WLTP-DHC Validation Phase I
Results and Recommendations by India
DHC Subgroup 10th Meeting - VTF Meeting11 – 13th Oct 2011, Brussels
WLTP-DHC-10-13
Test Sequence as per WLTP-DHC-Validation1-01 Overview.ppt
*) Recommended run the current test procedure to confirm the proper vehicle operations** Can be skipped
Vehicles < 20 kW - warm up at 50 kmph, 15 min
Test Sequence actually followed for Validation I
Details of Test VehiclesVehicle 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Vehicle Category LDCV LDCV PC PC PC PC PC PC PC
Model name Ace Ape Truck Gio Nano Alto Wagon R EECO Swift i 20
Manufacturer TML Piaggio M&M TML MSIL MSIL MSIL MSIL HMIL
Vmax, km/h 70 70 59 105 135 145 132 160 166
Fuel Diesel Diesel Diesel Petrol Petrol Petrol CNG Diesel Petrol
Emission Norm BS-III BS-III BS-III BS-IV BS-IV BS-IV BS-IV BS-IV BS-IV
Engine cc 702 1034 441 623 796 996 1196 1248 1197
Max. power (kW/@ rpm)
11.57 / 3200
19.5 / 3600
6.8/ 3600
28 / 5500
35 / 6200
50 / 6200
54.43 / 6000
55 / 4000
59 / 5200
Kerb wt (kg) 840 850 640 615 795 870 1080 1033
Transmission 4MT 5 MT 4MT 4MT 5 MT 5 MT 5 MT 5MT 5 MT
After treatment DOC DOC DOC TWC TWC TWC DOC TWC
Maruti Suzuki Swift
Maruti Suzuki EECO CNG
Maruti Suzuki Wagon R TATA Nano
Maruti Suzuki Alto
Hyundai i20 Mahindra GIO
Piaggio APE
TATA ACE
Details of Test Vehicles
Key Concerns
Drivability
Max Speed
Gear Shift Pattern
Acceleration / Deceleration
Drivability
Japan Gear Shifting: GIO _Cold Start
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
Actual Speed km/h
Dyno Set Speed km/h
Time in secs
Vehi
cle
Spee
d in
km
/h
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 18000.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Actual Speed km/hDyno Set Speed km/hJapan Gearshift
Time in secs
Vehi
cle
Spee
d in
km
/h
Gea
r
Japan Gear Shifting: GIO _Cold Start
Steven Gear Shifting_GIO_Cold Start
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00Vehicle Actual Speed km/hr
Dyno Set Speed km/hr
Time in sec
Vehi
cle
Spee
d in
km
/hr
Based on Steven Gear Shift Calculation sheet only LOW phase is applicable
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
0
1
2
3
4
5
Vehicle Actual Speed km/hrDyno Set Speed km/hrJapan Low Phase GearSteven Low Phase Gear
Time in sec
Vehi
cle
Spee
d in
km
/hr
Gear
Based on Steven Gear Shift Calculation sheet only LOW phase is applicable
Steven Gear Shifting_GIO_Cold Start
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Cycle Time (sec)
Veh
icle
Sp
eed
(km
/h)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Gea
r P
osi
tio
n
Cycle Speed (km/h)
Actual Speed (km/h)
Gear Position
Ace_Japan_Cycle
Japan Gear Shifting_Ace_Cold Start
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Cycle Time (sec)
Veh
icle
Sp
eed
(km
/h)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Gea
r P
osi
tio
n
Cycle Speed (km/h)
Actual Speed (km/h)
Gear Position
Ace_Steven_Cycle
Steven Gear Shifting_Ace_Cold Start
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Cycle Time (sec)
Ve
hic
le S
pee
d (
km
/h)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ge
ar P
os
itio
n
Actual Speed (km/h)
Cycle Speed (km/h)
Gear Position
Nano_Japan_Cycle
Japan Gear Shifting_Nano_Cold Start
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Cycle Time (sec)
Ve
hic
le S
pe
ed
(k
m/h
)
0
1
2
3
4
5
Ge
ar
Po
sit
ion
Actual Speed (km/h)
Cycle Speed (km/h)
Gear Position
Nano_Steven_Cycle
Steven Gear Shifting_Nano_Cold Start
Japan Gear Shift _ Alto
It is difficult to meet target speed. Error is more than 10km/h in M and H Phases, even after driving vehicle in WOT.
UDC EUDC
Effect of Driving Cycle on Engine Operation_Alto
LowMiddle
HighEx High
Middle
WOT Conditions
RPM / Pedal position Scatter for Alto Petrol
Stringency of the new cycle is high on Small Cars esp. in M / H Phases
Difficult to follow steep deceleration
Difficult to follow steep deceleration
Japan Gear Shift – Ape_Low Phase
Could not attain target speed
Japan Gear Shift – Ape_Middle Phase
Difficulty in achieving
acceleration
Japan Gear Shift – Ape_High Phase
Could not attain target speed
Could not attain target acceleration
Steven Gear Shift – Ape_Low Phase
Difficult to follow steep deceleration
Difficult to follow steep deceleration
Steven Gear Shift – Ape_Middle Phase
Could not attain target speed
Difficulty in achieving
acceleration due to frequent gear
change
Max Speed
Driving Cycle Max Speed (kmph) WLTP Max Speeds are higher than current MIDC,NEDC, FTP & JP. Higher Max Speed and higher acceleration in WLTP, result in
drivability issues in compact vehicles, esp. in which engine will be operating at full load and max engine speed.
.
Low Middle High Ex-High Harmonized Cycle
Optional WLTP cycle
WLTC Ver2.0 50.9 72.5 97.4 132 90 120
Part1 Part2 Max. cycle
MIDC, India 50.0 90.0 90.0NEDC, Europe 50.0 120.0 120.0US FTP 91.2 91.2Japan JC 08 81.6 81.6
Based on Road Load Data submitted by CPs - Rationale of having the proposed Max Speed needs to be discussed.
WLTP Data: Speed Distribution (H Phase)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
10
0
11
0
12
0
13
0
14
0
15
0
16
0
17
0
18
0
Vehicle speed (km/h)
Fre
qu
en
cy (
%)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Cu
m. f
req
ue
ncy
(%
)
Unified High
Japan HighEU High
US High
Korea HighIndia High
Unif ied High
Analyzing the unified High Phase distribution, hardly 3% of the Indian driving Data exceeds 90km/h. For other regions this varies from 5% to 10%. There exists a strong rationale of lowering the max speed of the High Phase to 90km/h.
WLTP Data: Speed Distribution (High Phase)
WLTP – DHC – 09-02 Page 9
WLTP Data: Speed Distribution (Extra-High Phase)
WLTP – DHC – 09-02 Page 9
Analyzing the unified Extra-High Phase distribution, hardly 4% of the Driving Data exceeds 120km/h. There exists a strong rationale of lowering the max speed of the Extra High Phase to 120km/h.
Gear Shift Pattern
Gear Shift Pattern 3 different Gear Shift Patterns have been suggested:
PC (Fixed Gear Shifts) (Japan) LDCV (For Commercial Vehicles) (Japan) Stevens Gear Shift (Vehicle Dependent)
Observations on Steven’s proposal: Multiplicity of Test Patterns as it is dependent on vehicle parameters Power to Weight Ratio Gear Ratios Idle RPM / Max RPM. Calculation restricts the modes in WLTP cycle
This point needs to be discussed.
India Views & Recommendations
India’s Views and RecommendationsItem Concern Recommendation
Acceleration 1. Acceleration is Too High in Low Middle and High Phases. Even with WOT condition, not able to meet the drive cycle
a. L& M Phase for <20kW Enginesb. H & ExH for <60kW Engines
2. Abrupt change in Acceleration and Deceleration
1. Moderate Accelerations for all phases so as not to penalize the small capacity engine vehicles. Accelerations should be around 1.1 m/s2 in line with the Road Data collected
2. Smoothening of drive cycle is necessary
Max Speed 1. Speed in all phases are high.2. Not possible for vehicles to
meet the max speed.3. Not in line with the Road Data
collected.
1. High Phase should be limited to 90 km/h
2. For EX H should be limited to 120 km/h as per current NEDC
Item Concern Recommendation
Gear Shifting & Tolerance on Driving Trace
1. Number of gear shift points throughout WLTP cycle are too high (i.e. for PC =80, LDCV =84) - Driver fatigue.
2. Harmonisation of gear change points – Comparison of vehicles on same pattern not possible.
1. To Reduce it similar to NEDC cycle (i.e. ~ 23 for both PC & LDVC
2. Uniform Gear Shift Pattern to be evolved for PC and LDCV to avoid multiplicity of tests
3. Driving trace tolerance of 3 % shall be changed to ± 3 km/h at all speeds considering the dynamic nature of proposed WLTP driving cycle.
India’s Views and Recommendations
• The present Harmonized Driving Cycle is – Very stringent on Compact Vehicles and <20kW Engine Capacity Vehicles.– Will result in a shift to vehicles with bigger engines just to meet Driving
Cycle, compromising on CO2 emissions and Fuel Consumption from Fleet.
Parameters India MIDC
Europe NEDC
Japan JC08
USA FTP75
India’s Proposal
World Harmonized
Cycle
Optional WLTP Cycle
Time in s 1180 1180 1204 1877 1477 1800
Distance, km 10.6 11.0 8.2 17.9 15 22.7
Max Speed, km/h 90 120 81.6 91.2 90 120
No. of Phases 2 2 1 3 3 4
India’s Views and Recommendations - Summary
Thank You