Tissue
Emergent properties
Properties that emerge at each level that didn’t exist before….
Structure and Function
Cell- structure and function
DNA-structure and function
Genomics and Bioinformatics
Transfer of energy
Organisms interact
Buffers
• Human blood 7.4
• Drop or rise can be deadly
• Buffers minimizes changes in pH by accepting hydrogen ions and they are in excess and donating hydrogen ions when they are depleted
Acidification
• CO2 is main product of burning fossil fuel
• Joins with watercarbonic acidlowers pH
• Corals suffer
Hydrocarbons
• Petroleum products and fats
Methyl
• ---CH3-often recognizable tag
Carbohydrates
• C, H, O
• Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
• Energy, storage, structure
+
Lipids
• C, H, O (Fats, oils, waxes)
• Fatty Acids and glycerol– Saturated(solids at room temp)and
unsaturated(kinks prevent packing together)– Hydrogenated-hydrogen added– Triacylglycerol-triglycerides– Hydrophobic-water hydrogen bonds to itself
and excludes fats
• Structure,storage (compact), insulation, protection
Steroids
• Four fused rings p.51
• Cholesterol-cell membranes
• Sex hormones
• Synthesized in the liver
Proteins• C. H, O, N, S
• Amino acids
• Primary, secondary, tertiary, quarternary
• Structure, storage, enzymes, transport, receptors, movement, defense, messengers p. 52
• Protein vs polypeptide
• Shape is important!!!
Most proteins recognize and bind to some other molecule
• When proteins lose their shape, they are said to be denatured.
• Factors that affect shape:– Temperature– pH– Salt concentration
Chaperonins
• Protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of proteins within cells.
• Provide an isolating environment in which a polypeptide can reach its final conformation.
Misfolding of proteins
• Alzheimer’s
• Parkinson’s
• Mad cow
• Senile dementia
Enzymes
• Catalysts
• Activation energy EA
• Transition state
Substrate specificity
• Active site
• Not as rigid as once thought
• Induced Fit
R groups of a few of the amino acids that are in the active site catalyze the conversion of substrate to product, then product leaves.
One enzyme typically acts on about a thousandthousand substrate molecules per secondsecond!
Page 128
Scientific Skills Exercise
OPTIMAL TEMPERATURE
OPTIMAL pH
Denaturation
• It could happen to you!!!
DNA Tube
http://www.dnatube.com/video/6055/Enzyme-Function-and-Inhibition-Audio-Narration
http://www.youtube.com/user/jchvatal1/videos?view_as=public
