monarchy and persuade U.S. annexation

• 1887- League forces Kalakaua to sign a new constitution that limited his power

• U.S. gets rights to use Pearl Harbor as naval base

• 1891- Kalakaua is succeeded by his sister, Liliuokalani

• Queen Liliuokalani tries to encourage Hawaiian nationalism

• U.S. oversees end to monarchy

• Does not annex until 1898

CHINA

• United States trade with China began in 1784 ; limited

• 1843- China opens 5 ports to trade from U.S. and Europe

• 1894- Japanese invasion leads to loss of territory- Taiwan, Liaotung peninsula and control of Korea

• China’s weakness leads to European powers (Great Britain, France, Germany, Russia) making China to divide into spheres of influence

• Spheres of Influence- where a foreign nation has exclusive rights over trade, mines, and railroads

OPEN DOOR POLICY

• Proposed in 1899 by Secretary of State John Hay

• Called for European nations and Japan to accept policy change, as the US wasn’t getting their “fair share” of trade ability

OPEN DOOR POLICY

• Keep all ports in their spheres open to all nations for trade

• Allow Chinese officials to collect all tariffs and duties

• Guarantee equal railroad, harbor, and tariff rates

BOXER REBELLION

• Caused by Chinese resentment of foreigners

• “Boxers” were a nickname as the Chinese word for the group meant “Fists of Righteous Harmony” begins rebellion

• In 1900, they attacked Western missionaries and traders in northern China, killing 300

• Laid siege to foreign settlement in Beijing

• Rebellion ends as international force enters

JAPAN

• Japan becomes imperial power as a result of 1894 invasion of China

• Japan had been very isolated for most of its history

• From 1639-1850s, Japan had only allowed one Dutch trading ship a year

• 1853- Commodore Matthew Perry had sailed into Tokyo Bay

• President Millard Fillmore had encouraged Perry to persuade Japan to open itself up to trade with the West

• Japan becomes industrialized and builds a strong army and navy

• 1894- invades China

• 1904- attacks Russia in Manchuria

RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR

• Japanese victory might lead to strong competitor in Asia

• Russian victory might lead to end of U.S. trade with Manchuria

• May,1905- Japan wins crucial battles and asks for U.S. mediation

• Pres. Roosevelt negotiates end to war (for US benefit) and wins Nobel Peace Prize

GREAT WHITE FLEET

• 1907- President Roosevelt sends 4 destroyers and 16 battleships on world cruise

• Roosevelt- “the Pacific was as much our home waters as the Atlantic”

• Point to intimidate the rest of the world on our naval strength.

CUBA

• 1899- Pres. McKinley appoints Leonard Wood as governor of Cuba

• Changes are made such as construction of schools and a sanitation system

• Dr. Carlos Finlay discovered mosquitoes cause yellow fever

• Cubans want independence

PLATT AMENDMENT

• Limits Cuba’s right to make treaties with other countries

• Allowed U.S. to intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary

• Made Cuba to sell or lease land for U.S. naval or fueling stations (Guantanamo Bay)

• Made Cuba a protectorate

PUERTO RICO

• Made a territory like Samoa• Foraker Act- governor and upper house to

be appointed by U.S. and lower house to be elected by Puerto Ricans

• Jones Act of 1917- made Puerto Ricans American citizens and they can elect both houses of their legislature

• 1952- Becomes a commonwealth

PANAMA CANAL

• The United States had long wanted a shortcut from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

• The route around Cape Horn was long and dangerous

• Proposals had been made to build a canal across Nicaragua

HISTORY OF CANAL

• 1517- Balboa had proposed a canal be dug across Panama

• 1850- U.S. and Great Britain sign the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty that agrees to an equal partnership to build a canal across Panama

• 1880s- French company begins construction, but does not complete

ROOSEVELT’S ACTIONS

• 1901- Pres. Roosevelt instructs Secretary of State John Hay to negotiate with Great Britain to end partnership

• Hay-Pauncefote Treaty- Britain agrees to allow U.S. to build canal on its own, and in return, U.S. agrees to allow all countries vessels to use the canal

Hay begins negotiations with Colombia- which owned Panama• 1903- Hay-Herran Treaty is drafted-

99-year lease over 6-mile stretch across Panama in exchange for 10 million and 250,000 yearly rental

• Colombian Senate does not ratify treaty

• Philippe Bunau-Varilla, former chief engineer for French effort, asks for U.S. support of Panamanian revolution

• Oct. 9, 1903- Bunau-Varilla meets privately with Pres. Roosevelt

• Nov. 2, 1903- U.S. gunboat arrives in Panama

• Nov. 3, 1903- Panamanian rebels begin revolution

• Nov. 4, 1903- rebels win and declare Panama an independent nation

• Nov. 6, 1903- U.S. recognizes Panama and Hay begins negotiation

• Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty gives U.S. complete and unending sovereignty over a 10-mile wide canal zone

• Roosevelt later said- “I took the Canal Zone and let Congress debate”

ROOSEVELT COROLLARY

• 1823- Monroe Doctrine—no more European settlement in Western Hemisphere

• 1905-Roosevelt corollary to the Monroe Doctrine—warns other nations not to take any land and encourages arbitration to settle dispute

• Roosevelt states that not only will U.S. keep European powers out of the hemisphere, but that the U.S. will directly intervene in Latin American nations if necessary

• “Speak softly, but carry a big stick”

• Accused of “gunboat diplomacy”

DOLLAR DIPLOMACY

• Following Roosevelt as President, Taft promotes the use of economic power rather than military force

• Suggest replacing European loans with American

• U.S. invests in railroads, mines,and banana and sugar plantations

WILSON

• Wanted democratic governments in Latin America to discourage European involvement

• Sent troops to Caribbean nations to put down revolts and establish constitutional governments

• US is not liked among Latin countries