Maclaurin Expansions
Given a "nice" function f(x) (e.g. y = sin(x)) and x = a, we want to find a numerical method in calculating f(x)for x around a.
Maclaurin Expansions
Given a "nice" function f(x) (e.g. y = sin(x)) and x = a, we want to find a numerical method in calculating f(x)for x around a.
Maclaurin Expansions
It turns out that being "nice" in this case means that the derivative exists.
Given a "nice" function f(x) (e.g. y = sin(x)) and x = a, we want to find a numerical method in calculating f(x)for x around a.
Maclaurin Expansions
It turns out that being "nice" in this case means that the derivative exists. The higher the derivative we can find, the nicer the function is, the better the approximation we may achieve.
Given a "nice" function f(x) (e.g. y = sin(x)) and x = a, we want to find a numerical method in calculating f(x)for x around a.
Maclaurin Expansions
It turns out that being "nice" in this case means that the derivative exists. The higher the derivative we can find, the nicer the function is, the better the approximation we may achieve. We will assume our functions are of the best kind, i.e. they're infinitely differentiable and we will approximate the points around x = 0.
Given a "nice" function f(x) (e.g. y = sin(x)) and x = a, we want to find a numerical method in calculating f(x)for x around a.
Maclaurin Expansions
It turns out that being "nice" in this case means that the derivative exists. The higher the derivative we can find, the nicer the function is, the better the approximation we may achieve. We will assume our functions are of the best kind, i.e. they're infinitely differentiable and we will approximate the points around x = 0.Given such a nice function, we'll try to find polynomials of higher and higher degree that give better and better approximation.
Given a "nice" function f(x) (e.g. y = sin(x)) and x = a, we want to find a numerical method in calculating f(x)for x around a.
Maclaurin Expansions
It turns out that being "nice" in this case means that the derivative exists. The higher the derivative we can find, the nicer the function is, the better the approximation we may achieve. We will assume our functions are of the best kind, i.e. they're infinitely differentiable and we will approximate the points around x = 0.Given such a nice function, we'll try to find polynomials of higher and higher degree that give better and better approximation. We'll find the power series that is the same as the function in some cases.
Given a function f(x) that is infinitely differentiable at x = 0, we define the polynomial
=pn(x)
Maclaurine Expansions
Given a function f(x) that is infinitely differentiable at x = 0, we define the polynomial
= f(0)pn(x)
f(0)(0)0!
Maclaurine Expansions
Given a function f(x) that is infinitely differentiable at x = 0, we define the polynomial
f '(0)x= f(0)+pn(x)
f(0)(0)0!
f(1)(0)1!
Maclaurine Expansions
Given a function f(x) that is infinitely differentiable at x = 0, we define the polynomial
f '(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x)
f(0)(0)0!
f(1)(0)1!
Maclaurine Expansions
Given a function f(x) that is infinitely differentiable at x = 0, we define the polynomial
f '(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x)
f(0)(0)0!
f(3)(0)+ 3! x3..
f(1)(0)1!
Maclaurine Expansions
Given a function f(x) that is infinitely differentiable at x = 0, we define the polynomial
f '(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x)
f(0)(0)0!
f(3)(0)+ 3! x3.. f(n)(0)+ n! xn
f(1)(0)1!
Maclaurine Expansions
Given a function f(x) that is infinitely differentiable at x = 0, we define the polynomial
f '(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x)
f(0)(0)0!
f(3)(0)+ 3! x3.. f(n)(0)+ n! xn
f(1)(0)1!
or
pn(x) = Σk=0
n
xkk!
f(k)(0)
Maclaurine Expansions
Given a function f(x) that is infinitely differentiable at x = 0, we define the polynomial
f '(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x)
f(0)(0)0!
f(3)(0)+ 3! x3.. f(n)(0)+ n! xn
f(1)(0)1!
or
pn(x) = Σk=0
n
xkk!
f(k)(0)
This is called the n'th (degree) Maclaurin polynomial (Mac-poly) for f(x).
Maclaurine Expansions
Given a function f(x) that is infinitely differentiable at x = 0, we define the polynomial
f '(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x)
f(0)(0)0!
f(3)(0)+ 3! x3.. f(n)(0)+ n! xn
f(1)(0)1!
or
pn(x) = Σk=0
n
xkk!
f(k)(0)
This is called the n'th (degree) Maclaurin polynomial (Mac-poly) for f(x). If we set n to be , we get the Maclaurin series (Mac-series):
∞
P(x) = Σk=0 xk.k!
f(k)(0)∞
Maclaurine Expansions
Given a function f(x) that is infinitely differentiable at x = 0, we define the polynomial
f '(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x)
f(0)(0)0!
f(3)(0)+ 3! x3.. f(n)(0)+ n! xn
f(1)(0)1!
or
pn(x) = Σk=0
n
xkk!
f(k)(0)
This is called the n'th (degree) Maclaurin polynomial (Mac-poly) for f(x). If we set n to be , we get the Maclaurin series (Mac-series):
∞
P(x) = Σk=0 xk.k!
f(k)(0)∞
Maclaurine Expansions
We call them the Mac-expansions of f(x).
pn(x) is a polynomial whose values of the first n'th derivatives at x=0 are the same as f(x).
Maclaurine Expansions
pn(x) is a polynomial whose values of the first n'th derivatives at x=0 are the same as f(x).
= f(0)pn(0)In other words,
Maclaurine Expansions
pn(x) is a polynomial whose values of the first n'th derivatives at x=0 are the same as f(x).
f (0)
= f(0)
+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-1|x=0
pn(0)In other words,
=pn(0)(1) (1)
Maclaurine Expansions
pn(x) is a polynomial whose values of the first n'th derivatives at x=0 are the same as f(x).
f (0)
= f(0)
+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-1|x=0 = f (0)
pn(0)In other words,
=pn(0)(1) (1) (1)
Maclaurine Expansions
pn(x) is a polynomial whose values of the first n'th derivatives at x=0 are the same as f(x).
f (0)
= f(0)
+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-1|x=0 = f (0)
pn(0)In other words,
=pn(0)(1)
f (0)+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-2|x=0 =pn(0)(2) (2)
(1) (1)
Maclaurine Expansions
pn(x) is a polynomial whose values of the first n'th derivatives at x=0 are the same as f(x).
f (0)
= f(0)
+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-1|x=0 = f (0)
pn(0)In other words,
=pn(0)(1)
f (0)+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-2|x=0 = f (0)=pn(0)(2) (2) (2)
(1) (1)
Maclaurine Expansions
pn(x) is a polynomial whose values of the first n'th derivatives at x=0 are the same as f(x).
f (0)
= f(0)
+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-1|x=0 = f (0)
pn(0)In other words,
=pn(0)(1)
f (0)+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-2|x=0 = f (0)=pn(0)(2) (2) (2)
(1) (1)
and so on, up to pn(0) = f (0). (n) (n)
Maclaurine Expansions
pn(x) is a polynomial whose values of the first n'th derivatives at x=0 are the same as f(x).
f (0)
= f(0)
+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-1|x=0 = f (0)
pn(0)In other words,
=pn(0)(1)
f (0)+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-2|x=0 = f (0)=pn(0)(2) (2) (2)
(1) (1)
and so on, up to pn(0) = f (0). (n) (n)
In fact, pn(x) is the only degree n (or less) polynomial whose values of the first n'th derivatives agree with those of f(x) at x = 0.
Maclaurine Expansions
pn(x) is a polynomial whose values of the first n'th derivatives at x=0 are the same as f(x).
f (0)
= f(0)
+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-1|x=0 = f (0)
pn(0)In other words,
=pn(0)(1)
f (0)+ #x + #x2 + ..#xn-2|x=0 = f (0)=pn(0)(2) (2) (2)
(1) (1)
and so on, up to pn(0) = f (0). (n) (n)
In fact, pn(x) is the only degree n (or less) polynomial whose values of the first n'th derivatives agree with those of f(x) at x = 0. In similar arguments, the Mac-series is the only power series that has all derivatives agree with those of f(x) at x = 0.
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition.
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).Example: A. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 around x = 0.
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).Example: A. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 around x = 0.We need the derivatives of f(x):
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).Example: A. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 around x = 0.We need the derivatives of f(x):f (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 (1)
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).Example: A. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 around x = 0.We need the derivatives of f(x):f (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 f (0) = 1. (1) (1)
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).Example: A. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 around x = 0.We need the derivatives of f(x):f (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 f (0) = 1. (1) (1)
f (x) = 2 + 3*2x + 4*3x2 (2)
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).Example: A. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 around x = 0.We need the derivatives of f(x):f (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 f (0) = 1. (1) (1)
f (x) = 2 + 3*2x + 4*3x2 f (0) = 2! (2) (2)
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).Example: A. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 around x = 0.We need the derivatives of f(x):f (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 f (0) = 1. (1) (1)
f (x) = 2 + 3*2x + 4*3x2 f (0) = 2! (2) (2)
f (x) = 3*2 + 4*3*2x (3)
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).Example: A. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 around x = 0.We need the derivatives of f(x):f (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 f (0) = 1. (1) (1)
f (x) = 2 + 3*2x + 4*3x2 f (0) = 2! (2) (2)
f (x) = 3*2 + 4*3*2x f (0) = 3! (3) (3)
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).Example: A. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 around x = 0.We need the derivatives of f(x):f (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 f (0) = 1. (1) (1)
f (x) = 2 + 3*2x + 4*3x2 f (0) = 2! (2) (2)
f (x) = 3*2 + 4*3*2x f (0) = 3! (3) (3)
f (x) = 4*3*2 (4)
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).Example: A. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 around x = 0.We need the derivatives of f(x):f (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 f (0) = 1. (1) (1)
f (x) = 2 + 3*2x + 4*3x2 f (0) = 2! (2) (2)
f (x) = 3*2 + 4*3*2x f (0) = 3! (3) (3)
f (x) = 4*3*2 f (0) = 4! (4) (4)
Maclaurine Expansions
The following are some examples of the Mac-polys and Mac-series of basic functions calculated via the definition. Later, we will use these expansions to calculate the expansions of other functions (in stead of using the definition).Example: A. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 around x = 0.We need the derivatives of f(x):f (x) = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 f (0) = 1. (1) (1)
f (x) = 2 + 3*2x + 4*3x2 f (0) = 2! (2) (2)
f (x) = 3*2 + 4*3*2x f (0) = 3! (3) (3)
f (x) = 4*3*2 f (0) = 4! (4) (4)
f (x) = 0 for n > 5(n)
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
f '(0)x= f(0)+p1(x)
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
f '(0)x = 1 + 1x= f(0)+p1(x)
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
f '(0)x = 1 + 1x= f(0)+p1(x)
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2f '(0)x = f(0)+p2(x)
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
f '(0)x = 1 + 1x= f(0)+p1(x)
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2f '(0)x = f(0)+p2(x) = 1 + 1x + 2!2!
x2
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
f '(0)x = 1 + 1x= f(0)+p1(x)
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2f '(0)x = f(0)+p2(x) = 1 + 1x + 2!2!
x2
= 1 + x + x2
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
f '(0)x = 1 + 1x= f(0)+p1(x)
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2f '(0)x = f(0)+p2(x) = 1 + 1x + 2!2!
x2
= 1 + x + x2
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2 f(3)(0)+ 3! x3f '(0)x = f(0)+p3(x)
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
f '(0)x = 1 + 1x= f(0)+p1(x)
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2f '(0)x = f(0)+p2(x) = 1 + 1x + 2!2!
x2
= 1 + x + x2
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2 f(3)(0)+ 3! x3f '(0)x = f(0)+p3(x)
+ x2 + x31x = 1 + 2!2!
3!3!
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
f '(0)x = 1 + 1x= f(0)+p1(x)
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2f '(0)x = f(0)+p2(x) = 1 + 1x + 2!2!
x2
= 1 + x + x2
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2 f(3)(0)+ 3! x3f '(0)x = f(0)+p3(x)
+ x2 + x31x = 1 + 2!2!
3!3! = 1 + x + x2 + x3
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
f '(0)x = 1 + 1x= f(0)+p1(x)
=p4(x)
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2f '(0)x = f(0)+p2(x) = 1 + 1x + 2!2!
x2
= 1 + x + x2
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2 f(3)(0)+ 3! x3f '(0)x = f(0)+p3(x)
+ x2 + x31x = 1 + 2!2!
3!3! = 1 + x + x2 + x3
+ x2+ x31x 1+ 2!2!
3!3! + x44!
4!
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
f '(0)x = 1 + 1x= f(0)+p1(x)
=p4(x)
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2f '(0)x = f(0)+p2(x) = 1 + 1x + 2!2!
x2
= 1 + x + x2
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2 f(3)(0)+ 3! x3f '(0)x = f(0)+p3(x)
+ x2 + x31x = 1 + 2!2!
3!3! = 1 + x + x2 + x3
+ x2+ x31x 1+ 2!2!
3!3! + x44!
4!= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4
Maclaurine Expansions
Hence p0(x) = f(0) = 1
f '(0)x = 1 + 1x= f(0)+p1(x)
=p4(x)
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2f '(0)x = f(0)+p2(x) = 1 + 1x + 2!2!
x2
= 1 + x + x2
f(2)(0)+ 2! x2 f(3)(0)+ 3! x3f '(0)x = f(0)+p3(x)
+ x2 + x31x = 1 + 2!2!
3!3! = 1 + x + x2 + x3
+ x2+ x31x 1+ 2!2!
3!3! + x44!
4!= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4
For n > 5, pn(x)
= 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 = f(x)
Maclaurine Expansions
In general, if f(x) = a0 + ax + a2x2 + .. +akxk is a polynomial, thenp0(x) = a0
Maclaurine Expansions
In general, if f(x) = a0 + ax + a2x2 + .. +akxk is a polynomial, thenp0(x) = a0
p1(x) = a0 + a1x
Maclaurine Expansions
In general, if f(x) = a0 + ax + a2x2 + .. +akxk is a polynomial, thenp0(x) = a0
p1(x) = a0 + a1xp2(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2
Maclaurine Expansions
In general, if f(x) = a0 + ax + a2x2 + .. +akxk is a polynomial, thenp0(x) = a0
p1(x) = a0 + a1xp2(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2
..
Maclaurine Expansions
In general, if f(x) = a0 + ax + a2x2 + .. +akxk is a polynomial, thenp0(x) = a0
p1(x) = a0 + a1xp2(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2
..pk(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2.. + akxk = f(x)
Maclaurine Expansions
In general, if f(x) = a0 + ax + a2x2 + .. +akxk is a polynomial, thenp0(x) = a0
p1(x) = a0 + a1xp2(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2
..pk(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2.. + akxk = f(x)and for all n > k, pn(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2.. + akxk = f(x).
Maclaurine Expansions
In general, if f(x) = a0 + ax + a2x2 + .. +akxk is a polynomial, then
Example: B. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = ex around x = 0.
p0(x) = a0
p1(x) = a0 + a1xp2(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2
..pk(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2.. + akxk = f(x)and for all n > k, pn(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2.. + akxk = f(x).
Maclaurine Expansions
In general, if f(x) = a0 + ax + a2x2 + .. +akxk is a polynomial, then
Example: B. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = ex around x = 0.
We need the derivatives of f(x):
p0(x) = a0
p1(x) = a0 + a1xp2(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2
..pk(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2.. + akxk = f(x)and for all n > k, pn(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2.. + akxk = f(x).
Maclaurine Expansions
In general, if f(x) = a0 + ax + a2x2 + .. +akxk is a polynomial, then
Example: B. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = ex around x = 0.
We need the derivatives of f(x):f (x) = ex f (0) = 1 for all n. (n) (n)
p0(x) = a0
p1(x) = a0 + a1xp2(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2
..pk(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2.. + akxk = f(x)and for all n > k, pn(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2.. + akxk = f(x).
Maclaurine Expansions
f(1)(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x) f(3)(0)+ 3! x3.. f(n)(0)+ n! xn
Therefore the n'th Mac-polynomial of ex isMaclaurine Expansions
f(1)(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x) f(3)(0)+ 3! x3.. f(n)(0)+ n! xn
Therefore the n'th Mac-polynomial of ex is
x + 2!= 1 + x2
+ .. ++ 3!x3
n!xn
Maclaurine Expansions
f(1)(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x) f(3)(0)+ 3! x3.. f(n)(0)+ n! xn
P(x) = Σk=0 k! .
xk
Therefore the n'th Mac-polynomial of ex is
x + 2!= 1 + x2
+ .. ++ 3!x3
n!xn
The Mac-series of ex is∞
x + 2!1 + x2
+ .. ++ 3!x3
n! ..xn
=
Maclaurine Expansions
y = ex
y=x+1
The graphs of Mac-polys for y = ex
Maclaurine Expansions
y = ex
y=x+1
y=x2/2+x+1
Maclaurine Expansions
The graphs of Mac-polys for y = ex
y = ex
y=x+1
y=x2/2+x+1
y=x3/6+x2/2+x+1
Maclaurine Expansions
The graphs of Mac-polys for y = ex
f(1)(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x) f(3)(0)+ 3! x3.. f(n)(0)+ n! xn
P(x) = Σk=0 k! .
xk
Therefore the n'th Mac-polynomial of ex is
x + 2!= 1 + x2
+ .. ++ 3!x3
n!xn
The Mac-series of ex is∞
Example: C. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = sin(x), around x = 0.
x + 2!1 + x2
+ .. ++ 3!x3
n! ..xn
=
Maclaurine Expansions
f(1)(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x) f(3)(0)+ 3! x3.. f(n)(0)+ n! xn
P(x) = Σk=0 k! .
xk
Therefore the n'th Mac-polynomial of ex is
x + 2!= 1 + x2
+ .. ++ 3!x3
n!xn
The Mac-series of ex is∞
Example: C. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = sin(x), around x = 0.
We need the derivatives of sin(x).
x + 2!1 + x2
+ .. ++ 3!x3
n! ..xn
=
Maclaurine Expansions
f(1)(0)x f(2)(0)+ 2!= f(0)+ x2pn(x) f(3)(0)+ 3! x3.. f(n)(0)+ n! xn
P(x) = Σk=0 k! .
xk
Therefore the n'th Mac-polynomial of ex is
x + 2!= 1 + x2
+ .. ++ 3!x3
n!xn
The Mac-series of ex is∞
Example: C. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = sin(x), around x = 0.
We need the derivatives of sin(x). We can arrange them in a circle.
x + 2!1 + x2
+ .. ++ 3!x3
n! ..xn
=
Maclaurine Expansions
sin(x)
cos(x)
-sin(x)
-cos(x)
Maclaurine Expansions
sin(x)
cos(x)
-sin(x)
-cos(x)
derivative: 0th, 4th, 8th, ..
Maclaurine Expansions
sin(x)
cos(x)
-sin(x)
-cos(x)
derivative: 0th, 4th, 8th, ..
derivative: 1st, 5th, 9th, ..
Maclaurine Expansions
sin(x)
cos(x)
-sin(x)
-cos(x)
derivative: 0th, 4th, 8th, ..
derivative: 1st, 5th, 9th, ..
derivative: 2nd, 6th, 10th, ..
Maclaurine Expansions
sin(x)
cos(x)
-sin(x)
-cos(x)
derivative: 0th, 4th, 8th, ..
derivative: 1st, 5th, 9th, ..
derivative: 2nd, 6th, 10th, ..
derivative: 3rd, 7th, 11th, ..
Maclaurine Expansions
sin(x)
cos(x)
-sin(x)
-cos(x)
derivative: 0th, 4th, 8th, ..
derivative: 1st, 5th, 9th, ..
derivative: 2nd, 6th, 10th, ..
derivative: 3rd, 7th, 11th, ..
At x = 0:
Maclaurine Expansions
sin(x)
cos(x)
-sin(x)
-cos(x)
derivative: 0th, 4th, 8th, ..
derivative: 1st, 5th, 9th, ..
derivative: 2nd, 6th, 10th, ..
derivative: 3rd, 7th, 11th, ..
At x = 0: 0
1
0
-1
derivative: 0th, 4th, 8th, ..
derivative: 1st, 5th, 9th, ..
derivative: 2nd, 6th, 10th, ..
derivative: 3rd, 7th, 11th, ..
Maclaurine Expansions
Set 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, .. for f(n)(0) in the expansion:Maclaurine Expansions
1x 0+ 2!= 0 + x2P(x) -1+ 3!x3
Set 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, .. for f(n)(0) in the expansion:0+ 4!
x4 1+ 5!x5+ 6!
x60 + 7!x7..-1
Maclaurine Expansions
1x 0+ 2!= 0 + x2P(x) -1+ 3!x3
Set 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, .. for f(n)(0) in the expansion:0+ 4!
x4 1+ 5!x5+ 6!
x60 + 7!x7..-1
1x=P(x) – 3!x3
+ 5!x5
+..7!x7
–
Maclaurine Expansions
1x 0+ 2!= 0 + x2P(x) -1+ 3!x3
Set 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, .. for f(n)(0) in the expansion:0+ 4!
x4 1+ 5!x5+ 6!
x60 + 7!x7..-1
1x=P(x) – 3!x3
+ 5!x5
+..7!x7
–
The alternating odd numbers {1, -3, 5, -7, ..} may be written as {(-1)k(2k + 1)} for k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..
Maclaurine Expansions
1x 0+ 2!= 0 + x2P(x) -1+ 3!x3
Σk=0
∞
Set 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, .. for f(n)(0) in the expansion:0+ 4!
x4 1+ 5!x5+ 6!
x60 + 7!x7..-1
1x=P(x) – 3!x3
+ 5!x5
+..7!x7
–
The alternating odd numbers {1, -3, 5, -7, ..} may be written as {(-1)k(2k + 1)} for k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..
1x=P(x) – 3!x3
+ 5!x5
+ .. =7!x7
–
Maclaurine Expansions
1x 0+ 2!= 0 + x2P(x) -1+ 3!x3
Σk=0 (2k+1)!
(-1)kx2k+1
is the Mac-series of sin(x).
∞
Set 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, .. for f(n)(0) in the expansion:0+ 4!
x4 1+ 5!x5+ 6!
x60 + 7!x7..-1
1x=P(x) – 3!x3
+ 5!x5
+..7!x7
–
The alternating odd numbers {1, -3, 5, -7, ..} may be written as {(-1)k(2k + 1)} for k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..
1x=P(x) – 3!x3
+ 5!x5
+ .. =7!x7
–
Maclaurine Expansions
1x 0+ 2!= 0 + x2P(x) -1+ 3!x3
Σk=0 (2k+1)!
(-1)kx2k+1
is the Mac-series of sin(x).
∞
Set 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0, -1, .. for f(n)(0) in the expansion:0+ 4!
x4 1+ 5!x5+ 6!
x60 + 7!x7..-1
1x=P(x) – 3!x3
+ 5!x5
+..7!x7
–
The alternating odd numbers {1, -3, 5, -7, ..} may be written as {(-1)k(2k + 1)} for k = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..
1x=P(x) – 3!x3
+ 5!x5
+ .. =7!x7
–
Verify that the Mac-series of f(x) = cos(x) is
Σk=0 (2k)!
(-1)kx2k∞=P(x) +
4!x4
6!x6
8!x8
+ 1 – – – .. =2!x2
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Again, we compute and obtain a pattern of the derivatives first.
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Again, we compute and obtain a pattern of the derivatives first. f(x) = (1 – x)-1 so at x = 0, f(0) = 1
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Again, we compute and obtain a pattern of the derivatives first. f(x) = (1 – x)-1 so at x = 0, f(0) = 1f (x) = (1 – x)-2 (1)
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Again, we compute and obtain a pattern of the derivatives first. f(x) = (1 – x)-1 so at x = 0, f(0) = 1f (x) = (1 – x)-2 so at x = 0, f (x) = 1 (1) (1)
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Again, we compute and obtain a pattern of the derivatives first. f(x) = (1 – x)-1 so at x = 0, f(0) = 1f (x) = (1 – x)-2 so at x = 0, f (x) = 1 (1) (1)
f (x) = 2(1 – x)-3 (2)
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Again, we compute and obtain a pattern of the derivatives first. f(x) = (1 – x)-1 so at x = 0, f(0) = 1f (x) = (1 – x)-2 so at x = 0, f (x) = 1 (1) (1)
f (x) = 2(1 – x)-3 so at x = 0, f (x) = 2! (2) (2)
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Again, we compute and obtain a pattern of the derivatives first. f(x) = (1 – x)-1 so at x = 0, f(0) = 1f (x) = (1 – x)-2 so at x = 0, f (x) = 1 (1) (1)
f (x) = 2(1 – x)-3 so at x = 0, f (x) = 2! (2) (2)
f (x) = 3*2(1 – x)-4 (3)
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Again, we compute and obtain a pattern of the derivatives first. f(x) = (1 – x)-1 so at x = 0, f(0) = 1f (x) = (1 – x)-2 so at x = 0, f (x) = 1 (1) (1)
f (x) = 2(1 – x)-3 so at x = 0, f (x) = 2! (2) (2)
f (x) = 3*2(1 – x)-4 so at x = 0, f (x) = 3! (3) (3)
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Again, we compute and obtain a pattern of the derivatives first. f(x) = (1 – x)-1 so at x = 0, f(0) = 1f (x) = (1 – x)-2 so at x = 0, f (x) = 1 (1) (1)
f (x) = 2(1 – x)-3 so at x = 0, f (x) = 2! (2) (2)
f (x) = 3*2(1 – x)-4 so at x = 0, f (x) = 3! (3) (3)
In general, f (x) = n! (n)
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Again, we compute and obtain a pattern of the derivatives first. f(x) = (1 – x)-1 so at x = 0, f(0) = 1f (x) = (1 – x)-2 so at x = 0, f (x) = 1 (1) (1)
f (x) = 2(1 – x)-3 so at x = 0, f (x) = 2! (2) (2)
f (x) = 3*2(1 – x)-4 so at x = 0, f (x) = 3! (3) (3)
In general, f (x) = n! (n)
Therefore, P(x) = 1x + 2!1+ x2+ 3!x3+ 4!
x4 + … 2! 3! 4!
Maclaurine Expansions
Example: D. Find the Mac-expansion of f(x) = (1 – x)-1 around x = 0.
Again, we compute and obtain a pattern of the derivatives first. f(x) = (1 – x)-1 so at x = 0, f(0) = 1f (x) = (1 – x)-2 so at x = 0, f (x) = 1 (1) (1)
f (x) = 2(1 – x)-3 so at x = 0, f (x) = 2! (2) (2)
f (x) = 3*2(1 – x)-4 so at x = 0, f (x) = 3! (3) (3)
In general, f (x) = n! (n)
Therefore, P(x) = 1x + 2!1+ x2+ 3!x3+ 4!
x4 + … or2! 3! 4!
P(x) = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 .. is the Mac-series for (1- x) .
1
Maclaurine Expansions
Summary of the Mac-seriesI. For polynomials P, Mac-poly of degree k consists the first k-terms of the polynomial P. Mac-series of polynomials are themselves.
II. For ex, its Σk=0 k! .
xk∞x + 2!1 + x2
+ .. ++ 3!x3
n! ..xn
=
Σk=0 (2k+1)!
(-1)kx2k+1∞x –
3!x3
+ 5!x5
+ .. =7!x7
– III. For sin(x), its
IV. For cos(x), its Σk=0 (2k)!
(-1)kx2k∞
+ 4!x4
6!x6
8!x8
+ 1 – – – .. =2!x2
V. For , its(1 – x )
11 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 .. = Σ
k=0
∞xk
Computation Techniques for Maclaurin Expansions
VI. For Ln(1 + x), its + 3x3
4x4
5x5
+ x – – 2x2
.. Σk=1 k .
(-1)k+1xk∞
=