11111
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
22222
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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44444
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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55555
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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1313131313
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
vli,fqdkonfrSm tem*wf\acgif;aqmifrsm;
jzpfonf/ vli,fqdkonfrSm EdkifiH\tem*wfrsKd;
qufopfrsm; jzpfonf/ vli,fqdkonfrSm tem*wf
EdkifiHawmf\ wm0eftoD;oD;udk ycHk;ajymif; wm0ef
xrf;aqmifMurnfh EdkifiH\&wemrsm; jzpfonf/ vli,f
onf tem*wf\ aMu;rHkjyifjzpfonf ponfjzifh
vli,fESifhywfoufí zGifhqdka&;om;cJhavonf/ tm;vHk;
tm;vHk;rSefygayonf/ uRefawmfwdk Yonf jrefrmh
ordkif;udk avhvmonfhtcgwGif vli,frsm;onf xdkuf
wefaomae&mrS yg0ifxrf;aqmifcJ honfrsm;udk
awGUjrifMu&ygonf/ txl;ojzifh jrefrmhvGwfvyf
a&;BudK;yrf;rIordkif;wGif vli,frsm;\ ajymifajrmuf
pGmyg0ifxrf;aqmifcJhrI? OD;aqmifcJhrIudkvnf;awGU
jrifcJh&ygonf/
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xuf trsm;tusKd;udk OD;pm;ay;rI? wpfcgwpf&HwGif
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onfudk owdrlMu&rnf jzpfayonf/
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tenf;qHk; tajccHtm;jzifhwwfajrmufa&;? rSm;rSef
a0zefydkif;jcm;wwfa&;ESifh um,? ÓP? pm&dwå tqifh
twef;jrifhrm;a&;? cdkifrma&;wdkYudk avhusifhjyKpk ysKd;
axmifay;Mu&rnfjzpfayonf/ jrefrmEd ki fiH\
trsKd;om;ynma&;onf vli,fjyKpkysKd;axmifa&;
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1414141414
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
onf/
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acwfBuD;xJodkY a&muf&SdaeMuNyDjzpfonf/ rdrdwdkYtod?
rdrdwdk Ytjrif? rdrdwdk Y\tawG;tac:? ynmA[k
okwonf udk,fht&yf? udk,fha'otjrif? tod? twwf
wdkYjzifh rvHkavmufawmhyg/ Global oabm? wpf
urÇmvHk; vTrf;NcHKonfhoabmodkY OD;aqmifvsuf&Sd
ayonf/ txl;ojzifh ,aeYvli,frsm;onf tdkifwD
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b0onf *vdkb,fvdkufaZ;&Sif;xJrS vlom;rsm;[k
qdku rSm;rnfrxifay/
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udk tMurf;tm;jzifh odxm;oifhayonf/ taMumif;
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q&mpnfolatmifu zGifhqdkygonf/
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onf wpfurÇmvHk;ywfí ysHUESHYvsuf&Sdonfudk vli,f
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prf;oyfvdkonfh obm0rsm;&SdaomaMumifhjzpfonf/
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wDxGifí qGJaqmifMuavonf/ xdkYaMumifh *vdkb,f
vdkufaZ;&Sif;udk Global Colonialism [lívnf;
aumif;? Global eapitalism [lívnf;aumif; vuf0J
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1515151515
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
t,ltq&SdolwdkYu qdkMuygonf/ bmvifwHwdkif;BuD;
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omoemaysmufayrnf/
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'*H koef;jrif h'*H koef;jrif h'*H koef;jrif h'*H koef;jrif h'*H koef;jrif h
1616161616
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
jrifhaomOD;acgif; ydkaomrsufvHk;0efZif;rif;0if;xdef
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ncif;u vrif;ygwJh/ vlYtqif;uawmh tMum;
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1717171717
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
tdrfudk usufoa&&Sdatmif jyifqifxm;wmudk awGU&
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1818181818
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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BuD;udk wdk;wufajymif;vJapwmu todynmrsm;?
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1919191919
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
pmayokwjynfUpHkrS b0om,mrnf
ñGefh0if;(ewfwvif;)
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2020202020
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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2121212121
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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2323232323
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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2424242424
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
wGifvmcJhMuonf/ rdrdwkYdEkdifiH\ ynma&;OD;tp
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rsm;jzpfcJhonf/ yk*Hacwf ]yGJ avsmif;} rsm;onf tapm
qHk;aom orkdif;taxmuftxm;wpf&yfjzpfonf/
bkef;awmfBuD;oif ynma&;wGif o'´g? oN*dKvf?
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ponfjzihf avmuDynm t|m&o 18 &yfukd ESHUpyf
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vlaumif; axmifaomif;ru ay:xGef;cJhNyD; trd
ajr\ *kPf&Sdefukd jr§ihfwifay;EkdifcJhMuonf/ xkdxkd
aom ausmif;wkdif;wGif taxmuftuljyK avhvm
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rQa0Muonf/ tod<u,f cJhMuygonf/
ausmif;pmMunfhwkdufrsm;vnf; EkdifiHESihfvlrsKd;
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2525252525
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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2626262626
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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2727272727
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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2828282828
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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2929292929
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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3030303030
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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3131313131
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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q&m0efav;awGu awmf&Smygw,f/
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3232323232
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
cs vufcsaeawmh}}
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vdk Y 'DMum;xJ tdyfa&;0atmif
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arausmf (jyef^quf)arausmf (jyef^quf)arausmf (jyef^quf)arausmf (jyef^quf)arausmf (jyef^quf)
3333333333
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
a&S;OD;pGmpmMunfhwdkuft"dyÜm,fESifh pmMunfh
wdkufrSL;t"dyÜm,fESpf&yfudk &Sif;vif;jyvdkygonf/
trsm;tm;jzifh pmMunfhwdkufudk pmtkyfodkavSmifxm;
&Sd&mtcef;? odkYr[kwftaqmufttHkrQom[k xif
wwfMuygonf/ pmMunfhwdkufrSL;udkvnf; pmtkyf
xdef;rQom[k xifwwfMuonf/ trSefrSm þodkY
rxiftyfyg/ pmMunfhwkdufonf ynmvdkvm; trsdK;
om;wdkY rdrdwdkYbmom vGwfvyffpGm ynmvm&Smaom
wuúodkvfwpfrsd K;jzpfygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzif h
qdkjyefaomf ÓPfxkwf&m ÓPftvkyf½HkBuD;[kvnf;
qdk tyfygonf/ wzef pmMunfhwdkufrSL;qdkonfrSm
wukyfukyfESifhpmzwfaeaom pmtkyfxdef;rQom r[kwf
yg/ pmMunfhwdkufpnfum;atmif? pmtkyfwdk;yGm;
atmif? pmtkyfrsm;udk zwfcsifpzG,fjzpfatmif
pmMunfhwdkuftwGuf aiGtvHk tavmuf&SmrSD;wwf
ol? oifhawmfaompmtkyfudk a½G;cs,fwwfol? tpD
trH ttkyftcsKyfwwfol? pmvnf; tawmftwef
zwfzl;ol jzpfygonf/
xdkt"dyÜm,fESpf&yfudk aygif;pyfí Oyrmay;&
aomf pmMunfhwdkuf udk ysdK;cif;ESifhwlonf[k qdkcsifyg
onf/ pmMunfhwdkufrSL;udk ysdK;cif; axmifolESifhwl
onf[k qdkcsifygonf/ ysdK;cif;axmifolonf ajr
aumif; ajroefY0,f rsdK;aumiff;rsdK;oefY pyg;udk&
atmiftm;xkwfí &aomtcg xdkrsdK;aumif;rsdK;oefY
pyg;udk v,f,mücsípdkufonf/ xdktcg rsdK;aumif;
rsdK;oefYpyg;onf v,f,mtESHUtjym;odkY a&mufojzifh
rsdK;aumif;rsdK;oefYpyg;yGm;rsm;&onf/ xdkenf;wlpGm
pmMunfhwdkufrSL;onfvnf; ynmvdkvm; trsdK;om;
wdkYtm; pmMunfhwdkuf0,f rsufpdBuD; em;BuD;jzpfvm
atmif ysdK;ay;onfESifh wlonf/xdkodkU ysdK;axmifay;
vdkufaomtcg xdktrsdK;om;wdk Yonf todÓPf
t&mü tESH Ytjym;wdk;wufvmp&m taMumif;&Sd
onf/ tdrfwdkif; tdrfwdkif;ü rsufpdBuD;em;BuD; trsdK;
om;xGef;um;vQif ½Gmwdkif; ½Gmwdkif;ü rsufpdBuD; em;BuD;
xGef;um;rnf/ ½Gmwdkif; ½Gmwdkif;ü rsufpdBuD; em;BuD;
xGef;um;vQif c½dkife,fy,f wdkif;ü rsufpdBuD;emBuD;
xGef;um; rnf/ c½dkife,fy,fwdkif;ü rsufpdBuD;em;BuD;
xGef;um;vQif wpfEdkifiHvHk;ü rsufpdBuD; em;BuD;
jzpfrnf/ EdkifiHvHk;csDí rsufpdBuD; em;BuD;xGef;um;
vQif þEdkifiHonf BuD;yGm;vmEdkifp&m taMumif;&Sd
jrefrmEdkifiH pmMunfhwdkufordkif;tusOf;csKyf aZmf*sD
3434343434
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
ygonf/
pmMunfhwdkufoabmonf a&S;acwftcguyif
jrefrmEdkifiHü &SdcJ honf/ 'kwd,urÇmppfrjzpfcif
jrefrmEdkifiHpmMunfhwdkufrsm;\ a&S;acwftajctae
onf þodkYjzpfygonf/
yd#uwfwdkufrsm;onf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif a&S;acwf
a&S;tcguyif xGef;um;cJhMuygonf/ Oyrma&S;
acwf oxHkjynfü yd#uwfoHk;yHk wpfpHkkudk a½Tpm&H
bk&m;wHwdkif;twGif; yd#uwåd,apwD[korkwfí
Orifüxm;&SdaMumif;od&ygonf/ xdkaemuf a&S;acwf
yk*HjynfwGif taemf&xm yd#uwfwdkuf[kac:aom
bHkig;qifh&Sd yd#uwftkwfwdkuf &SdcJhaMumif;vnf; od&
ygonf/ xdkyd#uwfwdkufrsm;rStpjyKí bkef;awmf
BuD;ausmif;rsm;odkU ysHUESHYcJhonfrSm uRefawmfwdkYacwf
txd xif&Sm;aeygonf/ wzef jrefrmbk&ifrsm;
udk,fawmfwdkif yd#uwf wdkufudk te,fe,ft&yf&yf
odkYjyefYyGm;atmif aqmif½GufyHkudk ukef;abmifquf
bdk;awmfbk&m;vufxufü om"u awGY&ygonf/
xdkrif;vufxufwGif yd#uwfawmftpHkudk ayxuf
tu©&mwifí tNrdKUNrdKUte,fe,fodkU ydkYay;cJhygonf/
xdkrQomruao;yg/ xkdrif;vufxufwGif aq;usrf;?
eu©wfusrf;? aA'ifusrf;rSpí avmuDusrf;rsm;udk
vnf; ouú#bmomrS jrefrmbmomjyefqdk aqmif
½GufcJhygonf/ rif;tqufqufwdkYonf xdkodkYaqmif
½Gufwwf Muygonf/ uRefawmfwkdYacwfwGif Ak'¨
bmom bkef;awmfBuD;ausmif; rsm;ü yd#uwfusrf;?
avmuDusrf;rsm;qdkif&m pmayyk&ydkufrsm; usef&SdcJh
onfrSm qdkcJhonfhtwdkif; rif;rSL;rwfrsm; aqmif
½GufcJhaomaMumifhjzpfonf[k ,lqoifhygonf/
xdkUaemuf jrefrmEdkifiHonf NAdwdoQvufatmuf
odk Y a&mufvmaomtcg taemufEdkifiHpepfrsm;
0ifvmonf/ xdkpepfrsm;teuf yd#uwfwdkufvnf;
yg0ifonf/ txufjrefrmjynfudk rodrf;cif jrefrm
ouú&mZf 1245 ckESpfüyif atmufjrefrmEdkifiH &efukef
NrdKUü bm;e'fyd#uwfwdkufac: acwfrDpmMunfh
wdkufukd trsm;jynfolwdkU tusdK;iSmwnfaxmifcJhyg
onf/ xdktcg atmufjrefrmEdkifiH rif;BuD; qmcsm;vf
bm;e'fu OD;pD;em,ujyKí wnfaxmifojzifh bm;
e'f yd#uwfwdkuf[kac:onf/
xdktcgu w&m;0ef *sm'if;? ygVdygarmu© csDv'g;
wdkYu a½S;OD;pGm rdrdwdkY\ tzdk;wefpmtkyfrsm;udk vSLMu
onf/ xdkYaemuf xdkpmMunfhwdkufudk tpdk;&ynma&;
qif'Dudwfu pDrHaqmif½Gufonf/ wzef jrefrmxJu
tBuD;tus,f vSL'gef;olrsm;xJwGif &efukefNrdKUrS
OD;NrdKUESifh OD;rQifwdkYjzpffonf/ xdkyk*d¾KvfESpfOD;onf aiGwpf
aomif;wef ayrl? yk&ydkuf rlrsm;udk a&pufcsí vSL'gef;
ygonf/ aemiftcgwGif uif;0efrif;BuD;\ ayyk&ydkuf
pkESifh yk*H0efaxmufOD;wif\ ayyk&ydkufpkrsm;ukd 0,f
,l cJhonf/ 1923ckESpfavmufupí bm;e'fyd#uwf
wdkufudk tpdk;&u ESpfpOf zGJUpnf;ay;aom tkyfcsKyf
3535353535
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
a&;tzGJUodkU vTJtyfaqmif½Gufaponf/ aiGaMu;
taxmuftyHhay;onf/ xdkbm;e'fpmMunfhwdkuf
tjyif ppfawGNrdKUüvnf; pav'ifpmMunfhwdkuf[lí
&SdcJhao;onf/
1910 jynfhESpfavmufodk Y a&mufaomtcg
pmMunfhcef;rsm;onfNrdKUe,ftESHYtjym; jzpfvmMu
onf/ xdktcgu 0dkiftrfbDattoif;? okp&dw
,k0toif; tp&Sdonfwdk Y ay:aygufvm&m xdk
toif;rsm; &Sd&mt&yfwGif pmMunfhcef;rsm; &Sdonf
omrsm;avonf/ wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;onf ,cif
uxuf Edk;Mum;vmMuonf/ vGwfvyfa&; 0HomEk
vkyfief;onf xdktcguyif vIyfvIyf&Sm;&Sm; jzpfvm
onf/ 1925 ckESpfavmufrSpí pmMunfhcef; pmMunfh
wdkufvkyfief;onf tm;opf&vmonf/ xdktcgu
jrefrmEdkifiH ynmjyefYyGm;a&;toif;[lí&Sd&m xdktoif;
onf pmMunfhwdkuf xGef;um;rItwGuftm; xkwf
onf/ NrdKUrsm;&Sd jrLeDpDy,ftzGJUrsm;tm; pmMunfhwdkuf
rsm;udk wnfaxmifap&efaoG;aqmif a[majymavh&Sd
onf/
xdktcgtpdk;&onf aiGaMu;taxmuftyHhay;
onf/ NrdKUolNrdKUom;wdk Yu pmMunfhwdkuftwGuf
vSL'gef;orQwGiftpdk;&u xuf0ufavmuf taxmuf
tyHhay;avh&Sdonf/ þodkYjzifh NrdKUrsm;ü pmMunfhwdkuf
i,frsm; wdk;yGm;vmMuonf/ xdktcguaomf tpkd;&
onf wpfESpfvQif axmufyHhaMu;aiGwpfaomif;cefYudk
pmMunfhwdkuf rsm;twGuf &SpfESpfcefYoHk;pGJcJhonf/
1930 jynfhavmufrSpí aus;½Gmpmzwfcef;rsm;
xGef;um;vm Mujyefonf/aus;vufjyKjyifa&; toif;
[kvnf;aumif;? vli,frsm; BuD;yGm;a&;toif;[k
vnf;aumif; &SdvmMuonfjzpf&m þtoifESpfoif;
u OD;aqmifí tm;xkwfMuonf/ aus;½GmpmMunfh
wdkuf? pmMunfhcef; wpfaxmifavmuf xGef;um;cJh
onf/ OD;bdk;usm;ESifh OD;qefeDwdkYonf xdkpmMunfhwdkuf
pmMunfhcef;rsm;odkY pmtkyftrsm;qHk; vSL'gef;avh
&Sdonf/ odkY&mwGif 'kwd,urÇmppftwGif;wGif jrefrm
EdkifiHvnf; ppf'PfcHcJh&ojzifh ysufpD;qHk;yg;cJhMu
onf/
(1965 ckESpf?pufwifbmvü usif;yaom jyefMum;
a&;XmecGJ pmMunfhwdkufoifwef;ü a[majymcsuf)
aZmf*s DaZmf*s DaZmf*s DaZmf*s DaZmf*s D
aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;? trSwf (70)? {NyDv ?aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;? trSwf (70)? {NyDv ?aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;? trSwf (70)? {NyDv ?aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;? trSwf (70)? {NyDv ?aiGwm&Dr*¾Zif;? trSwf (70)? {NyDv ?
1966 ckESpf/1966 ckESpf/1966 ckESpf/1966 ckESpf/1966 ckESpf/
vlom;b0 redrfhus&ef
Ceaocsm pmzwfygrS
odvmokw ynm&\/
vlom;b0 csrf;om&&ef
cPrMum pmzwfygrS
aocsmjynfh0 tm;rmef&\/
vlom;b0 atmufrus&ef
rsm;vSpmay taxGaxGESifh
aeYpOfukefoGm; ynmrsm;\/
vlom;b0 wkd;wuf&trSef
pdwfuBuHod pmayn§dESifh
u0dOpöm jrwfynmukd
&SmazGavhvm pkaqmif;umjzifh
pmaypcef; a&mufvkrSef;onf
pmvrf;ayvrf; avsmufpkdYav
pmtkyfpmay vlYrdwfaqG
pmayqkdxkH; &SdcJhay/
armifjrifhxGef;armifjrifhxGef;armifjrifhxGef;armifjrifhxGef;armifjrifhxGef;
pmtkyfpmay vlYrdwfaqGD
3636363636
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
a':ndKr\touf av;ig;ESpft&G,fuwnf;u
rdcifajymjyaom tdyf&m0ifyk H jyifrsm;rSwpfqif h
om;awmf&m[kvmav;uk d oduRr f ;c J h&onf/
cspfcifESpfoufcJh&onf/
Ak'jrwfpGmbk&m;onf pMu0Vmwkdufwpfaomif;
wGif tjrwfqkH; aom yk*d¾Kvfjzpfonf[laomtodukd
Ak'bmom0ifwpfOD;yDyD vlrSef; odpt&G,fuwnf;u
odcGif h&? ,kHMunfcGif h&cJ h NyD;jzpfonf/ xkd YaMumifh
]]bk&m;&JUom;awmfav;jzpf&wm olYavmufuHaumif;
wJhol&SdygOD;rvm;}}[k uav;yDyD awG;awmtm;us
cJhonf/ wpfzufrSvnf; ]]olvnf;arG;a&m? olYtaz
u olwkdYom;trdukdxm;cJhNyD; awmvnf; xGufoGm;yg
a&m}}[k awG;um oem;u½kPmoufaerdjyefygonf/
rdcifu tarGawmif;ckdif;aomaMumifh bk&m;&Sif
\ ouFef;pukd qGJukdifum ausmif;awmftxd aumuf
aumufygatmif vkdufoGm;aom omuD0ifrif;om;
av;\ ykH&dyfESifhjrwfpGmbk&m;&Sifu ]]igay;Ekdifaom
tarGonf avmukwå&mtarGomjzpfonf}}[kqkdum
ouFef;qD; ay;vkdufojzifh omoemhabmifa&muf
oGm;aom ckepfESpfom;t&G,f ukd&ifaygufpeav;
\ykH&dyfwkdYonf a':ndKr\&ifxJwGif i,fi,fuwnf;
u pGJxifaecJhonf/
jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif\ yg&rDawmfukd b0tquf
qufu ulnDjznfh qnf;ay;cJhaom (Oyrm- a0óEÅ
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3737373737
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
a':ndKr\zcifonf pmayorm;wpfOD;jzpfí
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3838383838
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
a&muf&SdcJhonf/ &[EÅmjzpfaomtcg odu©mokH;yg;ukd
jznfhusifh&mü tomvGefqkH;yk*¾dKvftjzpf {w'*f
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av;pm;zG,f &[EÅmt&Sifoljrwf? t&Sif&m[kvmukd
pmtkyfxJrSwpfqifh ESvkH;om;ESifh zl;jrifcJh&onf/
,aeYacwfonfum; tvGefwkd;wufaeaom
acwfjzpfonf/ wkd;wufrIuvnf; jrefqefvGef;ojzifh
acwfxJwGif ajy;vTm;vIyf&Sm;aeaom acwfvlom;
rsm; onfyifvQif acwfukdrDatmif renf;vkduf ae
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MuNyDjzpfonf/ ]]'Dacwfuav;awG uHaumif;vkduf
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wnfí ajymcJhMujcif;jzpfygonf/
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a':ndKru tav;teufxyfrHí ajymvkdygonf/
tvdr®monf pmrSm wu,f&Sdygonf/
rpE´mrpE´mrpE´mrpE´mrpE´m
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jynf hE Sp f/jynf hE Sp f/jynf hE Sp f/jynf hE Sp f/jynf hE Sp f/
3939393939
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
ynmjrifUrS vlrsKd;wifUrnf
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4040404040
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
Mum;z l ;em;0? okwavmufi? p k H jynf hvQ HMum;z l ;em;0? okwavmufi? p k H jynf hvQ HMum;z l ;em;0? okwavmufi? p k H jynf hvQ HMum;z l ;em;0? okwavmufi? p k H jynf hvQ HMum;z l ;em;0? okwavmufi? p k H jynf hvQ H
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4141414141
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
xJrS uav;rsm;ukd we*FaEGaeYwGif wpfBudrfac:,l
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aumuf,lvkdaom pm&if;Z,m;ykHpHrsm;ukd BudK
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Mum;rI rjyKEkdifcJhaom? ausmif;pmoifcef;rS xGuf
vmcJhMuaom olrsm;tm; EkdifiHhom;aumif; ynm
wwfrsm;jzpfatmif jynfolvlxk yg0ifyl;aygif;
aqmif&Gufay;onfh ausmif;jyify? ynmoifMum;
a&;yifjzpfygonf/
yxrt&G,f? i,faomfuwnfhyxrt&G,f? i,faomfuwnfhyxrt&G,f? i,faomfuwnfhyxrt&G,f? i,faomfuwnfhyxrt&G,f? i,faomfuwnfh
odyÜacgiftm;? wwfajrmufodyÜacgiftm;? wwfajrmufodyÜacgiftm;? wwfajrmufodyÜacgiftm;? wwfajrmufodyÜacgiftm;? wwfajrmufrsm;rlrsm;rlrsm;rlrsm;rlrsm;rl
awmom;&efatmif? jcaoFha,mifokd Yawmom;&efatmif? jcaoFha,mifokd Yawmom;&efatmif? jcaoFha,mifokd Yawmom;&efatmif? jcaoFha,mifokd Yawmom;&efatmif? jcaoFha,mifokd Y
ra&Smifrn§m? wsif;wsif;rmíra&Smifrn§m? wsif;wsif;rmíra&Smifrn§m? wsif;wsif;rmíra&Smifrn§m? wsif;wsif;rmíra&Smifrn§m? wsif;wsif;rmí
ynm&J&ifh? yG Jv,fwifhvdrf h/ynm&J&ifh? yG Jv,fwifhvdrf h/ynm&J&ifh? yG Jv,fwifhvdrf h/ynm&J&ifh? yG Jv,fwifhvdrf h/ynm&J&ifh? yG Jv,fwifhvdrf h/
&Sifr[m&|om&(ukd;cef;ysK dU) &Sifr[m&|om&(ukd;cef;ysK dU) &Sifr[m&|om&(ukd;cef;ysK dU) &Sifr[m&|om&(ukd;cef;ysK dU) &Sifr[m&|om&(ukd;cef;ysK dU)
cspfpH0if;cspfpH0if;cspfpH0if;cspfpH0if;cspfpH0if;
4242424242
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
jrefrmtbd"mefü ]] arwåmpm }}[laom a0g[m
&udk toHxGuf ay;&mü tbd"mefxHk;pHtwdkif; rspf'rspf'rspf'rspf'rspf'
ZmZmZmZmZm [kyl;wGJazmfjyonf/ arwåmpm\ teuft"dyÜm,f
rSm ]]arwåmudk tajcjyKí a&;om;ay;ydkYaom}}[kzGifh
qdkonf/ arwÅmpmrsm;onf tif;0acwfaemufydkif;
jrefrmpmayü wpfacwfxGef;cJhMuavonf/
arwÅmpmwdkY\ tajccHobm0rSm taMumif;
t&mudkvdkufí today;jcif;? wdkufwGef;jcif;? EId;aqmf
jcif;[laom udpörsm;udk zGJUqdkavonf/ ,ckvnf;
arwåmpmwpfyk'fa&;csifrdonf/ xdktaMumif; t&m
rSm todtvdr®m ÓPfynm qnf;yl;Edkif&ef pmay
zwf½Ia&; jzpfygonf/
EdkifiHwumwGif tcsdKUwdkif;
jynfrsm;ü ]]pmzwfaomvlrsdK;}}
[k trsm;uwifpm;ac:&
avmufaom pmzwfolrsm;&Sd
wwfMuonf/ tavhtx*kPf
tifwpfrsdK;[k qdkxdkufygonf/
uRefawmfwdkUEdkifiHrSm pmwwf
ajrmufEIef; jrihfrm;ojzifh xdk
*kPftifESifh vufwpfurf;tvdk
ü &Sdaeygonf/ pmzwfusifhpGJNrJ
olwdkUonf pme,fZif;rStp
pmtkyfpmaywdk Yudk c&D;oGm;
&if;vnf; BuHKovdkzwfavh
&Sdonf/
tm;vyfcsdefrsm;wGif ½kyfjrif
oHMum;? AD'D,dk? ADpD'DwdkU Munfh
csdefxJrSyif tcsdefudkzJhí pmudk
zwfjzpfatmif zwfMuonf/
xdkolwdkUteuf 0,f,l&ef pmtkyf
zdk;tcuftcJ? zwfNyD;odrf;qnf;
xm;&efae&m? tcuftcJ&S daeolwdk YrSyif eD;&m
pmMunfhwdkufESifh pmzwfcef;rsm;odkY ta&mufoGm;Mu
ao;onf/ xkdae&mrsm;wGif pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;udk
vSefavSmzwfvsuf pdwf0ifpm;&m pmtkyfrsm;udk pnf;
urf;ESifhtnD iSm;&rf;um zwf½IEdlifMuonf/ pmzwf
usifh\ aphaqmfrIjzifh EdkifiHwdkif;vdkvdkyif xkdxdkkaom
y&dowfrsm; txktxnfESifh &Sdaeygonf/ pmzwf
jcif;uay;aom ESpfodrfhauseyfrIESifh vufawGUtusdK;
aus;Zl;udkvnf; olwdkU wpfenf;wpfvrf; od&Sdxm;Mu
aomaMumifhjzpfonf/
acwfumv pmtkyfpmapmifwkdUuvnf; a&'D,dk?
pmzwfMua&; arwåmpmarmifqk&Sif
4343434343
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
½kyfjrifoHMum; [laom xdkif&mrx tDvufx½Gef;epf
acwfüyif yef;yefaeqJ&Sdonf/ a&'D,dkrSm aw;*Dw
tygt0if okw&o owif;trsdK;rsdK;udk tvG,f
wul em;aomwqifEdkif\/½kyfjrifoHMum;ü a&mifpHk
vIyf&Sm;rIudk cvkwfEdSyf½kHjzifh Munfh½IcHpm;cGifh us,fjyefY
vmaom rsufarSmufacwfüyif pmtkyfwdkY wdrfaum
yaysmufrnfh t&dyfta,mifrSm r&Sdao;/ xdkYodk Y
arS;rSdefoGm;&efvnf; ,cktxd odomaomtaMumif;
[lí rjrifay/ owif;tcsufrsm; zwf½I&ef? azsmfajz
&ef tjcm;enf;vrf;rsdK;pHk ay:xGufaeonfhtMum;rS
pmtkyfrsm; rwdrfjrKyfEdkifao;onfrSm taMumif;
aumif;rsm;&Sdaeíjzpfrnf/ xdktaMumif; aumif;rsm;
xJwGif udkifwG,fzwf½Ií tqifajyjcif;? u,dux
rrsm;jcif;? tzdk;enf;0efygjzpfjcif;? tcsdefra&G;
zwf½IEdkifjcif;? pmMunfhwdkuf? pmzwfcef;vdk tzGJU
tpnf;rsm;&Sdjcif; ponfwdkY yg0ifrnfomjzpfygonf/
21 &mpk tOD;ydkif;a&mufcsdefü &SdNyD;om; yHkESdyf
rD'D,mESifh aemufay: tDvufx½Gef;epf rD'D,mwdkU
tcsif;csif; tm;NydKifvmcJhaomfvnf; wpfckudkwpfck
u z,f&Sm;ypfjcif;r&Sd½Hkru vlxkqufoG,fa&; vkyf
ief;rsm;udk tjyeftvSef tusdK;jyKvsuf&Sdonfhtjyif
pmzwf y&dowfrsm;twGuf 0efaqmifrIrsm;udk a&S;u
xuf ydkíay;vmaeMuonf/
pmzwfjcif;onf ausmif;ynmoifjcif;ouJhodkU
tqifhqifh wdk;jr§ifhowfrSwfcsuf r&Sdyg/ odkUaomfvnf;
b0vkyffief;tawGYtBuHK pkaqmif;&jcif;rSmouJhodkU
&ifhusufrI tqpftydkif;rsm; &SdwwfNrJjzpfonf/ xdk
tqpftydkif;udk u@cGJ&vQif taysmfpmrS tjyKpmodkU
ul;ajymif;a&;jzpfonf/ vlwdkif; pmzwfMuaomfvnf;
vlom; t&if;tjrpf zGHUNzdK;a&;wGif ]]pmudkb,fvdkzwf
rvJ}} (HOW to Read a Book) [laom pmtkyf
rsdK;udk tpOftquf a&;om;cJhMuonf/ txufwef;
ausmif;awGrSm *EÅ0ifpmay aumufEkwfcsuftjzpf
pmaygif;pkuJhodkY pmtkyfrsdK;u pmzwfenf;udk ausmif;
om;vli,frsm;tm; rdwfqufay;onf/ wuúodkvf
rsm;odkY a&mufaomtcg pmzwfenf;? pmay t&om
cHenf; (Literary appreciation) wdkUudk bmom&yf wpfck
tjzpfyifydkUcsay;onf/ wuúodkvfbGJU,lolrsm;tm;
trsdK;om;pmayvuf&mrGefrsm; avhvmcsuftzGifh
usrf;rsm; a&;om;aponf/ pmayxkwfa0olwdkU
e,fy,fuvnf; pmaya0zef a&;pmrsm;udk pkpnf;í
BudKMum;xkwfa0onf/ pmayyifpnfudk cufvuf
a0jzmap&ef a&pifavmif;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ pmMunfh
wdkufrsm;ü pma&;q&m\ vuf&mrsm;taMumif;?
pmtkyfwpftkyfcsif; taMumif;wdkYudk rMumcP a[m
ajymMuonf/
þodkU pmay\ c&D;vrf;aMumif; twdrfteuf
udk odomatmif azmfjyay;aeonfh vkyfief;udk yHhydk;
&eftwGuf EdkifiHawmfpmayqkrsm;tjyif yk*¾vdu
pmayqk? pme,fZif;ygvuf&mqkrsm;udkvnf; ESpfpOf
a½G;cs,fcsD;jr§ifhvsuf *kPfjyKrIrsm;rSm tm;&p&mjzpf
vmonf/ odkYjzifh &yfxJ&GmxJ NrdKUjyxJü pmzwfol
BuD;i,fwdkY\ ta&twGuf wdk;yGm;vmMuonf/
pmzwf0goemygolwdkUu zwfp&mpmtkyfrsm;udk
&SmMuonf/ xkwfa0olrsm;uvnf; pmzwfolwdkU\
rsufpdatmufodkU a&muf&Sd&ef pmaygif;pkrsm; xkwfa0
ay;vsuf&Sdonf/ pmzwfy&dowfBudKufojzifh 'kwd,
tBudrf? wwd,tBudrf xGufvmaom pmtkyfaumif;
4444444444
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
rsm;vnf; ta&twGufr&Sm;/ ½kyfjrifoHMum;ESifh tcsdKU
r*¾Zif;?*sme,frsm;ü pmzwfy&dowfu a½G;cs,f
zwf½IEdkif&ef a&mif;&twGifus,fqHk; pmtkyfrsm;
pm&if;udk jyKpkwifjyvsuf&Sdonf/ &ufowåywf
twGif;? wpfvtwGif;ponfjzifh umvcGJjcm;vsuf
a&mif;tm;aumif;onfh pmtkyfrsm;pm&if; aumuf,l
ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ pmzwfolwdkYudk owif;ay;&ef
twGuf aeYpOfowif;rsm;ü aMumfjimtjyif pmtkyf
pmapmifowif;rsm;udkvnf; zwf½IEdkifMuonf/ pepf
wuspkpnf;rI rjzpfEdkifao;apumrl pmorm;wdkU
a½G;cs,fzwf½I&ef owif;ay;jcif;jzpfonf/
jynfwGif;jynfypmtkyfowif;rsm;udk azmfjy&ef
twGuf ]]pmtkyfavmu}} [lí xkwfa0aom
pmapmifuav;rSm pmayESifh pme,fZif; tzGJUu
MudKMum;xkwfa0cJhonfudk toufqufay;EdkifvQif
0g&ifh? 0gEk pmzwfolwkdUtwGuf pmrdwfqufvrf;ñTef
jzpfygvdrfhrnf/
pmawG&SdNyD/ pmzwfcef;? pmMunfhwdkufawG&SdNyD/
pmzwfaomvlrsdK; jzpfap&ef pmzwfoifhyHkudkvnf;
pmayESifh &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifol ynm&Sif tqufqufu
ajym½dk; &SdcJ honf/ ]]rSwfzG,frSwf&m? xdkxdkpmudk?
&Smírjywf? tdrfwGifzwf}}[laom &Sifr[m&|om&
udk,fawmf\ pmcsdK;aemufydkif;wGif rjywfrvyf
ajymqdkcJhMuaom tqdktñTef;rsm;rSm pmzwfvdkol
wdkUtwGuf a&SUqufzdkU&m tm;wufESpfoufzG,f
&Sdonf/
tvsOf;oihfovdk vSefavSm&vQif vGwfvyfa&;
&NyD;aemuf oD&dvuFmEdkifiH yxrqHk; jrefrmoHtrwf
BuD;? bmrif;owif;pm t,f'DwmESifh NrdKUrausmif;
q&mBuD;a[mif; OD;wif haqG (1906-1953)u
]]avmuü vlrnfonfrSm udk,fESif hpdwf ESpfck]]avmuü vlrnfonfrSm udk,fESif hpdwf ESpfck]]avmuü vlrnfonfrSm udk,fESif hpdwf ESpfck]]avmuü vlrnfonfrSm udk,fESif hpdwf ESpfck]]avmuü vlrnfonfrSm udk,fESif hpdwf ESpfck
aygif;rS vljzpfvmjcif;jzpf\/ udk,fudkom tpmaygif;rS vljzpfvmjcif;jzpf\/ udk,fudkom tpmaygif;rS vljzpfvmjcif;jzpf\/ udk,fudkom tpmaygif;rS vljzpfvmjcif;jzpf\/ udk,fudkom tpmaygif;rS vljzpfvmjcif;jzpf\/ udk,fudkom tpm
auR;NyD; pdwfudk tpmrauR;bJxm;vQif tusdK;auR;NyD; pdwfudk tpmrauR;bJxm;vQif tusdK;auR;NyD; pdwfudk tpmrauR;bJxm;vQif tusdK;auR;NyD; pdwfudk tpmrauR;bJxm;vQif tusdK;auR;NyD; pdwfudk tpmrauR;bJxm;vQif tusdK;
enf;vdrf hrnf}}enf;vdrf hrnf}}enf;vdrf hrnf}}enf;vdrf hrnf}}enf;vdrf hrnf}} [kqdkcJhonf/
udk,fawGU0wÅKrsm;jzifh vli,frsm;udk tm;ay;
jyKjyif&ef ]]&Jjrefrm}} 0w¬Krsm;udk a&;om;cJhol? trsdK;
om;ynm0ef OD;zdk;usm;(1890-1942)u pmzwf
jcif; e,fy,fcsJUxGif&ef vdktyfyHkudk ,ckacwfü,ckacwfü,ckacwfü,ckacwfü,ckacwfü
jrefrmEd kifiHwGif zwfpm omrnudkom vdktyfjrefrmEd kifiHwGif zwfpm omrnudkom vdktyfjrefrmEd kifiHwGif zwfpm omrnudkom vdktyfjrefrmEd kifiHwGif zwfpm omrnudkom vdktyfjrefrmEd kifiHwGif zwfpm omrnudkom vdktyf
onfr[kwf/ vli,fvl½G,fwdk Y\ pdwfaeoabmonfr[kwf/ vli,fvl½G,fwdk Y\ pdwfaeoabmonfr[kwf/ vli,fvl½G,fwdk Y\ pdwfaeoabmonfr[kwf/ vli,fvl½G,fwdk Y\ pdwfaeoabmonfr[kwf/ vli,fvl½G,fwdk Y\ pdwfaeoabm
xm;? tusif hpm&dwÅrSpí jyKjyiftm;ay;aomxm;? tusif hpm&dwÅrSpí jyKjyiftm;ay;aomxm;? tusif hpm&dwÅrSpí jyKjyiftm;ay;aomxm;? tusif hpm&dwÅrSpí jyKjyiftm;ay;aomxm;? tusif hpm&dwÅrSpí jyKjyiftm;ay;aom
zwfpmrsdK;udkvnf; txl;vdktyfayonf/ &J&if hzwfpmrsdK;udkvnf; txl;vdktyfayonf/ &J&if hzwfpmrsdK;udkvnf; txl;vdktyfayonf/ &J&if hzwfpmrsdK;udkvnf; txl;vdktyfayonf/ &J&if hzwfpmrsdK;udkvnf; txl;vdktyfayonf/ &J&if h
jrwfjrifhpdwf? wnfMunfaompdwf? wkd;wuf BuD;jrwfjrifhpdwf? wnfMunfaompdwf? wkd;wuf BuD;jrwfjrifhpdwf? wnfMunfaompdwf? wkd;wuf BuD;jrwfjrifhpdwf? wnfMunfaompdwf? wkd;wuf BuD;jrwfjrifhpdwf? wnfMunfaompdwf? wkd;wuf BuD;
yGm;vkdaompdwf? raumif;rIukdy,fí aumif;&myGm;vkdaompdwf? raumif;rIukdy,fí aumif;&myGm;vkdaompdwf? raumif;rIukdy,fí aumif;&myGm;vkdaompdwf? raumif;rIukdy,fí aumif;&myGm;vkdaompdwf? raumif;rIukdy,fí aumif;&m
bufukd jyKjyifvk daompdwfpaom pdwfaumif;bufukd jyKjyifvk daompdwfpaom pdwfaumif;bufukd jyKjyifvk daompdwfpaom pdwfaumif;bufukd jyKjyifvk daompdwfpaom pdwfaumif;bufukd jyKjyifvk daompdwfpaom pdwfaumif;
pdwfjrwfrsm;udkjzpfapvsufowdå? oabmouúmpdwfjrwfrsm;udkjzpfapvsufowdå? oabmouúmpdwfjrwfrsm;udkjzpfapvsufowdå? oabmouúmpdwfjrwfrsm;udkjzpfapvsufowdå? oabmouúmpdwfjrwfrsm;udkjzpfapvsufowdå? oabmouúm
&? tusif hpm&dwå wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;wdk Yud k&? tusif hpm&dwå wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;wdk Yud k&? tusif hpm&dwå wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;wdk Yud k&? tusif hpm&dwå wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;wdk Yud k&? tusif hpm&dwå wdk;wufaumif;rGefa&;wdk Yud k
jyKjyifaom zwfpmrsdK;udk vdkavonfjyKjyifaom zwfpmrsdK;udk vdkavonfjyKjyifaom zwfpmrsdK;udk vdkavonfjyKjyifaom zwfpmrsdK;udk vdkavonfjyKjyifaom zwfpmrsdK;udk vdkavonf[k udkvdkeD
acwfuyif qdkcJhonf/
ppfNyD;acwf atmifjrifaom usrf;jyKq&m?
bmomjyefq&m? owif;pmq&mESifh pmaytzGJUtpnf;
Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½GufcJhzl;aom q&mwufwdd k;
(1933-2003)u pmudk tusdK;&Sdatmif zwfa&;ESifh
pyfvsOf;í ]]pmzwfwwf&UJvm;}} [kar;vQif ]]pmzwf
wwfwmaygh}} [kqdkMuayvdrfhrnf/ pmwwfvQif
pmzwfwwfonf[k omreftm;jzifh qdkEdkifapumrl
pmzwfwwfzdkUum; vdkayao;onf/ pmwwfwdkif; pm
zwfwwfonf[k rqdkomay/ pmudkzwfí rdrdb0ü
xl;uJaom tusKd;rsm; cHpm;&ygrS pmzwf&usKd;eyf
ayrnf/ xkdpmrsKd;ukd zwfrdatmif &SmazGBudK;yrf;
zwfrSomvQif pmzwfwwfonf[k ac:yg&ap [lí
a&;om;cJhonf/
tqdkygyk*d ¾ KvfBuD;tjyif ]]rs d K;qufopfwdkU
w d k ;wuf&p fz d k U } } [lí tm;ay;aeus q&m
OD;atmifoif;u pmMunfhwdkufrsm; zGHUNzdK;NyD; vli,f
awG pmayxJrSmynm? tvdr®m&SmoifhMuyHkudk a&;om;
pmawG&SdNyD/ pmzwfcef;?
pmMunfhwdkufawG&SdNyD/ pmzwfaomvlrsdK;jzpfap&ef
pmzwfoifhyHkudkvnf; pmayESifh &if;ESD;uRrf;0ifol ynm&Sif
tqufqufu ajym½dk;&SdcJhonf/
4545454545
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
&mü pmayavmu&Sd aumif;rI&Sif olawmfaumif;
wdkUudk arQmfvifhapmifhpm;aeaom u@uav;wpfck
taMumif;udk wifjyvdkufcsifygonf/ ]]jrefrmjynf\
acwftajctaerSm ododomomBuD; ajymif;vJvm
cJhNyD/ olwdkUwdk;wufcsifMuonf/ olwdkU\ tem*wfudk
a&a&&m&mjzpfatmif pDrHudef;cscsifMuonf/ tod
tvdr®m ynmwdk;csifMuonf/ 0g&ifhpmayorm;wpf
a,mufu zwfoifhzwf&maom pmtkyfrsm;udk ñTef;
ay;vdkufygonf/ aumif;yHkaumif;enf;udk pepfwus
oHk;oyfjy vdkufjcif;onf b0udk wnfaqmufenf;?
aeenf;? xdkifenf;udkyg oHk;oyfjy&m a&mufoGm;Edkif
ygonf/ xdkUjyif tvSypönf; jrwfEdk;enf; udkyg
oGefoifay;&m a&mufEdkifygonf}} [k qdkjyD;aemuf
pmMunfhwdkuftoif;rsm;zGH YNzdK;vmvdkufvQif tod
OmPfzG HU NzdK;vmEd kifygonf/ todÓPfynmonf
t&m&mvnf;jzpfí tvHk;pHkvnf; jzpfonf[kyif
ajymvdkufcsifygonf/ xdktodÓPfaMumifhyifvQif
rl;,pfaq;0g;oHk;pGJrI avsmhyg;oGm;Edkifonf/ away
qdk;oGrf;rI avsmhyg;oGm;Edkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh &yf½Gm
ydkrdkNyD; at;csrf;vmEdkifonf/ wdk;wufzGHNzdK;vmEdkif
onf[lí qdkxm;ygonf/
touf 80 eD;rS pma&;q&mjzpfNyD; touf
90 ausmfü uG,fvGefoGm;cJhaom pmayqkESifh ynm
a&;? vlrIa&; tvSL&Sif aus;vufESifh NrdKUjywGif
pmMunfhwdkufrsm; xlaxmif&yfwnfEdkifatmif jyKvkyf
ay;cJhonfh yckuúLOD;tHk;azu ]]vlwdkUwGif tzdk;wef
qHk;aomt&monf todynmjzpfonf/ todynmudk
tawGUtBuHKESifh pmayrS&Edkifojzifh vlwdkif;pmzwf
oifhygonf}} [lí qdkcJhzl;onf/ þodkU pmzwfjcif;\
aumif;usdK;taxGaxGudk qdkzl; ñTef;zl;aom t&m
rsm;pGm&Sdavonf/
odkUaomf pmzwfusifhwdk;yGm;rIudk t"duaxmuf
ulaom pmMunfhwdkufvkyfief;zGHUNzdK;a&;\ vdktyfcsuf
rSm pmtkyf? pmMunfhwdkuf taqmufttHk? pmMunfh
wdkufpDrHrIpepfESifh aiGaMu;&efyHkaiGtaMumif; av;&yf
&&SdrIwdkUrSm jznfhqnf;oifhaom tcsufrsm;jzpfojzihf
jynfh0atmif ulnDyHhydk;&ef vdktyfygonf/ xdkyhHydk;rIudk
pmcspfaom jynfolwdkU\ todkif;t0dkif;rS aygif;pyf
jznfhqnf;&ef jzpfonf/ xdk0efwmonfyifvQif
pmzwfusifhzG HUNzdK;a&;? pmzwfaom vlrsdK;jzpfa&;
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jyefMum;a&;ESifh jynfolYqufqHa&;OD;pD;Xme? i½kwfaumif;NrdKUe,fcGJ½Hk;rS0efxrf;rsm;onf i½kwfaumif;NrdKUtwGif; jynfolrsm; A[kokwtwGuftvG,fwul& Smaz GE d ki f&e ftwGufpmaya&csrf;pifrsm;udk vlpnfum;&mae&mrsm;wGif xm;&SdNyD; wpfywfvQifwpfBudrf oGm;a&mufí pmayzwf½IaerIudk uGif;qif;ppfaq;NyD; jynfolrsm;pmzwfonfh tavhtusifh&apa&;pnf;½Hk;aqmif&Gufay;vsuf&SdaMumif;od&onf/
ausmf (i½kwfaumif; jyef quf)
i½kyfaumif;NrdKUü pmaya&csrf;pifrsm;udk vlpnfum;&m ae&mrsm;wGif xm;&Sd
4646464646
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
yef;wpfcif;udkysKd;aomolonfom yef;ysKd;aom
vufykdif&Sifr[kwfyg/ &ifrSjzpfaom om;orD;wdkYtm;
cspfjcif;arwåmtm;jzihf ,SufEG,fcsnfaESmif? BudK;pm;
tm;xkwf jyKpkysKd;axmifí b0ü tvSyqHk;yef;yGihf
av;rsm;jzpfvmzdk Y vkyfaqmifEkdifpGrf;aom trd?
tbwdk Yonfvnf; yef;ysKd;aomvufocif
rsm;yif jzpfMuygonf/
om;orD;wdkY\ vkdtifqErSeforQ vG,f
ulacsm arGYjynfhvQHpGm jznfhpGrf;ay;Edkifyg
onfhrdb/ cufcufcJcJ &SmazGí om;
orD;wdkY\ vdktifqEukd usm;ukwf
usm;cJ jznfhpGrf;ay;&&Smonfhrdb/
cspfjcif;arwåm tjynfhjzihf taumif;
qHk; jyKpkysKd;axmifvdkpdwf vQHxGufae
ygaomfvnf; enf;yg;vGef;onfh a&puf
aMumihf tcsdefrwefrD om;orD;wdkY
t&G,f ra&mufrD vufvTwfausmckdif;
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om;orD;wGifvnf; aus;Zl;&Sif
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rsm;/
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cJh&aom om;orD;rsm;/
ayghayghyg;yg; wefjyefwm0efausMuygaom om;
orD;rsm; ponfjzihfaom b0aygif;? tjzpftysuf
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cHkygyJ/
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om;orD;ESihfrdb? rdbESihfom;orD; jzwfr&? jywfr&
aom csnfiifaxG;wpfcktvm; wifpm;rdygvQif xdkcsnf
iifaxG;xJrS tpESpfpyJ qGJxkwfjycsifygonf/
xdkESpfpxJrS wpfponf aiGaMu;csrf;omaom
rdbrsm;rS qif;oufvmaom om;orD;rsm;/ zcif
onf ukrÜPDydkif&SifjzpfNyD; rdcifrSm aqGpOfrsKd;quf
csrf;omjynfhpHkonfhrsKd;½kd;rS qif;oufvmonfh q&m
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onf vdkw&jynfhpHkygonf/ taumif;qHk;tpm;t
aomuf? aq;0g;? taetxkdifwdkYaMumihf tyltyif[l
onf jrLwpfrIefpmrSr&Sd[k wifpm;&avmufaom
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csufr&SdcJhygvQif yHkrSeftaetxm; wGif b,ftykdif;rS
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4747474747
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
tcsdefjynhf oufaomihfoufomESihf omom,m,m
at;csrf;aeMurSmyg/
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&Sdef tiftm;wdkYjzihf rdrdwdkY\ &ifESpfonf;csm om;orD;
rsm;jzpfMuaom yef;uav;rsm;udk vSyzl;yGihf arT;ysHU
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taumif;qHk;abmf'g? taumif;qHk;yHhykd;rIrsm;pGmjzihf
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rsm;twGuf awmufyaomzefqif;&Sifrsm; jzpfMuyg
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vufpm; ysHusaygaom NrdKUopfwpfckjzpfonfhtjyif
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4848484848
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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pm;Mu&if; twdrf;tapmif;r&Sd/ vrf;vGJra&muf
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om;om; ½kef;uefaeMuonfygyJ/
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wu,fawmh/
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4949494949
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
rMumao;rDu pifumylukd uRefawmf
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5050505050
owif;vTm trSwf (3)
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