Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
URBAN HEAT ISLANDS
AND
THE CLIMATE CHANGE IN MALAYSIA
Dr. Norlida Mohd Dom
The Regional Humid Tropics Hydrology and Water Resources Centre for Southeast Asia
and The Pacific (HTCKL)
Department of Irrigation and Drainage
Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment
Malaysia
Assessments of Risks, Hazards And Vulnerabilities Associated With
Climate Change Impacts on The Key Sectoral And/Or Cross-Sectoral
Bases
The Workshop for Capacity Building on Climate Change Impact Assessments and Adaptation Planning in
the Asia-Pacific Region: Needs and Challenges for Designing and Implementing Climate Actions ; 27-28
January 2016, Manila, The Philippines
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands and The Climate Change in Malaysia
CONTENT
• Issues & threats associated with Climate Change• What is Urban Heat Islands (UHI)• Urban Heat Islands In Malaysia• Effects of UHI In Malaysia• Managing Climate Change • Concluding remarks
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT (2005):
“Over past 50 years, humans
have changed ecosystems
more extensively than any
comparative period…..……
resulted in a substantial loss
in diversity of life……..
degradation of many
ecosystem services”
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
MILLENNIUM ECOSYSTEM ASSESSMENT (2005):
Ecosystem ↔ Climate ?
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
A recent study shows that the capacity of many ecosystems to provide certain services has been declining…
ISSUES & THREATS ASSOCIATED WITH CLIMATE CHANGE
Key
(Source: Pilot Assessment of Global Ecosystems. 2000. WRI, IFPRI)
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Bad
Not Assessed
Food-Fiber Production
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Biodiversity
Carbon StorageIncreasing
Decreasing
Mixed
Condition of
Ecosystem
Changing
Capacity
Ecosystem Type
Services
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
Climate change is already affecting many ecosystems. A recent study shows that the capacity of many ecosystems to provide certain services has been declining…
Key
(Source: Pilot Assessment of Global Ecosystems. 2000. WRI, IFPRI)
Excellent
Good
Fair
Poor
Bad
Not Assessed
Food-Fiber Production
Water Quality
Water Quantity
Biodiversity
Carbon StorageIncreasing
Decreasing
Mixed
Condition of
Ecosystem
Changing
Capacity
Ecosystem Type
Services
CLIMATE CHANGE & URBAN HEAT ISLANDS IN MALAYSIA
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
WHAT IS URBAN HEAT ISLANDS
(UHI)
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
DEFINITION OF URBAN HEAT ISLAND (UHI)
“An area of higher temperatures in an urbansetting compared to the temperatures of thesuburban and rural surroundings. It appears as an‘island’ in the pattern of isotherms on a surfacemap.”
Source: Glossary of Weather and Climate, Ira Geer, Ed.
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
“The respiration of humans and animals, above all the fumes of innumerable chimneys, maintain above Paris a rust-colored haze which blocks the sun… it is impossible that (Paris) should not have a notably higher temperature than the surrounding country.”
(source:Emilien Renou, 1855)
“… the temperature difference between the countryside (and the city) is about 1o (C)”
(Source: Emilien Renou, 1868)
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
URBANISATION OF WORLD POPULATION
• 1800 – 3% urban
• 1900 – 14%
• 1950 – 30% (83 cities >1M)
• 2000 – 47% (76% in WDC, 40% in LDC)
• 2030 – estimated 60% urban, most of the growth in Least Development Countries (LDC).
(Source:Janet Barlow, 2008)10
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
11
MALAYSIA RAPID POPULATION INCREASE
919,
610 1,
262,
000
1,42
3,90
0 1,81
1,00
0 2,19
8,40
0
0
500,000
1,000,000
1,500,000
2,000,000
2,500,000
1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
PROFILE OF UHI
Source:Hendrik Wouters, 2014 12
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
London!Kuala Lumpur!
Manchester!
San Francisco!
Tokyo! 13
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
How is an urban surface different to a rural surface?
• random array of obstacles, in horizontal and vertical
• “patchy” – inhomogeneous surface type• rough surface (causes turbulence)• warmer surface (range of building materials)• sources of heat and pollution released at ground
level• reduced surface moisture
14
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
Reflection of sunlight (shortwave radiation)
• Materials used quite dark (e.g.
tarmac, slate tiles, stone)
Reflect less sunlight
• Define albedo: the fraction of incident shortwave radiation which is reflected
= 0 (no reflection) = 1 (total reflection)
e.g. tarmac ~ 0.05-0.1 grassland ~ 0.1-0.2 snow ~ 0.4-0.7
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
Emission or absorption of heat (longwave radiation)
• Some built materials have high heat capacity, low thermal conductivity
they store heat, release it slowly(e.g. stone, brick, concrete)
• Some materials have low heat capacity, high thermal conductivity
they heat up rapidly to high temperatures, and cool down rapidly(e.g. “Cat on a Hot Tin Roof”!)
• Typically, urban areas store heat, release it slowly
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
Urban Heat Islands In Malaysia
17
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia Source;MACRES
MALAYSIA
North East Monsoon (Nov-Jan)South West Monsoon
(Apr – May for Peninsular Malaysia)(May-July for East Malaysia)
Temperature: 21oC – 32o CHumidity : 80%Rainfall : 2,420 mm – 3,830 mm
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
SATELLITE IMAGE OF UHI IN KUALA LUMPUR
Source : MACRES
11:00am
The Temperature The Urbanisation19
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
EFFECTS OF UHI in MALAYSIA
• Large power consumption to cool down buildings
• Increase in ozone and chemical reactions causing smog and air pollution (when air temps rise)
• Hot day time temps in city > can be 10°C above rural temps
• Warm nights in city area – due to large latent heat energy stored during day time
• Increase in intensity and frequency of storm events (statistically proven for UHI KL city)
- resulting in increase of flood events 20
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Nu
mb
er o
f T
ime
s E
xce
ed
ed
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year
3 HOURLY RAINFALL STATION NO 2818110
EXCEEDED LONG TERM MEAN VALUE
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Num
ber of T
imes E
xceeded
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Year
3 HOURLY RAINFALL STATION NO 3117070
EXCEEDED LONG TERM MEAN VALUE
EXCEEDED LONG TERM MEAN
VALUE STATION NO 3117070
EXCEEDED LONG TERM MEAN
VALUE STATION NO 2818110
MORE TIMES
EXCEEDED
GREEN AREAURBAN
URBAN AND RURAL RAIN COMPARISON
UNIFORM PATTERN
21
UHI
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
RAINFALL TREND COMPARISON
Small difference
large
difference
LONG TERM ANNUAL RAINFALL (1965 - 2002)
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1965
1967
1969
1971
1973
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
Year
Rain
fall
mm
/year
3117070
2818110
FEDERAL TERITORY : URBAN & GREEN AREA
URBAN AND GREEN
AREA
TREND COMPARISON
22
UHI
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
Small
difference
large
difference
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Rain
fall m
m/year
1538117
1834122
STATE OF JOHORLONG TERM ANNUAL RAINFALL
RAINFALL TREND COMPARISON
URBAN AND
GREEN AREA
23
UHI
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
LONG TERM ANNUAL RAINFALL
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
19
65
19
67
19
69
19
71
19
73
19
75
19
77
19
79
19
81
19
83
19
85
19
87
19
89
19
91
19
93
19
95
19
97
19
99
20
01
Year
Rai
nfal
l m
m/y
ear
3117070
2818110
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Rainf
all m
m/ye
ar
1538117
1834122
Urban Heat W.P Kuala Lumpur.
Urban Heat Johor Bahru, Johor
Small
difference
Gap in rainfall trends between urban and green areas
Urban Heat Federal Teritory Kuala Lumpur.
large
difference
24
UHI
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
+ 0.9 o C
Data source : MMD
25
24 hour Mean Temperature for Petaling Jaya, Selangor
1973-2003
y = 8E-05x + 26.84
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.01
60
6
12
11
18
16
24
21
30
26
36
31
42
36
48
41
54
46
60
51
66
56
72
61
78
66
84
71
90
76
96
81
10
28
6
10
89
1
Daily
Tem
pera
ture
(o
Celc
ius)
UHI
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
+ 1.09 O C
26
24 hour Mean Temperature for Senai, Johor
1974-2003
y = 1E-04x + 25.477
20.0
22.0
24.0
26.0
28.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
1
58
4
11
67
17
50
23
33
29
16
34
99
40
82
46
65
52
48
58
31
64
14
69
97
75
80
81
63
87
46
93
29
99
12
10
49
5
Daily
Tem
per
atu
re (
Deg
ree
Cel
ciu
s)UHI
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
27
Urban Heat Islands (Climate Change in Malaysia)
The medium of the long term rain andtemperature are able to forecast for the yearup to 2050.
Study Conclusion:
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
MANAGING CLIMATE CHANGE
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
KEY STRATEGY
• Catchment and zonation in National Structure Plan
• Requires Multi-agency management attention
• Proposed as stated in National Physical Plan
• Management planning to synchronize with Local Areas Planning.
• Endorsement by policy makers & state authority
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
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POLICIES
• Every Sector• Promote• Ensure• Control• Conserve• Ensure provision of
adequacy• Infrastructure
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
HOW TO MANAGE AND WHAT TO MITIGATE FOR UHI?
Malaysia ‘National Physical Plan’:
A Five years Strategic Planning. Some of them are as listed below:
• Water Resources: National Water Resources Council (MSAN), NWRP (National Water Resources Policy), IRBM, ,IWRM, MSMA; MWP, GWP, National Land Council (MTAN), National Forestry Council and National Mineral Council; Hydrological Procedure (HP1), etc.
• Environmental Sensitive Areas (ESA)
Guidelines for State Land Logging
Guidelines for Agriculture Development-
Forestry (National Forestry Act of 1984/ 1993 )
National Slope Master Plan 2009-2023 31
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
HOW TO MANAGE AND WHAT TO MITIGATE FOR UHI?
Malaysia ‘National Physical Plan’: (continue)
• Local Areas Planning: Policy statements in planning and protecting green areas –ex; Kuala Lumpur Structure Plan 2020
• A strategy for integrated management of land, water and living resources that promotes conservation and sustainable use.
• Framework for action under CBD
• Endorsement by policy makers & state authority
ETC.
32
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
HYDROLOGICAL PROCEDURE NO.1 (DID,revised and updated 2015)
33
Example : Region 4, Mountainous Area CCF
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
IMPLEMENTATION APPROACH A 5-year Strategic Planning
• Considers the entire range of services andecosystems. (Stakeholders involvement)
• Attempts to optimize the mix of benefits within agiven services and across ecosystems
• Uses adaptive management (SWOT, BOS)
• Ensures inter-sectoral involvement & cooperation
• Follow through34
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
• Sustainability of the ecosystems:
– balance and integrate conservation vs wise use
– involve all relevant sectors
• Develop & Implement Integrated Mgmt Plan
– Action plans & guidelines
• Progressive awareness raising by public awareness program (POP)
• Participatory process
SUMMARY
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Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
Concluding Remark
SCIENCE TO POLICY
INTERFACE
36
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
THE CHALLENGES
• IRBM based on LU planning + MASMA + on-site flood detention is essential. Because of land constraints
– options are running out.
• Biggest issue on land accquisation
– administrative/cost/social/political implications
37
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
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THE CHALLENGES (cont’)
• Rapid population increase
• Limited potential land for development
• Privately owned green areas
• Competing demand of land for various uses
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
39
KLCC Park
Urban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in MalaysiaUrban Heat Islands And The Climate Change in Malaysia
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THANK YOU