Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 12:1–24, 2008 Copyright © A.S. Elnashai & N.N. Ambraseys ISSN: 1363-2469 print / 1559-808X online DOI: 10.1080/13632460701672714…
In science, buckling is a mathematical instability, leading to a failure mode. Theoretically, buckling is caused by abifurcation in the solution to the equations of static…