WATER AUDIT DATA COLLECTION AND
VALIDATION USING THE AWWA FREE WATER AUDIT
SOFTWARE©
GEORGE KUNKEL, P.E. WATER EFFICIENCY PROGRAM MANAGER
PHILADELPHIA WATER DEPARTMENT
11/29/2012
Compiling the Annual IWA/AWWA Water Audit
Focus of this Section The AWWA Free Water Audit Software©
Data collection Data gradings
Data Validation AWWA Compiler Software© AWWA North American Validated Dataset
Regions requiring water audit data collection for large numbers of water utilities
California Urban Water Conservation Council – as part of Best Management Practice 1.0 for Utility Operations Programs, section 1.2 Water Loss Control
Texas: Texas Water Development Board (2005) TWDB-specific form; similar to AWWA Free Water Audit Software©
Georgia: Under the Water Stewardship Act (2012); initial data is being analyzed
Delaware River Basin Commission: launching in 2013 These efforts offer a frame of reference and opportunity for
learning further about the water audit data collection process
IWA/AWWA Water Audit Method: Water Balance
WaterImported
OwnSources
TotalSystemInput
( allowfor
knownerrors )
TotalSystemInput
(allowfor
knownerrors)
WaterSupplied
WaterExported
WaterSupplied
WaterExported
WaterLosses
AuthorizedConsumption
WaterLosses
AuthorizedConsumption
RealLosses
ApparentLosses
UnbilledAuthorized
Consumption
BilledAuthorized
Consumption
Non-Revenue
Water
RevenueWater
Leakage & Overflows at Storage
Billed Unmetered Consumption
Billed Metered Consumption
Billed Water Exported
Leakage on Service Lines
Leakage on Mains
Customer Metering Inaccuracies
Unauthorized Consumption
Unbilled Unmetered Consumption
Unbilled Metered Consumption
Systematic Data Handling Error
Best Practice Tools for Water Loss Control
AWWA M36 Publication Water Audits and Loss Control Programs
(2009), 3rd Edition features the IWA/AWWA Water Audit Methodology
AWWA Water Loss Control Committee’s Free Water Audit Software© Current version is 4.2 in English and
French languages Includes data grading capability Companion “Compiler” Software
Water Research Foundation Reports Project 4372: Leakage Component
Analysis is currently being executed Textbooks www.awwa.com - type “water
loss control” in search box; select first item in list
Water Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water DepartmentReporting Year:
ALL VOLUMES TO BE ENTERED AS ANNUAL QUANTITIES
WATER SUPPLIEDVolume from own sources: M 95,526.0 million gallons (US) per year
Master meter error adjustment: M 695.4 million gallons (US) per year
Water Imported: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year
Water Exported: M 7,210.2 million gallons (US) per year.
WATER SUPPLIED: . 89,011.2 million gallons (US) per year..
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION .
Billed metered: M 57,535.2 million gallons (US) per year
Billed unmetered: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year
Unbilled metered: M 179.3 million gallons (US) per year
Unbilled unmetered: E 693.6 million gallons (US) per year.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: . 58,408.1 million gallons (US) per year
.
.
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year.
Apparent Losses .
Unauthorized consumption: E 1,145.2 million gallons (US) per year
Customer metering inaccuracies: E 162.5 million gallons (US) per year
Data handling errors: E 2,751.2 million gallons (US) per year
Apparent Losses: . 4,058.9 million gallons (US) per year
Real Losses .
Real Losses (Water Losses - Apparent Losses): . 26,544.2 million gallons (US) per year.
WATER LOSSES: . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year..
NON_REVENUE WATER .
NON-REVENUE WATER: . 31,476.0 million gallons (US) per year
.
SYSTEM DATA ..
Length of mains: M 3,160.0 miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections: M 548,289Connection density: . 174 conn./mile main
Average length of private pipe: E 12.0 ft
.
Average operating pressure: E 55.0 psi
.
COST DATA ..
Total annual cost of operating water system: M $167,604,000 $/Year
Customer retail unit cost (applied to apparent losses): M $3.95Variable production cost (applied to real losses): M $133.58 $/million gallons (US)
DATA REVIEW - Please review the following information and make changes above if necessary:
- Input values should be indicated as either measured or estimated. You have entered:
12 as measured values 6 as estimated values 0 without specifying measured or estimated
- It is important to accurately measure the master meter - you have entered the measurement type as: measured
- Cost Data: No problems identified
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Financial IndicatorsNon-revenue water as percent by volume: 35.4%
Non-revenue water as percent by cost: 11.7%Annual cost of Apparent losses: $16,012,518
Annual cost of Real Losses: $3,545,768
Operational Efficiency Indicators
Apparent losses per service connection per day: 20.28 gallons/connection/day
Real losses per service connection per day*: 132.64 gallons/connection/day
Real losses per length of main per day*: N/A
Real losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 2.41 gallons/connection/day/psi
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 5.98 million gallons/day
12.17
* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated
AWWA WLCC Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL]:
2004
under-registered
$/1000 gallons (US)
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Back to Instructions
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where possible, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate this by selecting a choice from the gray box to the left, where M = measured (or accurately known value) and E = estimated.
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(pipe length between curbstop and customer meter or property
Copyright © 2006, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
Reporting WorksheetWater Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water Department
Reporting Year:
All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR
WATER SUPPLIED
Volume from own sources: 7 94,536.900 Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)
Master meter error adjustment: 10 2,779.300Water imported: n/a MG/Yr
Water exported: 10 7,100.400 MG/Yr
WATER SUPPLIED: 84,657.200 MG/Yr.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTIONBilled metered: 7 57,242.400 MG/Yr
Billed unmetered: n/a MG/Yr
Unbilled metered: n/a MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:
Unbilled unmetered: 8 764.200 MG/Yr 1.25%
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 58,006.600 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 26,650.600 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:
Unauthorized consumption: 8 2,086.300 MG/Yr 0.25%
Customer metering inaccuracies: 8 190.300 MG/Yr
Systematic data handling errors: 5 4,674.400 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses: 6,951.000 MG/Yr
Real LossesReal Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 19,699.600 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES: 26,650.600 MG/Yr
NON-REVENUE WATERNON-REVENUE WATER: 27,414.800 MG/Yr
= Total Water Loss + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered
2,086.300
764.200
AWWA WLCC Free Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet
2008
over-registered
7/2007 - 6/2008
<< Enter grading in column 'E'
MG/Yr
190.300
Choose this option to enter a percentage of
billed metered consumption. This is NOT a default value
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Back to Instructions
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades
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Use buttons to selectpercentage of water supplied
ORvalue
?Click here: for help using option buttons below
WAS v4.0
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Copyright © 2009, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
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SYSTEM DATA
Length of mains: 9 3,137.0 miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections: 7 547,932Connection density: 175 conn./mile main
Average length of customer service line: 7 12.0 ft
Average operating pressure: 10 55.0 psi
COST DATA
Total annual cost of operating water system: 10 $219,182,339 $/Year
Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses): 9 $4.97Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses): 9 $215.50 $/Million gallons
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Financial IndicatorsNon-revenue water as percent by volume of Water Supplied: 32.4%Non-revenue water as percent by cost of operating system: 17.8%
Annual cost of Apparent Losses: $34,546,470Annual cost of Real Losses: $4,245,264
Operational Efficiency Indicators
Apparent Losses per service connection per day: 34.76 gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per service connection per day*: 98.50 gallons/connection/day
Real Losses per length of main per day*: N/A
Real Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 1.79 gallons/connection/day/psi
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 2,178.15 million gallons/year
9.04
* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated
WATER AUDIT DATA VALIDITY SCORE:
PRIORITY AREAS FOR ATTENTION:
1: Volume from own sources
2: Billed metered
3: Systematic data handling errors
$/1000 gallons (US)
A weighted scale for the components of consumption and water loss is included in the calculation of the Water Audit Data Validity Score
Based on the information provided, audit accuracy can be improved by addressing the following components:
*** YOUR SCORE IS: 82 out of 100 ***
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL]:
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(pipe length between curbstop and customer meter or property boundary)
For more information, click here to see the Grading Matrix worksheet
7
Data Grading
Criteria for “Volume
from own Sources”
Grading “Volume from own Sources” quantity
WATER SUPPLIED << Enter grading in column 'E'
Volume from own sources:
7 94,536.900 Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)
Master meter error adjustment (enter positive value): 10 2,779.300 over-registered
Water imported: n/a 0.000 MG/Yr
Water exported: 10 7,100.400 MG/Yr
WATER SUPPLIED: 84,657.200 MG/Yr
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Data Grading
Criteria for
“Master Meter
Error
Adjustment”
Grading “Master Meter Error Adjustment” quantity
WATER SUPPLIED << Enter grading in column 'E'
Volume from own sources:
7 94,536.900 Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)
Master meter error adjustment (enter positive value): 10 2,779.300 over-registered
Water imported: n/a 0.000 MG/Yr
Water exported: 10 7,100.400 MG/Yr
WATER SUPPLIED: 84,657.200 MG/Yr
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n/a 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Volume from ow n sources:
Select this grading only if the w ater
utility purchases/imports all
of its w ater resources (i.e. has no sources of its
ow n)
Less than 25% of w ater production
sources are metered, remaining sources are estimated. No
regular meter accuracy testing.
25% - 50% of w ater production sources are metered; other sources estimated. No regular meter accuracy testing.
Conditions betw een 2 and 4
50% - 75% of w ater production sources are metered, other sources estimated. Occasional meter accuracy testing
Conditions betw een 4 and 6
At least 75% of w ater production
sources are metered, or at least 90% of the
source f low is derived from metered
sources. Meter accuracy testing and/or electronic
calibration conducted annually. Less than
25% of tested meters are found outside of
+/- 6% accuracy.
Conditions betw een 6 and 8
100% of w ater supply sources are
metered, meter accuracy testing and electronic calibration conducted annually,
less than 10% of meters are found outside of +/- 6%
accuracy
Conditions betw een 8 and 10
100% of w ater production sources are metered, meter
accuracy testing and electronic calibration
conducted semi-annually, w ith less
than 10% found outside of +/- 3%
accuracy.
Improvements to attain higher data
grading for "Volume from ow n Sources"
component:
to qualify for 2:Organize efforts to begin to collect data
for determining volume from ow n
sources
to maintain 10:Standardize meter
accuracy test frequency to semi-
annual, or more frequent, for all
meters. Repair or replace meters
outside of +/- 3%
to qualify for 4:Locate all w ater production sources on
maps and in f ield, launch meter accuracy testing for existing meters, begin to install meters on unmetered w ater production
sources and replace any obsolete/defective meters
to qualify for 6:Formalize annual meter accuracy testing for all source meters. Complete installation of
meters on unmetered w ater production sources and complete replacement of all
obsolete/defective meters.
to qualify for 8:Conduct annual meter accuracy testing on all meters. Complete project to install new ,
or replace defective existing, meters so that entire production meter population is
metered. Repair or replace meters outside of +/- 6% accuracy.
to qualify for 10:Maintain annual meter accuracy testing for
all meters. Repair or replace meters outside of +/- 6% accuracy. Investigate new meter technology; pilot one or more replacements w ith innovative meters in attempt to improve
meter accuracy.
The Grading Matrix – grading data and seeking improved data validity
AWWA Free Water Audit Software© Grading Matrix Guidance on Use of Water Audit Data
Functional Focus Area
Audit Data Collection
Short-term loss control
Long-term loss control
Target-setting
Benchmarking
Identify Best Practices/ Best in class - the ILI is very reliable as a real loss
performance indicator for best in class service
For validity scores of 50 or below, the shaded blocks should not be focus areas until better data validity is achieved.
Preliminary Comparisons - can begin to rely upon the
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) for performance
comparisons for real losses (see below table)
Performance Benchmarking - ILI is
meaningful in comparing real loss standing
Continue incremental improvements in short-term and long-term loss control
interventions
Establish long-term apparent and real loss reduction goals
(+10 year horizon)
Establish mid-range (5 year horizon) apparent and real
loss reduction goals
Evaluate and refine loss control goals on a yearly
basis
Begin to assess long-term needs requiring large
expenditure: customer meter replacement, water main
replacement program, new customer billing system or
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) system.
Begin to assemble economic business case for long-term needs based upon improved
data becoming available through the water audit
process.
Conduct detailed planning, budgeting and launch of
comprehensive improvements for metering,
billing or infrastructure management
Annual water audit is a reliable gauge of year-to-year
water efficiency standing
Research information on leak detection programs. Begin
flowcharting analysis of customer billing system
Conduct loss assessment investigations on a sample
portion of the system: customer meter testing, leak survey,
unauthorized consumption, etc.
Establish ongoing mechanisms for customer
meter accuracy testing, active leakage control and
infrastructure monitoring
Refine, enhance or expand ongoing programs based
upon economic justification
Stay abreast of improvements in metering,
meter reading, billing, leakage management and infrastructure rehabilitation
Launch auditing and loss control team; address production metering
deficiencies
Analyze business process for customer metering and billing
functions and water supply operations. Identify data gaps.
Establish/revise policies and procedures for data collection
Refine data collection practices and establish as routine business process
Water Loss Control Planning GuideWater Audit Data Validity Level / Score
Level I (0-25) Level II (26-50) Level III (51-70) Level IV (71-90) Level V (91-100)
Water Audit – Keys to Reliable Data Collection
Steps to set procedures for reliable water audit data collection
Set reliable inhouse procedures Watch for “flagged” data in the AWWA Free Water Audit Software©
Built-in checks in the software help alert the auditor to data issues
Water audit components to watch: Production Metering – “Volume from Own Sources” and “Water Imported”
quantities Exported water quantity Unbilled authorized consumption Systematic Data Handling Error Length of Private Pipe Annual Cost of Operating the Water System
Be objective in grading all components – refer to the grading matrix criteria
Data Collection – Setting Reliable Inhouse Data Collection Procedures
When launching the auditing process, it is important to bring together the utility staff most familiar with:
Production Metering
Customer Metering
Customer Billing
Distribution System operations & leak
detection
Mapping/Geographical Information
Systems
Hydraulic Modeling (if available)
Strive to have the knowledgeable people participating- the water audit is not an administrative task (Don’t assign water audit data collection to the secretary)
Data Collection Integrity – Avoid Reporting Bad Data
Water Audit Report for: City of Somewhere, USAReporting Year:
All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR
WATER SUPPLIED
Volume from own sources: 7 47,328.971 Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)
Master meter error adjustment (enter positive value): 9 264.950Water imported: n/a 0.000 MG/Yr
Water exported: 7 8,195.000 MG/Yr
WATER SUPPLIED: 39,398.921 MG/Yr.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTIONBilled metered: 10 48,000.000 MG/Yr
Billed unmetered: 10 26.9 MG/Yr
Unbilled metered: 9 531.800 MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:
Unbilled unmetered: 8 506.500 MG/Yr 1.25% 24061
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 49,065.200 MG/Yr
Check input values; WATER SUPPLIED should be greater than AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) -9,666.279 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:
Unauthorized consumption: 6 5.900 MG/Yr 0.25%
Customer metering inaccuracies: 9 72.400 MG/Yr
Systematic data handling errors: 7 1,307.700 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses: 1,386.000
Real Losses (Current Annual Real Losses or CARL)Real Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: -11,052.279 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES: -9,666.279 MG/Yr
NON-REVENUE WATERNON-REVENUE WATER: -8,627.979 MG/Yr
= Total Water Loss + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered
72.400
Choose this option to enter a percentage of
billed metered consumption. This is NOT a default value
5.900
Check input values; APPARENT LOSSES should be less than WATER LOSSES
506.500
AWWA WLCC Free Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet
2010
under-registered
1/2010 - 12/2010
<< Enter grading in column 'E'
MG/Yr
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Back to
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades
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Use buttons to selectpercentage of water supplied
ORvalue
?Click here: for help using option buttons below
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Copyright © 2010, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
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WAS v4.2Software features “flags” for bad data
It’s impossible for a utility to bill more water than they supply
If this occurs, the software gives a red “flag” to alert the auditor to recheck the data inputs
Unfortunately, some utilities are submitting water audits with such flagged data
Suggestion:The lead person of
the water utility should sign-off on the water audit
when it is submitted to the reporting
agency.
Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”
Several steps exist to reliably quantify the “water supplied”
quantity1. Source water, imported water and
exported water should always be metered
a. Ideally, these meters should be the continuously recording type ideally linked to a Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) System
b. If meters are not linked to a SCADA System, then data should be collected as frequently as possible, at least weekly
c. If meters are not continuously recording type, and are read infrequently, plan to upgrade the metering installation as soon as possible
This is the most important quantity in the Water Audit!
It is the largest number in the Water Audit Any error in this value carries throughout the entire Water
Audit
Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”
Testing Approach
Volumetric Meter Test Comparative Meter Test
Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”
2. Meters should be regularly verified for accuracy
a. Large meters can be compared with an inline insertion or strap-on meter measuring flow downstream of the primary meter
i. Make certain that the temporary metering location is representative and accurate
ii. Strive for minimum 24-hr period if using this method
iii. Philadelphia Water Department conducts over 50 verifications each year in this manner
b. Smaller meters might be tested using field test apparatus as is conducted on large customer meters
c. Document/store the inaccuracy values to serve as a basis for data adjustments
d. Recognize that calibration of the related instrumentation (differential pressure transmitters) does not verify the flow measuring capability of the meter!
Insertion pito rod measuring and recording flow
Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”
3. Meters should be recalibrated, repaired or replaced regularly to maintain reliable performance
a. New, current-technology meters should replace dated or defective meters
b. Permanently installed insertion type meters can be a less costly means of establishing or renewing reliable metering
c. Refer to AWWA M33 guidance manual “Flowmeters in Water Supply” for information on meter selection
d. Many dated meters exist throughout the North American water industry
Magnetic Flow meter replacement on 48-inch
untreated water line 2008 in Philadelphia
Accurately Quantifying “Water Supplied”
4. Regularly determine Master Meter Error Adjustment
a. Data should be reviewed at least weekly, but ideally, each business day, for trends/anomalies
b. Balance flows to account for storage level changes and district water transfers
c. Adjust for recorded inaccuracy levels of given meters
d. Adjustments due to data error
e. Adjustments due to data gaps
f. Aggregate master meter error is:
i. Added if source meter under-registration exists
ii. Subtracted if source meter over-registration exists
16-inch turbine meter on wholesale account being verified via inline pito rod
Know Your Production Metering Configuration
PHILADELPHIA WATER DEPARTMENTQUEEN LANE WATER TREATMENT PLANT CONFIGURATION
HIGH SERVICE PUMPING
B FILTERS C
FW STORAGE
RAW WATER BASIN METERS
RAW WATER PUMPING
A A = Raw water pumping flow
SCHUYLKILL RIVER B = Pretreatment flow GRAVITY MAIN DISTRIBUTION
METERS C = Treated Water Flow
Plant Output = Meter Rates C +/- Changes in Volume of Filtered Water Storage Basins
SYSTEM LOSSES
A to B: Loss in transmission mains, flume, and raw water basin leakage; typically 1% - 2% of raw water pumped
B to C: Loss in treatment process; chemical application, filter backwash, typically 5% - 8% of raw water pumped
A to C: Overall total = sum of A to B and B to C and metering inaccuracies; typically 7% - 10%
(Note: changes in raw water basin and filtered water storage basins are included when determing loss)
By monitoring the differences (A-B, B-C, A-C) on a daily basis, anomalies are detected when these relative differences begin to stray from typical trends
Adjusting for Data Gaps
Production flow data should be reviewed on a frequent basis to monitor for data gaps
Gaps occur due to: Unplanned interruption:
lightning strike, power failure
Planned interruption: instrumentation calibration
Gaps in water flow data should be quantified and added back to the daily total
8/15/2012,hrs
High Service Pumping Rate, mgd
actual flow
High Service Pumping Rate, mgdraw recorded data
High Service Pumping Rate, mgd
adjusted data0:00 8.69 8.69 8.691:00 8.65 8.65 8.652:00 8.32 8.32 8.323:00 8.11 8.11 8.114:00 7.94 0 85:00 8.02 0 86:00 8.44 0 87:00 8.98 0 98:00 9.34 0 9.39:00 9.25 0 9.3
10:00 9.17 0 9.311:00 9.12 9.12 9.1212:00 9.27 9.27 9.2713:00 9.22 9.22 9.2214:00 9.08 9.08 9.0815:00 8.99 8.99 8.9916:00 9.14 9.14 9.1417:00 9.18 9.18 9.1818:00 9.25 9.25 9.2519:00 9.22 9.22 9.2220:00 8.82 8.82 8.8221:00 8.78 8.78 8.7822:00 8.75 8.75 8.7523:00 8.71 8.71 8.710:00 8.68 8.68 8.68
Total 212.43 151.29 212.19Average 8.85 6.30 8.84
Difference 2.55 0.01
Example of Water Pumping Data Gaps and Adjustments
Assembling Data for the Annual Water Audit
DiffMonth Number of days
Original SCADA
System data: unedited daily average water system input
based on SCADA A
history morning report-
Monthly total system input volume based
on original (unedited) total delivery - MG
Average daily system input
volume based on
edited SCADA B
history report-MGD*
Monthly total system input volume based
on edited SCADA B
history report-MG
Difference
July'10 31 276.9 8583.2 276.0 8556.4 -0.9Aug'10 31 263.1 8155.9 262.3 8131.7 -0.8Sep'10 30 257.7 7732.0 253.2 7594.5 -4.6Oct'10 31 244.6 7582.5 239.0 7408.5 -5.6Nov'10 30 243.6 7309.1 239.9 7196.1 -3.8Dec'10 31 252.5 7828.5 251.4 7792.4 -1.2Jan'11 31 264.1 8186.7 262.7 8143.1 -1.4Feb'11 28 258.5 7237.9 256.8 7191.0 -1.7Mar'11 31 248.0 7687.4 239.0 7408.6 -9.0Apr'11 30 238.4 7151.9 231.0 6929.4 -7.4May'11 31 241.1 7473.2 237.3 7355.8 -3.8Jun'11 30 256.2 7684.7 251.7 7551.6 -4.4Sum 365 92613.0 91259.1 1353.9Average 253.7 250.0 3.7
Composite Water System Input Adjustments - Fiscal Year 2011
Philadelphia Water Department
*Adjustments are based upon several factors including regular master meter verification testing, mass balance comparisons of flows into and out of water treatment plants, operational histories at facilities and instrumentation history.
SCADA “A” history: raw data from the field
SCADA “B” history: corrected, final data
Data Collection – Exported Water Quantity
Extract the Exported Water Quantity from the Customer Billing System
Don’t “double-count” this quantity by including it additionally in “Billed Authorized Consumption”
The “Exported Water” quantity is a separate item in the water audit because: It stems from one or more bulk quantity
measurements It is typically billed under a different billing rate
than retail customer sales Water Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water Department
Reporting Year:
All volumes to be entered as: MILLION GALLONS (US) PER YEAR
WATER SUPPLIED
Volume from own sources: 7 94,536.900 Million gallons (US)/yr (MG/Yr)
Master meter error adjustment: 10 2,779.300Water imported: n/a MG/Yr
Water exported: 10 7,100.400 MG/Yr
WATER SUPPLIED: 84,657.200 MG/Yr.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTIONBilled metered: 7 57,242.400 MG/Yr
Billed unmetered: n/a MG/Yr
Unbilled metered: n/a MG/Yr Pcnt: Value:
Unbilled unmetered: 8 764.200 MG/Yr 1.25%
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: 58,006.600 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 26,650.600 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses Pcnt: Value:
Unauthorized consumption: 8 2,086.300 MG/Yr 0.25%
Customer metering inaccuracies: 8 190.300 MG/Yr
Systematic data handling errors: 5 4,674.400 MG/Yr
Apparent Losses: 6,951.000 MG/Yr
Real LossesReal Losses = Water Losses - Apparent Losses: 19,699.600 MG/Yr
WATER LOSSES: 26,650.600 MG/Yr
NON-REVENUE WATERNON-REVENUE WATER: 27,414.800 MG/Yr
= Total Water Loss + Unbilled Metered + Unbilled Unmetered
2,086.300
764.200
AWWA WLCC Free Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet
2008
over-registered
7/2007 - 6/2008
<< Enter grading in column 'E'
MG/Yr
190.300
Choose this option to enter a percentage of
billed metered consumption. This is NOT a default value
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Back to Instructions
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where available, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate your confidence in the accuracy of the input data by grading each component (1-10) using the drop-down list to the left of the input cell. Hover the mouse over the cell to obtain a description of the grades
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Use buttons to selectpercentage of water supplied
ORvalue
?Click here: for help using option buttons below
WAS v4.0
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Copyright © 2009, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
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Data Collection – Unbilled Authorized Consumption
Unbilled Authorized Consumption components metered and/or un-metered consumption, e.g.: Street cleaning Mains flushing Fire fighting
Generally small portion of the “water supplied” volume
Don’t spend lots of time on quantify this valueif data is not available
Instead, use the default value for “Unbilled Unmetered Consumption”
Improve data validity over time
Data Collection – Systematic Data Handling Error
Deals with the customer meter reading and billing processes
This quantity is perhaps the least understood component of apparent loss
Like unauthorized consumption, every water utility has some amount of systematic data handling error, even if it is a low amount
Important to include at least a minimal volume here – don’t leave this volume at zero. The software does not provide a default value for this component
Detailed auditing of billing records will likely lead to sources of this error and quantification of a value
Length of Private Pipe
Can be difficult to understand the concept around this parameter, however:
If customer water meters are typically located in a meter pit outside of the customer premises then this value is zero
AWWA WLCC Free Water Audit Software: Customer Service Line Diagrams
Copyright © 2009, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved. WAS v4.0Back to Instructions
Average Length of Customer Service Line
The three figures shown on this worksheet display the assignment of the Average Length of Customer Service Line, Lp, for the three most common piping configurations.
Figure 1 shows the configuration of the water meter outside of the customer building next to the curbstop valve. In this configuration Lp = 0 since the distance between the curbstop and the customer metering point is essentially zero.
Figure 2 shows the configuration of the customer water meter located inside the customer building, where Lp is the distance from the curbstop to the water meter.
Figure 3 shows the configuration of an unmetered customer building , where Lp is the distance from the curbstop to the first point of customer water consumption, or, more simply, the building line.
In any water system the Lp will vary notably in a community of different structures, therefore the average Lp value is used and this should be approximated or calculated if a sample of service line measurements has been gathered.
Return to Reporting Worksheet
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Click for more
information
Data Collection – Financial Data: Cost to Operate the System
Includes costs for drinking water operations only – do not include sewer, stormwater or other costs in this quantity
Typically includes power costs to treat and convey water, chemical and other costs at the water treatment plant, staff costs for drinking water only
May include liability costs related to water events (ex: damage from main breaks)
Don’t include depreciation effects
Water Audit Data Collection Initiative 2011 & 2012
Effort of the AWWA Water Loss Control Committee
Goal: create a dataset of validated water utility water audit data (IWA/AWWA Method)
Steps: Enlist water utilities that are motivated to
employ best practices Gather the water audit data via AWWA
Free Water Audit Software© Conduct a 60-90 minute telephone
interview w/ key utility personnel Post the utility data on the AWWA website
as examples of best practice adopters and their data
Primary Focus: “Validation” of data; key on data grading values
Water Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water DepartmentReporting Year:
ALL VOLUMES TO BE ENTERED AS ANNUAL QUANTITIES
WATER SUPPLIEDVolume from own sources: M 95,526.0 million gallons (US) per year
Master meter error adjustment: M 695.4 million gallons (US) per year
Water Imported: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year
Water Exported: M 7,210.2 million gallons (US) per year.
WATER SUPPLIED: . 89,011.2 million gallons (US) per year..
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION .
Billed metered: M 57,535.2 million gallons (US) per year
Billed unmetered: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year
Unbilled metered: M 179.3 million gallons (US) per year
Unbilled unmetered: E 693.6 million gallons (US) per year.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: . 58,408.1 million gallons (US) per year
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WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year.
Apparent Losses .
Unauthorized consumption: E 1,145.2 million gallons (US) per year
Customer metering inaccuracies: E 162.5 million gallons (US) per year
Data handling errors: E 2,751.2 million gallons (US) per year
Apparent Losses: . 4,058.9 million gallons (US) per year
Real Losses .
Real Losses (Water Losses - Apparent Losses): . 26,544.2 million gallons (US) per year.
WATER LOSSES: . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year..
NON_REVENUE WATER .
NON-REVENUE WATER: . 31,476.0 million gallons (US) per year
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SYSTEM DATA ..
Length of mains: M 3,160.0 miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections: M 548,289Connection density: . 174 conn./mile main
Average length of private pipe: E 12.0 ft
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Average operating pressure: E 55.0 psi
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COST DATA ..
Total annual cost of operating water system: M $167,604,000 $/Year
Customer retail unit cost (applied to apparent losses): M $3.95Variable production cost (applied to real losses): M $133.58 $/million gallons (US)
DATA REVIEW - Please review the following information and make changes above if necessary:
- Input values should be indicated as either measured or estimated. You have entered:
12 as measured values 6 as estimated values 0 without specifying measured or estimated
- It is important to accurately measure the master meter - you have entered the measurement type as: measured
- Cost Data: No problems identified
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Financial IndicatorsNon-revenue water as percent by volume: 35.4%
Non-revenue water as percent by cost: 11.7%Annual cost of Apparent losses: $16,012,518
Annual cost of Real Losses: $3,545,768
Operational Efficiency Indicators
Apparent losses per service connection per day: 20.28 gallons/connection/day
Real losses per service connection per day*: 132.64 gallons/connection/day
Real losses per length of main per day*: N/A
Real losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 2.41 gallons/connection/day/psi
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 5.98 million gallons/day
12.17
* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated
AWWA WLCC Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL]:
2004
under-registered
$/1000 gallons (US)
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Back to Instructions
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where possible, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate this by selecting a choice from the gray box to the left, where M = measured (or accurately known value) and E = estimated.
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(pipe length between curbstop and customer meter or property
Copyright © 2006, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
AWWA Free Water Audit Software© - Companion “Compiler” Software
EXCEL spreadsheet tool that allows data from multiple water audits to be “compiled” into one spreadsheet
Date can be copied to user’s EXCEL files
Available for free download from AWWA website
Name of City or Utility City of AsheboroAustin Water Utility City of Belmont
Country USA United States USAReporting Year FY08-09 2010 FY 09-10Start Date 7/1/2008 10/1/2009 7/1/2009End Date 6/1/2009 9/1/2010 6/30/2010Name of Contact Person Michael Rhoney Dan Strub Chuck FlowersE-Mail [email protected]@[email protected] 336-626-1234 512-972-0349 704-825-0512Telephone Ext
Volume Units Million gallons (US)Million gallons (US)Million gallons (US)Volume From Own Sources 1,491.690 43,786.936 593.075
Master meter error adjustment 138.572 893.611 12.104 Water imported - - - Water exported - - -
WATER SUPPLIED 1,630.262 44,680.547 605.179 Billed metered 1,311.441 39,367.872 438.054
Billed unmetered - 311.434 - Unbilled metered 35.791 90.417 -
Unbilled unmetered 113.521 191.471 45.612 Unbilled unmetered (1 = Default; 2 = Value) 2 2 2
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION 1,460.753 39,961.194 483.665 WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) 169.509 4,719.353 121.513
Unauthorized consumption 4.076 125.480 1.513 Unauthorized consumption (1 = Default; 2 = Value) 1 2 1
Customer metering inaccuracies 41.667 857.613 18.252 Systematic data handling errors - 24.885 -
Apparent Losses 45.743 1,007.978 19.765 Real Losses = (Water Losses - Apparent Losses) 123.766 3,711.375 101.748
WATER LOSSES 169.509 4,719.353 121.513 Non-Revenue
Water NON-REVENUE WATER
318.821 5,001.241 167.125 Length of mains 237 3,639 95
Number of active AND inactive service connections 13,000 210,893 4,600 Connection density 54.9 58.0 48.4
Average length of customer service line 20 0 20Average operating pressure 75 77.3 66
Total annual cost of operating water system $3,048,480 $168,249,678 $1,357,542Customer retail unit cost (applied to Apparent Losses $5.90 $3.91 $6.98
Customer retail unit cost (units) $/100 cubic feet (ccf)$/1000 gallons (US)$/1000 gallons (US)
Variable production cost (applied to Real Losses) $510.00 $341.00 $330.00
Non-revenue water as percent by volume 19.6% 11.2% 27.6%Non-revenue water as percent by cost 16.4% 3.2% 13.7%
Annual cost of Apparent Losses $360,779 $3,941,194 $137,961Annual cost of Real Losses $63,121 $1,265,579 $33,577
Apparent Losses per service connection per day 9.640 13.095 11.772 Real Losses per service connection per day* 26.084 48.215 60.600
Real Losses per length of main per day* N/A N/A N/AReal Losses per service connection per day per psi pressure 0.348 0.624 0.918
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL) 98.591 1,447.995 32.151 Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL] 1.255 2.563 3.165
Performance Indicators
Administrative
Authorized Consumption
Water Supplied
Audit Data
Water Losses
System Data
Cost Data
Financial Indicators
Operational Efficiency Indicators
Water Audit Data Collection Initiative 2011
2011 Data Collection notables: 21 water utilities (19 USA, 2 Canada) 17 systems over 10,000 connections;
4 systems under 10,000 connections Observations from the data:
Validation results: ave data validity score dropped from 78 to 74 after validation
Wide variation in production costs: $183/mg (KY) to $2,110/mg (TN) – ave. $726/mg
Customer retail costs: ave. $4.57/1,000 gals Range $1.11 to $8.38
Ave apparent losses: 15 gal/connection/day
Ave real losses: 63 gal/connection/day
Water Audit Report for: Philadelphia Water DepartmentReporting Year:
ALL VOLUMES TO BE ENTERED AS ANNUAL QUANTITIES
WATER SUPPLIEDVolume from own sources: M 95,526.0 million gallons (US) per year
Master meter error adjustment: M 695.4 million gallons (US) per year
Water Imported: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year
Water Exported: M 7,210.2 million gallons (US) per year.
WATER SUPPLIED: . 89,011.2 million gallons (US) per year..
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION .
Billed metered: M 57,535.2 million gallons (US) per year
Billed unmetered: M 0.0 million gallons (US) per year
Unbilled metered: M 179.3 million gallons (US) per year
Unbilled unmetered: E 693.6 million gallons (US) per year.
AUTHORIZED CONSUMPTION: . 58,408.1 million gallons (US) per year
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WATER LOSSES (Water Supplied - Authorized Consumption) . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year.
Apparent Losses .
Unauthorized consumption: E 1,145.2 million gallons (US) per year
Customer metering inaccuracies: E 162.5 million gallons (US) per year
Data handling errors: E 2,751.2 million gallons (US) per year
Apparent Losses: . 4,058.9 million gallons (US) per year
Real Losses .
Real Losses (Water Losses - Apparent Losses): . 26,544.2 million gallons (US) per year.
WATER LOSSES: . 30,603.1 million gallons (US) per year..
NON_REVENUE WATER .
NON-REVENUE WATER: . 31,476.0 million gallons (US) per year
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SYSTEM DATA ..
Length of mains: M 3,160.0 miles
Number of active AND inactive service connections: M 548,289Connection density: . 174 conn./mile main
Average length of private pipe: E 12.0 ft
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Average operating pressure: E 55.0 psi
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COST DATA ..
Total annual cost of operating water system: M $167,604,000 $/Year
Customer retail unit cost (applied to apparent losses): M $3.95Variable production cost (applied to real losses): M $133.58 $/million gallons (US)
DATA REVIEW - Please review the following information and make changes above if necessary:
- Input values should be indicated as either measured or estimated. You have entered:
12 as measured values 6 as estimated values 0 without specifying measured or estimated
- It is important to accurately measure the master meter - you have entered the measurement type as: measured
- Cost Data: No problems identified
PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Financial IndicatorsNon-revenue water as percent by volume: 35.4%
Non-revenue water as percent by cost: 11.7%Annual cost of Apparent losses: $16,012,518
Annual cost of Real Losses: $3,545,768
Operational Efficiency Indicators
Apparent losses per service connection per day: 20.28 gallons/connection/day
Real losses per service connection per day*: 132.64 gallons/connection/day
Real losses per length of main per day*: N/A
Real losses per service connection per day per psi pressure: 2.41 gallons/connection/day/psi
Unavoidable Annual Real Losses (UARL): 5.98 million gallons/day
12.17
* only the most applicable of these two indicators will be calculated
AWWA WLCC Water Audit Software: Reporting Worksheet
Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) [Real Losses/UARL]:
2004
under-registered
$/1000 gallons (US)
?
?
?
?
?
? Click to access definition
?
?
?
?
?
?
Back to Instructions
Please enter data in the white cells below. Where possible, metered values should be used; if metered values are unavailable please estimate a value. Indicate this by selecting a choice from the gray box to the left, where M = measured (or accurately known value) and E = estimated.
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?
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(pipe length between curbstop and customer meter or property
Copyright © 2006, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved.
AWWA Water Audit Compiler© features readily displayed graphs – Apparent Losses (gal/conn/day)
2011 Validated Water Audit Data - AWWA Water Loss Control CommitteeCopyright © 2011, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved
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Apparent (non-physical) losses in gal/service connection/day: good for performance tracking
AWWA Water Audit Compiler© features readily displayed graphs – Real Losses (gal/conn/day)
2011 Validated Water Audit Data - AWWA Water Loss Control CommitteeCopyright © 2011, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved
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Real (leakage) losses in gal/service connection/day: good for performance tracking
This is the BEST Performance Indicator for monitoring progress within an individual water utility.(Note: utilities with very low connection densities and meters located after the curb stop
use this indicator in the form of gallons/mile of pipeline/day)
Water Audit Data Collection Initiative 2011
Summary – key steps for valid data collection
Standardized Water Audit Data Collection is occurring across the United States
The data collection process is still relatively young but is maturing
Water utilities should assign knowledgeable staff members from all functional areas to assemble the water audit
The lead person of the water utility should review the water audit before it is submitted to the reporting agency
Valid data is needed to accurately represent the water efficiency of the water utility and guide improvements
2011 Validated Water Audit Data - AWWA Water Loss Control CommitteeCopyright © 2011, American Water Works Association. All Rights Reserved
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