- Ishan O. Trivedi
Organisms included in the study of Microbiology Bacteria Fungi Algae Protozoa Virus
Bacteriology Mycology Phycology Protozoology Virology
TYPES OF MICROSCOPES
Light microscope : Bright field microscope Dark field microscope Phase contrast
microscope Fluorescence Microscope Interference Scope Confocal Scanning Laser
Microscope.
Electron microscope Transmission electron
microscope Scanning electron
microscope
Where do microorganisms live?
Water Soil Food In & on the human body, Plant
and animal. Means they are
omnipresent.
Microbes - what comes to mind?
Diseases Infections Food Spoilage But Only 1% of all known bacteria cause
human diseases About 4% of all known bacteria cause
plant diseases 95% of known bacteria are non-pathogens
SIZE
Mycoplasma genitalium is the smallest bacteria 0.2 to 0.3 μm.
Thiomargarita namibiensis is the largest measuring spherical bacterium, between 100 to750 μm in diameter
SHAPE Bacilli
Cocci
Filamentous
Spiral
Vibrio
Arrangements Bunch
Pair
Sarcinae
Chain
Rosette
COLONY
PIGMENTATION
Staining techniques
Biofilm stained by live-dead stain
Staining techniques
FUNGI Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Zygomycota
Deuteromycota
ALGAE
DIATOMS
PROTOZOA
VIRUS
Acidophile
AlkaliphileXerophilePsychrophile/CryophileThermophile Piezophile/barophile Radioresistant
EXTREMOPHILE
Thus, microbiology is interesting as it involves the study of such organisms which are superior to human, at least in case of surviving the extreme conditions !!
Humans cannot survive in xerophytic condition or UV rays or a temperature Of 60-80 °C or pH below 3 or above 9 or even pressure of 1000 Atmosphere !!
Of course !! Industrial Microbiology - Use of microbes to obtain a product or service of economic value constitutes industrial microbiology.
Do those small bugs also have industrial importance ?
Product / Activity Examples
Products 1. Amino acids L-glutarnic acid, L-lysine 2. Antibiotics Streptomycin, penicillin, tetracyclines, polymyxin3. Beverages Wine, beer, distilled beverages4. Biodegradable plastic β-polyhydroxybutyrate5. Enzymes Amylase, proteases, pectinases, invertase, cellulase6. Flavouring agents Monosodium glutamate, nucleotides7. Foods Cheese, pickles, yoghurt, bread, vinegar8. Gases CO2, H2,CH4
9. Organic acids Lactic, citric, acetic, butyric, fumaric10. Organic solvents Acetone, ethanol, butanol, amyl alcohol11. Others Glycerol, fats, steroids, gibberellins11 a. Vitamins B12, riboflavin, A12. Recombinant proteins Insulin, interferon, subunit vaccines
13. SubstratesA wide range of compounds used for chemical syntheses of valuable products.
Cells/Biomass
14. BiomassFood and feed yeast, other organisms used as single cell protein (SCP)
15. Cells Biofertilizers, biocontrol agents, bacterial insecticides, mycorrhyzae
16. Vaccines A variety of viral and bacterial vaccinesActivitiesBiotransformation Steroids, antibiotics D-sorbitol
DegradationDisposal of biological and industrial wastes, detoxification of toxic compounds, petroleum
Solubilization/accumulationImproved recovery of oil and metals, discovery of new oil reserves, removal of toxic metals
What are the challenges beforeMicrobiology ?
The two main challenges are
1.Multiple Drug resistance and
2.Bioterrorism.
Multiple Drug resistance
Many different bacteria now exhibit multidrug resistance. The chief ones include Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., Gonococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Salmonella spp. and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Measures : One should use antibiotics only for bacterial infections. Use the right antibiotic, do not rely on broad-range antibiotics. Not stop antibiotics as soon as symptoms improve; finish the full
course. Not use antibiotics for most colds, coughs, bronchitis, sinus
infections, and eye infections, which are caused by viruses.
Bioterrorism It is an intentional release or dissemination
of biological agents (bacteria, viruses, or toxins); these may be in a naturally occurring or in a human-modified form.
1915-16 Livestock sabotage by Germany
1984 Rajneesh Salmonella attack
2001 Anthrax attack on USA
Latest developments……
Bioremediation is a natural process that uses microorganisms to transform harmful substances to an innocuous state, or to levels below concentration limits established by regulatory authorities (into non-toxic carbon dioxide, water, and fatty acids.)
Microbial fuel cell
Probiotics and Prebiotics
According to the currently adopted definition by FAO/WHO, Probiotics are: ‘Live microorganisms which when
administered in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host
Prebiotics are a category of functional food, defined as: Non-digestible food ingredients that
beneficially affect the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon, and thus improve host health.
Starter cultures of mixed microorganisms are available, which metabolize DDT and polychlorinated diphenols or phenols.
Starter cultures have also been used to deodorise animal excrements.
Trinitrotoluene (TNT) degraded in a soil slurry and soil box systems by an oil-degrading bacteria Vibrio fischeri.
Degradation of Machine Oil by Nocardioform Bacteria
Moreover ….
REFERENCES Prescott, Harley & Klein Microbiology 6th
edition. K.P.Talaro & Arthur Talaro Foundations in
microbiology 4th edition. Elmer H. Marth & James S. Steele Applied
dairy microbiology 2nd edition Web links : www.asm.com www.microbialfuelcells.com www.wikipedia.org www.futuredoctors.com www.sciam.com
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