Page 1
Technologies and measurements
on wireless systems for home
and industrial applications
Communication challenges in a crowded environment
bull Multipath
bull Interference
Overview of wireless technologies being used
bull Introduction to digital RF modulation
bull Medium Access and Channelization techniques
(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping OFDM)
bull Standards adopted (ZigBee RFID WiFi)
bull Smart Grid and Smart Meters
Test challenges and solutions
bull Spectrum analyzer measurements
bull Modulation quality test and troubleshooting
bull Interference measurements
bull DC Power analyzers
bull Scopes for Serial bus analysis
Agenda
Page 2
Typical Home and Industrial Applicationshellip
Page 3
Building Management
Asset Management
Hotel Energy Management
Entertainment
(Toys Games
Video Internet)Industrial Applications
Examples of Home Automation
Page 4
IEEE 802xx ndash A family of Wireless Standards
Page 5
What is fading
Page 6
Frequency
TimeAmplitude
LOS
NLOS
NLOS
Multipath in a wireless environment
bull A transmission in a wireless environment is mainly
limited by multiple reflections ie multi-path interference
Page 7
Fade
Non-
fade
period
Threshold
At receiver
time
Rx
Power
The Challenge of communicate
in a crowded environment
Supposehellipyou are all wireless devicesbull You are all blindfolded
bull You are nearly deaf
bull You talk by whispering
bull You canrsquot hear each other
SupposehellipIrsquom another devicebull Irsquom blindfolded
bull I donrsquot know who is in the room
bull I need to yell so you can hear me
bull If two of you talk at once I canrsquot understand you
bull Irsquom not allowed to say your name
bull I may hear many others like me screaming in the
same room
I need to identify everybody in the room
What do I do
Issues for Standards
bull Selecting and identifiying devices ndash collision control
bull Multiple devices in area - how to allow for a large number
of closely spaced transmitters
bull Minimal interference and optimized data rate for high
noise or high speed comms
bull Variable data rates - Used to handle different needs in
varied environments
bull Password and security
Strategies for Avoiding Interference
bull Frequency multiplex (manual or auto)
bull Listen before talk
bull Time multiplex (duty cycle transmit)
bull Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
bull Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
bull Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Introduction to Digital Modulation
signal characteristics to modify
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Both Amplitude
and Phase
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Communication challenges in a crowded environment
bull Multipath
bull Interference
Overview of wireless technologies being used
bull Introduction to digital RF modulation
bull Medium Access and Channelization techniques
(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Frequency Hopping OFDM)
bull Standards adopted (ZigBee RFID WiFi)
bull Smart Grid and Smart Meters
Test challenges and solutions
bull Spectrum analyzer measurements
bull Modulation quality test and troubleshooting
bull Interference measurements
bull DC Power analyzers
bull Scopes for Serial bus analysis
Agenda
Page 2
Typical Home and Industrial Applicationshellip
Page 3
Building Management
Asset Management
Hotel Energy Management
Entertainment
(Toys Games
Video Internet)Industrial Applications
Examples of Home Automation
Page 4
IEEE 802xx ndash A family of Wireless Standards
Page 5
What is fading
Page 6
Frequency
TimeAmplitude
LOS
NLOS
NLOS
Multipath in a wireless environment
bull A transmission in a wireless environment is mainly
limited by multiple reflections ie multi-path interference
Page 7
Fade
Non-
fade
period
Threshold
At receiver
time
Rx
Power
The Challenge of communicate
in a crowded environment
Supposehellipyou are all wireless devicesbull You are all blindfolded
bull You are nearly deaf
bull You talk by whispering
bull You canrsquot hear each other
SupposehellipIrsquom another devicebull Irsquom blindfolded
bull I donrsquot know who is in the room
bull I need to yell so you can hear me
bull If two of you talk at once I canrsquot understand you
bull Irsquom not allowed to say your name
bull I may hear many others like me screaming in the
same room
I need to identify everybody in the room
What do I do
Issues for Standards
bull Selecting and identifiying devices ndash collision control
bull Multiple devices in area - how to allow for a large number
of closely spaced transmitters
bull Minimal interference and optimized data rate for high
noise or high speed comms
bull Variable data rates - Used to handle different needs in
varied environments
bull Password and security
Strategies for Avoiding Interference
bull Frequency multiplex (manual or auto)
bull Listen before talk
bull Time multiplex (duty cycle transmit)
bull Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
bull Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
bull Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Introduction to Digital Modulation
signal characteristics to modify
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Both Amplitude
and Phase
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Typical Home and Industrial Applicationshellip
Page 3
Building Management
Asset Management
Hotel Energy Management
Entertainment
(Toys Games
Video Internet)Industrial Applications
Examples of Home Automation
Page 4
IEEE 802xx ndash A family of Wireless Standards
Page 5
What is fading
Page 6
Frequency
TimeAmplitude
LOS
NLOS
NLOS
Multipath in a wireless environment
bull A transmission in a wireless environment is mainly
limited by multiple reflections ie multi-path interference
Page 7
Fade
Non-
fade
period
Threshold
At receiver
time
Rx
Power
The Challenge of communicate
in a crowded environment
Supposehellipyou are all wireless devicesbull You are all blindfolded
bull You are nearly deaf
bull You talk by whispering
bull You canrsquot hear each other
SupposehellipIrsquom another devicebull Irsquom blindfolded
bull I donrsquot know who is in the room
bull I need to yell so you can hear me
bull If two of you talk at once I canrsquot understand you
bull Irsquom not allowed to say your name
bull I may hear many others like me screaming in the
same room
I need to identify everybody in the room
What do I do
Issues for Standards
bull Selecting and identifiying devices ndash collision control
bull Multiple devices in area - how to allow for a large number
of closely spaced transmitters
bull Minimal interference and optimized data rate for high
noise or high speed comms
bull Variable data rates - Used to handle different needs in
varied environments
bull Password and security
Strategies for Avoiding Interference
bull Frequency multiplex (manual or auto)
bull Listen before talk
bull Time multiplex (duty cycle transmit)
bull Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
bull Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
bull Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Introduction to Digital Modulation
signal characteristics to modify
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Both Amplitude
and Phase
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Examples of Home Automation
Page 4
IEEE 802xx ndash A family of Wireless Standards
Page 5
What is fading
Page 6
Frequency
TimeAmplitude
LOS
NLOS
NLOS
Multipath in a wireless environment
bull A transmission in a wireless environment is mainly
limited by multiple reflections ie multi-path interference
Page 7
Fade
Non-
fade
period
Threshold
At receiver
time
Rx
Power
The Challenge of communicate
in a crowded environment
Supposehellipyou are all wireless devicesbull You are all blindfolded
bull You are nearly deaf
bull You talk by whispering
bull You canrsquot hear each other
SupposehellipIrsquom another devicebull Irsquom blindfolded
bull I donrsquot know who is in the room
bull I need to yell so you can hear me
bull If two of you talk at once I canrsquot understand you
bull Irsquom not allowed to say your name
bull I may hear many others like me screaming in the
same room
I need to identify everybody in the room
What do I do
Issues for Standards
bull Selecting and identifiying devices ndash collision control
bull Multiple devices in area - how to allow for a large number
of closely spaced transmitters
bull Minimal interference and optimized data rate for high
noise or high speed comms
bull Variable data rates - Used to handle different needs in
varied environments
bull Password and security
Strategies for Avoiding Interference
bull Frequency multiplex (manual or auto)
bull Listen before talk
bull Time multiplex (duty cycle transmit)
bull Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
bull Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
bull Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Introduction to Digital Modulation
signal characteristics to modify
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Both Amplitude
and Phase
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
IEEE 802xx ndash A family of Wireless Standards
Page 5
What is fading
Page 6
Frequency
TimeAmplitude
LOS
NLOS
NLOS
Multipath in a wireless environment
bull A transmission in a wireless environment is mainly
limited by multiple reflections ie multi-path interference
Page 7
Fade
Non-
fade
period
Threshold
At receiver
time
Rx
Power
The Challenge of communicate
in a crowded environment
Supposehellipyou are all wireless devicesbull You are all blindfolded
bull You are nearly deaf
bull You talk by whispering
bull You canrsquot hear each other
SupposehellipIrsquom another devicebull Irsquom blindfolded
bull I donrsquot know who is in the room
bull I need to yell so you can hear me
bull If two of you talk at once I canrsquot understand you
bull Irsquom not allowed to say your name
bull I may hear many others like me screaming in the
same room
I need to identify everybody in the room
What do I do
Issues for Standards
bull Selecting and identifiying devices ndash collision control
bull Multiple devices in area - how to allow for a large number
of closely spaced transmitters
bull Minimal interference and optimized data rate for high
noise or high speed comms
bull Variable data rates - Used to handle different needs in
varied environments
bull Password and security
Strategies for Avoiding Interference
bull Frequency multiplex (manual or auto)
bull Listen before talk
bull Time multiplex (duty cycle transmit)
bull Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
bull Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
bull Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Introduction to Digital Modulation
signal characteristics to modify
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Both Amplitude
and Phase
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
What is fading
Page 6
Frequency
TimeAmplitude
LOS
NLOS
NLOS
Multipath in a wireless environment
bull A transmission in a wireless environment is mainly
limited by multiple reflections ie multi-path interference
Page 7
Fade
Non-
fade
period
Threshold
At receiver
time
Rx
Power
The Challenge of communicate
in a crowded environment
Supposehellipyou are all wireless devicesbull You are all blindfolded
bull You are nearly deaf
bull You talk by whispering
bull You canrsquot hear each other
SupposehellipIrsquom another devicebull Irsquom blindfolded
bull I donrsquot know who is in the room
bull I need to yell so you can hear me
bull If two of you talk at once I canrsquot understand you
bull Irsquom not allowed to say your name
bull I may hear many others like me screaming in the
same room
I need to identify everybody in the room
What do I do
Issues for Standards
bull Selecting and identifiying devices ndash collision control
bull Multiple devices in area - how to allow for a large number
of closely spaced transmitters
bull Minimal interference and optimized data rate for high
noise or high speed comms
bull Variable data rates - Used to handle different needs in
varied environments
bull Password and security
Strategies for Avoiding Interference
bull Frequency multiplex (manual or auto)
bull Listen before talk
bull Time multiplex (duty cycle transmit)
bull Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
bull Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
bull Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Introduction to Digital Modulation
signal characteristics to modify
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Both Amplitude
and Phase
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Multipath in a wireless environment
bull A transmission in a wireless environment is mainly
limited by multiple reflections ie multi-path interference
Page 7
Fade
Non-
fade
period
Threshold
At receiver
time
Rx
Power
The Challenge of communicate
in a crowded environment
Supposehellipyou are all wireless devicesbull You are all blindfolded
bull You are nearly deaf
bull You talk by whispering
bull You canrsquot hear each other
SupposehellipIrsquom another devicebull Irsquom blindfolded
bull I donrsquot know who is in the room
bull I need to yell so you can hear me
bull If two of you talk at once I canrsquot understand you
bull Irsquom not allowed to say your name
bull I may hear many others like me screaming in the
same room
I need to identify everybody in the room
What do I do
Issues for Standards
bull Selecting and identifiying devices ndash collision control
bull Multiple devices in area - how to allow for a large number
of closely spaced transmitters
bull Minimal interference and optimized data rate for high
noise or high speed comms
bull Variable data rates - Used to handle different needs in
varied environments
bull Password and security
Strategies for Avoiding Interference
bull Frequency multiplex (manual or auto)
bull Listen before talk
bull Time multiplex (duty cycle transmit)
bull Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
bull Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
bull Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Introduction to Digital Modulation
signal characteristics to modify
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Both Amplitude
and Phase
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
The Challenge of communicate
in a crowded environment
Supposehellipyou are all wireless devicesbull You are all blindfolded
bull You are nearly deaf
bull You talk by whispering
bull You canrsquot hear each other
SupposehellipIrsquom another devicebull Irsquom blindfolded
bull I donrsquot know who is in the room
bull I need to yell so you can hear me
bull If two of you talk at once I canrsquot understand you
bull Irsquom not allowed to say your name
bull I may hear many others like me screaming in the
same room
I need to identify everybody in the room
What do I do
Issues for Standards
bull Selecting and identifiying devices ndash collision control
bull Multiple devices in area - how to allow for a large number
of closely spaced transmitters
bull Minimal interference and optimized data rate for high
noise or high speed comms
bull Variable data rates - Used to handle different needs in
varied environments
bull Password and security
Strategies for Avoiding Interference
bull Frequency multiplex (manual or auto)
bull Listen before talk
bull Time multiplex (duty cycle transmit)
bull Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
bull Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
bull Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Introduction to Digital Modulation
signal characteristics to modify
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Both Amplitude
and Phase
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Issues for Standards
bull Selecting and identifiying devices ndash collision control
bull Multiple devices in area - how to allow for a large number
of closely spaced transmitters
bull Minimal interference and optimized data rate for high
noise or high speed comms
bull Variable data rates - Used to handle different needs in
varied environments
bull Password and security
Strategies for Avoiding Interference
bull Frequency multiplex (manual or auto)
bull Listen before talk
bull Time multiplex (duty cycle transmit)
bull Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
bull Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
bull Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Introduction to Digital Modulation
signal characteristics to modify
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Both Amplitude
and Phase
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Strategies for Avoiding Interference
bull Frequency multiplex (manual or auto)
bull Listen before talk
bull Time multiplex (duty cycle transmit)
bull Frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS)
bull Direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS)
bull Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
Introduction to Digital Modulation
signal characteristics to modify
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Both Amplitude
and Phase
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Introduction to Digital Modulation
signal characteristics to modify
Amplitude
Frequency
Phase
Both Amplitude
and Phase
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Digital vs Analog
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14-15
-1
-05
0
05
1
15
Time
Vo
lta
ge
Analog Faithful reproduction of signal
at RX
Digital Decide which symbol was sent
from a pre-defined alphabet
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Bandwidth of a Signal
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 40
02
04
06
08
1
Re
sp
on
se
Time (tTb)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
05
1
Re
sp
on
se
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fTb)
bull Bandwidth of pulse of duration Tb is infinite
bull Spectrum has sinc(x) shape extending from - to +
bull First sidelobe -13 dB down rolls off at 20 dBdec
bull Some form of filtering is required
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Bandwidth Requirements and Pulse Shaping
Channel BW 0 to B Hz
Bit rate (NRZ) Rb
Bit period (NRZ) Tb=1Rb
eg
Rb=10 kbs Tb=01 ms
Max sine wave freq
f=Rb2=5 kHz
Theory B=Rb2
Practice B=07-08Rb
Time
Voltage
Tb
T=2Tb f=05Rb
sine NRZ Apr 10 2001
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Nyquist Brickwall Filter
bull Nyquist filter - achieves zero crossings at integer multiples of symbol period
bull eg lsquobrickwallrsquo filter with cut-off at RS2
bull Zero crossings at symbol interval - no ISI at sample point
-6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6-04
-02
0
02
04
06
08
1
Normalised Time (tTb)
Imp
uls
e R
esp
on
se
0 05 1 15 2 25 3 35 4-50
-45
-40
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
5
Re
sp
on
se
(d
B)
Normalised Frequency (fRb)
Pulse Response Nyquist Brickwall Filter
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Digital Modulation
Signal Changes or Modifications
Phase
0 deg
Magnitude Change
Phase0 deg
Phase Change
Frequency Change
Both Change0 deg
0 deg
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Polar vs I-Q Format
0 deg
I
Q
Q-vector
I-vectorProject signal
to I and Q axes
Polar to Rectangular Conversion
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
The rectangular coder
01 00
1011
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0
Q
I
Mapping bits onto analog waveforms
I
Q
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Digital Modulation
IQ Method
2Carrier
Good Interface with Digital Signals and Circuits
Can be Implemented with Simple Circuits
Can be Modified for Bandwidth Efficiency
I(t)
Q(t)
sin(ωt)
cos(ωt)
I(t)sin (ωt)
Q(t)cos(ωt)
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
WHY THE MOVE TO
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
bull Increased capacity for usersbull More secure communicationsbull Additional data servicesbull Reduced fraudbull Commonality of Systems
bull Five main reasons
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Channelization Media access methods
FDMA - Frequency Division Multiple Access narrow bandwidth channels analog directive antennas
complex frequency reuse planning
TDMA - Time Division Multiple Access further increases system capacity by digital access methods adds a
time sharing element each channel is shared in time by multiple users
CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access uses codes to distinguish one user from another frequency
divisions are still used but bandwidth is much wider (5 MHz for W-CDMA) one frequency can be used in all
sectors of all cells
Power
TDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
FDMA
Time
Frequency
Power
CDMA
Time
Frequency
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Spread Spectrum Technology
Spread Spectrum was derived from military radio applications
Spread Spectrum uses a modulation technique that occupies
more bandwidth than that needed for transmission
To achieve a larger bandwidth Spread Spectrum uses a code in
the transmitter that must be known by the receiver
The two Spread Spectrum techniques used in Wireless systems
are
bull Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
bull Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
22
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Advantages of Spread Spectrum Technology
bull Low power spectral density
bull Protection against multipath interference
bull Interference resistant
bull Better security and privacy
bull Facilitates the use of Code Division Multiple Access
Attenuates interference
23
Why do we spread the signal
- Overcrowded Frequency Spectrum
Advantages of Spread Spectrum
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is
generated by multiplying
narrowband user data with
a well-defined wideband
pseudo-random sequence
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
25
Wire
Source
Information Bits
I-Q Modulator
CarrierCode Generator
Bit Stream
Transmit
DSSS
Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence
Spread Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
26
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
27
Spreading
Code
1
-1
Data X Code1
-1
Data Signal1
-1X
=
1
-1
Despreading
Code
X=
Recovered
Data
1
-1
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
28
What happens if received codes and locally generated codes
are not synchronized or uncorrelated
1
-1
1
-1
Synchronized
User data = ldquo1rdquo
Not Synchronized
1
-1
1
-1
1
-1
User data = ldquordquo
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
Re
ce
ive
d
co
de
s
Lo
ca
l
co
de
s
Use
r
da
ta
X
1
-1
X
1
-1
Detection
Threshold
Detection
Threshold
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
29
bull Carrier frequency of the modulated information signal is not constant it changes (hops) periodically
bull The hopping pattern is determined by a spreading code signal
Time
Fre
quency
Frequency Hopping
Fre
quency
Time
Direct Sequence
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
30
Frequency
Synthesizer
Code
Generator
Block Diagram of a Frequency
Hopping Transmitter System
Transmit
FHSS
Signal
Source
Information Modulator
Carrier
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
31
Received
FHSS
signal
Frequency
SynthesizerCode Generator
Synchronized
Tracking
Data
Block Diagram of a Frequency Hopping Receiver System
Demodulator
Carrier
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Channel delay spread and bit rate
is the delay spread for the propagation channel
Ts is the symbol period for the transmission
High bit-rate streams are sensitive to irreducible distortion due to multipath
Ts
Ts
Ts
Ts
Reception Ok
with equalization
Reception is Distorted
NOT recoverable
A)
B)
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
From Single Carrier Modulation (SCM) to
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
bull A single high-rate information stream modulated on a
single carrier is too sensitive to multipath
bull IDEA divide it in multiple lower-rate information streams
Page 33
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
Coder
(QAM)
X
X
X
f0
f1
f2
RSerial
To
Parallel
RN
RN
RN
XfRF
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
FDM Bandwidth Efficiency Example N=3
Page 34
B 2B
fRFfIF
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
fRFf0f1
f2
BWTOTgt2B
Not very efficient
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Advance from FDM to Orthogonal FDM (OFDM)
bull If the sub-carrier frequencies are chosen from an
orthogonal set individual sub-bands can be partially super-
imposed
Page 35
What does it mean that frequencies are orthogonal
B3
B3
B3
2B3 2B3 2B3
f0
f1
f2
fRF
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Spectrum has a Sin(x)x Shape
Page 36
T
1T
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
OFDM Orthogonal Carriers
Page 37
bullClosely spaced carriers overlap
bullNulls in each carrierrsquos spectrum land
at the center of all other carriers for
Zero Inter-Carrier Interference
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
OFDM vs Single Carrier Modulation
Frequency Domain View
Page 38
1 carrier N carriers
BW =
SymRate(1+ )
BW =
carriers x spacing
Adj Chan =
Distortion
Adj Chan =
Normal Rolloff
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Communication Concepts
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Processing
Compression
Error Corr
Encode
SymbolsAD
ModI I
Q Q
IF RF
Convert to Digital if necessary (signal coding)
DSP Channel Coding (compression error corr)
Map to I amp Q
Modulation Shaping Filter
Modulate
Convert to RF
Filter Amplify Send to Antenna
DA
Somewhere here
Transmitter Basics
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
AGC Demod Q
I I
QDecode
Bits
Adaption
Process
DecompressDA
IFRF
Convert to IF
Filter
Carrier Symbol Recovery
Demodulate
Decode Bits
Convert to Analog (if necessary)
AD
Somewhere here
Receivers Basics
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Wireless standards adopted in home and
industrial environments
Page 42
80216
Burst data rate bitss
Po
we
r c
on
su
mp
tio
n i
n d
up
lex
1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M100
1W
01W
10mW
80211a HiperLAN2
10W
WAN
Proprietary
ISM
80211b
DECT
LAN
ZigBee
UWB
PAN
RFID
3G
HSDPAEVD
O3G
GPRSGSM
EDRBluetooth
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
IEEE 802154 Standard Activity
Amendments Application Comment
802154-2006 Built on 2003 release
Added channel pages
PHY amp MAC for Low Rate
WPAN Basis for Zigbee
Wireless Heart amp 6LoWPAN
(6LoWPAN =gt IP traffic)
802154a Added DSSS amp Chirp UWB
802154b Maintenance amp security
802154c-2009 Added bands for China Released 2009
802154d-2009 Added bands for Japan Released 2009 Co-exists
with radio tags
802154e MAC for Industrial Applications
802154f Active RFID
802154g Smart Utility Networks SUN
Adding 3 new PHYs for longer
range MR-FSK OFDM O-QPSK
2-FSK4-FSK expected to
dominate
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
802154 Channels Pages amp Modulation
2006 Channel pages added
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
0
0 EU 868 MHz BPSK
1 ndash 10 US 915 MHz BPSK
11 ndash 26 WW 24 GHz O-QPSK
1
0 868 MHz ASK
1 - 10 915 MHz ASK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
2
0 868 MHz O-QPSK
1 - 10 915 MHz O-QPSK
11 ndash 26 Reserved
3 0 ndash 13 24GHz CSSS
Channel Freq Mod
Page Number
4
0 lt 1GHz UWB
1 - 4Low band
UWB
5-15High band
UWB
5China
0-3 780 MHz O-QPSK
4-7 780 MHz MPSK
6 Japan
0-9 950 MHz BPSK
10-21 950 MHz GFSK
7-31 Reserved
2009
Ref IEEE 15-09-0633-00-004g
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Definition of The Smart Grid
What It Is
The application of secure distributed and networked
measurement amp control to energy generation and supply
What Is It For
To efficiently and reliably manage energy generation and use
while accommodating many new forms of localized energy
source storage and consumption
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Smartening The Grid
Existing Smart
Energy Generation
amp SupplyCentralised
Mix of centralised amp local
(renewable)
CommunicationsProprietary
Closed
Open standards for
interoperability This is the focus of the Smart Grid
Interoperability Panel in the US
ControlClosed
systems
Millions of distributed
control circuits
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
The Smart Grid = A Smart Meter
The Smart Grid combines networked communication with
everything involved in energy generation transmission
distribution and use
A Smart Meter is installed at customer premises using M2M
(machine to machine) communication
bull Readings are Automated They can be made more often than is needed
for billing with the data giving user feedback about how much and when
energy is being used (eg Google Power Meter)
bull Control may be integrated to switch off certain loads at peak times This
is called ldquoDemand-Responserdquo
bull A Smart Meter can be used to measure electrical feed-in (power going
back into the grid from a local energy source)
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Smart Meter Communication Links (not always radio)
Pole mounted
relay Santa Rosa
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
What is Zigbee
A low data rate networking standard designed for
appliance control like industrial lighting
Promoted by a Special Interest Group like Bluetooth
Optimized for long (several years off an AA cell) battery
life in the devices
900MHz and 24GHz (most popular) operation
DSSS like 80211b but not as wide Doesnrsquot frequency
hop
Page 50
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
ZigBee Frequencies and Data Rates
Page 51
BAND COVERAGE DATA RATE OF CHANNEL(S)
24 GHz ISM Worldwide 250 kbps 16
868 MHz Europe 20 kbps 1
915 MHz ISM Americas 40 kbps 10
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
IEEE 802154 amp ZigBee Alliance
Conforms to IEEE 802154 defining physical amp MAC layer
Page 53
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp Security
Medium Access Control MAC IEEE
802154
Zigbee
Alliance
Defined
User Defined
Some
vendor
specific
ZigBee specification 10 was released in December
2004Physical Protocol Data Unit
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Network Layer - Topology Models
Page 54
PHY Layer
Application amp Profiles
Application Framework
Network amp SecurityMedium Access Control MAC
Allows the network to grow
without requiring high power
transmitters
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 55
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Network Layer ndash Mesh Networks
Page 56
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 57
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
ZigBee Applications
Page 58
ZigBeeWireless Control that
Simply Works
RESIDENTIAL
LIGHT
COMMERCIAL
CONTROL
CONSUMER
ELECTRONICS
TV
VCR
DVDCD
remote
Security HVAC
lighting control
access control
lawn amp garden
irrigation
PC amp
PERIPHERALS
INDUSTRIAL
CONTROL
asset mgt
process
control
environmental
energy mgt
PERSONAL
HEALTH CARE
BUILDING
AUTOMATION
security
HVAC
AMR
lighting control
access control
mouse
keyboard
joystick
patient
monitoring
Fitness
monitoring
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Why do we need ZigBee
Page 59
1 No standard approach today that addresses the
unique needs of most remote monitoring and control
applications
2 Enables the broad-based deployment of reliable
wireless networks with low complexity low cost
solutions
3 Provides the ability to run for years on inexpensive
primary batteries for typical monitoring applications
4 Capable of inexpensively supporting robust mesh
networking technologies
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
ZigBee and Mesh networking overcome
barriers to wireless adoption
Barrier 1 Reliability
People can move when wireless reception is poor machines typically cannot
Humans tolerate garbled communication machines do not
Barrier 2 Wireless expertise
Customers (and some installers) do not want to become wireless experts
Want ldquowireless control that simply worksrdquo
Page 60
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Data processing prior to modulation
Page 61
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
O-QPSK half-sine mod filter
Page 62
Imagine setting the I amp Q waveforms on an XY plot ndash you get a circle trajectory
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Whatrsquos RFID Radio Frequency IDentification
Interrogator
(Reader)
Transponder
(Tag)
Forward link
transmission from
Reader to Tag
Return link transmission from Tag
to Reader
(ldquobase stationrdquo) (ldquomobile stationrdquo)
RFID use examples
- Warehouses amp large stores tracking inventory
- Identification cards
- Tagging and tracking pets and livestock
- Airport security
- Toll payment
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
RFID Systems Description
Tags
ReadersInterrogators
bull Wireless transducer with antenna
bull Tag physical design dependent on
end-use
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
RFID TagsActive
bull On-board power source and transmitter
bull Higher range (lt100 m) but more expensive
bull More reliable in difficult RF environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Battery life to 10 years
Passive
bull Use power induced by the magnetic field of the reader or
battery-assist (passive-assist)
bull Read distance ~10 cm to lt10m
bull Better reliability especially in difficult physical environs
bull May contain memory on-board
bull Potentially unlimited life span
bull Cheaper
bull Size smaller than a coin as thin as paper
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Interrogator Signals
bull Communicate with the RFID device
bull Provide power so the RFID device can respond
ndash Inductive coupled
ndash Backscatter
A
B
ASK Meas Time with CW a
100
0
Display Real
ASK Meas Time d
Underlying CW provides energy to power tag Actual data required to establish
communication with tag
Verify
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
RFID Standards Summary at HF (1356 MHz) Band
For standards compliance and interoperability need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Line Coding
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
RFID Standards Summary at UHF band
Standard Direction Modulation Bit Rate Tari Line Coding
EPCglobal C1
Gen2
(ISO 18000-6 Type
C)
Forward DSB-ASK 625
12525 us
PIE
Return 4080120
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type A
Forward DSB-ASK 33 kbps PIE
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
ISO 18000-6
Type B
Forward DSB-ASK 1040 kbps Manchester
Return 40160
kbps
FM0
For standards compliance and interoperability
need to verify correct configuration of
Modulation Bit rate Tari Line Coding
Note ISO standards do not cover all RFID technologies
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Measurements on digital radio systems
Page 69
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Measurements domains
Time Domain
(CCDF pulse shaping timing)Frequency Domain
(Channel Power spectrum maskhellip)
Modulation Domainbull Modulation Quality Metrics
bull Frequency Errorbull Eye diagram
bull Demodulated Bits
Swept Spectrum Analyzer
(with span zero and enough ResBW)
Vector Signal Analyzer
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transmit RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Output Power (675)
Power RiseFall
Spectrum PSD Mask (6531)
Transmission Spurious (615)
Center Freq Tolerance (674)
Symbol Freq Tolerance
Constellation Error
Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) (673)
Page 71
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Receiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Sensitivity (6533)
Maximum Input Level (676)
Jamming Resistance (6534)
Energy Detect (677)
Link Quality Indication (678)
Page 72
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
IEEE 802154 Specifications
Transceiver RF Tests (IEEE
802154 reference [1])
Vector
Signal
Analyzer
Spectrum
Analyzer
Signal
GeneratorOBT
Power
Meter
Out of Band Spurious Emission
Tx-Rx Rx-Tx Turnaround (671 672)
Page 73
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Measurements for Reader Tag and RFID systems
Power Measurements (Frequency Domain Tests)
bull Channel Power
bull ACPR
bull OBW
bull Spurious Emissions
bull Spectrum Mask
bull VSA is not recommended for all commercial products under local regulations (FCC ETSI TELEC etc)
ndash Required to set specific VBW detector mode sweep time etc according to the standard
ndash Conventional swept based SA is preferred most cases
TimingModulation Analysis (Time Domain Tests)
ndash Modulation IndexDepth
ndash Frequency Error
ndash RiseFallSettling time
ndash OvershootUndershoot
ndash Demodulated Bits
ndash Duty Cycle
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Agilent Measurement Solutions
Page 75
Vector Signal Generator
for RF Rx test
Signal Analyzer
for RF Tx meas
DC Power Analyzer
for power consumption
optimization
Oscilloscope
for time and serial bus
analysis
Vector Signal
Analyzer SW
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Agilent Technologiesrsquo Signal Analysis Portfolio
HW Platforms (X-series)
MXA
PXA
SW Apps with all formats
CXA
Perf
orm
an
ce
EXA
N9064A
VXA Flexible Digital
Modulation Analysis
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
bull Spectrum analyzer with Power Suite
bull IQ Analyzer (included)
bull LTE FDD TDD
bull W-CDMAHSPAHSPA+
bull cdma2000reg 1xEV-DO
bull GSMEDGEEDGE Evolution
bull TD-SCDMAHSPA
bull WiMAXTM ZigBee RFID WiFi Bluetoothreg
bull DVB-THCT2 ISDB-T DTMB CMMB
bull Noise Figure Phase Noise Analog Demod
bull 89600B VSA SW VXA (Flex Demod)
bull Pulse measurement software
bull MATLAB
bull EMC Pre-Compliance (Option EMC)
Applications
Signal Analyzer Applications
Page 77
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull 160 MHz RF mod BW (ext IQ)
bull 80 MHz RF mod BW (int BBG)
bull Up to 100 MSas + upsampling HW
bull 64 MSa playback1 GSa storage
bull Real-time and arb signal creation
bull Advanced baseband capability
Target Applications
bull RF and baseband component and transceiver test
bull RampD design and verification
bull Manufacturing
Agilent RF Vector Signal Generators
Performance
bull Up to 6 GHz
bull Fastest switching speed
bull Best ACPR
bull Excellent EVM
bull 100 MHz BBG RF BW
bull 160 MHz IQ mod BW
bull 64 MSa playback memory
bull High power high Dynamic Range options
ESGMXG
Performance optimized for manufacturing
Fastest switching speeds
- enables increased throughput
Best ACPR performance
- allows more test margin and improves yield
Reliability and simplified self-maintenance
- maximizes uptime
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
How do I create the waveforms
Agilent Signal Studio
bull Format specific signal
bull Industry validated waveforms
bull Modify large number of parameters within standard
bull Creates AWG and real-time based signals
bull There are some 3rd party Signal Studio-like products eg Raondols ldquoSigWizrdquo
Agilent ADS and SystemVue
bull Create signal based on design models
MATLAB
bull Complete software environment for signal creation and signal processing
bull Create signals for new or proprietary protocols
bull Direct communication to the instrument (using Instrument Control Toolbox)
bull Suitable for creating simple or complex AWG based signals
General Programming Languages (C++ VB VEE)
Recording and Playback
Page 79
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Testing Serial Bus with InfiniiVision Oscilloscopes
Industryrsquos only hardware-based decoding
Dual Serial Bus Analysis with Interleaved ldquoListerrdquo
Automatic ldquoSearch amp Navigationrdquo
Serial bus eye-diagram mask testing
Largest display in its class
Segmented memory acquisition with decoding
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
InfiniiVision Serial Bus Analysis
I2C
SPI
UARTs
RS-232
RS-422
RS-485
CAN
LIN
FlexRay
MIL-STD 1553
I2S
Pervasive usage in a wide variety of electronics products
Between functional block
Chip to chip
Board to IO
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Why do engineers need serial bus functionality on
their scopes
Itrsquos a very slow bus what could possible go wrong
Physical layer measurements time-correlated to protocol decode
Transition times voltage levels noise bit timing etc
Eye-diagram mask testing
Trace bus content to the point at which data becomes corrupted
Am I passing the right values to the display
Am I getting an error
Are values being corrupted
How much time hellip
How often hellip
Time-correlated system interaction
Serial-to-digital IO
Serial-to-analog IO
Analog Parallel bus
Serial bus
InputOutput Embedded SystemInputOutput
System Level Debugging
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Battery Drain Characteristics for Power Savings Operation
Wireless devices operate in short bursts of activity to conserve power
bull Applicable to a very wide variety of devices (handsets environmental sensors
Bluetoothtrade devices etc)
bull Long periods of sleep between bursts of activity
bull Resulting battery current drain is pulsed extremely high peak low duty cycle
and low average values ndash challenging to measure accurately
50 mADiv500 msDiv
GPRS Smart Phone Battery Drain for Standby
14 sDiv 3 mADiv
Wireless Temperature-Humidity Sensor
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
New Innovation for Accurate Battery Drain Measurements
Integrates multiple instrument
functions into a single box
bull 1 to 4 advanced power supplies gt22 different models available
bull Digital voltmeter and ammeter
bull Arbitrary waveform generator
bull Oscilloscope
bull Long term data logger
bull Full functionality from front panel
Gain insights in minutes not days
Specialized DC power supply module
for battery drain testing
bull For use in the N6705 mainframe
bull Settable battery emulation characteristics
bull Fast transient response for pulsed loads
bull Auxiliary DVM input port for battery run-
down testing
bull Up to 200 KSasec digitizing rate
Seamless measurement ranging for
accurate measurement of battery
drain spanning wide dynamic ranges
N6705 DC Power Analyzer Mainframe
N6781A 2-Quadrant SMU for Battery
Drain Analysis
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Accurate Current Drain Measurement with Agilent DC Power Analyzer
Laptop or PC
running Agilent
14585A software
9V DC in
Pulsed demo load
simulates mobile
phone standby
mode current drain
LAN cableN6705B DC Power Analyzer with
N6781A Source Measure Module
DC power cable assembly
Sleep current Receive current
Ave current
= 142 mA
Load
in
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Multiple instruments in one box Swept spectrum analyzer
FFT analyzer
RF and Baseband Vector Signal analyzer
Noise Figure analyzer
Fastest signal analysis measurements
Broadest set of applications and demodulation capabilities
Upgradeable HW and Application SW (trial license available on the web)
Most advanced user interface amp world-class connectivity
Agilent X-Series Signal Analyzers
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Page 87
YIG ADC
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter
Digital Log Amp
Digital Detectors
FFT
Swept vs FFTAttenuation
Pre-amp
Replaced
by
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Page 88
ldquoAll Digital IFrdquo Advantages
RF Section ADCIFBB Section
on ASIC
Flexibility
RBW filtering in 10 steps
Filters with better selectivity
Multiple operation modes (Swept FFT VSA NFA)
Accuracy
Log conversion practically ideal
No drift errors increased repeatability
Speed
When Swept mode is slow go FFT
FFT
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
bull High resolution ADC for time domain data acquisition
bull Using FFT for time-frequency conversion
bullPreserves both ldquoMagnituderdquo and ldquoPhaserdquo information
bull 89601B VSA software or firmware personalities are used for
demodulation and analysis
Page 89
VSA Review of IQ Analyzer Mode Operation
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Measurement examples
Page 90
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Time amp Spectrum
Page 91
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Power Spectral Density
Page 92
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Full Demodulation 24 GHz ZigBee Preset
Page 93
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Symbol Error Table
Offset EVM
EVM
Magnitude Error
Phase Error
Freq Error
IQ Offset
Rho
Quadrature Error
Gain Imbalance
Page 94
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Demonstrations
95
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Per dettagli su prodotti ed applicazioni wireless visitare il sito
wwwagilentcomfindwirelessconnectivity
ContattiAgilent Technologies ItaliaRoberto SacchiWireless Application EngineerE-mail roberto_sacchiagilentcom
Giuseppe SavoiaSignal Generation and Analysis SpecialistE-mail giuseppe_savoiaagilentcom
Agilent Contact CenterE-mail contactcenter_italyagilentcomTel 02 9260 8484
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Backup Slides
Troubleshooting a digital transmitter
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Transmitter design typical impairments
Page 98
PA non-linearity
LO instability
Wrong filter implementationDSPDAC bugs
IQ path errors
Clock errors
Spurs generation
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Modulation Impairments examples
Page 99
I
Q Q
I
IQ Phase ImbalanceIQ Gain Imbalance
Interfering ToneNoise Contamination
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Transmitter Impairments
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
Page 100
Power Amplifier key characteristicsfrequency and amplitude response 1dB compression point distortion
Compression happens when instantaneous power levels are too high
driving the PA into saturation
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Power Amplifier (PA) Compression
How to verify
Page 101
Useful measurements ACP CCDF
Compare these measurements performed
- at the input and output of the PA
- at the output for decreasing values of the input level
With compression
Without compression
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
IQ Impairments
Page 102
IQ impairments are typically cause by matching problems due to
component differences between the I side and Q side of the block diagram
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
IQ Impairments
IQ gain imbalance Quadrature errors IQ offsets
Page 103
Significant measurements constellation and EVM metrics
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with IQ gain unbalance
Page 104
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Clock impairments
Incorrect symbol rate
Page 105
The effect of symbol rate errors on the different measurements depends
on the the magnitude of the errors
- different methods to verify small or large symbol errors
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Page 106
0
1
2
-2 -1 0 1 2
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (1)Measurement EVM vs time
transmitterrsquos
symbol
period
Error = 1 Error = 2
0 1 2-1-2
Graph of error at each sample
(looks like a ldquoVrdquo)
receiverrsquos
symbol
period
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Page 107
Detection and troubleshooting hint
bull Verify the ldquoVrdquo shape of the magnitude of the error vector versus time display
Incorrect symbol rate small errors (2)Measurement EVM vs time
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with symbol rate errors
Page 108
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Incorrect symbol rate large errors
Measurement Channel bandwidth
Page 109
bull Large symbol rate errors generate ldquounlockrdquo
conditions the instrument is not able to decode the
received signal
bull No EVM metrics is possible
bull Measure Channel bandwidth and compare to
theoretical values (Channel bandwidth is proportional
to the symbol rate)
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
Page 110
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Incorrect Baseband Filtering
errors in the value
Page 111
EVM vs time shows significant errors during signal transitions between
symbols
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Page 112
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Local Oscillator (LO) Instability
Phase error versus time
Page 113
Phase error vs time Constellation with LO instability
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Interfering tone
Page 114
Interfering tones are typically caused by interactions of internal signals in active
devices (such as mixers and amplifiers)
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Interfering tone
Out of channel tone
Page 115
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Interfering tone
In channel tone
Page 116
In-channel intefering tone is usually masked by the signal spectrum
Significant measurement EVM vs Frequency
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(1)
Page 117
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Troubleshooting examples
QPSK transmitter with a in-channel spur
(2)
Page 118
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
60 GHz Markets
119
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Key Drivers for 60GHz Commercialization
bull Global availability of license exempt band at
57 ndash 66GHz
bull Developments in CMOS IC technologies has
extended the reach of low-cost silicon to
60GHz and beyond
bull Affordable Beam FormingSteering
bull High-Definition Multimedia driven consumer
demand for Gigabit data rates over wireless
connections
bull Suitability of 60GHz for PAN applications
(short range directional antennae etc)
120
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Spectrum Allocations (inc Regional details)
5150 GHz 5850 GHz (US only)
channel 1 channel 2 channel 3 channel 4
57240 GHz 59400 GHz 61560 GHz 63720 GHz
216GHz
Non-contiguous spectrum permitting
at best 2 x 160MHz channels
65880 GHz
5GHz
60GHz
USA (57 ndash 64 GHz)
Europe (57 ndash 66 GHz)
Japan (59 ndash 66 GHz)
5725 GHz
5350 GHz 5470 GHz
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Strengths and WeaknessesTechnologies are complementary not competitive
5GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Technology Leverage
ndash Multi-Room Distribution
bull Disadvantages
ndash Co- and Adjacent-channel
Interference
ndash Information Theoretic Channel
Coding
ndash High-Order MIMO
ndash Limited Data Capacity
60GHz
bull Advantages
ndash Global Availability
ndash Frequency Reuse
ndash Antenna Size
ndash Data Capacity
bull Disadvantages
ndash Limited Range
ndash Technology Challenges
bull Frequency
bull Bandwidth
bull Connectivity
bull Active Antennas
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
60 GHz Use Models
Slide 123
clipmovie
movie
Rapid Upload Download
Wireless Display WLAN
~1GbpsRange lt3-8m (N)LOS
1080p today (~3Gbps)Range 5-10m NLOS
Max Avail BandwidthRange 5-10m ~NLOS
Use Model Example
Wireless Display Computers portable devices to one or more monitorsprojectors
Distribution of HDTV Games DVD players to displays projectors
Rapid UploadDownload Kiosk Download Movies to computer for editing library sharing
NetworkingBackhaul Mesh networks Point-to-Point Tri-band (24 57 and 60 GHz) APrsquos
Cordless Computing Wireless IO docking
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
IEEE 80211ad
Extends existing 80211 with mmWave MACPHY layer
Signal occupies 2 GHz of bandwidth
Packet (burst) transmissions
Modulations Used
ndash Control PHY Spread Spectrum
ndash Single Carrier BPSK QPSK 16 QAM
ndash OFDM QPSK 16 and 64 QAM
Data Rates (raw) from
04 to 67 Gbps
124
-094 +094-12-16-22 221612fc
0 dBr
-20 dBr-25 dBr
-30 dBr
Frequency (GHz)
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG
Complete TxRx Test Solution
DUT
IF
5G
Hz
IQ Data
8267D-520-016 IQ Modulation
N5183A-520 Local Oscillator
N7652B Waveform Creator
N5152A 5GHz60GHz UC
4112011
Agilent Confidential
DSA90804A-803-200 Digital Signal Analyzer
89601A-200-300 Vector Signal Analyzer
N8999A Wideband Modulation Analyzer
PSA PXA MXA EXA
IF 5GHz
Spectrum tests
Signal and Modulation tests
N5183A-520 MXG
N1999A 60GHz5GHz DC
Differential IQ
81180A AWG