Renal Review 1. Discuss the relationship between cardiac output and renal function  Kidney receives 20 – 25% of cardiac output 2. Discuss the anatomy and physiology…

Azotemia  Author: Moro O Salifu, MD, MPH, FACP; Chief Editor: Vecihi Batuman, MD Background Azotemia is an elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine…

INDIVIDUAL ANTIBIOTICS PENICILLINS was 1st antibiotic to be used in man with revolution 3rd the Ht of injection. Classification : •Penicillase sensitive penicillin Penicillin…

INTRODUCTION • Diabetic nephropathy is a clinical syndrome characterized by persistent albuminuria (>300 mg/d or >200 mcg/min) that is confirmed on at least 2 occasions…

Kidney anatomy The kidneys are responsible for removing wastes from the body, regulating electrolyte balance and blood pressure, and stimulating red blood cell production.…

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM Calculate the Cardiac output using the following values. Stroke volume= 70ml Heart rate =70/min CARDIACOUTPUT= STROKEVOLUME× HEART RATE = 70 × 70…

Renal Failure Acute Renal Failure Is a condition in which the kidneys are unable to remove accumulated metabolites from the blood, leading to altered fluid, electrolyte,…

Lewis et al: Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems, 7th edition Key Points Chapter 17: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances •…

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW 1.1. Introduction: End stage renal disease (ESRD) is a major health problem and each year the number of patients is increasing.…

1. Thyroid Gland By:Khuram Aziz M.Phill Biochemistry Scientist by IBC Life sciencesMember of Pakistan Young Scientist Association 2. Outline• Location• Structure• Synthesis•…