PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MARIKINABrazil St. Greenheights Subd. Concepcion I, Marikina City
PLMar Tel. Nos. 3698650/ PLMar Fax [email protected]
TEXT MESSAGING AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SPELLING PROFICIENCY
AMONG FIRST YEAR BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION STUDENTS OF
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MARIKINA A.Y. 2012-2013
A Research Paper
Presented to
The Faculty of
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina
Submitted by:
Miralles, John Michael A.
Belgira, Mark Gil G.
Pascual, Paul John A.
Mades, Noel V.
Sarmiento, Marjorie L.
2012-2013
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APPROVAL SHEET
The thesis attached hereto, entitled “TEXT MESSAGING
AND ITS IMPACT ON THE SPELLING PROFICIENCY AMONG SELECTED
FIRST YEAR BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION STUDENTS OF
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MARIKINA A.Y. 2012-2013” prepared
and submitted by John Michael A. Miralles, Mark Gil G.
Belgira, Marjorie L. Sarmiento, Paul John A. Pascual and
Noel V. Mades, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor in Secondary Education, is hereby
accepted.
_Prof. Rebecca Chavez_,Ph. D.
Adviser
Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for
the degree Bachelor in Secondary Education.
_Dr. Angelina Irapta_
Dean, BSE
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A good day to everyone!
Each of the researchers would like to extend our
deepest gratitude to people behind us who made this research
work possible. We would use this opportunity to say out most
sincere thanks to; our Creator, who gave us the wisdom to
evaluate the things that we need, want to and have to do. To
our parents, who were the people that continuously support
us with our studies, our parents deserve to be given
appreciation and acknowledgement because without them we
wouldn’t be here; and most especially to our beloved
professor who served as our mother, sister, friend and
mentor, Dr. Rebecca Chavez, who never cease to understand
us.
We would also like to dedicate this masterpiece to the
people whom in just a short span of time have taught us to
value our education and to always strive to be the very
best. The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina, University
President Dr. Carmelita Palabay; the University Vice-
President for the Academics Dr. Teresita Santos; the College
of Education Head, Dean Angelina Irapta; the Head of the
English Department, Professor Norma Almario; to other
department heads and deans; to the faculty members of the
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university; and to our fellow PLMarians who served to be our
inspiration in conducting this study.
We hope that this study help us to understand the
students of our university better. We also hope that this
serve as one of the tools in evaluating the students
regarding their individual academic performances. Our
research study aims to share insights regarding the factors
that hinder the freshmen students of our beloved university.
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DEDICATION
This research study is whole-heartedly dedicated to our
beloved family who are always there to help and provide us
the things that we need. To our friends, who were always
there to comfort us in times of exhaustion.
We would also like to extend our dedication to our
professors, for the never ending understanding and patience
that they showed us, for the lessons that they taught us and
also for the memories and values that they instilled in us.
To our co-researchers, who were always there ready to
help one another, for the memories that we all shared and
for the laughs and hardships that we once encountered in
doing this research study.
This study is also dedicated to our God almighty and we
hope that the results of this study serve His will and may
all the glory be unto the Lord.
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ABSTRACT
The language shortcuts and abbreviations used in text
messages are becoming evident in students ‘spelling
proficiency. This qualitative study sought to determine if
the use of the shortcuts has an adverse impact on students'
spelling and grammar skills. This research was based on the
constructivist theory, which rationalizes that students use
what they are most familiar with as they acquire new
knowledge. The study was directed by three research
questions to understand (1) What is the profile of the
selected students of the PLMAR BSE freshmen students as to:
1.1 gender, 1.2 age, 1.3 length of ownership of the cell
phone and 1.4 frequency of texting, (2) What is the
students’ spelling proficiency level based on the gathered
data through the survey test form given to them?;and (3) Is
there a significant relationship between the spelling
proficiency of texters when group according to the following
variables: 1.1 length of ownership of the cell phone and 1.2
frequency of texting. A bounded single case study using a
sample size of 50 students included a profile sheet and an
answer sheet wherein they would have a test on word
spelling. Data collected from the interviews and focus group
were manually transcribed and coded, and notes from
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observations and artifacts were used to ensure validity of
the interview findings. Consequently, four themes emerged:
(1) participants frequently used text messaging and language
shortcuts; (2) language shortcuts commonly occur; (3)
students exhibits that language shortcuts have affected
their spelling skills; and (4) the participants often have
academic deficiencies that go beyond errors presented
through text messaging and language shortcuts. The study's
findings could influence positive social change in that
students could become more proficient writers if curriculum
adjustments were made to connect academic writing
instruction with the method of communication that students
frequently use and understand.
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CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
INTRODUCTION
OMG! Rili? Dnt now bowt dat.lmfao. Btw, wr u nw? Fam.
dner 2nyt s hauz, r u cuming? Repz, azap..!!”,. Have you
received that style of text message? Do you or have you ever
send this kind of text message?
In the Philippines where almost everyone has cellular
phones, this style of text messaging is no riddle basically
for teenagers and young adults.
Texting has become an integral part of our lives; it
has developed very rapidly throughout the world.
Initial growth of text messaging starts with customers
in 1995 sending an average 0.4 messages per GSM (Global
System for mobile communications) per customer per month.
(Wikipedia, 2009)
Today, text messaging is the most widely used mobile
data service, with 35% of all mobile phones users worldwide
or 4.2 million to 7.3 million phone subscribers at the end
of 2003 being active users of SMS.
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The largest average usage of the service by mobile
phone subscribers is the Philippines with an average of 15
texts per day by subscribers. (Wikipedia, 2009)
Text messaging is most often used between private
mobile users as a substitute for voice calls situations.
Popularity has grown to a sufficient extent that the term
texting has enticed the people. It is a very powerful tool
in the Philippines where the average user sends 10-12 text
messages a day. The Philippines ends on the average 400
million test messages per day or approximately 142 billion
text messages sent a year.
At the end of 2007, four of the top mobile service
providers in the country stated that there are 42.78 million
mobile subscribers in the Philippines; thus Philippines has
become the “texting capital of the world”.
The expanding availability of text messaging has raised
questions about the effect of texting on standard literacy.
Many have reported unintentional intrusions of abbreviations
used in texting called “textisms”- is inappropriate
contexts. (Wood. Et al., 2009)
This study or research contains information regarding
the impacts of text messaging and the factors that hinder
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the selected freshmen students of College of Teacher
Education of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina (PLMar), A.Y
2012-2013, in achieving good language proficiency, high
literacy rate and English language learning.
It also aims to determine whether the texting habits of
the students should be a concern as it significantly
demeaning their spelling proficiency, literacy and English
language learning.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The researchers have listed down the significance in
conducting the study. And with the help of these significant
factors, it will be a lot easier for the researchers on how
to prepare the questionnaire that has reference to the topic
of this research work.
This study will be significant:
1. To know how many years have the respondents been sending
text messages.
2. To know how many hours they spend every day for text
messaging.
3. To know whether they use the shorthand method of texting
frequently.
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4. To determine if the number of years of cellular phone
usage is a factor that affects the spelling skills of the
respondents.
5. To know if the number of hours of text messaging is a
contributing factor that results to poor spelling.
6. To identify whether the use of shorthand method of text
messaging affect their spelling skills.
Through this research, the deficiency in students’
knowledge and other related studies that needs improvement
and progress mostly in the universities and other school
offers Education course will be catered.
The intention of this research is to give additional
and essential information about the effects of text
messaging in the studying and learning of students. This
could be used as a part of the basic teachings for students
who are taking up the course of Bachelor of Secondary
Education because this study can be applied to the
profession they are aiming to.
The information held inside this research study can be
a great help, not only to the present Education students of
PLMar but also to the readers and other researchers that are
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seeking additional information and facts about hindrances in
the learning of the students.
Aside to that, mostly for Education students, they can
evaluate and determine where they should focus and they can
know what type of approach they need to have in order to
meet the needs of the children who are having a hard time
studying due to some factors. They can know what part of
them should be developed in order for them to be better
teachers someday.
To get a better idea of the effects of texting on
teenagers and how much this technology was actually being
used, a survey was conducted. Fifty (50) freshmen students
were asked questions about their usage of texting and
instant messaging.
To ensure the honesty of the answers, the surveys were
anonymous and the students were told that their answers
would not be used against them.
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to determine the correlation between
the Spelling Proficiencies of Texters of selected students
of students of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina (PLMar),
A.Y 2013-2013.
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The following questions are the problems that should be
answered regarding the text messaging factors that affect
the said selected students.
1. What is the profile of the selected students of the PLMAR
CTE freshmen students as to:
A. gender
B. age
C. length of ownership of the cell phone
D. frequency of texting
2. What is the students’ spelling proficiency level based on
the gathered data through the survey test form given to
them?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the spelling
proficiency of texters when group according to the following
variables:
A. length of ownership of the cell phone
B. frequency of texting
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THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The theories gathered will be used in the formulation
of the study’s framework. Three theories from the works of
B.F. Skinner and Bagozz, R.P., Davis, F.D., and Warshaw,
P.R. and Albert Bandura led the researchers to the in
knowing the effect of frequent text messaging on spelling of
the first year CTE students of PLMar A.Y. 2012-2013.
According to Albert Bandura’s Observational Learning
Theory or Socio-Cognitive Theory (1962), a major part of
human learning consist of observational learning, which they
define as learning through observing the behavior of another
person called a model. An individual observes a model which
is from the society he is involved.
According to Observational Learning Theory,
particularly, is important in acquiring skills in which
operant conditioning technique of shaping is inappropriate.
Plotting an airplane and performing brain surgery, for
example. The behavior that could hardly be learned by using
trial and error methods without grave cost – liberally to
those involved in the learning.
Behaviorist theory of BF Skinner said that the core to
all behaviorism is the assumption that human and animal
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behaviors are determined by learning and reinforcement.
People act according to what they learned. Species acquire
new skills, depending on the effects these skills have on
the species’ environment. Skinner assumed that if an
individual’s action proves to have a positive effect, then
he would more likely continue his behavior. On the other
hand, if an individual’s action has a negative outcome, he
would likely stop this specific behavior.
An article in EduQnA.com serves as a supporting idea on
the theory of Skinner. According to the article, people do
not read enough. They rely too much on computers and a lot
of them tend to spell according to how the word is
pronounced, and the introduction of text messaging
encourages them to shorten words. Because of technology
available to the students now growing up, when they have to
exact their grammar skills away from a computer or
thesaurus, they can’t perform well. People have become so
dependent on technology to help read and write, to the point
that these skills have diminished over time. In addition,
there is less of an emphasis on face-to-face communication,
with the introduction of all phones and emails.
The work of Bagozz, R.P., Davis, F.D., and Warshaw, P.R
says that people do not use technology because of its
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features but rather, the adopt technology because of the
benefits they get from it. The theory of these three focuses
on how technology helps individuals motivate in learning.
Their theory states that changing individual’s attitude may
be an effective strategy to improve someone’s motivation in
learning. Caroll and Rosson (as cited in Bagozz, R.P.,
Davis, F.D., and Warshaw, P.R,) said that “learning by
doing” is an effective way in learning, for example is using
computer. However, the two argued “that such active learning
leads to “production bias” in which the motivation to use
the system to get a task done is stronger than the
motivation to use the system to get a task done is stronger
than the motivation to spend time learning to use the system
(p.24).” The two added that this might result in barely
adequate learning.
Everyone may feel assured that although different
methods in the experimental methods of teaching. There are
principles on which the theories agree and these provide
useful guidelines for both students and teachers.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
EFFECTS
TEXT
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The diagram shows the advent of technology and gadgets
which are specifically the advances in easier access of
students to telecommunication devices such as the
cellphones. The process indicates how people use it in their
daily lives and the output indicates the effects on
students.
SCOPE AND LIMITATION
The study is confined to determine if there is a
negative effect of texting to the spelling proficiency of
freshmen students of the College of teacher Education in
Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina through a series of survey
conducted, during the second semester, A.Y.2012-2013.
The researchers conducted a survey on fifty (50)
selected freshmen students of College of teacher Education
in Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina.
EFFECTS
TEXT
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
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The researchers hope that this research contribute well
and give necessary information to the students about the
effect of the common factors of hindrances towards spelling
proficiency, literacy and English language learning. With
these factors, we can now think of a solution in order for
us to cope up with the problems.
HYPOTHESES
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant effect of texting to the spelling
proficiency of the freshmen students of College of Teacher
Education of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina
Alternative Hypothesis
There is a negative effect of texting to the spelling
proficiency of the freshmen students of College of Teacher
Education of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Marikina.
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DEFINITION OF TERMS
Technology is continually advancing. As it becomes more
personal and commonplace, some terms have become quite
familiar. However, there are other terms that may not be as
well known. This section provides a list of terms relevant
to this study.
Abbreviations. This refers to a shortened form of a word
or phrase
Acronym. This refers to is an abbreviation formed from the
initial components in a phrase or a word (e.g LOL = Laugh
Out Loud)
Cellphone. This refers to an electrical device made for
distance-communication. It is the shortened term for
cellular phones (Cellular because of its size). It is also
called as Mobile Phone because of its portability.
Code-switching. This refers to switching between two or
more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a
single conversation.
Communication. This refers to the process of
conveying information through the exchange of thoughts,
messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals,
writing, or behavior.
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Instant messaging. This refers to the digital interactive
technology that allows users to receive and send messages in
real time via the Internet (Lewis & Fabos, 2005, p. 473).
Jargons. This refers to the technical terminology or
characteristic idiom of a special activity or group
Language Proficiency. This refers to the advancement of
knowledge or skill in language.
Language shortcuts. Abbreviations, shortened words or codes used
to communicate short messages with other cellular phone users
(Schaller, 2007, p. 7). Text messaging: A feature on cellular
telephones that allows users to receive and send short messages
(maximum of 160 characters) using the telephone’s alphanumeric
keypad (Harley, Winn, Pemberton, & Wilcox, 2007, p. 1).
Spelling Proficiency. This refers to the level of
intelligence in terms of knowledge on word spellings.
Text Language. This refers to the set of new word that seems
to be not accepted by prescriptive grammarians but still
used by people for communication purposes when using
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the cellular phones.
Text Shortcuts. This refers to the word shortcuts used for
cellular phone communication. It grew because of economic
and practical purposes. Same with Shorthand texting.
Texting/Text Messaging. This refers to the process of
sending messages through cellular phones
Textisms. This refers to the act of abbreviating words in a
text message.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURES
This chapter contains the gathered researches from
different sources. These studies will be used as a guide and
support to our research. Our related literature starts with
the importance of writing and language, and goes on with the
possible effects that might happen to these when technology
is being used extensively. On the later part of the chapter
are the gathered articles and case studies done by various
researchers.
Text Messaging Effects on Writing
Texting feature in mobile phones has become a “God’s
gift” for most of the people. This feature made this
communication very convenient to everyone. It has become an
important part of the daily lives of people, especially to
the Filipinos. According to AHN Media Corp (2010), the
Philippines has been tagged as the “texting capital of the
world”. Many Filipinos exchange text messages with the use
of their mobile phones. People have become frequent texters,
and they have started sending messages in shortened ways.
This problem cropped up with the innovation of this new
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technology, and its possible effects on the students’
language proficiency.
The language proficiency of the students are important
for effective communication. Language, according to McKee
(1939), will successfully help people in different
activities, which involve communication, various types of
interaction, or even writing. Even if we are a student or
not, there is still a need for us to use language
appropriately. McKee goes on to say that the ability to
write effectively is still important regardless of the
influential and incredible effects of technology on man’s
activities (p.3).
One of the most common issues of text messaging is its
effects on education. Some educators say it is negatively
affecting the spelling proficiency of the students.
According to Dolch (1942), “Children must spell if they are
to write”. When we write, we are really writing down our
thoughts. These thoughts are expressed using words, and
these words need to be spelled correctly. Therefore, writing
would require appropriate spelling (p. 1).
Writing, in addition, is very important, because it is
one form of communication. According to Shidle (1965),
“writing skills are needed everywhere”. In his book The Art
of Successful Communication, he states that it is hard to
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find works which no longer needs communicating skills.
Anywhere, man can connect ideas through written
communication, which exists in any level. Every person has
the need to communicate effectively, and writing them down
is one of the most efficient ways (p. 11). Also, according
to Quattrini (1985), the best way to show these ideas is
through writing because it is like “shaping” what you are
thinking. This “shaping” also includes choosing the right
words for your thought (p. 2-3). These words would bring the
message of your thoughts (Cruse, 2000).
Choosing the right words requires wide vocabulary. At
the present, we are using English as our medium of
communication; therefore, there is a need for us to be
familiar with the English vocabulary. According to Gabiana’s
research (as cited in Saga-Olis, 1998), students were very
positive toward the English language as part of their system
of education. This attitude of the respondents led to the
conclusion that the students felt that language play an
important role on their success in the future. The
achievement of many professionals also lies on their ability
to use the language appropriately. According to Mackay (as
cited in Saga-Olis, 1998), professionals who master the
English language tend to be successful and globally
competitive (p. 42). This goes to show the importance of
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English as a medium of communicating internationally. The
study of Enriquez and Nolasco (2007) also showed that a
person who has a wide range of vocabulary might not have
difficulties in thinking and communication. The two also
added that vocabulary, spelling and grammar skills are the
basic components of language which are very useful to a
man’s life.
However, nowadays, there are educators who have been
complaining on papers handed by their students. One of these
educators is Kate Ross (2010), who stated that the use of
cellular phones are affecting student’s spelling and grammar
proficiency negatively, as evidenced from their use of
abbreviated words. This resulted in extensive use of
electronic chatting. The students are producing worse
assignments, creating incorrect subject-verb agreements, and
misspelling. Ross is an instructional coach for language
arts teachers in her own district, and she often see
shortened words or sentences in text messaging dialogues on
students’ compositions. She said that this might have
changed the attitude of the students towards writing, and it
seemed that they want everything done as fast as possible.
But before mobile phones became a problem to some, it used
to be a connector between people.
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Montiel and Estuar (2006) made a study about the usage
of mobile phone nowadays. And they concluded that text
messaging is the most effective way of communicating with
other people. Aside from that, it is the fastest and the
cheapest among the communication technologies of the new
generation because of its sending shortened messages (SMS)
or texting feature. This feature, allows people to
communicate with each other regardless of how far they are
from each other. Thus, this texting feature made mobile
phones or cellular phones very popular in our country, that
even the youth are getting hooked up to this new form of
technology.
Estuar’s research (2003) showed that there is a high
rate of ownership and high rate of usage of cellular phones
regardless of what school or gender the students belong.
“Private school students were more frequent users of cost-
incurring features, whereas public school students were more
frequent users of no-cost features of mobile phones”. The
former also have a higher rate of texting compared to their
public school counter parts. In addition, the number of days
one can survive without a cellular phone or without having
to exchange messages is higher among males and public school
students (p.103). This goes to show that cellular phones are
very popular, regardless of the age.
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An example that would show the rapidly growing
popularity of cellular phones is the report from Sify
News (as cited in Proysen, 2009) about a 13-year old girl
from California who had sent 14, 528 messages in a month
(13, January 2009).
These communication gadgets are used by adolescents not
only for communication purposes but also for maintaining
their relationships with other people. Cell phones provide
them the ability to show who they are and to express what
they feel through texting feature. According to Pertierra et
al. (as cited in Estuar, 2003), the cellular phone is like
an extension or an expression of one’s self. Compared to
other forms of communication that the new world offers like
the telephones and electronic mail, mobile phone technology
greatly augments the non-confrontational nature of
Filipinos. As what is said earlier, in texting, people can
send messages to a person even without knowing where the
person is, what the person is doing, and who the person is
with. “The mobile phone’s predecessor regular telephones
require a fixed location for their use. But with the
cellular phone, being primarily mobile, people can now
establish contact with another person, regardless of where
the caller and the called are” (p. 104.
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According to Estuar et al. (2006), aside from the
internet, mobile phones were used in “pro-democracy
movements”. Mobile phones were relatively cheaper and more
affordable and accessible, especially to a larger group of
people belonging to the poorer groups in the society. The
mobile phone made communication so easy and possible
regardless of time and space barriers by increasing its
utility in “political mobilizations and mass persuasions”.
As evidenced from the Philippines, for example, optimal use
of mobile phone’s texting capability helped in bringing down
a corrupt president through the People Power II that
occurred last 2001. According to Villamor (as cited in
Estuar, 2003), by using the cellular phones, rally
organizers have united and mobilized the crowds in front of
the historic Edsa Shrine just an hour after the Senate have
vetoed the opening of the bank evidence against the
supposed-to-be reigning president Estrada (p. 105).
Estuar et al. also said that during those historical
moments, the use of cellular phones had filtered through
Filipinos’ everyday life, especially to the youth and Metro
Manilans. Texting through mobile phones as a new technology
hence played a vital role in the swift alignment of
political consciousness, especially among the multitude of
young Filipino people.
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Pertierra, Ugarte, Pingal, Hernandez and Dacanay (as
cited in Estuar, 2003), wrote an all-inclusive account of
the social consequences of commonness in mobile phone use in
the Philippines, with the conclusion that “cellphones have
become a major icon in Philippine life, in that it has
extended the scope of social relationships” (p. 149). And
from 1994 to 2002, “cellphones in the Philippines were
mainly used for texting” (p. 150).
Because cellular phones became a popular icon in the
world, several consequences were prophesized. Some of these
are the increased number of people who are fascinated with
the features of cellular phones, particularly its texting
feature. Some were obsessed that they allot greater time for
text messaging, which leads to the use of shorthand method
of texting, and will eventually contribute in the
deterioration of the students’ spelling and grammar skills.
But is there truth to these claims?
Russell (2010) stated that there are different effects
of frequent text messaging. He cited an educator in
Edutopia.org saying that “I teach 9th and 11th English, and
regardless of the age, my students’ spelling is atrocious.
Texting does not and has not helped”. Some teachers believed
that shorthand texting is killing the English language
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because students have been writing compositions in bad
spelling and grammar (parag. 2-3).
Russell also said that some teachers, on the other
hand, took it as a positive effect. According to the
teachers, because of texting and other ways of
communicating, students have started to write and edit more
text (parag. 4). Lee (as cited in Proysen, 2009) also said
that some teachers encourage their students to use instant
messaging if it really helps them develop creativity when
writing. Others also think that texting has no effect on
English grammar. Students may learn the language of texting,
but they too, should not forget that the language of texting
is different from the English language, and that shorthand
texting is different from the correct English grammar
(parag. 5).
Recent news from United Kingdom reports about a
Scottish pupil who submitted an essay in shorthand form like
texting. According to Cramb (as cited in Pryosen, 2009),
this is because of frequent use of mobile phones and text
messaging. The student said she found it “easier than
standard English”. The Scottish Qualifications Authority
said that “text messaging language was inappropriately used”
(parag. 4). Gillespie (as cited in Proysen, 2009), the
Scottish Teacher Parent Council, said that the deterioration
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in spelling and grammar proficiency of the student is an
effect of frequent text messaging. She went on to say that:
“There must be rigorous efforts from all quarters of the
education system to stamp out the use of texting as a form
of written language so far as English study is concerned.
There has been a trend in recent years to emphasis spoken
English. Pupils think orally and write phonetically. You
would be shocked at the numbers of senior secondary pupils
who cannot distinguish between their and there. The problem
is that there is a feeling in some schools that pupils'
freedom of expression should not be inhibited (as cited in
Proysen, 2009).”
Edwards (2009) said that texting contributes to
peoples’ indolence when it comes to writing. In his own
experience, he himself developed changes on his writing
abilities ever since he engaged in text messaging. According
to him, it helps in speeding up communication. And because
of frequent usage of shortened messages in texting, it
becomes a “habit”. He sometimes caught himself using the
shorthand method of writing even in doing his projects in
school, which goes to show that text messaging has really
affected his writing ability. When he researched in the
internet, he discovered that many people also believed that
texting affects the writing skills of students. Edwards
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always feel that using the “original way” of writing when
doing his school projects is more difficult than using the
“text messaging language”. Because of this, he became
lazier. He also said that most people are hooked up to
texting that they send text messages even when they’re doing
several activities like driving, when in a funeral, or in a
graduation ceremony. But according to Guerra (2007),
although most of the people are frequent texters, not all of
them apply shorthand texting when writing. She said that
students say it does affect their writing proficiency, and
some say it has no impact at all. Nevertheless, texting is
still a problem to most people.
Like Guerra, Laurilla (2009) obtained varied facts from
her research titled “A Preliminary Investigation on the
Linguistic Aspects of Text Messaging”. She implied that the
use of mobile phones is common to the younger sector of the
society (p. 9). Report from “Media use statistics” said that
almost two-thirds of the teenagers today are cellular phone
owners (as cited in Laurilla, 2009). The youths are expected
to be frequent texters, since they grew along the
modernization and technological innovation of cellular
phones. Because of this, “There is a raging national debate
about the state of writing and how high-tech communication
by teens might be affecting their ability to think and
P a g e | 33
write” (Guerra, 2008, parag. 1). This research by De La
Salle University-Manila’s Department of English and Applied
Linguistics (DEAL) Assistant Professor Nudred-Laurilla found
that there is no significant effect and difference between
the spelling and grammar efficiency of students who own
cellular phones and those who don’t. And from that, it can
be implied that the respondent’s proficiency when it comes
to spelling and grammar, is independent to whether they have
cellular phones or not. Also, among owners of cellular
phones, their frequent text messaging does not affect their
spelling and grammar proficiency (p.11).
Aside from Laurilla, a research on the use of the
shorthand method of texting was conducted by Tiempo (2006).
He said that another form of communication in texting is
code-switching. This is common to a number of Cebuano
people. Tiempo says that code switching is a natural
bilingual behavior that usually happens in any informal
conversations, whether it is direct or indirect. Through his
qualitative method of analysis, this study of Tiempo
titled Cebuano Code Switching, Text Jargon, and Fricative
Production in Short Messaging Services (SMS) found that
there is no significant differences between the texting
styles of both males and females (p. 74-75).
P a g e | 34
Another research on the use of the shorthand method of
texting by Banton et al. (2010) said that same assumptions
rose about the negative claims on text messaging. Banton
with his group researchers conducted a study by giving out a
pre-survey on those students who were cellular phone owners
and non-owners and their daily time allotment for cellular
phone use. After that was the spelling and grammar tests
given the 3rd year high school students of St. Paul’s School
of Ormoc Foundation Inc. The research resulted with the
following: Students who had greater time allotment for text
messaging had lower average scores compared to those who
were not frequent texters at all. Among cellular phone
owners, those who were frequent users of shorthand method of
texting appeared to have poorer scores in both spelling and
grammar tests (p.29).
Similarly, a research by Rosen et al. (2009) showed
that youths who used shorthand texting (LOL, gudnyt, etc.)
in everyday writing developed the worse formal writing than
those youths who rarely used shorthand texts. Those who used
shorthand texts for communication were better “informal”
writers.
Unlike Rosen et al.’s research, the study conducted by
Tomita (2009) about text messaging gathered a different
result. On Tomita’s research titled Text Messaging and its
P a g e | 35
Implications for its use in Education, he said that the
world is becoming more technologically advanced, together
with the rapid improvement of the world. And with these, the
students have to adjust and cope with the changes on their
own. His study found that “text messaging tools provide an
effective means of teaching students important 21st century
skills”. Furthermore, Plester (as cited in Tomita, 2009)
said that tools like the Web enhances students ability to
write, encourages them to make interactions, and motivating
them to become good communicators because it helps develop
the students’ creativity. In addition, Tomita also stated
that literacy is not limited only to paper works, but also
to digital literacy (p. 189).
Critics are very particular on the issue about the use
of shortened words especially when it comes to education.
According to Shaughnessy (as cited in Tomita, 2009), to
overcome the character limit of 160 characters, people use
jargons, codes, or shorten the words. This form of
communication is too easy that it no longer require
analysis. In addition, O’Connor (as cited in Tomita, 2009)
said that if students continue to use instant messaging, the
more that they could no longer distinguish formal and
informal writing. Others also use acronyms and other
abbreviations (O’Connor, 2005). But still, Goldstein and
P a g e | 36
Gardner (as cited in Tomita, 2009) believe that formal
writing is far different from informal writing, no matter
what the medium is.
Others also disagree with the negative effect of text
messaging. Petrillo (2006) quoted Dr. Beverly Plester,
“Newer research shows a stronger casual relationship between
text abbreviations and literacy skills”. Plester here is
saying that text messaging is giving an exposure to the
written words, which relates to a higher literacy
attainment. In addition, according to Helderman (2003),
Gloria Jobobs, a doctoral student studying the relationship
of teenagers and instant messaging, said that students are
fluent with online writing, so probably it could help them
improve their writing ability.
In contrary to the conclusion derived from Petrillo and
Helderman’s studies, Baron (as cited in Proysen, 2009)
concluded that the language of “text messaging and
electronic communication” has triggered the rise of evils
that would be unleashed by text messaging, such as the
deterioration of spelling and grammar skills, and its
application on the writings of the students. In Proysen’s
study titled The Impact of Text Messaging on Standard
English revealed that some educators have been indicating
that text messaging has created a reflection on the
P a g e | 37
students’ school papers. According to Crystal (as cited in
Proysen, 2009), one example was found, which was an essay
composition entirely written in shorthand form. This study
of Proysen was conducted to find out whether the claims on
the negative effects of text messaging are true. His study
found out that these negative effects seem to have affected
some of the respondents. Some students are not aware that
they are carrying the text messaging language onto their
writing. While some of them said it was stupid enough not to
know the difference between Standard English and text
abbreviations. According to Crystal (as cited in Proysen,
2009), “Expertise in text messaging and email in particular
would appear to have affected spelling and punctuation” (p.
83). Text messaging with its use of phonetic spelling and
little or no punctuation seems to pose a threat to
traditional conventions in writing (p. 84). Proysen went on
to say that the text messaging phenomenon had a great impact
on people’s everyday use of language although it gained
popularity for a very short time. Proysen was sure of one
thing. As his fieldwork shows, text messaging created
negative effects, whether it is slight or great (p.86). This
conclusion of Proysen was similar to one of Myhra’s articles
titled Negative Effects of Texting in the Classroom.
P a g e | 38
Myhra (2010) believed that people of the present
generation have grown advanced together with the innovation
of technology, specifically the cellular phone, which is
said to have affected the students’ spelling and grammar
proficiency. People have started sending messages in
abbreviated or shortened form. Students who are frequent
“texters” have developed a new form of writing that is
unacceptable to school-related works (parag. 1). He added
that students are no longer practicing the proper use of
punctuation, and upper and lowercase letters (parag. 3).
Myhra (2010) concluded that frequent sending of text
messages could affect the students’ way of writing. Students
have developed the habit of writing in shorthand form, which
caused them to write informally. Texting has affected the
students writing and grammar proficiency negatively (parag.
9).
This research gives more focus on the students’ use of
the shorthand method of texting, which they sometimes tend
to apply on their school works. This research will serve as
a point of reflection for the students, to discover whether
text messaging and the use of abbreviations or jargons could
positively or negatively affect their spelling and grammar
proficiency. The various researches we have gathered from
different sources are composed of numerous ideas that led us
P a g e | 39
to the formulation of different assumptions about the use of
shorthand texting. Its only difference from our research is
that our study will also focus on the frequency of cellular
phone use, which was given less focus on other researches.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
P a g e | 40
In this chapter, the researchers present the method of
research that is used in the study together with the setting
of the study, the sources of data or the subjects of the
study, the data gathering procedure and the statistical
treatment. The researchers hope that this will serve as
additional information for the better understanding of the
readers regarding the topic of this research.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study will determine if there is a positive or negative
effect with the frequent use of shorthand method of texting
to the spelling skills of the students, specifically, the
first year BSE students of PLMar. In addition to this, the
researchers would also like to know whether the extensive
use of cellular phones and the span of time they have been
using these could affect their spelling proficiency.
Moreover, this study will help us in determining whether
text messaging has contributed, or has been a factor to the
deterioration of their spelling capabilities. Setting these
objectives, the researchers gathered information which will
be very useful in conducting the study.
METHOD OF RESEARCH USED
P a g e | 41
Descriptive method is considered to be a fact-finding
procedure of process of conducting a survey in which the
researchers will come up with an adequate, efficient and
reliable interpretation from the respondents’ answer.
The researchers used the descriptive method type of
study. By using this method, the researchers can come up
with a concrete interpretation of the study in a short span
of time. The researchers gathered data by means of
conducting a written form of interview with sets of question
relevant to the topic. The researchers added a spelling quiz
at the second part of the survey form which will help them
really observe clearly. The researchers distributed the
questionnaires to the chosen respondents and give them ample
time to answer it within the day. After answering, the
researchers will collect all the questionnaires so that the
researchers may now analyse and interpret the data
retrieved.
SETTING OF THE STUDY
The researchers conducted the whole study and interview
within the school premises of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng
P a g e | 42
Marikina (PLMar). The university is located at Brazil
Street, Greenheights Subdivision Concepcion 1 within the
city limits of Marikina, which was built in 2003.
Below is the map to the university:
PARTICIPANTS OF THE STUDY
The researchers gathered 50 respondents from the
freshmen students of the College of Education in Pamantasan
ng Lungsod ng Marikina, A.Y 2012-2013. There are 141
freshmen students in PLMar taking up Bachelor of Secondary
Education which is divided into three sections namely: CTE
101, CTE 102, and CTE 103. CTE 101 has 46 students; CTE 102
has 48 students; and CTE 103 has 47 students.
P a g e | 43
SOURCES OF DATA GATHERED
The researchers gathered data using a
questionnaire being provided. This study makes us of the 50
questions relevant to the topic of the study. The
questionnaires are distributed personally to each of the
respondents. The respondents were given ample time within
the day to answer to satisfactorily answering the given
questions. The researchers will collect all the
questionnaires within the same day.
The questionnaire is divided into two parts. The
first part is about the profile of the respondents which
includes their name, age, gender, year level and section.
The second part comprises the questions which were
formulated to obtain the information needed, so that the
researchers can access the factors that hinder the freshmen
students of the College of Education regarding their
academic performance in the university.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
The researchers will use answer sheets as our research
instrument so it would be easy for us to analyze; and the
data entry and tabulation will be easily done. Answer sheets
P a g e | 44
are also familiar to the students since all of them had
experience on completing answer sheets and they generally do
not make the respondents apprehensive.
Our questionnaire consists of two parts. The first part
is considered as the profile survey. The profile survey
contains the respondents’ personal information which
includes their name, age and gender. The profile survey also
contains the questions as to how long these students have
been using cellular phones, and how often they use their
cellular phones. The second part of the questionnaire is the
Spelling Test. This part of our answer sheet will determine
the proficiency of the respondents when it comes to
spelling. The words used in the Spelling Quiz are from the
List of Frequently Misspelled Words found on the net. These
tests will find out whether text messaging and the use of
shorthand texts are contributing factors that affects the
students academically. The pre-survey and the spelling test
will be the basis in gathering our data. The results will be
used in answering and attaining our objectives.
DATA COLLECTION
The researchers will conduct a profile survey and test
to all the first year BSE students of PLMar. The researchers
will use a qualitative approach in dealing with this
P a g e | 45
problem, specifically, the questionnaire method. The
respondents will be given a two-part answer sheet to be
administered by the researchers themselves. The first part
of the answer sheet which is the profile survey, will be
answered by writing their personal information such as their
name, age and gender and also by choosing the letter of what
best describes their habit. The questions were formulated
based on the three questions from the statement of the
problem and to the significance of the problem. The
questionnaire method is the appropriate process used for the
survey because it becomes more cost-effective as the number
of research questions increases. Aside from that, the
researcher’s own opinion will not influence the respondent
to answer questions in a certain manner and there will be no
verbal or visual clues to influence the respondents.
After the survey, the researchers will conduct a
spelling test. The researchers will use the testing method
as the clerical tool for collecting data. Each respondent
will be given an answer sheet that is composed of 10 items
for spelling test. The items were from the frequently
misspelled words. This will test their spelling abilities.
For the spelling test, they are will be asked to write the
correct spelling of the word after the researchers
P a g e | 46
pronounced them. The spelling test will also be administered
by the researchers in the respective classrooms. The testing
method is the appropriate process for this, since we are
aiming to identify how quick these students are in
distinguishing the correct spelling and grammar. The
respondents are also free to answer the questions in their
own-time table, so as not to make them feel pressured by the
time.
STATISTICAL TREATMENT
All data will be tallied and tabulated and analyzed. The following statistical treatment will be used,
1. Weighted Mean - The weighted mean is to be used as basis of describing the variables affecting the spelling proficiency of the respondents.
Formula:
X=∑ x i f iN
Where: X = weighted mean
∑ X i f i = sum of the weighted mean
N = number of respondents
2. Pearson’s product-moment Correlation – This is use
to determine the degree of relationship between the spelling proficiency of texters when group according to length of ownership of the cell phone and frequency of
texting.
formula:
P a g e | 47
R xy=n∑ xy−∑ x∑ y
√¿¿¿
where: R xy= Pearson’s Correlation
x = response (independent)
y = response (dependent)
n = number of respondents
Pearson’s product-moment correlation or in short term R xy was used to interpret the significant relationship of texters’ spelling proficiency level in terms of the length of ownership of their cellular phones and their frequency of texting. The figures were interpreted below:
R xy Qualitative Description
±0.91 to ±1.00 very high correlation/very-dependable relationship
±0.71 to 0.90 high correlation/marked relationship
±0.41 to ±0.70 moderate correlation/substantial
Relationship
±0.21 to ±0.40 slight relationship
±0.00 to ±0.20 very little/negligible relationship
3. T-test – This will be used by the researchers to test the hypothesis, to compare and find the significant relationship of the variables to be tested.
The formula for the t-test is illustrated below:
t=r √ (n−2 )(1−r2 )
where:
t = t-value
P a g e | 48
n = number of respondents
r = computed value of the Pearson.
Degrees of freedom (v) = n-2
Decision rule:
If p-value ≤ α, reject the null hypothesis (Ho). Otherwise accept the null hypothesis (Ho), where α = 0.05
P a g e | 49
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
In this chapter, the researchers show the information
gathered in conducting the written interview. This presents
the analysis of the data gathered by the researchers on the
same day.
THE RESPONDENTS
TABLE NO.1.A
RESPONDENTS’ GENDER ANALYSIS
Data Analysis:
The table shows that 25 or 50% of the respondents are
males, 25 or 50% of the respondents are females. The numbers
of respondents of opposite gender are balanced.
P a g e | 50
TABLE NO.1.B.
RESPONDENTS’ AGE ANALYSIS
Data Analysis:
The table shows that 15 or 30% of the respondents are
17 years of age, 20 or 40% of the respondents are 18 years
of age, and 15 or 30% of the respondents are 19 years of
age.
P a g e | 51
TABLE NO.1.C.
RESPONDENTS’ LENGTH OF OWNERSHIP ANALYSIS
Data Analysis:
The table shows that 12% of the respondents only
got to use a cellphone a year ago. 20% owned one two years
ago. 30% of the respondents had used a cellphone 3 or 4
years ago. A percentage of 38% of the respondents already
had a cellphone five years ago or even more.
P a g e | 52
TABLE NO.1.D
RESPONDENTS’ FREQUENCY OF TEXTING ANALYSIS
Data Analysis:
The table shows that 10% of the students use
cellphone for a length of 18 hours (or even more). 16% of
the respondents use it for nine hours (or even more). A
percentage of 28% says that they have only used their phone
for only 3 hours (or more). The remaining 46% of the
respondents states that it depends upon the call of
situation or an emergence of something very important.
P a g e | 53
TABLE NO.1.E
ScoresVerbal
InterpretationLevel of
Proficiency
10-9 Excellent Superior
8-7 Very Good Advanced
6-5 GoodIntermediate
Intermediate
4-0 Needs Improvement Novice
Data Analysis:
The table shows the corresponding interpretation
of the scores that the respondents will get. The levels;
Novice, Intermediate, Advanced, and Superior will be use to
measure the level of the respondents’ spelling proficiency.
P a g e | 54
TABLE NO.2.A
SPELLING QUIZ ITEMS ANALYSIS
Item No.
No. Of Respondents
with correct answer
Percentage No. Of Respondents
with incorrect answer
Percentage Total Total
Percentage
1 50 100% 0 0%
50 100%
2 43 86% 7 14%
3 36 70% 14 28%
4 43 86% 7 14%
5 43 86% 7 14%
6 31 62% 19 38%
7 31 62% 19 38%
8 34 68% 16 32%
9 43 86% 7 14%
10 25 50% 25 50%
Total 379 75.8% 121 24.2% 500
Data Analysis:
The table shows the number of items correctly and
incorrectly answered by the respondents and its
corresponding percentage. It shows at the bottom of the
table the total score and total percentage of the
P a g e | 55
respondents which indicates their level of proficiency in
spelling. They got 379 correct answers out of a total of 500
items all in all. They got a percentage of 75.8%.
TABLE NO.2.B
SPELLING QUIZ SCORE ANALYSIS
Score No. of respondents
10 4
9 7
8 16
7 14
6 6
5 2
4 1
Total 50
Data Analysis:
The table shows the number of respondents that got
a particular score in the spelling quiz. No respondents got
a score of 3 or lesser than 3. The lowest score is 4 out of
ten. Four students got a perfect score.
P a g e | 56
TABLE NO.3.A
GENDER ANALYIS ON SPELLING QUIZ RESULT
Gender Total Score Total no. Of Items
answered
Percentage
MALE 190 250 76%
FEMALE 189 250 75.66%
Data Analysis:
The table shows that the opposite genders only
have a very small difference in terms of the level of
spelling proficiency. The Male garnered 76% while the Female
got 75.66%. The two only have a difference of .34.
P a g e | 57
TABLE NO.3.B.a
SPELLING QUIZ DATA ANALYSIS ON THE 17 YEAR OLD RESPONDENTS
Data Analysis:
The 17 year old respondents gathered only a tiring
73.33% percentage on the spelling quiz.
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TABLE NO.3.B.b
SPELLING QUIZ DATA ANALYSIS ON THE 18 YEAR OLD RESPONDENTS
Data Analysis:
The 18 year old respondents gathered only a tiring
75.50% percentage on the spelling quiz.
P a g e | 59
TABLE NO.3.B.c
SPELLING QUIZ DATA ANALYSIS ON THE 19 YEAR OLD RESPONDENTS
Data Analysis:
The 19 year old respondents gathered only a tiring
78.66% percentage on the spelling quiz.
P a g e | 60
TABLE NO.3.B.d
AGE ANALYSIS ON SPELLING QUIZ RESULTS
Age Score Total Percentage
17 110 150 73.33%
18 151 200 75.50%
19 118 150 78.66%
Data Analysis:
The table shows that the 19 year old respondents
got 78.66% at the spelling quiz. The 18 year old got 75.50%
and the 17 year old respondents got the lowest which is
73.33%. This shows that all of them got low scores in the
test.
P a g e | 61
TABLE NO.3.C
LENGTH OF OWNERSHIP SPELLING QUIZ RESULT ANALYSIS
Length of Owner-ship
Score Weighted
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
1 year 4 2 9.67 Excellent
2 years 5 5 8.5 Very Good
3 years 10 5 7.67 Very Good
4years 1 9 6 2 1 6.37 Good
GWM=8.05
Pearson correlation: Rxy=0.69 MODERATE CORRELATION/ SUBSTANTIAL RELATIONSHIP
T-test: t=6.63≥ 0.05 ∴ ACCEPT NULL HYPOTHESIS, THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP
Data Analysis:
The table shows that the respondents with longer length
of cellphone ownership have lower scores compared to those
respondents who just owned cellphones a year ago, base on
the result of the Pearson product-moment correlation it can
be stated that the length of ownership of the cellphone has
a moderate correlation and a substantial relationship with
the spelling proficiency of the respondents. The result of
the T-test shows that although it seemed that the result
P a g e | 62
were highly influenced by the length of ownership of
cellphone, still it cannot be classified as a significant
factor in terms of the respondents’ proficiency level in
spelling.
TABLE NO.3.D
FREQUENCY OF USE OF RESPONDENTS SPELLING QUIZ RESULT
ANALYSIS
FREQUENCY OF USE
SCORE Total Weighted
Mean
Verbal
interpretation
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 or less
18 hours 1 1 2 1 5 5.6 Good
9 hours 3 5 3 6.38 Good
3 hours 3 11 14 7.21 Very Good
1 4 7 12 23 8.65 Very Good
Total 4 7 16 14 6 2 1 50 GWM=9.06
Pearson correlation: Rxy=0.64 MODERATE CORRELATION/ SUBSTANTIAL RELATIONSHIP
T-test: t=5.77 ≥ 0.05 ∴ ACCEPT NULL HYPOTHESIS, THERE IS NO SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP
Data Analysis:
The table shows the number of respondents who got a
particular score and are under a certain category in the
frequency of use table. The table shows that students who
P a g e | 63
are frequently using cellphones garnered lower scores
compared to those who are using it depending on the
emergence of situation. The result of the Pearson product-
moment correlation shows that the frequency of the texting
has a moderate correlation with the spelling proficiency of
the respondents; there is an ample or a considerable chance
that the frequency of texting affects the proficiency level
of the respondent. The T-test result is greater than the
value of α 0.05, which suggests that the Ho or the null
hypothesis should be accepted, this means that the frequency
of texting and the level of spelling proficiency has no
significant relationship spelling proficiency of the
students.
P a g e | 64
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS
Based on the findings of the study, the following
conclusions were drawn:
(1) Both gender and all age categories the researchers
enumerated have garnered almost equal percentages.
This goes to show that cellphones are really
popular on both genders and all ages thus, it can
be told that texting is really affecting the level
of spelling proficiency no matter what the age and
gender of the student is.
(2) The length of ownership of students and the
frequency of cellphone use have no significant
relationship in the spelling proficiency level of
the students; however there is an ample amount of
correlation and the results dictates that the two
factors have negative effects on the student’s
level of spelling proficiency.
P a g e | 65
(3) Most students who have longer length of cellphone
ownership have a higher tendency to commit
spelling mistakes. Students with greater age and
greater exposure to cellphone are susceptible to
mistakes in spelling compared to younger ones.
(4) Students who are frequently using cellphones for
texting are prone to commit spelling mistakes.
CONCLUSIONS
The researchers therefore conclude that texting habits
are part of the factors that affect the declining spelling
proficiency of students, text languages often confuse the
students with the correct spelling of the words leading to
usually misspelled words.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The researchers are recommending this study to the
following:
(1) For the students who belong to the Superior
level of proficiency, the researchers suggest
that these students must be keen in observing
their texting habits and should not commit
themselves in practicing any of the informal
way of composing messages.
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(2) For the students in the Advanced level, the
researchers suggest that they refrain from
using text jargons and read more books
instead of texting.
(3) For the students in the Intermediate and
Novice level, students should have texting
limitation; they should have alternative
chores during their free time instead of just
texting, these students can also attend
seminars and read articles about the negative
effects of text messaging.
(4) For the school, the school should provide
activities that are related to formal
communication, entertainment reading, and the
likes, so that students will enjoy
communicating in personal rather than in
messages.
(5) For the parents, they should also practice
good communication in their houses so that
their children won’t have to do conversations
through text messages with their friends or
other people; and they will converse with the
people in the house instead.
P a g e | 67
The researchers would also like to recommend that a
further study about the effect of texting in the spelling
proficiency of students would be done in a longer period of
time with a larger number of respondents who should be
observed in an adequate period of time.
P a g e | 68
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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McKee, P. (1939). Language in the Elementary
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Shidle, N. (1965). The Art of Successful Communication. USA:
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Inc.
P a g e | 69
Enriquez, S. R. and Nolasco, C. M. D. (2007). Effects of
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fro
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mhttp://www.writersweekly.com/this_weeks_article/summary.htm
l.
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APPENDIX
THE QUESTIONAIRRE
Name:
Age: Gender:
1. When was the first time you had a cell phone?
a. 1 year ago c.3 years ago
b. 2 years ago d.4 years
2. How much time do you spend using your cell phone for
texting?
a. 18 hours c. 3 hours
b. 9 hours d. 1hour
3. Directions: Spell the word pronounced by the
facilitator.
1. Received
2. Sergeant
3. Maintenance
4. Mississippi
5. Fluorescent
6. Odyssey
7. Continuous
8. Occasionally
9. Rhythm
10. Miscellaneous
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CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: John Michael A. Miralles
Age: 18
Birthday: February 17, 1995
Birthplace: Quirino Memorial Medical Center
Major: English
Course: Bachelor of Secondary Education
Name: Mark Gil G. Belgira
Age: 18
Birthday: April 19, 1994
Birthplace: Nangka, Marikina City
Major: English
Course: Bachelor of Secondary Education
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Name: Marjorie L. Sarmiento
Age: 18
Birthday: April 6, 1995
Birthplace: Antipolo, Rizal
Major: English
Course: Bachelor of Secondary Education
Name: Noel V. Mades
Age: 18
Birthday: February 12, 1995
Birthplace: Marikina
Major: English
Course: Bachelor of Secondary Education
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Name: Paul John A. Pascual
Age: 21
Birthday: Sept 29, 1991
Birthplace: Quezon City
Major: English
Course: Bachelor of Secondary Education