Thirteen English Colonies
Essential Topics/Questions
What factors shaped each of the four colonial areas – economically, socially, politically culturally?
Compare and contrast the Chesapeake and New England colonies.
How do precedents from the colonial period impact or shape the development of American society?
What are the ideas of liberty that emerge? What are rights of Englishmen?
Analysis
S – social and cultural P – political R – religious I –intellectual T- technological E – economicD - diplomatic
VIRGINIAMARYLAND
Chesapeake Colonies
TheTheLondonLondon
Company,Company,16061606
TheTheLondonLondon
Company,Company,16061606
Jamestown Settlement 1609
Jamestown Fort & SettlementJamestown Fort & Settlement(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)
Jamestown Fort & SettlementJamestown Fort & Settlement(Computer Generated)(Computer Generated)
Jamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown HousingJamestown Housing
Powhatan: Choices
Powhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan ConfederacyPowhatan Confederacy
John Smith
Martial Law Work
Colonial Salvation: Tobacco
Early Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial TobaccoEarly Colonial Tobacco
• 16181618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
• 16221622 — Despite losing nearly one-third of its colonists in an Indian attack, Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.
• 16271627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.
• 16291629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.
Unfree Labor: Indentured Servitude
Headright System
Opportunity
• HeadrightHeadright System: System:– Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person Each Virginian got 50 acres for each person
whose passage they paidwhose passage they paid
Indenture Contract:Indenture Contract:
5-7 years.5-7 years.
Promised “freedom dues” Promised “freedom dues” [land, $][land, $]
Forbidden to marry.Forbidden to marry.
1610-1614: only 1 in 10 1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured outlived their indentured contracts!contracts!
High Mortality Rates• POPULATION:POPULATION:• 1607: 104 colonists1607: 104 colonists• By spring, 1608: 38 survivedBy spring, 1608: 38 survived• 1609: 300 more immigrants1609: 300 more immigrants• By spring, 1610: 60 survivedBy spring, 1610: 60 survived• 1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants• 1624 population: 1,2001624 population: 1,200• Adult life expectancy: 40 yearsAdult life expectancy: 40 years• Death of children before age 5: 80%Death of children before age 5: 80%• After 1680 -1690 more stablity, After 1680 -1690 more stablity,
declining death ratesdeclining death rates
WidowarchyWidowarchyWidowarchyWidowarchyHigh mortality High mortality
among husbands among husbands and fathers left and fathers left many women many women in the Chesapeake in the Chesapeake colonies with colonies with unusual autonomy unusual autonomy and wealthand wealth
Choice in marriageChoice in marriage
Control over propertyControl over property
1619 PrecedentsHouse of Burgesses First Slave Ship Women
Opechancanough’s Uprising 1622
One fifth of Virginia’s population killed Virginia Company bankrupt –colony
royalized
English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660English Migration: 1610-1660
Settlement Patterns:1620-1660
River Settlements Large plantations –
100 acresSpread out – more
than 5 milesEconomic and
Social problems
17c Population17c Populationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake
17c Population17c Populationin the Chesapeakein the Chesapeake
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
1607 1630 1650 1670 1690
White
Black
Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-
17501750 Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-Population of Chesapeake Colonies: 1610-
17501750
Conditions of Unrest
Falling tobacco prices
Shrinking opportunity
Decreased political opportunity
Increased serviceFrontier tensionsCivil unrest,
mutinies
Tobacco Prices
Bacon’s Rebellion 1676
GovernorGovernorWilliam William
BerkeleyBerkeley
Nathaniel Nathaniel BaconBacon
Causes of Bacon’s Rebellion
Internal power struggles Who has access to land and wealth –
opportunity Diminished opportunity for freed
landless – indentured servantsLimited political participation Defense against IndiansDiffering priorities backcountry
(frontier) and tidewater
Significance
Class differences minimized by emphasis on race – but wide class differences remain
Resistance to royal authorityContinued tidewater v frontier disputesOpened some political participation for
small farmers“All that saved white society from
renewed crisis and conflict was the growth of black slavery.”
Colonization of MarylandColonization of MarylandColonization of MarylandColonization of Maryland
Act Concerning Religion - 1649
Freedom of Worship for all Christians Why – Roman Catholic concerns – they
will become a minority & limitedPrecedent
Coode’s Rebellion 1689
part of the readjustment following the Glorious Revolution.
Power struggle with in the gentry over Protestant/Catholic control of the government
Slavery in the New World
• Children born into slavery and remained
• Lifetime • Tied to race • Tied to agricultural labor • No legal protections
Images from Slave Trade
Factors that caused the shift to slavery for “unfree” labor
Decreased number of indentured servants
Increased supply of slaves – decreased price
Decreasing mortality rates – better profitability and investment
chronic shortage of labor and capital meant “unfree” labor – now filled by slavery
Evolution of Slavery
Slavery = initially fluid – becomes codified – by 1690 to be black = slave
Antonio Johnson“Seasoning”
The Middle Passage
ImpactRacism was used to create solidarity
among whites.Racism reinforced the position of the
Planter Elite Pattern – benefits of slavery accrue to a
few – socioeconomic inequality persisted
Gentry emergesSlavery emerges as social and legal
institution and brings stability
The Restoration Colonies: Carolinas and Georgia
• Utopian ideas • SC – ties with Barbados – strong
plantation/staple crop base (sugar and slavery) West Indies impact; SC – rice and slavery
• NC – Ablemarle – Scot-Irish from Va. – poor economy
• 1701 –divided• Georgia as a place for the “deserving
poor.” Diverse population.
Restoration Colonies
Settlement
Charleston Port City
Staple Crops of South Carolina
Indigo Rice
Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-1775from SC & GA: 1698-1775
Rice & Indigo ExportsRice & Indigo Exportsfrom SC & GA: 1698-1775from SC & GA: 1698-1775
Early Instability in Carolinas
1715 - Yamasee War- Cherokee save- destructive Indian slave trade
royalization 1730 Dense slave population greater sense of
“fear” and stricter codes Richer and more divided than the
Chesapeake
Davidson’s assessment
“And everywhere in the American South and the Southwest, white people’s lingering dreams were realized only through the labor of the least free members of colonial society.”
Indians in SW – Spanish African Americans in S - English
New England Colonies
Plymouth – Pilgrims 1620 Massachusetts Bay –Puritans – 1630 Connecticut Rhode Island New HampshireVermontMaine (part of M Bay)
New England Colonies
Pilgrims/Puritans
The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620
The Mayflower CompactNovember 11, 1620
Pilgrims & PuritansPilgrims –
separatists LMC/LCBradfordMayflower Compact
–self government; majority rule
• Puritans – “purify”• MC/UMC• Winthrop • “City on a Hill” –
not theocracy; not democracy – utopian
• Great Migration – 1630-1642 – whole villages and families
Winthrop – Liberty
Natural – “false” freedom – acting w/o restraint – do as one chooses
Christian/moral – freedom to obey God’s will – “visible saints” – submit to authority
Sources of Puritan MigrationSources of Puritan Migration
Colonizing New EnglandColonizing New England
Population of the New England ColoniesPopulation of the New England Colonies
Basis of Stability and ProblemsFamily – came
together –low mortality rates -tribalism
Church – conversion Halfway Covenant
Puritan ActivismTown – local
government, participatory
Education – public – scripture reading – clergy training
Idea of Puritan Values
Focus on unity and social glue
Lawes and LibertiesHeresy = any
challenge to the normThreatens unity Division and tension
over religious beliefsCreates new colonies-
RI/CN – Hooker Fundamental Orders of CN
Overtime more secular society – influence of commercialization & distance from original community
Population Comparisons:New England v. the Chesapeake
Population Comparisons:New England v. the Chesapeake
Colonial NE Plantation
Economics
Diverse Village system FarmingFishing Naval storesShippingFamily – economic unit
Puritan HereticsPuritan Heretics
Dissent and Division
WilliamsSeparation of
church and state Religious toleration Challenges charter
– pay IndiansRhode Island
HutchinsonAntinominianism –
spiritual awareness without scripture, clergy (Quakers)
Challenges patriarchy
Rhode Island
Women’s RolesFamily = economic unit – women key
part “deputy husband” – economic proxy “Necessary Good” – helpmateNo legal rights Equality w/in the church “uppity, independent, older” – threat; witches label
Slavery Slaves were present -RIProfit in trade
Relationships with Indians
1637 – Pequot War 1640s – New England Confederation 1675-1676 – Metacom’s (King Philip’s)
War Issue = land encroachment Devastating to Indians and whites Dominion of New England
The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637
Metacom/King Philip
King Philip’s War,King Philip’s War,1675 – 1676)1675 – 1676)
King Philip’s War,King Philip’s War,1675 – 1676)1675 – 1676)
Impact
Economic and physical devastation of Indians and whites in NE
Post war tightening of Royal control – the Dominion of New England - Andros
Middle Colonies
Pennsylvania DelawareNew York New Jersey
New Netherlands and New Sweden
New York Land Grants
Partoonships – feudal land grants
Liberty of conscience
Loss of legal rights for women
New York harbor
New Amsterdam
New York’s Hudson RiverDutch colony – New NetherlandsTrade center
Pennsylvania
• Holy Experiment • Pluralistic, diverse –
open colonization • Paid Indians for
land• Charter of Liberties • Open and fractious
government –tensions
• Bread colony • Trade – Delaware as
port
• Penn
Penn and native Peoples
Purchase of landChain of Friendship
League of the Iroquois
1570 confederation Great Binding LawMiddle Ground Balance of PowerThe LonghouseWomen – political
powerBeaver Wars
Flag of the Five Nations
Iroquois Lands & European Trade Iroquois Lands & European Trade CentersCenters
Iroquois Lands & European Trade Iroquois Lands & European Trade CentersCenters
Hackett Fischer Albion’s Seed
Hegemonic liberty – Virginia – power
Reciprocal liberty –Quakers – tolerance
Natural liberty – backcountry – no interference, no government
“Ordered” liberty – NE
Of the community Liberties – social
class Soul liberty – must
worship – in Puritan way
Freedom from want and need – protection of members of society
Rights of Englishmen
Liberties – right of privileged groups Levellers – equal rights ; Diggers –
shared ownershipRights of Englishmen
Habeas corpus Trial by jury Right to confront witnesses
Mercantilism
CharacteristicsFavorable balance
of trade (BOT)Accumulation of
specie – gold and silver
Self sufficiency
Goals POWER – for
mother country Navigation Acts –
control shipping and trade
Navigation Acts
Shipping on English Ships w/ English captain and crew
Imports through English ports
Listed “enumerated” items can only be traded w/ England
Royal Control
Dominion of New England Andros - alienatesEnforcement of Navigation Acts
Glorious Revolution 1688
William and Mary Parliament over Crown
Impact in Colonies
Profit = Key English concernAdmiralty courtsColonial governors more power in
theory than reality Assembly – responsive and participatory
–gave power to gentry in each colony Benign (salutary) neglect – high
degree of colonial autonomy in local affairs
Internal Adjustments
Coode’s Rebellion – 1689 MD Catholic-Protestant rivalry
Leisler’s Rebellion – 1689 – NY Anglo-Dutch rivalry
Salem Witch Trial – 1691 Internal social and political tensions
Images of the Witch Trials
Which of the following helped make Virginia a successful colony in the 17th century?
I. the headright system which increased land ownershipII. allowing for the export of tobacco to EnglandIII. limiting land ownership to members of the Church of EnglandIV. providing a representative assembly
A) I and II onlyB) II, III, and IV onlyC) I, II, and IV onlyD) all of the aboveE) none of the above
Which of the following helped make Virginia a successful colony in the 17th century?
I. the headright system which increased land ownershipII. allowing for the export of tobacco to EnglandIII. limiting land ownership to members of the Church of EnglandIV. providing a representative assembly
A) I and II onlyB) II, III, and IV onlyC) I, II, and IV onlyD) all of the aboveE) none of the above
Which of the following helped make Virginia a successful colony in the 17th century?
I. the headright system which increased land ownershipII. allowing for the export of tobacco to EnglandIII. limiting land ownership to members of the Church of EnglandIV. providing a representative assembly
A) I and II onlyB) II, III, and IV onlyC) I, II, and IV onlyD) all of the aboveE) none of the above
Which of the following helped make Virginia a successful colony in the 17th century?
I. the headright system which increased land ownershipII. allowing for the export of tobacco to EnglandIII. limiting land ownership to members of the Church of EnglandIV. providing a representative assembly
A) I and II onlyB) II, III, and IV onlyC) I, II, and IV onlyD) all of the aboveE) none of the above