Water Quality Management in
India
R.M.Bhardwaj
Central Pollution Control Board(Ministry of Environment & Forests)‘Parivesh Bhawan', East Arjun Nagar
Delhi – 110 032
E-mail : [email protected], [email protected]
India at a Glance
Area
3.28 million sq km (2% of world’s total )Population(2001)
1020 million(16% of world’s total) (2005)
1060 millionCoordinates
80 4’ and 3706’ North latitudes
6807’ and 97025 East longitudesClimate
Tropical (Tropic of cancer divides India
two halves)Land Frontier
15,200 kmCoastline
7,500 kmNo.of States/UTs
28 States and 7 Union territories
including the National Capital Region of
Delhi.
Water is Precious and scarce Resource
• India is one of the wettest country in the world, but rainfall is highly uneven with time and space (with extremely low in Rajasthan and high in North-East)
• On an average there are only 40 rainy days (100 hours)
• Out of 4000 BCM rainfall received, about 600 BCM is put to use so far.
• Water resources are over-exploited resulting in major WQ problems
Water use in India (Year 2000)
Sector Water use in BCM
percent
Irrigation 541 85.33
Domestic 42 6.62
Industry 8 1.26
Energy 2 0.32
Other 41 6.47
Total 634 100.00
NATIONAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME
• Water quality monitoring in India started in 1978 under GEMS Programme.
• National programme of Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resources started in 1984 with a total of 120 stations in 10 River Basins.
• Present network comprising of 870 stations extended to 26 states & 5 Union Territories.
• Monitoring done or Quarterly/Monthly/Half Yearly basis.
• Monitoring network covers 189 Rivers, 53 Lakes, 4 Tanks, 2 Ponds, 3 Creeks, 3 Canals, 9 Drains and 218 wells.
• Water samples are analysed for 9 Core Parameters (pH, Temperature, Conductivity, DO, BOD, Nitrite, Nitrate, Total Coliform and Faecal Coliform) for all monitoring. 19 General Parameters, 9 Toxic Metals and 15 Pesticides are also analysed once in a year.
• Frequency of analysis for General Parameters reduced to once in a year in view of resources and to add more stations in non-represented water-bodies. Frequency and Parameters does not match the guidelines of GEMS. Base-line, Trend and Impact stations are maintained as per the guidelines of GEMS.
YEAR-WISE GROWTH OF MONITORING NETWORK18 29 43 67 73 74 89
120
136 16
8 200
310
400 45
0 480
480
480
480
480
480 50
7
507
507
784
784
784
784
870
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
-------------> Y E A R <-----------
pH
Temperature
Conductivity
Dissolved Oxygen
Biochemical Oxygen DemandNitrate-N
Nitrite-N
Faecal Coliform
Total Coliform
COD Chloride
TKN Sulphate
Ammonia Total Alkalinity
Total Dissolved Solids P-Alkalinity
Total Fixed Solids Phosphate
Total Suspended Solids Sodium
Turbidity Potassium
Hardness Calcium
Fluoride Magnesium
Boron
Weather
Approximate depth of main stream/depth of water table
Colour and instensity
Odor
Visible efluent discharge
Human activities around station
Station detail
Saprobity Index
Diversity Index
P/R Ratio
Arsenic Nickel Copper Mercury Chromium Total
Cadmium Zinc Lead Iron Total
BHC(Total) Dieldrin Carbamate 2.4 D
DDT(Total) Aldrin Endosulphan
Parameters for National Water Quality Monitoring
Core Parameters (9)
General Parameters (19)
Field Observations (7)
Bio-Monitoring Parameters (3)
Trace Metals (9)
Pesticide (7)
For rational planning of pollution control strategies and their prioritisation;
To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in different water bodies or their part;
To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures already in existence;
To evaluate water quality trend over a period of time;
To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby reducing cost on pollution control;
To understand the environmental fate of different pollutants.
To assess the fitness of water for different uses.
Objective of Water Quality Monitoring
CRITERIA FOR SELECTION OF MONITORING STATIONSRiver/Stream• Water intake point - community water supply.• Large/medium polluting industries or cluster of SSI.• Religious bathing.• Source of river – pristine quality.• Filling up long distance between existing stations.• D/S of large irrigated areas.• Low flow stretches.• D/S of big cities.• U/S and D/S of confluence of rivers.• Inter-state boundaries.
Lake/Reservior/Pond/Tank• Water abstraction point.• Organised bathing.• Vicinity of significant outfall.• Recreational purpose.
Canal• Irrigation offtake.• D/S of wastewater outfall.• Intake point – drinking water.
Groundwater• Drinking water source located in insanitary condition – sewage cesspool, septic tank,
garbage dump, shallow aquifer.• Tube-wells, hand-pumps or dugwells in industrial area.
Designated best use Class Criteria
Drinking water source without conventional treatment but after disinfections
A *Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less.
*pH between 6.5 and 8.5
*Dissolved oxygen 6 mg/l or more
*Biochemical oxygen demand 2 mg/l or Less
Outdoor bathing (organised) B *Total coliform organisms MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less
*pH between 6.5 and 8.5
*Dissolved oxygen 5 mg/l or more
*Biochemical oxygen demand 3 mg/l or Less
Drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection
C *Total coliform organisms MPN/ 100ml shall be 5000 or less
*pH between 6 and 9
*Dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l or more
*Biochemical oxygen demand 3 mg/l or less
Propagation of wild life, fisheries
D *pH between 6.5 and 8.5
*Dissolved oxygen 4 mg/l or more
*Free ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
Irrigation, industrial cooling, controlled waste disposal
E *pH between 6.0 and 8.5
*Electrical conductivity less than 2250 micro mhos/cm
*Sodium absorption ratio less than 26
*Boron less than 2mg/l
Water Quality Criteria
Outcome of National Monitoring Programme Every year a compendium of water quality statistics is published and
circulated to various scientific institutes and processed data is put on the web site for easy access.
Basin sub basin Inventory of water pollution is prepared and published for all the major river basins in the country.
Water quality atlas is prepared to assess the fitness of river water for desired uses in the country.
Water quality data is used for Identification of Polluted Water Bodies based on violation of desired water quality criteria for designated uses.
Water quality data formed the basis for Formulation of River Action Plan and Identification of Pollution Sources in 157 cities for interception and diversion of municipal wastewater and stricter surveillance of industrial sources.
Water quality data is used for Query Response i.e. to reply Parliament Questions, VIP reference, Public Queries, Public Interest Litigation filed in Supreme Court and Various High Courts and to fulfill the requirement of Non Governmental Organisation, Students, and Researchers.
Providing data to GEMS Programme on Water on annual basis for 72 stations for global data base.
Sustainability of infrastructure and maintenance of instruments and equipments.
Financial as well as Manpower resources are inadequate and reducing due to policy shift.
Travel to long distances for monitoring and preservation of samples in warm weather conditions adversely affect the results.
Analysis results needs in-depth validation and repeated interaction with laboratories.
Improper reporting of units, variation in analysis methods and quality control of chemicals are cause of concern.
Lack of training for laboratory and field staff. Lack of software to analyse the data for trend analyses and
data validation.
Constraints in Maintaining the Network
Problems in data validation due to fluctuation in water quality.
Flow in many rivers dwindles due to short period of monsoon.
Environmental flows are not maintained, hence only urban wastewater flows in the rivers after major abstraction points.
Removal of outliers during validation of data may devoid valuable information related to flushing of Industrial effluents responsible for episodal pollution and fish kill.
Need of software for processing, validation/trend analyses and format data storage.
Priorities for water quality management varies widely from developed countries to developing countries.
Limitations of Monitoring Programme
Water body-wise & Frequency-wise Distribution of Water Quality Monitoring Stations
STATE RIVER WELL LAKE OTHER TOTAL MONTHLYHALF
YEARLYQUARTERLY YEARLY TOTAL
ANDHRA PRADESH 28 24 4 3 59 14 24 21 - 59
ASSAM 17 10 - 2 29 6 10 13 - 29
BIHAR 16 20 - - 36 8 20 8 - 36
CHHATISSGARH 23 4 - - 27 7 4 16 - 27
DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI 2 - - - 2 1 - 1 - 2
DAMAN 2 1 - - 3 2 1 - - 3
DELHI 5 - - 9 14 13 - 1 - 14
GOA 10 - 1 - 11 10 - 1 - 11
GUJARAT 36 3 3 - 42 20 3 19 - 42
HARYANA 8 - 1 10 19 4 - 15 - 19
HIMACHAL PRADESH 31 20 3 - 54 - 20 33 1 54
JAMMU & KASHMIR 7 - 2 - 9 - - 9 - 9
JHARKHAND 9 - - - 9 - - 9 - 9
KARNATAKA 43 - 2 - 45 23 - 22 - 45
KERALA 30 15 10 - 55 10 15 30 - 55
LAKSHDWEEP - 15 - 1 16 - 15 1 - 16
Continued on Next Page ..
.. Continued from Previous Page
STATE RIVER WELL LAKE OTHER TOTAL MONTHLYHALF
YEARLYQUARTERLY YEARLY TOTAL
MADHYA PRADESH 40 5 3 - 48 22 4 22 - 48
MAHARASHTRA 45 - - 3 48 27 - 21 - 48
MANIPUR 8 - 4 - 12 - - 12 - 12
MEGHALAYA 5 5 3 - 13 - 5 8 - 13
NAGALAND 5 - - - 5 - - 5 - 5
ORISSA 39 15 - - 54 15 15 24 - 54
PONDICHERRY 1 7 2 - 10 - 7 3 - 10
PUNJAB 35 6 2 - 43 - 6 37 - 43
RAJASTHAN 7 18 7 - 32 4 18 10 - 32
SIKKIM 9 - - - 9 - - 9 - 9
TAMIL NADU 27 2 3 - 32 20 2 10 - 32
TRIPURA 3 7 2 1 13 - 6 7 - 13
UTTAR PRADESH 45 25 1 1 72 40 25 7 - 72
UTTRANCHAL 13 1 1 - 15 2 1 9 3 15
WEST BENGAL 18 15 1 - 34 9 15 10 - 34
TOTAL : - 567 218 55 30 870 257 216 393 4 870
Baitarni (5) 5
Brahmani (11)
Tributaries-Karo (1), Koel (2), Sankh (2)
Brahmaputra (6)
Tributaries-Burhidihing (1), Dhansiri (6), Disang (1), Jhanji (1), Subansiri (1), Bhogdoi (1), Bharalu (1), Borak (1), Deepar Bill (1), Digboi (1), Mora Bharali (1), Teesta (4), Dickhu (1), Maney (2), Ranchu (2)
Cauvery (20)
Tributaries-Arkavati (1), Amravati (1), Bhawani (5), Kabini (4), Laxmantirtha (1), Shimsa (2), Hemavati (1), Yagichi (1)
Ganga (39)
Tributaries-Barakar (1), Betwa (3), Chambal (7), Damodar (5), Gandak (1), Saryu-Ghaghra (3), Gomti (5), Hindon (3), Kali (West) (2), Kali Nadi (2), Khan (1), Kshipra (3), Mandakini (Madhya Pradesh) (1), Parvati (2), Ramganga (1), Rapti (1), Rihand (2), Rupanarayan (1), Sai (1), Sone (5), Tons (Madhya Pradesh) (2), Yamuna (23),Sind (1), Johila (1),Sankh(1), Gohad (1), Kolar (1), Sai(1), Churni (1), Tons (Himachal Pradesh) (1),Sikrana (1),Daha (1), Sirsa (1), Dhous (1), Farmer (1)
Godavari (11)
Tributaries- Manjira (2), Maner (2), Nira (I), Wainganga (4), Wardha (1), Kolar (1), Kanhan (1), Purna (1), Karanja (1), Indravati (2), Shankhani (1)
Indus
Tributaries-Beas (18), Chenab (1), Jhelum (3), Larji (1), Parvati (1), Ravi (3), Sutlej (21), Tawi (1), Gawkadal (1), Chuntkol (1), Sirsa (3), Swan (1) Krishna (19)
Tributaries- Bhadra (3), Bhima (10), (Ghataprabha (2), Malprabha (3), Muneru (1), Musi (2), Nira (1), Paleru (1), Tunga (1), Tungabhadra (6), Panchganga (3), Chandrabhaga (2)Mahi (9)
Tributaries-Anas (1), Panam (1)
Mahanadi (18)
Tributaries-Ib (4), Hasdeo (2), Kathajodi (1), Kharoon (4), Kuakhai (2), Sheonath (3), Birupa (1), Arpa (1), Kelo (2)
Narmada (14)
Tributaries-Chhota Tawa (1)
16
31
36
127
28
55
54
11
38
15
RIVER BASIN WISE DISTRIBUTION OF WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATIONS
Contd. On Next Page
Pennar (5) 5Sabarmati (6)
Tributaries- Shedhi (1), Khari (1)
Subarnerekha (6) 6Tapi (11)
Tributaries-Girna (2), Rangawali (1)
Medium rivers
Ambika (1), Ulhas (2), Ulhas-Bhatsa (1), Ulhas-Kalu (1), Imphal (4), Mandovi (2), Palar (1), Pamba (3), Pariyar (3), Rushikulya (2), Tambiraparani (7), Achankoil (2), Chalakudy (1), Damanganga (6), Ghaggar (21), Kallada (1) , Kali-Karnataka (1), Manimala (2), Mindhola (1), Nagavalli (3), Amlakhadi (1), Chaliyar (2), Iril (2), Kharkhala (1), Karmana (1), Kolak(2), Kundalika(1), Meenachil(1), Muvattupuza(1), Patalganga(2), Umtrew(1), Vamanpuram(1), Zuari(2), Gumti(2), Kalna(1), Valvant(1), Madai(1), Khandepar(1), Asanora(1), Neyyar(1), Ithikkara(1), Kadalundy(1), Kuttiyady(1), Mahe(1), Kuppum(1), Neelsvaram(1), Karingoda(1), Chandergiri(1), Chitrapuzha(1), Nambul(2), Ganol(1), Simsang(1), Myntdu(1), Arasalar(1), Kodra(1), Haora(1), Markanda (2), Sukhna (1), Baleshwar Khadi (1), Netravati (1), Kumardhara (1), Purna (1), Kaveri (1), Dhadar (1)
Lakes (55)
Hussainsagar (1), Saroornagar (1), Himayatsagar (1), Pulicate (1), Salaulim (1), Kankoria (1), Ajwah (1), Sursagar (1), Brahamsarovar (1), Govindsagar (1), Pongdam (1), Renuka (1), Wuller (1), Dal (1), Ulsoor (1), Hebbala Valley (1) Oruvathikotta(1), Sasthamcotta(1), Ashthamudi(1), Paravur(1), Vembanad(1), Periyar(1), Kodumgallor(1), Kayamkula(1), Punnamadakayal(1), Pookotekayal(1), UpperLake(1), LowerLake(1), MultaiLake(1), Loktak(4), Umiam(1), Ward(1), Thadlaskena(1), Osteri(1), Bahour(1), Harike(2), Pichola(1), Udaisagar(1), RamgarhJaipur(1), Pushkar(1), Fatehsagar(1), Kalyana(1), Nakki(1), Udhagamadalam(1), Kodaikanal(1), Yercaud(1), LakshminarayanBaridigh(1), Rudrasagar(1), Ramgarh-UttarPradesh (1), Naini(1), Rabindrasarovar (1)
Tanks (4)
Dharamsagar (1), Bibinagar (1), Kistrapetrareddy (1), Goysagar(1)
Ponds (2)
Elangabeel System (1), Lakshadweep (1)
Creeks, Canals, Tanks, Ponds, Drains,
Creeks (3), Agra Canal (1), Agartala Canal (1), Gurgaon Canal (1), Western Yamuna Canal (9), Drains (10)
Groundwater 218
Total 870
117
61
25
8
14
Contd. From Pre-Page
River NameLength
(km)No. of Stns.
Observed Range of Water Quality Parameters
Temp.0C
pHConductivity(mhos/cm)
DO(mg/l)
BOD(mg/l)
COD(mg/l)
Total Coliform(MPN/100 ml)
Faecal Coliform(MPN/100 ml)
Ganga 2525 34 3-34 6.4-9.0 19-2720 2.7-11.5 0.5 – 16.8 1-30 300-25x105 20-11x105
Yamuna 1376 23 3-34 6.7-9.8 56-1959 0.1-22.7 1.0 – 36 1-112 27-26.3x106 11-17.2x105
Sabarmati 371 8 12-32 2.9-8.6 269-13530 0.6-7.9 0.8 – 475 4-1794 210-28x105 28-28x105
Mahi 583 7 19-34 7.1-9.2 175-5720 0.2-8.5 0.1 – 3.0 9-163 3-2400 3-75
Tapi 724 10 20-40 7.4-9.0 76-700 4.8-8.8 0.6 – 10.0 8-40 40-2100 2-210
Narmada 1312 14 6.9-9.3 102-1341 5.8-9.8 0.1 – 3.8 6-47 9-2400 2-64
Godavari 1465 11 22-35 7.0-9.0 118-1400 3.1-10.9 0.5 – 78.0 3-96 8-5260 2-3640
Krishna 1401 17 18-33 6.8-9.5 28-11050 2.9-10.9 0.2 – 10.0 3-88 17-33300 3-10000
Cauvery 800 20 21-37 2.0-9.2 31-53100 0.1-12.6 0.1 – 26.6 30 39-160000 2-28000
Mahanadi 851 16 18-38 7.3-8.9 114-15940 1.3-10.4 1.0 – 7.6 7-39 15-30000 50-17000
Brahmani 799 11 20-38 7.0-8.4 81-376 5.2-9.8 1.5 – 6.0 8-13 80-90000 40-60000
Baitarni 5 24-36 7.3-8.3 54-78400 6.8-9.3 2.0 – 6.8 7 900-22000 700-11000
Subarnrekha 395 6 18-36 6.5-8.0 113-355 5.2-8.5 0.2 – 12.0 4-96 150-1800 70-540
Brahmaputra 916 6 15-32 6.5-9.0 104-684 1.1-10.5 0.1 – 3.9 6-11 360-240000 300-24000
Pennar 597 4 - 7.5-8.7 364-978 6.0-9.3 1.0 – 2.9 14-16 - -
Satluj 1078 20 9-32 6.8-8.8 131-819 3.8-11.4 0.1 – 45.0 1-80 8-35000 2-3500
Beas 460 19 3-32 7.1-8.7 53-517 5.2-11.5 0.3 – 5.0 1-13 2-2400 2-1600
Water Quality in Indian Rivers - 2002
WATER QUALTIY STATUS & TREND FROM 1994 TO 2004
5827
15
5727
16
5925
16
6023
17
5728
15
5727
16
5925
16
6021
19
6417
19
6718
15
6619
15
0
20
40
60
80
100
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
BOD >6
BOD 3-6
BOD<3
4037
23
4632
22
4736
17
4537
18
5036
14
6328
9
4733
20
4634
20
4436
20
4533
22
4434
22
0
20
40
60
80
100
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
TC>5000
TC 500-5000
TC<500
46
35
19
55
28
17
60
27
13
59
29
12
67
26
7
48
35
17
56
24
20
65
22
13
63
23
14
58
28
14
59
27
14
0
20
40
60
80
100
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
FC>5000
FC 500-5000
FC<500
S.No
Level of Pollution
Pollution Criteria
Riverine length, Km.
Riverine length percentage
01. Severely polluted
BOD more than 6 mg/l
6086 15
02. Moderately polluted
BOD 3-6 mg/l
8691 19
03. Relatively clean
BOD less than 3 mg/l
30242 66
WATER QUALITY STATUS
Analysis of 11 years data with respect to BOD values as indicator of organic pollution
Total riverine length under different levels of pollution in India
Severely polluted
15%
Relatively clean66%
Moderatly polluted
19%
Severely polluted
Moderatly polluted
Relatively clean
State >6 3-6 <3 Total
Jammu & Kashmir 0 0 2291 2291
Himachal Pradesh 19 0 1076 1095
Punjab 70 132 870 1072
Haryana 95 87 167 349
Uttar Pradesh 1180 1966 2473 5619
Rajasthan 76 160 606 842
Madhya Pradesh 365 1157 4569 6091
Bihar 63 126 2337 2526
West Bengal 69 221 874 1164
Orissa 247 1507 473 2227
Andhra Pradesh 361 803 2854 4018
Maharashtra 2721 1706 187 4614
Gujarat 265 185 706 1156
Bio Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L
State-wise Riverine length (in Km) under different level of pollution
Karnataka 258 143 2467 2868
Kerala 0 15 1395 1410
Tamil Nadu 269 470 1290 2029
Assam 0 0 2043 2043
Meghalaya 0 0 557 557
Manipur 0 0 759 759
Arunachal Pradesh 0 0 707 707
Sikkim 0 0 754 754
Nagaland 0 0 503 503
Mizoram 0 0 235 235
Goa 0 13 53 66
Delhi 28 0 20 48
T O T A L :- 6086 8691 30266 45043
State-wise Riverine length (in Km) under different level of pollution (contd.)
River Basin >6 3-6 <3 Total
Indus 70 132 3917 4119
Ganga 1760 3612 7318 12690
Bramaputra 0 0 5013 5013
Sabarmati 65 95 165 325
Mahi 70 160 292 522
Narmada 120 360 902 1382
Tapi 160 280 537 977
Subernrekha 90 120 79 289
Brahmini 45 160 380 585
Mahanadi 210 370 1393 1973
Godavari 960 856 2676 4492
Bio Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L
River basin-wise Riverine length(in Km.)under different level of pollution
Subernrekha 90 120 79 289
Brahmini 45 160 380 585
Mahanadi 210 370 1393 1973
Godavari 960 856 2676 4492
Krishna 840 956 1988 3784
Pennar 0 80 440 520
Cauvery 70 320 928 1318
Ghaggar 140 148 70 358
Medium 1090 734 3210 5034
Minor 396 308 958 1662
T O T A L : - 6086 8691 30266 45043
River basin-wise Riverine length(in Km.)under different level of pollution (contd..)
River basin-wise riverine length under different level of pollution
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
Indu
s
Gan
ga
Bramap
utra
Sabar
mati
Mah
i
Narm
ada
Tapi
Suber
nrek
ha
Brahm
ini
Mah
anad
i
God
avar
i
Krishn
a
Penna
r
Cauve
ry
Gha
ggar
Med
ium
Mino
r
River basin
Riv
eri
ne
len
gth
, Km
BOD <3 mg/L
BOD 3-6 mg/L
BOD >6 mg/L
IDENTIFICATION OF POLLUTED WATER BODIES
• CPCB identified 10 polluted stretches for prioritising pollution control efforts in 1988-89.
• The Number of Stretches increased to 37 during 1992-93.
• The list is now revised to 86 polluted stretches.
• The concerned State Pollution Control Boards were asked to take adequate measures to restore the desired level.
RIVER ACTION PLAN
• CPCB identified polluted water bodies, which leads to formulation of action plan for restoration of the water body.
• Based on CPCB’s Recommendations, Ganga Action Plan was launched in 1986 to restore the WQ of the Ganga by interception, diversion and treatment of wastewater from 27 cities/towns located along the river.
• Based on the experience gained during implementation of the Ganga Action Plan, Govt of India extends river cleaning programme to other rivers and lakes.
NATIONAL RIVER ACTION PLAN
River No. of Towns River No. of Towns
Ganga 74 Brahmini 3
Yamuna 22 Chambal 3
Damodar 12 Gomti 3
Godavari 6 Krishna 2
Cauvery 9 Sabarmati 1
Tungabhadra 4 Khan 1
Satluj 4 Kshipra 1
Subarnrekha 3 Tapi 1
Betwa 3 Narmada 1`
Wainganga 3 Mahanadi 1
Grand Total 157