WIRELESS MARKUP
LANGUAGE
Submitted by:-
Amanat Dabla6308202,C1IT ,final yr.
Neeru 6308851,C1IT ,final yr.
WML : WIRELESS MARKUP LANGUAGE
• XML based Language• Emphasis, Alignment, Tables• Buttons (Navigation mechanisms)• Actions• Variables• Script• Images - WBMP & local & alternate text
INTRODUCTION TO WAP WAP is a collection of protocols aimed at providing a captive,
restricted form of WEB for mobile phones and other devices such as Palms.
The wireless application protocol itself is a series of lower layer protocols that replace the TCP/IP layer and some of HTTP layer to better suit the wireless transport characteristics.
The WAP devices, such as phones, include a micro-browser that has both more and less functions than a WEB browser. On the content side WEB servers are standard, perhaps needing only the addition of a MIME type for WML. There is a WAP specific work done in the gateway.
The content is not provided in HTML, but in a specific Wireless Markup Language - WML. Because of the very limited screen real estate, instead of pages, the content is a ‘card’ which is much smaller, but are actually delivered in small decks of related cards.
WAP (WIRELESS APPLICATION PROTOCOL)
GatewayWAP
WEB
Server
Content
Browser
HTTP
IPWAP
DeckWML
GATEWAY• Identity• Compilation• Size restriction• Speed• Limit of size of the WEB accessible
gateway CaptiveWEB
wireless
Compress+Securitycookies
INTRODUCTION TO WAP PROTOCOL STACK The WAP Forum group have reinvented many of the protocol
layers to be more efficient and applicable to the limited capabilities of the WAP devices like phones and data quality of the link. In some cases within the stack they have reused existing standards.
Wireless Datagram Protocol (WDP): Moves single packets to and from the phone. This is the lowest level layer defined by WAP. It is implemented on whatever suitable mechanism is available on the underlying network. For TCP/IP networks, it maps directly to UDP packets.
Wireless Transaction Protocol (WTP): Implements a single request-response pair between phone and gateway. The request may be for a new page, or it may be something related to the higher level protocols.
Wireless Session Protocol (WSP): Takes care of handling actual requests for pages. Sessions are used to optimise bandwidth usage.
WBCF: Is the compiled form of the WML and WMLScript.
WAP PROTOCOL STACK
Wireless Markup Language
WAP Binary XML Content Format
Wireless Session Protocol (incl. HTTP1.1)
Wireless Transaction Protocol
Wireless Transport Layer Security
Wireless Datagram Protocol (or UDP)
Bearers - CDMA,SMS
HTML
HTTP
TCP
IP
WAP ARCHITECTURE & STACK
Micro Browser (WML, WMLScript, WTA, WTAI)
Runs on top of WDPProvided lightweight X-oriented service• Unreliable 1-way request• Reliable 1-way/2-way req./response
Lightweight SSLUses WIM/PKI-Cards
Datagram service on different bearersConvergence between bearer services
Different Wireless Tech.
WAP MICROBROWSERS Optimized for wireless devices. Minimal RAM, ROM, Display, CPU and
keys. Provides consistent service UI across
devices. Provides Internet compatibility. Enables wide array of available content
and applications. Opera browser , Palmscape , Microsoft
explorer 2.0 .
FORM PROCESSING<wml><card id="login" title="login"> <onevent type="onenterbackward"><prev/></onevent> <do type="accept" label="outbox" optional="false"> <go href="#outbox"/> </do> <p><img localsrc="outbox" src="" alt=""/>To:<input name="email" emptyok="false" maxlength="128" format="*a\@*a"/><br/>Password: <input name="pwd" type="password" maxlength="32" format="*N"/></p></card> <card id="outbox" title="Outbox" ontimer="#send"> <onevent type="onenterbackward"><prev/></onevent> <timer name="thinktime" value="100"/> <do type="accept" label="send"><go href="#send"/> </do> <p>Send '$(pwd)' to $(email)?</p></card> <card id="send"> <onevent type="onenterforward"> <go href="http://mango/cgi-bin/wap-send-email.sh?$(email)"/></onevent> <onevent type="onenterbackward"><prev/></onevent> <p>Failed to send to $(email).</p></card></wml>
WML : WIRELESS MARKUP LANGUAGE Tag-based browsing language:
Screen management (text, images) Data input (text, selection lists, etc.) Hyperlinks & navigation support
Takes into account limited display, navigation capabilities of devices
XML-based language describes only intent of interaction in an
abstract manner presentation depends upon device
capabilities Cards and Decks
document consists of many cards User interactions are split into cards Explicit navigation between cards cards are grouped to decks deck is similar to HTML page, unit of
content transmission Events, variables and state mgmt
Content (XML)
XSL Processor
HTTP Browser
HTML StyleSheet
WML Browsers
WML Stylesheet
WML The basic unit is a card. Cards are grouped together into Decks
Document ~ Deck (unit of transfer)
All decks must contain Document prologue
XML & document type declaration <WML> element
Must contain one or more cards
<?xml version="1.0"?><!DOCTYPE WML PUBLIC "-//WAPFORUM//DTD WML 1.0//EN"
"http://www.wapforum.org/DTD/wml.xml">
<WML> ... </WML>
WML File Structure
FEATURES
Setting card styles to create forms Using variables to cache user data Using card intrinsic events to trigger
transparent tasks Using timers Securing WML decks Bookmarking decks
LIMITATIONS OF TECHNOLOGY
Screen size, resolution, colour Input devices Bandwidth Deck size
FUTURE
More bandwidth (3G wireless)- • GPRS - General Packet Radio Service• UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecom
System User Agent Profiles Security Location determination Local services/always on
REFERENCES
BooksMobile communications: Jochen Schiller, Addison Wesley 2000Understanding WAP:
Official Website (specifications)www.wapforum.org
Technical/Developer Info and toolswww.palopt.com.au/wapwww.wap.net
Major playerswww.nokia.com/wapwww.ericsson.se/wapphone.com
OpenSource effortwww.wapgateway.org (Kannel WAP gateway project)
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