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Sef Henaojao_fnbtekd Antjkas
@fnsurjao XustnjanmbfCfvfbkp`fat ja tef Afw @jbbfaaju`
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F A T J ] K A @ F A S
N A C
C F T F B K Y @ F A S
N duacn`fatnb fbf`fat kd sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat js favjrka`fatnb sustnja-
nmjbjty. Efahf, tejs sfrjfs wns hrfntfc ja =99? tk hkvfr hurrfat nac f`frojao jssufs
ja krcfr tk prk`ktf cfmntf nac mrkncfa tef uacfrstnacjao kd favjrka`fatnb
henbbfaofs ns jatfornb tk nhejfvjao fqujtnmbf nac sustnjafc fhkak`jh orkwte. Sef
sfrjfs wjbb crnw ka nanbysjs nac prnhtjhnb fxpfrjfahf drk` nhrkss tef _krbc Mnal
nac drk` hbjfat hkuatrjfs. Sef `naushrjpts heksfa dkr pumbjhntjka wjbb mf hfatrnb
tk tef j`pbf`fatntjka kd tef _krbc Mnals Favjrka`fat Xtrntfoy, nac rfbfvnat
tk tef cfvfbkp`fat hk``uajty, pkbjhy nlfrs, nac nhncf`jn. Skpjhs nccrfssfc
ja tejs sfrjfs wjbb jahbucf favjrka`fatnb efnbte, anturnb rfskurhfs `nanof`fat,
strntfojh favjrka`fatnb nssfss`fat, pkbjhy jastru`fats, nac favjrka`fatnb
jastjtutjkas, n`kao ktefrs.
Sjtbfs ja tejs sfrjfs7
Sef Henaojao _fnbte kd Antjkas7 @fnsurjao Xustnjanmbf Cfvfbkp`fat ja tef Afw
@jbbfaaju`
Hkavfajfat Xkbutjkas tk na Jahkavfajfat Srute7 Fhksystf`-Mnsfc Npprknhefs tk
Hbj`ntf Henaof
Favjrka`fatnb Dbkws ja _ntfr ]fskurhfs Ykbjhjfs, Ybnas, nac Yrkgfhts7 Djacjaos
nac ]fhk``facntjkas
Favjrka`fatnb Efnbte nac Hejbc Xurvjvnb7 Fpjcf`jkbkoy, Fhkak`jhs, nac
Fxpfrjfahfs
Jatfrantjkanb Srncf nac Hbj`ntf Henaof7 Fhkak`jh, Bfonb, nac Jastjtutjkanb
Yfrspfhtjvfs
Ykvfrty nac tef Favjrka`fat7 Vacfrstnacjao Bjalnofs nt tef Ekusfekbc Bfvfb
Xtrntfojh Favjrka`fatnb Nssfss`fat dkr Ykbjhjfs7 Na Jastru`fat dkr Okkc Okvfranahf
Xtrntfojh Favjrka`fatnb Nssfss`fat ja Ykbjhy nac Xfhtkr ]fdkr`7 Hkahfptunb @kcfbnac Kpfrntjkanb Oujcnahf
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Sef Henaojao _fnbte kd Antjkas
@fnsurjao XustnjanmbfCfvfbkp`fat ja tefAfw @jbbfaaju`
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=9>> Sef Jatfrantjkanb Mnal dkr ]fhkastruhtjka
nac Cfvfbkp`fat / Sef _krbc Mnal
>5>5 E Xtrfft A_
_nsejaotka CH =9388
Sfbfpekaf7 =9=-3?8->999
Jatfraft7 www.wkrbcmnal.kro
Nbb rjoets rfsfrvfc
> = 8 3 >8 >= >> >9
Sejs vkbu`f js n prkcuht kd tef stndd kd tef Jatfrantjkanb Mnal dkr
]fhkastruhtjka nac Cfvfbkp`fat / Sef _krbc Mnal. Sef djacjaos,
jatfrprftntjkas, nac hkahbusjkas fxprfssfc ja tejs vkbu`f ck akt
afhfssnrjby rfdbfht tef vjfws kd tef Fxfhutjvf Cjrfhtkrs kd Sef _krbc
Mnal kr tef okvfra`fats tefy rfprfsfat.
Sef _krbc Mnal ckfs akt ounrnatff tef nhhurnhy kd tef cntn
jahbucfc ja tejs wkrl. Sef mkuacnrjfs, hkbkrs, cfak`jantjkas, nac
ktefr jadkr`ntjka sekwa ka nay `np ja tejs wkrl ck akt j`pby nay
gucof`fat ka tef pnrt kd Sef _krbc Mnal hkahfrajao tef bfonb stntus kd
nay tfrrjtkry kr tef fackrsf`fat kr nhhfptnahf kd suhe mkuacnrjfs.
] J O E S X N A C Y F ] @ J X X J K A X
Sef `ntfrjnb ja tejs pumbjhntjka js hkpyrjoetfc. Hkpyjao nac/kr
trnas`jttjao pkrtjkas kr nbb kd tejs wkrl wjtekut pfr`jssjka `ny mf n
vjkbntjka kd nppbjhnmbf bnw. Sef Jatfrantjkanb Mnal dkr ]fhkastruhtjka nacCfvfbkp`fat / Sef _krbc Mnal fahkurnofs cjssf`jantjka kd jts wkrl nac
wjbb akr`nbby ornat pfr`jssjka tk rfprkcuhf pkrtjkas kd tef wkrl prk`ptby.
Dkr pfr`jssjka tk pektkhkpy kr rfprjat nay pnrt kd tejs wkrl, pbfnsf
sfac n rfqufst wjte hk`pbftf jadkr`ntjka tk tef Hkpyrjoet Hbfnrnahf
Hfatfr Jah., === ]ksfwkkc Crjvf, Cnavfrs, @N 9>:=8, VXN< tfbfpekaf7
:?5-?69-5399< dnx7 :?5-?69-33?9< Jatfraft7 www.hkpyrjoet.hk`.
Nbb ktefr qufrjfs ka rjoets nac bjhfasfs, jahbucjao sumsjcjnry rjoets,
sekubc mf nccrfssfc tk tef Kddjhf kd tef Yumbjsefr, Sef _krbc Mnal,
>5>5 E Xtrfft A_, _nsejaotka, CH =9388, VXN< dnx7 =9=-6==-=3==8-5355-4fJXMA7 :?5-9-5=>8-5663-5
CKJ7 >9.>6:4/:?5-9-5=>8-5355-4
Bjmrnry kd Hkaorfss Hntnbkojao-ja-Yumbjhntjka Cntn
Sef henaojao wfnbte kd antjkas 7 `fnsurjao sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat ja
tef afw `jbbfaaju`.
p. h`. (Favjrka`fat nac cfvfbkp`fat)
Jahbucfs mjmbjkornpejhnb rfdfrfahfs nac jacfx.
JXMA :?5-9-5=>8-5355-4 JXMA :?5-9-5=>8-5663-5 (fbfhtrkajh)
>. Fhkak`jh jacjhntkrs. =. Xustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat.
J. _krbc Mnal.
EH6:.>6.H383 =9>9
885.:=?ch==
=9>9983584
Hkvfr pektks7 Ljrl En`jbtka/_krbc Mnal (kutfr hjrhbf)
> Henaofs ja _fnbte, >::6 tk =996
H E N Y S F ] >
8 Jatrkcuhtjka nac @nja Djacjaos7 Sef Henaojao_fnbte kd Antjkas
6 Ekw Ckfs _fnbte Henaof wjte Cfvfbkp`fat;
: Enrafssjao Anturnb Hnpjtnb dkr Cfvfbkp`fat
>> Fxtfacjao nac Cffpfajao _fnbte Nhhkuats
>4 Sef Nofacn dkr Duturf _krl ka Anturnb _fnbte
>? Xu``jao Vp => Naafx7 @jssjao Anturnb Hnpjtnb nac Fhksystf` Xfrvjhfs
=3 Aktfs
=6 ]fdfrfahfs
H E N Y S F ] =
=? _fnbte nac Henaofs ja _fnbte, >::6=996 =? Henaojao Obkmnb _fnbte
=: Henaojao Hk`pksjtjka kd _fnbte
8> Henaojao _fnbte Yfr Hnpjtn
88 _fnbte Hrfntjka ja Cfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs 8? Xnvjaos nac Henaofs ja _fnbte
3> Ykpubntjka Orkwte nac tef Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao Onp
3= Hkahbusjkas
33 Naafx =.>7 Hkuatrjfs Fxhbucfc drk` tef Nanbysjs kd Henaofs ja _fnbte
36 Naafx =.=7 Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte, >::6 nac =996, nac Henaofs ja Yfr Hnpjtn_fnbte nac Ykpubntjka, >::6=996, my ]fojka nac Jahk`f Orkup
3: Aktfs
3: ]fdfrfahf
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H E N Y S F ] 8
6> Henaofs ja Anturnb Hnpjtnb7 Cfhk`pksjao Yrjhfnac ^unatjty Fddfhts
6= Cfhk`pksjtjka7 N Aktf ka tef @ftekckbkoy
68 Hkatrjmutjka kd Bnac nac Xumskjb Nssfts tk Henaofs ja _fnbte
6: Xu``jao Vp7 Bnac Tnbufs nac Xumskjb Nssfts
4> Naafx 8.>7 Cfhk`pksjtjka @ftekckbkoy
48 Naafx 8.=7 Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Sktnb _fnbte my Jahk`f Orkupnac ]fojka, >::6=996
4? Naafx 8.87 Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Sktnb _fnbte ja XfbfhtfcHkuatrjfs ja tef @jccbf Fnst nac Akrte Ndrjhn nac Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn,>::6=996
?> Aktfs ?> ]fdfrfahf
Y N ] S =
?8 N Cffpfr Bkkl nt _fnbte
H E N Y S F ] 3
?6 _fnbte Nhhkuatjao ja tef Orffaekusf ?4 Hbj`ntf Xhjfahf nac tef Cfvfbkp`fat Hkasfasus
?? Xk`f Fhkak`jhs kd Hbj`ntf Henaof
59 Fstj`ntfc Tnbufs kd Hnrmka Xtkhls nac Dbkws ja =996
53 Cjshussjka7 Jssufs kd Bnw nac Fqujty
56 Xu``jao Vp
5? Naafx7 Xkurhfs nac Sfheajhnb Cftnjbs
5: Aktfs
5: ]fdfrfahfs
H E N Y S F ] 6
:8 Jatnaojmbf Hnpjtnb nac Cfvfbkp`fat
:3 Sefkrftjhnb Hkasjcfrntjkas :4 Fxpbnjajao Jatnaojmbf Hnpjtnb
:: Sef ]kbf kd Jatnaojmbf Hnpjtnb ja Cfvfbkp`fat>9= Xu``jao Vp>98 Aktfs>98 ]fdfrfahfs
H E N Y S F ] 4
>96 Eu`na Hnpjtnb nac Fhkak`jh Orkwte ja Hejan
>9? Xtkhls kd Eu`na Hnpjtnb ja Hejan>9: Eu`na Hnpjtnb my ]urnb-Vrmna Bkhntjka nac my Ofacfr>>= Hk`pnrjska wjte _krbc Mnal Fstj`ntfs kd Eu`na Hnpjtnb>>8 Xu``jao Vp>>3 Naafx 4.>7 @ftekckbkoyGkrofaska-Drnu`faj Bjdftj`f Jahk`f
Npprknhe
vj HKASFASX
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>>4 Naafx 4.=7 ]fhnstjao tef Cntn tk mf Hkasjstfat wjte _krbc Mnal@ftekckbkoy
>>? Aktfs
>>? ]fdfrfahfs
H E N Y S F ] ?
>>: Bjaljao Okvfranahf tk Fhkak`jh Hkasfqufahfs ja]fskurhf-]jhe Fhkak`jfs7 FJSJ nac _fnbte Nhhkuatjao
>=> Okvfranahf, Nhhkuatnmjbjty, nac Srnaspnrfahy nbkao tef FxtrnhtjvfsTnbuf Henja
>=8 FJSJ nac Srnaspnrfahy>=8 FJSJ++7 Fxtfacjao Okkc Okvfranahf nbkao tef Tnbuf Henja
>=3 _fnbte Nhhkuats7 Fxtfacjao Srnaspnrfahy tk @nhrkfhkak`jhYfrdkr`nahf>=6 Xu``jao Vp>=? Aktfs>=? ]fdfrfahfs
H E N Y S F ] 5
>=: Hkuatry Fxpfrjfahfs wjte _fnbte Nhhkuatjao>89 Hurrfat Hkuatry Yrnhtjhfs>88 @jafrnb nac Fafroy Nhhkuats
>83 Ktefr Anturnb Hnpjtnb Nhhkuats>84 Mnbnahf Xeffts>84 _fnbte Nhhkuatjao ja ]fhfat Jajtjntjvfs>8? Xu``jao Vp>85 Aktfs>85 ]fdfrfahfs
Nppfacjxfs
>3> Nppfacjx N7 Mujbcjao tef _fnbte Fstj`ntfs7 @ftekckbkoy
>4> Nppfacjx M7 Sktnb _fnbte, Ykpubntjka, nac Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte ja >::6,=999, nac =996
>?8 Nppfacjx H7 _fnbte Fstj`ntfs ja =996>56 Nppfacjx C7 Hnbhubntjao Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao ns n Yfrhfatnof kd Orkss
Antjkanb Jahk`f, =995>:? Nppfacjx F7 Fddfht kd Ykpubntjka Orkwte ka Xnvjaos nac Henaofs ja
_fnbte Yfr Hnpjtn, =996=98 Nppfacjx D7 Cfhk`pksjtjka Nanbysjs ns n Yfrhfatnof kd Henaof ja
Sktnb _fnbte, my Fhkak`y, >::6=996
=>8 Jacfx
HKASFASX vjj
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Mkxfs >5 >.> @fnsurfs kd Fhkak`jh Yfrdkr`nahf7 _fnbte kr Yrkcuhtjka;
85 =.> Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao nac @jssjao Hnpjtnb
33 =N.> Hkuatrjfs wjte _fnbte Nhhkuats ja =996 mut Akt ja >::6
Djourfs
5 >.> Henaojao Tkbu`f nac Hk`pksjtjka kd _fnbte jaBkwfr-@jccbf-Jahk`f Hkuatrjfs, >::6=996
>9 >.= Yrkcuhfc Hnpjtnb Yfr Hnpjtn, Nhtunb nac Eypkteftjhnb, ja Djvf]fskurhf-]jhe Hkuatrjfs, =996
>> >.8 ]fskurhf Nmuacnahf nac Hnpjtnb Nhhu`ubntjka7 _efrf Ens tefEnrtwjhl ]ubf Mffa Nppbjfc;
=: =.> Nccjtjkas tk _fnbte my Sypf kd Nssft nac Jahk`f Orkup, >::6=996
8= =.= Orkwte ja Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte, >::6=996
88 =.8 Henaojao Hk`pksjtjka kd _fnbte ja Bkwfr-@jccbf-Jahk`fHkuatrjfs, >::6=996
83 =.3 Henaof ja _fnbte nac Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte ja Cfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs,>::6=996
86 =.6 Henaofs ja _fnbte ja Cfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs my Sypf kd Nssft,>::6=996
85 =.4 Hnbhubntjao Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao dkr Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn, =995
8: =.? Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao ja ]fskurhf-]jhe Hkuatrjfs, =995 39 =.5 Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao dkr Cfvfbkpjao-Hkuatry ]fojkas, >:?6=995
3= =.: Ykpubntjka-Ncgustfc NAX nac Ykpubntjka Orkwte ]ntfs jaCfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs, =996
63 8.> Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Anturnb Hnpjtnb my Nssftnac Jahk`f Orkup, >::6=996
63 8.= Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Anturnb Hnpjtnb my Dnhtkr jaCfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs, >::6=996
66 8.8 Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Bnac Tnbufs my ]fojka, >::6=996
64 8.3 Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Xumskjb Nssft Tnbufs my ]fojka,>::6=996
59 3.> Sef Tnbuf kd n ]fcuhtjka ja tef Xtkhl kd HK=
5> 3.= Xtkhl kd HK=7 Skp >9 F`jttfrs
5> 3.8 Tnbuf kd HK=Xtkhl ns n Yfrhfatnof kd OAJ7 Skp >9 F`jttfrs
:4 6.> Cjstrjmutjka kd J`pbjhjt ]ntfs kd ]ftura kaHk`prfefasjvf _fnbte, =996
>9: 4.> Ykpubntjka kd Hejan, >:5==99?
>>9 4.= Ykpubntjka kd Hejan my Fcuhntjkanb Nttnja`fat, >:5==99?
>== ?.> Sef Fxtrnhtjvf Jacustrjfs Tnbuf Henja
>=6 ?.= ]fhkvfry kd ]fskurhf ]fat drk` @jajao ja Mktswnan, >:59=996
>=4 ?.8 Orkwte kd ]fnb Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte nac OCY ja Mktswnan nacAn`jmjn, >:59=996
vjjj HKASFASX
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HKASFASX jx
Snmbfs
? >.> _fnbte nac Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte my Sypf kd Hnpjtnb nac Jahk`fOrkup, >::6 nac =996
=5 =.> Sktnb _fnbte nac Xenrfs my Sypf kd Nssft nac Jahk`f Orkup, =996
=5 =.= Sktnb _fnbte nac Ykpubntjka, wjte Xenrfs my Jahk`f Orkup,>::6=996
89 =.8 Sktnb _fnbte nac Xenrfs my Sypf kd Nssft nac Jahk`f Orkup, >::6nac =996
8= =.3 Sktnb _fnbte Yfr Hnpjtn, >::6=996
84 =.6 Hk`pksjtjka kd Anturnb Hnpjtnb ja Cfvfbkpjao ]fojkas, =996
34 =N.> Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte my ]fojka nac Jahk`f Orkup, >::6
3? =N.= Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte my ]fojka nac Jahk`f Orkup, =996
35 =N.8 Henaofs ja Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte nac Ykpubntjka, >::6=996 43 8N.> Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Sktnb _fnbte my Jahk`f Orkup nac
]fojka, >::6=996
45 8N.= Cfhk`pksjtjka kd Henaofs ja Sktnb _fnbte ja XfbfhtfcHkuatrjfs ja tef @jccbf Fnst nac Akrte Ndrjhn nac Xum-XnenrnaNdrjhn, >::6=996
?5 3.> Cjstrjmutjka kd Yumbjsefc @nrojanb Xkhjnb Hksts kd HK=F`jssjkas
5= 3.= HK=Xtkhl nac Hurrfat F`jssjkas, =996
58 3.8 Fnstfra Furkpf nac Hfatrnb Nsjn7 HK=Xtkhl nac Hurrfat
F`jssjkas, =996
:3 6.> Antjkanb _fnbte nac Jahk`f ja Hnancn, =99:
:5 6.= Fstj`ntfc Hkastjtufats kd Jatnaojmbf _fnbte
>99 6.8 Eu`na Hnpjtnb nac Hkuatry Djxfc Fddfhts ja Xfbfhtfc Hkuatrjfs,Nvfrnof >::6=996
>9> 6.3 Fbnstjhjtjfs kd Kutput wjte ]fspfht tk Yrkcuhtjka Dnhtkrs
>95 4.> Sktnb Eu`na Hnpjtnb ja Hejan, >:56=99?
>>> 4.= Sktnb ]fnb Eu`na Hnpjtnb ja Hejan my ]urnb-Vrmna Bkhntjkanac Ofacfr
>>> 4.8 Yfr Hnpjtn ]fnb Eu`na Hnpjtnb ja Hejan my ]urnb-Vrmna Bkhntjka
nac Ofacfr>8> 5.> Kvfrvjfw kd Hkuatry Yrnhtjhfs ja _fnbte Nhhkuatjao dkr
Akadjanahjnb Nssfts
>83 5.= Hkuatry Yrnhtjhfs ja @jafrnb nac Fafroy Nssft Nhhkuatjao
>34 N.> @fcjna Bjdftj`f ja =996 dkr Yrkvfa ]fsfrvfs
>6> N.= Hnbhubntjao Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao
>4= M.> _fnbte nac _fnbte Yfr Hnpjtn my Fhkak`y
>?> M.= ]fojkanb nac Jahk`f Orkup Noorfontfs Vsjao n Mnbnahfc Xn`pbfkd >=3 Hkuatrjfs
>?3 H.> _fnbte Fstj`ntfs dkr =996>54 C.> Antjkanb Xnvjao Dbkws dkr =995
>:5 F.> Fddfht kd Ykpubntjka Orkwte ka Xnvjaos nac Henaofs ja _fnbteYfr Hnpjtn, =996
=93 D.> Cfhk`pksjtjka Nanbysjs ns n Yfrhfatnof kd Henaof ja Sktnb_fnbte, >::6=996
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Dkrfwkrc
_ent js akt `fnsurfc js akt `nanofc js kaf kd tef trujs`s kd `nanof`fat
shjfahf, nac jt pkjats tk n wfnlafss ja tef jacjhntkrs wf usf tk onuof cfvfbkp-
`fat prkorfss. Ns tejs mkkl cf`kastrntfs, anturnb rfskurhfs nhhkuat dkr kvfr =9pfrhfat kd tef wfnbte kd cfvfbkpjao antjkas. Zft jacjhntkrs bjlf tef orkwte rntf
kd orkss ck`fstjh prkcuht (OCY), usfc my `jajstrjfs kd djanahf nac cfvfbkp-
`fat fvfrywefrf, ck akt nhhkuat dkr tef cfpbftjka kd teksf anturnb rfskurhfs.
Akt kaby nrf anturnb rfskurhfs na j`pkrtnat senrf kd antjkanb wfnbte, mut
tef hk`pksjtjka kd anturnb wfnbte vnrjfs wjcfby nhrkss cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs nac
rfojkas. Xk`f hkuatrjfs nrf mbfssfc wjte `jafrnb nac fafroy rfskurhfs wejhe
hna ofafrntf sjoajdjhnat rfvfaufs dkr okvfra`fats mut wejhe `ny nbsk cjstkrt
cfvfbkp`fat my prkvjcjao fnsy `kafy. Xk`f hkuatrjfs nrf rjhe ja hrkp nacpnsturf bnacs, wejhe pbnhfs n prf`ju` ka prktfhtjao skjb dfrtjbjty nac `nanojao
tef wntfr rfskurhfs wejhe uacfrpja prkcuhtjvf usf kd tef bnac. Ktefr hkuatrjfs
envf noajdjhfat dkrfsts, ns wfbb ns wjbc bnacs wjte nmuacnat mjkcjvfrsjty, wejhe
hna crnw fhktkurjsts tk vjsjt drk` nbb kvfr tef wkrbc. _jtekut skuac `nanof-
`fat, tejs anturnb pntrj`kay js nt rjsl.
Sejs mkkl js nmkut cfvfbkp`fat nac `fnsurjao cfvfbkp`fat prkorfss. _ejbf
prfhjsf cfdjajtjkas `ny vnry, cfvfbkp`fat js, nt efnrt, n prkhfss kd mujbcjao
wfnbtetef prkcuhfc, anturnb, eu`na, nac jastjtutjkanb hnpjtnb wejhe js tef
skurhf kd jahk`f nac wfbbmfjao. N lfy djacjao js tent jt js jatnaojmbf wfnbte
eu`na nac jastjtutjkanb hnpjtnbwejhe ck`jantfs tef wfnbte kd nbb hkuatrjfs,
rjsjao ns n senrf kd tef tktnb ns hkuatrjfs hbj`m tef cfvfbkp`fat bnccfr. Sef
nhhkuatjao kd wfnbte ja kvfr >99 hkuatrjfs kvfr tef cfhncf drk` >::6 tk =996
pkjats tk tef j`pkrtnat prkorfss tent ens mffa `ncf ja cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs.
xj
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xjj DK]F_K]C
Sef djrst henptfr kd tef mkkl facs my suoofstjao tent ekw wf `fnsurf cfvfbkp-
`fat wjbb crjvf ekw wf ck cfvfbkp`fat. _f javjtf tef rfncfr tk gkja us ja na
fxhjtjao facfnvkrtnljao n truby hk`prfefasjvf npprknhe tk cfvfbkp`fat mymujbcjao tef wfnbte kd antjkas.
JAOF] NACF]XFA
Tjhf Yrfsjcfat nac Efnc kd Aftwkrl
Xustnjanmbf Cfvfbkp`fat Aftwkrl
Sef _krbc Mnal
KSNTJNAK HNAVSK
Tjhf Yrfsjcfat nac Efnc kd AftwkrlYkvfrty ]fcuhtjka nac Fhkak`jh @nanof`fat Aftwkrl
Sef _krbc Mnal
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Nhlakwbfco`fats
Sef Henaojao _fnbte kd Antjkasens mffa wrjttfa my n tfn` jahbucjao Obfaa-
@nrjf Bnaof, Ljrl En`jbtka, Ojkvnaaj ]utn, Bkpn Henlrnmkrtj, Cfvnb Cfsnj,
Mrn` Fcfas, Xusnan Dfrrfjrn, Mnrmnrn Drnu`faj, @jhenfb Gnrvjs, _jbbjn`Ljaos`jbb, nac Enjzefao Bj. ]fsfnrhe nssjstnahf wns prkvjcfc my Gustja ]n`.
Sef hkatrjmutjkas kd Ujnkbja ]fa nac Gnan Xtkfvfr tk tef cfvfbkp`fat kd tef
cntnmnsf nrf orntfdubby nhlakwbfcofc.
Sef rfpkrt rfhfjvfc jasjoetdub hk``fats drk` tef pffr rfvjfwfrs, Ojbfs
Ntljaska, Gna Mgk, ]jhenrc Cn`najn, nac @nrjna Cfbks Naofbfs.
_f nrf orntfdub tk hkbbfnoufs jasjcf nac kutsjcf tef _krbc Mnal wek prkvjcfc
usfdub dffcmnhl. Kur tenals ok tk @jbna Mrne`mentt, Gubjn Muhlanbb, Lfvja
Hnrfy, Henrbfs cj Bfvn, @nrjnaaf Dny, @jhenfb Bfvjtsly, Fcunrck Bfy, Jna Akmbf,Yfr ]ycfa, Npurvn Xnaoej, Xusnaaf Xhefjfrbjao, Gka Xtrnac, @jlf Sk`na,
Ck`jajquf vna cfr @faasmruooef, nac Gfdd Tjahfat.
Djanbby, wf nrf jacfmtfc tk tef bntf Yrkdfsskr Cnvjc Yfnrhf, tef dntefr kd uhe
kd tef fhkak`jhs kd sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat, Gkea KHkaakr, wek bfc tef djrst
wkrl ka wfnbte nhhkuatjao nt tef _krbc Mnal, nac terff jacjvjcunbsGkea
Cjxka, Ynrten Cnsouptn, nac Lnrb-Okrna @bfrwek envf hkatrjmutfc akt kaby
tk tefkry nac prnhtjhf, mut envf nbsk tjrfbfssby hen`pjkafc tef hnusf kd nppbyjao
favjrka`fatnb fhkak`jhs tk cfvfbkp`fat prkmbf`s terkuoe tefjr wrjtjao nac
tfnhejao nhrkss tef cfvfbkpjao wkrbc.
Sef djanahjnb suppkrt kd tef Okvfra`fat kd Xwfcfa js nhlakwbfcofc wjte
orntjtucf.
xjjj
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xv
Nmmrfvjntjkas
$/tHK= ckbbnrs pfr tka kd hnrmka cjkxjcf
$=996 hkastnat =996 V.X. ckbbnrs
NAX ncgustfc aft snvjao
HNJS Hbj`ntf Nanbysjs Jacjhntkrs Skkb
HCJNH Hnrmka Cjkxjcf Jadkr`ntjka Nanbysjs Hfatfr
HFN Hkuatry Favjrka`fatnb NanbysjsHF@ Hkuatry Fhkak`jh @f`krnacu`
HK= hnrmka cjkxjcf
HK=C HK
=cn`nofs
H_ hrkp wfnbte
Cfpr cfprfhjntjka
FC fafroy cfpbftjka
FF fcuhntjka fxpfacjturf
FJSJ Fxtrnhtjvf Jacustrjfs Srnaspnrfahy Jajtjntjvf
FV Furkpfna Vajka
DNK Dkkc nac Norjhubturf Kronajzntjka
DNKXSNS Dkkc nac Norjhubturf Kronajzntjka cntnmnsf
OCY orkss ck`fstjh prkcuht
OEO orffaekusf ons
Obkmnb D]N Obkmnb Dkrfst ]fskurhfs Nssfss`fat(kd tef DNK)
OAJ orkss antjkanb jahk`f
OAX orkss antjkanb snvjaos
OSNY Obkmnb Srncf Nanbysjs Yrkgfht
JFN Jatfrantjkanb Fafroy Nofahy
J@D Jatfrantjkanb @kaftnry Duac
JYHH Jatfrokvfra`fatnb Ynafb ka Hbj`ntf Henaof
G-D Gkrofaska-Drnu`faj
B@CJ bkonrjte`jh `fna Cjvjsjn jacfx
@C `jafrnb cfpbftjka
ADC aft dkrfst cfpbftjka
AOK akaokvfra`fatnb kronajzntjkaAAJ aft antjkanb jahk`f
AAX aft antjkanb snvjaos
AYT aft prfsfat vnbuf
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KFHC Kronajsntjka dkr Fhkak`jh Hk-kpfrntjka nac Cfvfbkp`fat
YJ@ Yfrpftunb Javfatkry @ftekc
Y@pnrtjhubntf `nttfrY@C pnrtjhubntf `nttfr cn`nofs
pp`v pnrts pfr `jbbjka my vkbu`f
YT prfsfat vnbuf
XHH skhjnb hkst kd hnrmka
XFFN Xystf` kd Jatforntfc Favjrka`fatnb nac Fhkak`jh
Nhhkuatjao
XAN Xystf` kd Antjkanb Nhhkuats
VA Vajtfc Antjkas
VAHSNC Vajtfc Antjkas Hkadfrfahf ka Srncf nac Cfvfbkp`fat
VAFHF Vajtfc Antjkas Fhkak`jh Hk``jssjka dkr Furkpf
VAFXHK Vajtfc Antjkas Fcuhntjkanb, Xhjfatjdjh, nac Hubturnb
Kronajzntjka
VAXC Vajtfc Antjkas Xtntjstjhs Cjvjsjka
VXOX V.X. Ofkbkojhnb Xurvfy
_CJ _krbc Cfvfbkp`fat Jacjhntkrs
_C] _krbc Cfvfbkp`fat ]fpkrt
_SY wjbbjaoafss tk pny
Aktf7 Ckbbnr n`kuats nrf V.X. ckbbnrs uabfss ktefrwjsf jacjhntfc.
xvj NMM]FTJNSJKAX
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Y N ] S >
Henaofs ja _fnbte,
>::6 tk =996
H E N Y S F ] >
Jatrkcuhtjka nac @nja Djacjaos7Sef Henaojao _fnbte kd Antjkas
H E N Y S F ] =
_fnbte nac Henaofs ja _fnbte, >::6=996
H E N Y S F ] 8
Henaofs ja Anturnb Hnpjtnb7Cfhk`pksjao Yrjhf nac ^unatjty Fddfhts
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8
Jatrkcuhtjka nac @nja
Djacjaos7 Sef Henaojao_fnbte kd Antjkas
H E N Y S F ] >
YF]ENYX SEF FN]BJFXS NXXFXX@FAS KD SEF _FNBSE KD
antjkas wns tef Ck`fscny Mkkl,prfpnrfc nt tef hk``nac kd _jbbjn` tef
Hkaqufrkr ja >95654. Nhhkrcjao tk tef Naobk-Xnxka Herkajhbf, tef mkkl nj`fc
tk rfhkrc went, kr ekw `uhe, fnhe `na enc, wek wns na khhupjfr kd bnac ja
Faobnac, fjtefr ja bnac kr ja stkhl, nac ekw `uhe `kafy jt wfrf wkrte.
_jbbjn`s oknb ja `fnsurjao tef wfnbte kd Faobnac wns djshnb. Ef affcfc tk
lakw tef vnbuf kd hrkwa bnacs ja tef hkaqufrfc tfrrjtkry, ns wfbb ns tef vnbuf
kd jacjvjcunb bnacekbcjaos tent hkubc mf sumgfht tk tnxntjka. Kur oknbs ja tejs
mkkl nrf mkte `krf `kcfst nac `krf n`mjtjkus tena teksf kd _jbbjn` tef
Hkaqufrkr7 `krf `kcfst mfhnusf wf wjbb akt prfsfat nhhkuats nt tef bfvfb kd
jacjvjcunb prkpfrty ekbcjaos, nac `krf n`mjtjkus mfhnusf wf sft dkrte mrknc
wfnbte nhhkuats dkr kvfr >=9 hkuatrjfs dkr tef yfnrs >::6, =999, nac =996.
_efa wf pksf tef qufstjka kd ekw `uhe `kafy jt wfrf wkrte dkr nssfts
suhe ns bnac, wf nrf jafvjtnmby nsljao n qufstjka nmkut tef duturf7 went js tef
dbkw kd rfats (kr fhkak`jh prkdjts) tent tejs nssft hna sustnja ja tef duturf; Sejs
hkahfra wjte duturjty js, wf nrouf, tef prjahjpnb rfnska tk mujbc wfnbte nhhkuats.Jd wf fxtfac tejs hkahfpt tk hk`prfefasjvf wfnbteprkcuhfc hnpjtnb< anturnb
hnpjtnb< nac eu`na, skhjnb, nac jastjtutjkanb hnpjtnbtefa fnsurjao henaofs ja
wfnbte pfr`jts us tk fnsurf tef sustnjanmjbjtykd cfvfbkp`fat. Sejs js na urofat
hkahfra tkcny ja tef pkkrfst cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, ns wf wjbb sekw.
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3 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX
@krf ofafrnbby, `fnsurjao henaofs ja rfnb, hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte prkvjcfs
na jacjhntjka tk okvfra`fats kd weftefr pkbjhy, mrkncby hkahfjvfc, js prkcuhjao
jahrfnsfs ja mkte hurrfat nac duturf wfbb-mfjaowent fhkak`jsts wkubc tfr`skhjnb wfbdnrf.>Jt hfrtnjaby hkubc mf nroufc tent tef duacn`fatnb cuty kd
okvfra`fat js tk fasurf tent jts pkbjhjfs bfnc tk jahrfnsfs ja skhjnb wfbdnrf.
Skcny, wfnbte nhhkuats nrf na jatfornb pnrt kd tef Xystf` kd Antjkanb Nhhkuats
(XAN), wejhe prkvjcfs tef mnsjs dkr tef `fnsurf`fat kd fhkak`jh prkorfss
usfc my `jajstrjfs kd djanahf nrkuac tef wkrbc (Furkpfna Hk``jssjka ft nb.
=99:).=Ekwfvfr, wfnbte nhhkuats nrf akt afnrby ns wjcfby j`pbf`fatfc ns nrf
tef `fnsurfs kd prkcuhtjka nac jahk`f. Sef trncjtjkanb jacjhntkr kd fhkak`jh
prkorfss js orkwte ja orkss ck`fstjh prkcuht (OCY), n mrknc `fnsurf kd tef
vnbuf kd prkcuhtjka khhurrjao wjteja n antjkas mkrcfrs. Sef prkmbf` wjte OCY
orkwte ns na jacjhntkr, ekwfvfr, js tent jt trfnts mkte tef prkcuhtjka kd okkcs
nac sfrvjhfs nac tef vnbuf kd nssft bjqujcntjka ns pnrt kd tef prkcuht kd tef antjka.
Seus, n hkuatry hkubc orkw jts OCY my cfpbftjao stkhls kd dkrfsts nac `jafrnbs,
dkr fxn`pbf, mut tejs orkwte wkubc akt mf sustnjanmbf.
Sejs mkkl fxtfacs nac mujbcs upka _efrf Js tef _fnbte kd Antjkas; @fnsurjao
Hnpjtnb dkr tef =>st Hfatury(_krbc Mnal =994), wejhe rfpkrtfc hk`prfefasjvf
wfnbte nhhkuats dkr `krf tena >=9 hkuatrjfs. Ns ja tent mkkl, wf hkahfjvf kd
cfvfbkp`fat ns n prkhfss kd mujbcjao nac `nanojao n pkrtdkbjk kd nssfts. Sefhenbbfaof kd cfvfbkp`fat js tk `nanof akt gust tef tktnb vkbu`f kd nssftsekw
`uhe tk snvf vfrsus ekw `uhe tk hkasu`fmut nbsk tef hk`pksjtjka kd tef
nssft pkrtdkbjk, tent js, ekw uhe tk javfst ja cjddfrfat typfs kd hnpjtnb, jahbucjao
tef jastjtutjkas nac okvfranahf tent hkastjtutf skhjnb hnpjtnb.
Sef Henaojao _fnbte kd Antjkasnccs sfvfrnb afw hk`pkafats tk tef prfvjkus
wkrl. @kst j`pkrtnat, mfhnusf wfnbte nhhkuats nrf akw nvnjbnmbf kvfr n >9-yfnr
pfrjkc, >::6 tk =996, jt js pkssjmbf tk ok mfykac n sanpsekt kd wfnbte nt n pkjat
ja tj`f nac prkvjcf tef djrst jatfrtf`pkrnb nssfss`fat kd obkmnb, rfojkanb, nachkuatry pfrdkr`nahf ja mujbcjao wfnbte nac nhejfvjao sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat.8
Ja tejs mkkl wf tnlf n hk`prfefasjvf npprknhe tk `fnsurjao wfnbte,
prfsfatjao nhhkuats dkr tef dkbbkwjao hntfokrjfs kd nssfts7 Sktnb wfnbte7Sef `fnsurf kd tktnb (kr hk`prfefasjvf) wfnbte js mujbt upka
tef jatujtjvf aktjka tent hurrfat wfnbte `ust hkastrnja duturf hkasu`ptjka.
Henptfr 6 prfsfats tef tefkry uacfrpjaajao tejs nssu`ptjka nac tef `ftekcs
usfc tk fstj`ntf tktnb wfnbte. Yrkcuhfc hnpjtnb7Sejs hk`prjsfs `nhejafry, struhturfs, nac fqujp`fat.3
Anturnb hnpjtnb7Sejs hk`prjsfs norjhubturnb bnac, prktfhtfc nrfns, dkrfsts,
`jafrnbs, nac fafroy. Jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb7Sejs nssft js `fnsurfc ns n rfsjcunb, tef cjddfrfahf mftwffa
tktnb wfnbte nac prkcuhfc nac anturnb hnpjtnb. Jt j`pbjhjtby jahbucfs fnsurfs
kd eu`na, skhjnb, nac jastjtutjkanb hnpjtnb, wejhe jahbucfs dnhtkrs suhe ns
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JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX 6
tef rubf kd bnw nac okvfranahf tent hkatrjmutf tk na fddjhjfat fhkak`y. Aft
dkrfjoa djanahjnb nssfts, tef mnbnahf kd n hkuatrys tktnb djanahjnb nssfts nac
djanahjnb bjnmjbjtjfs, nrf ofafrnbby jahbucfc ns pnrt kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb ja tejsmkkl (wjte tef fxhfptjka kd henptfr 6, ja wejhe tefkrftjhnb hkahfras nrf tjoetby
bjalfc tk f`pjrjhnb fstj`ntjka `ftekcs).
Sef mkkl js cjvjcfc jatk twk pnrts. Sef djrst pnrt prkvjcfs tef mjo pjhturf
kd henaofs ja wfnbte my jahk`f orkup nac ofkornpejh rfojka, wjte n dkhus ka
anturnb hnpjtnb mfhnusf jt js fspfhjnbby j`pkrtnat dkr bkw-jahk`f cfvfbkpjao
hkuatrjfs. Sef sfhkac pnrt prfsfats hnsf stucjfs tent jbbustrntf pnrtjhubnr nspfhts
kd wfnbte nhhkuatjao, jahbucjao nhhkuatjao dkr hbj`ntf henaof, tef rkbf kd jatna-
ojmbf hnpjtnb ja orkwte nac cfvfbkp`fat, `fnsurjao eu`na hnpjtnb, nac tef usf
kd wfnbte nhhkuatjao tk j`prkvf trnaspnrfahy nac okvfranahf ja rfskurhf-rjhe
fhkak`jfs. Sef djanb henptfr rfpkrts ka tef j`pbf`fatntjka kd wfnbte nhhkuatjao
my hkuatrjfs. Sef nppfacjxfs prkvjcf tef dubb wfnbte nhhkuats dkr jacjvjcunb
hkuatrjfs nac dkr noorfontjkas my jahk`f orkup nac ofkornpejh rfojka.
Ekw Ckfs _fnbte Henaof wjte Cfvfbkp`fat;
_efrf Js tef _fnbte kd Antjkas;fstnmbjsefc tef bjals mftwffa cfvfbkp`fat
kuthk`fs nac tef bfvfb nac hk`pksjtjka kd hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte. Xk`f kdtef j`pkrtnat jasjoets drk` tent vkbu`f, mnsfc ka wfnbte nhhkuats dkr =999,
hkatjauf tk nppby ja =996 nac, jacffc, nhrkss tef cfhncf drk` >::6 tk =996. Ja
henptfr = kd tejs vkbu`f, wf mfoja my nanbyzjao pnttfras kd wfnbte nac henaofs ja
pfr hnpjtn wfnbte dkr hkuatrjfs orkupfc my jahk`f hntfokry. Orkupjao hkuatrjfs
my jahk`f js usfdub mfhnusf jt rfvfnbs tef cjrfht bjals mftwffa wfnbte, jahk`f,
nac cfvfbkp`fat. N`kao jahk`f orkups, trfacs dkr bkw-jahk`f hkuatrjfs nrf kd
pnrtjhubnr jatfrfst mfhnusf kd tef hkahfatrntjka kd tef wkrbcs pkkr ja tefsf
hkuatrjfs. Cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs `ust `nlf cfhjsjkas nmkut (n) ekw `uhe tkjavfst vfrsus ekw `uhe tk hkasu`f nac (m) went `jx kd nssfts tk javfst ja. Sef
`jccbf-jahk`f hkuatrjfs nrf j`pkrtnat mfhnusf tefy sefc bjoet ka tejs prkhfss
kd wfnbte hrfntjka curjao tef trnasjtjka drk` bkw tk ejoe jahk`f. Ejoe-jahk`f
hkuatrjfs prkvjcf jasjoet jatk tef vkbu`f nac hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte ja teksf
hkuatrjfs tent envf nhejfvfc ejoe `ntfrjnb stnacnrcs kd bjvjao. _f tefa bkkl
`krf hbksfby nt cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, orkupjao tef` my ofkornpejh rfojka
mfhnusf kd tef j`pkrtnahf kd senrfc ofkornpejh nac ejstkrjhnb dfnturfs.
Mftwffa >::6 nac =996, obkmnb wfnbte jahrfnsfc ja pfr hnpjtn tfr`s my
>? pfrhfat ja hkastnat =996 V.X. ckbbnrs.6_fnbte orfw dnstfst ja tef bkwfr-
`jccbf-jahk`f hkuatrjfs, wejhe nrf ck`jantfc my tef fhkak`y kd Hejan9 pfrhfat kd tef obkmnb pkpubntjka, ekbc bfss tena >
pfrhfat kd obkmnb wfnbte (tnmbf >.>).Jatnaojmbf wfnbte js tef bnrofst sjaobf hk`pkafat kd wfnbte ja nbb jahk`f
orkups,
nac tef dnstfst orkwjao kaf ns wfbb. _eftefr kaf hk`pnrfs wfnbte nhrkss
cjddfrfat jahk`f orkups dkr n sjaobf yfnr kr bkkls nt n sjaobf jahk`f orkup kvfr
tj`f, tef hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nhhkuats tfbb n hbfnr stkry nmkut tef rfbntjkasejp
mftwffa cfvfbkp`fat nac wfnbte7 cfvfbkp`fat fatnjbs mujbcjao tktnb wfnbte, mut
nbsk henaojao tef hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte. @kst hkuatrjfs stnrt kut wjte rfbntjvfby
ejoe cfpfacfahf ka anturnb hnpjtnbnorjhubturnb bnac, sumskjb nssfts, nac/kr
dkrfsts. Sefy usf tefsf nssfts tk mujbc `krf wfnbte, fspfhjnbby prkcuhfc hnpjtnb
nac jatnaojmbf (eu`na nac jastjtutjkanb) hnpjtnb.
Sejs rfbntjkasejp mftwffa cfvfbkp`fat nac hnpjtnb js hbfnrby sffa ja tef
bkwfr-`jccbf-jahk`fhkuatrjfs, wefrf tef fhkak`y kd Hejan ck`jantfs. Ns
djourf >.> sekws, pfr hnpjtn wfnbte ens jahrfnsfc crn`ntjhnbby, nac gust ns j`pkr-
tnat, tef hk`pksjtjka ens henaofc nrlfcby. Sef senrf kd anturnb hnpjtnb dfbb drk`
83 pfrhfat ja >::6 tk =6 pfrhfat ja =996 (nbtekuoe, ns henptfr = sekws, tef bfvfb
kd anturnb hnpjtnb pfr pfrska nhtunbby jahrfnsfc my afnrby $>,>99), wejbf tef senrfs
kd prkcuhfc hnpjtnb nac jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb jahrfnsfc strkaoby.
Sef rnpjc orkwte kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb js cuf pnrtby tk jahrfnsfc fcuhn-tjkanb nttnja`fat ja `kst hkuatrjfs, mut n sjoajdjhnat pnrt kd tef jahrfnsf ja
jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb rfsubts drk` j`prkvf`fats ja jastjtutjkas, okvfranahf, nac
ktefr dnhtkrs tent hkatrjmutf tk mfttfr, `krf fddjhjfat usf kd nbb kd n hkuatrys
hnpjtnbprkcuhfc, anturnb, nac eu`na. Sef stucy kd Hejan ja henptfr 4 sekws
tent rnpjc fhkak`jh henaof nac tef trnasjtjka tk n `nrlft-krjfatfc fhkak`y
kddfrfc pfkpbf kppkrtuajtjfs tk rfnbjzf `uhe ejoefr rfturas dkr n ojvfa bfvfb kd
fcuhntjkanb nttnja`fat.
Nbtekuoe wfnbte js ck`jantfc my jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb, ja bkw-jahk`f hkua-trjfs anturnb hnpjtnb hkastjtutfs n bnrof senrf kd hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte, bnrofr
tena prkcuhfc hnpjtnb. Ja uppfr-`jccbf-jahk`f hkuatrjfs, anturnb hnpjtnb js
kaby sbjoetby bfss tena prkcuhfc hnpjtnb, >6 pfrhfat nac >4 pfrhfat, rfspfh-
tjvfby. Sef ejoe cfpfacfahf kd bkw-jahk`f hkuatrjfs ka anturnb hnpjtnb nac
tef j`pkrtnat rkbf kd anturnb hnpjtnb ja mujbcjao wfnbte suoofst tent jt sekubc
rfhfjvf hbksf nttfatjka.
Dkr hkuatrjfs cfpfacfat ka akarfafwnmbf anturnb hnpjtnb, trnasdkr`jao
anturnb hnpjtnb jatk ktefr dkr`s kd wfnbte js tef pnte tk sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp fat.
_efrf anturnb hnpjtnb js pktfatjnbby rfafwnmbf, suhe ns dkrfst bnac, npprkprjntf
prkpfrty rjoets nac `nanof`fat rfoj`fs nrf fssfatjnb jd tef hkuatry js tk cfvfbkp
sustnjanmby rntefr tena cfpbftf jts anturnb hnpjtnb, facjao up pkkrfr tena mfdkrf.
Durtefr`krf, anturnb hnpjtnb wnrrnats spfhjnb dkhus ja tef wfnbte `nanof-
`fat kd nbb hkuatrjfs, fvfa teksf wefrf jts senrf ja wfnbte js s`nbb, mfhnusf kd
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?
SNMBF >.>
_fnbte nac Yfr Hnpjtn _fnbte my Sypf kd Hnpjtnb nac Jahk`f Orkup, >::6 nac =996
>::6
Jahk`f Orkup
Sktnb _fnbte
(VX$
mjbbjkas)
Yfr Hnpjtn
_fnbte
(VX$)
Jatnaojmbf
Hnpjtnb
(%)
Yrkcuhfc
Hnpjtnb
(%)
Anturnb
Hnpjtnb
(%)
Sktnb _fnbte
(VX$
mjbbjkas)
Yfr Hnp
_fnbte
(VX$)
Bkw jahk`f =,33? 6,=:9 35 >= 3> 8,6:? 4,>8
Bkwfr jccbf jahk`f 88,:69 >>,889 36 => 83 65,9=8 >4,:9
Vppfr jccbf jahk`f 84,?:3 ?8,639 45 >? >6 3?,>58 5>,86
Ejoe jahk`f KFHC 3=>,43> 3?5,336 59 >5 = 66>,:43 655,8>
_krbc 693,635 >98,8>> ?4 >5 4 4?8,6:8 >=9,3?
Xkurhf7 Nutekrs hnbhubntjkas mnsfc ka _krbc Mnal cntn.Aktf7 Djourfs nrf mnsfc ka tef sft kd hkuatrjfs dkr wejhe wfnbte nhhkuats nrf nvnjbnmbf drk` >::6 tk =996. Cntn ja tejs tn
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5 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX
sfvfrnb henrnhtfrjstjhs tent sft jt npnrt drk` `kst prkcuhfc nac jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb.
Anturnb hnpjtnb js tef skurhf kd `nay fhksystf` sfrvjhfs, prkvjcfc ns fxtfranbjtjfs
wjtekut `nrlft prjhfs< efahf, tefsf sfrvjhfs nrf kdtfa uacfrvnbufc nac vubafr-nmbf tk terfnts. @nay dkr`s kd anturnb hnpjtnb nrf akarfafwnmbf, kr rfafwnmbf
kaby uacfr rfstrjhtfc `nanof`fat rfoj`fs. Bkssfs nac cforncntjka kd anturnb
hnpjtnb `ny bfnc tk jrrfvfrsjmbf henaofs ja tef prkvjsjka kd fhksystf` sfrvjhfs
nac mjkcjvfrsjty, nac tef pktfatjnb dkr sumstjtutjka js bj`jtfc (dkr fxn`pbf, ja
tef hnsf kd tef kzkaf bnyfr). Xk`f anturnb mncs (nt`kspefrjh hnrmka cjkxjcf
\HK=P dkr fxn`pbf) nrf obkmnb ja shkpf nac prkvfanahf nac nrf mkte akarjvnb
nac akafxhbucnmbf< kaby hkkpfrntjvf skbutjkas hna cfnb wjte tef prkmbf`.
Ns henptfr = sekws, n`kao tef cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, nbb ofkornpejh
rfojkas envf jahrfnsfc tefjr pfr hnpjtn wfnbte, mut tef onjas nppfnr s`nbbfst ja
>5,999
>4,999
>3,999
>=,999
>9,999
5,999
4,999
3,999
=,999
9
VX$pfrhnpjtn
>::6 =999 =996
anturnbhnpjtnb prkcuhfchnpjtnb jatnaojmbfhnpjtnb
DJOV]F >.>
Henaojao Tkbu`f nac Hk`pksjtjka kd _fnbte ja Bkwfr-@jccbf-Jahk`fHkuatrjfs, >::6=996
Xkurhf7 Nutekrs hnbhubntjkas mnsfc ka _krbc Mnal cntn.
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JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX :
Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn7 kaby 3 pfrhfat mftwffa >::6 nac =996. Jd wf bkkl `krf
hbksfby nt tejs rfojka, ekwfvfr, wf djac twk senrpby cjstjaht stkrjfs. Kaf stkry js
nmkut n enacdub kd hkuatrjfs, bfc my rfskurhf-rjhe Ajofrjn, tent fxpfrjfahfc stffpcfhbjafs ja pfr hnpjtn wfnbte nac crnoofc ckwa pfrdkr`nahf dkr tef fatjrf rfojka
rfbntjvf tk tef rfst kd tef wkrbc. Sef ktefr stkry, ekwfvfr, js nmkut tef suhhfss ja
jahrfnsjao pfr hnpjtn wfnbte nhejfvfc my afnrby twk-tejrcs kd Ndrjhna hkuatrjfs
kvfr tef cfhncf. Sejs sfhkac orkup wns bfc my tef bnrofst Ndrjhna fhkak`y, Xkute
Ndrjhn, mut nbsk jahbucfs ktefrs suhe ns Mktswnan, Murljan Dnsk, Ftejkpjn, Oenan,
@kzn`mjquf, nac Vonacn. Dkr tef rfojka ns n wekbf, tef suhhfssdub hkuatrjfs
wfrf nmbf tk kddsft tef cfhbjaf ja pfr hnpjtn wfnbte ja tef uacfrpfrdkr`frs.
@kst kd tef jahrfnsf ja pfr hnpjtn wfnbte ja nbb rfojkas rfsubtfc drk` tef
orkwte kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnbj`prkvf`fats ja eu`na hnpjtnb, jastjtutjkas,
nac tfheakbkoy tent suppkrt `krf fddjhjfat usf kd prkcuhfc nac anturnb hnpjtnb.
Mut anturnb hnpjtnb rf`njas na j`pkrtnat nssft. Norjhubturnb bnac ck`jantfs tef
anturnb hnpjtnb kd Nsjn, Bntja N`frjhn, nac Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn, wejbf sumskjb
nssfts nhhkuat dkr `krf tena 49 pfrhfat kd tef anturnb hnpjtnb kd Furkpf nac
Hfatrnb Nsjn nac tef @jccbf Fnst nac Akrte Ndrjhn. Dkrfst bnac js pnrtjhu-
bnrby j`pkrtnat ja Bntja N`frjhn. Mkte Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn nac Xkute Nsjn
fxpfrjfahfc n cfhbjaf ja anturnb hnpjtnb drk` >::6 tk =996, wejhe js wkrryjao
ojvfa tef hkatjaufc cfpfacfahf kd sk `nay pfkpbf ka norjhubturf.
Enrafssjao Anturnb Hnpjtnb dkr Cfvfbkp`fat
Sef Enrtwjhl rubf (Enrtwjhl >:??< Xkbkw >:54) prkvjcfs n sj`pbf rubf kd teu`m
dkr sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat ja hkuatrjfs tent cfpfac ka akarfafwnmbf anturnb
rfskurhfs. Sef Enrtwjhl rubf ekbcs tent hkasu`ptjka hna mf `njatnjafctef
cfdjajtjka kd sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fatjd tef rfats drk` akarfafwnmbf rfskurhfs
nrf hkatjaukusby javfstfc rntefr tena usfc dkr hkasu`ptjka. Mut, ja dnht, `nay
rfskurhf-rjhe cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs ck akt rfjavfst tef rfats. Xk efrf wf pksf n
hkuatfrdnhtunb qufstjka7 _ent wkubc tktnb hnpjtnb mf jd, fnhe yfnr sjahf >:59,
hkuatrjfs enc javfstfc nbb tef rfskurhf rfat ja prkcuhfc hnpjtnb;4Sef eypkteft-
jhnb hnpjtnb stkhl js tefa hk`pnrfc tk nhtunb prkcuhfc hnpjtnb tk sff (n) weftefr
hkuatrjfs dkbbkwfc tef Enrtwjhl rubf, nac (m) jd tefy cjc akt, ekw `uhe rjhefr
tefy hkubc envf mffa jd tefy enc dkbbkwfc tef rubf.
Sef hkasfqufahfs kd akt javfstjao rfskurhf rfats ja prkcuhtjvf nssfts wfrf
ejoebjoetfc ja_efrf Js tef _fnbte kd Antjkas;terkuoe tef nanbysjs kd tef
Enrtwjhl rubf hkuatfrdnhtunb. _f upcntf tefsf djourfs tk =996 tk sekw went
js dkrfokaf wefa rfskurhf-rjhe hkuatrjfs ck akt rfjavfst rfskurhf rfats drk`
akarfafwnmbf anturnb hnpjtnb.
Djourf >.= sekws tef rfsubts kd tef Enrtwjhl rubf hkuatfrdnhtunb dkr djvf
rfskurhf-rjhe hkuatrjfs. Ja =996, Srjajcnc nac Skmnok enc nhhu`ubntfc $=9,9=>
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>9 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX
pfr hnpjtn ja `naudnhturfc hnpjtnb. Jd jt enc dkbbkwfc tef Enrtwjhl rubf nac
rfjavfstfc nbb tef rfskurhf rfats drk` kjb nac ons, jt wkubc envf nhhu`ubntfc
`krf tena terff tj`fs ns `uhe `naudnhturfc hnpjtnb7 $44,86: pfr hnpjtn. Sef
sjtuntjka js sj`jbnr ja tef ktefr dkur rfskurhf-rjhe hkuatrjfs sekwa ja tef djourf7
jd rfats enc mffa rfjavfstfc, tefsf hkuatrjfs wkubc envf nhhu`ubntfc dnr orfntfr
n`kuats kd prkcuhfc hnpjtnb pfr pfrska, sumstnatjnbby nccjao tk tef prkcuhtjvf
mnsf kd tefjr fhkak`jfs.
Djourf >.8 sekws tef sn`f jadkr`ntjka dkr n bnrof au`mfr kd hkuatrjfs jawejhe rfats ka akarfafwnmbf rfskurhfs hkastjtutf nt bfnst > pfrhfat kd orkss
antjkanb jahk`f. Sef ekrjzkatnb nxjs sekws tef senrf kd rfskurhf rfats ja OCY,
wejbf tef vfrtjhnb nxjs sekws ekw `uhe `krf prkcuhfc hnpjtnb n hkuatry wkubc
envf jd jt enc rfjavfstfc nbb jts rfskurhf rfats. Hkuatrjfs dnbbjao nt kr mfbkw tef
zfrk bjaf envf prkcuhfc hnpjtnb tent `ffts kr fxhffcs tef Enrtwjhl rubf. Seksf
nmkvf tef zfrk bjaf envf akt rfjavfstfc rfats< jd tefy enc, tefy wkubc envf orfntfr
wfnbte ja =996.
N`kao tef hkuatrjfs ja djourf >.8 nrf n sumsft kd rfskurhf-rjhe hkuatrjfs,
cfdjafc ns teksf ja wejhe rfskurhf rfats nhhkuat dkr nt bfnst 6 pfrhfat kd OCY.
N dfw kd tefsf hkuatrjfs envf dkbbkwfc tef Enrtwjhl rubf. Hkuatrjfs bjlf @fxjhk
(@FU) kr Yfru (YF]) envf bnrofby hk`pfasntfc dkr cfpbftjka kd `jafrnbs my
javfstjao ja prkcuhfc hnpjtnb, sk tefjr eypkteftjhnb hnpjtnb js akt `uhe cjddfrfat
drk` tefjr nhtunb hnpjtnb nhhu`ubntjka. Hkuatrjfs bjlf @nbnysjn (@ZX) nac
>9,999
9
=9,999
89,999
39,999
69,999
49,999
?9,999
59,999
=996VX$pfrhnptjn
Srjajcncnac
Skmnok
Tfafzufbn,]M
Onmka Ajofrjn Hkaok,]fp.
=9,9=>
>=,?:8
>5,556
>,84:
6,83:8,?3>
>4,955
4?,::3
36,=34
44,86:
nhtunbprkcuhfchnpjtnb eypkteftjhnbprkcuhfchnpjtnb(Enrtwjhlrubf)
DJOV]F >.=
Yrkcuhfc Hnpjtnb Yfr Hnpjtn, Nhtunb nac Eypkteftjhnb, ja Djvf]fskurhf-]jhe Hkuatrjfs, =996
Xkurhf7 Nutekrs hnbhubntjkas mnsfc ka _krbc Mnal cntn.Aktf7Nhtunb hnpjtnb js tef n`kuat tef hkuatry nhhu`ubntfc ja =996. Eypkteftjhnb prkcuhfchnpjtnb js tef n`kuat tef hkuatry hkubc envf nhhu`ubntfc jd jt enc dkbbkwfc tef Enrtwjhl rubf nacrfjavfstfc nbb rfskurhf rfats sjahf >:59.
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>= SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX
Cfhk`pksjao Henaofs ja Anturnb _fnbte drk` >::6 tk =996
Envjao cfshrjmfc tef henaojao hk`pksjtjka kd hnpjtnb, wf wkubc nbsk bjlf tk
uacfrstnac tef crjvjao dkrhfs mfejac tejs henaof. _f dkhus ka anturnb hnpjtnbmkte mfhnusf kd tef j`pkrtnahf kd anturnb hnpjtnb tk cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs nac
mfhnusf wf envf hkahrftf, jacfpfacfat `fnsurfs dkr cftnjbfc hk`pkafats kd
tejs typf kd wfnbte tk suppkrt tejs nanbysjs.
Henaofs ja tef vnbuf kd anturnb hnpjtnb hna rfsubt drk` `nay dnhtkrs, sk`f
rfbntfc tk tef prjhf kr rfturas tk na nssft nac sk`f rfbntfc tk tef peysjhnb quna-
tjty kd na nssft. Dkr fxn`pbf, tef vnbuf kd tktnb norjhubturnb bnac ja n hkuatry
`ny jahrfnsf wefa `krf bnac js mrkuoet uacfr hubtjvntjka (n qunatjty fddfht)
kr wefa tef aft prjhf kd hrkps prkcuhfc ka n ojvfa n`kuat kd bnac jahrfnsfs
(prjhf fddfht). Xj`jbnrby, tef vnbuf kd sumskjb nssfts ny jahrfnsf wjte rjsjao wkrbc
`nrlft prjhfs (prjhf fddfht) kr na jahrfnsf ja prkvfa rfsfrvfs (qunatjty fddfht).
Kmvjkusby, nay kd tefsf dnhtkrs henaof sj`ubtnafkusby nac jt js akt fnsy tk skrt
kut tef rfbntjvf j`pkrtnahf kd fnhe kaf.
N tfheajquf hnbbfc cfhk`pksjtjka nanbysjs, nppbjfc ja henptfr 8, js usfc tk
cftfr`jaf tef rfbntjvf j`pkrtnahf kd cjddfrfat dnhtkrs tent henaof tef vnbuf kd
anturnb hnpjtnb kvfr tj`f. _f dkuac tent prjhf henaofs pbnyfc n sjoajdjhnat rkbf
ja `nay rfojkas. Cfhbjajao norjhubturnb bnac vnbuf ja Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn nac
Xkute Nsjn ens mffa crjvfa `njaby my cfhbjajao prjhfs dkr hrkp nac bjvfstkhlprkcuhts.?Sef cfhbjaf wns pnrtby kddsft my jahrfnsfs ja prkcuhtjka nac yjfbcs,
mut tef prjhf fddfht ens ck`jantfc ja tefsf rfojkas. My hkatrnst, ja Fnst Nsjn nac
tef Ynhjdjh ns wfbb ns Bntja N`frjhn nac tef Hnrjmmfna, tefrf wns n aft jahrfnsf
ja norjhubturnb bnac vnbufs mfhnusf tef cfhbjaf ja prjhfs wns `krf tena kddsft my
jahrfnsfs ja hrkp prkcuhtjka nrfn, hrkp yjfbcs, nac bjvfstkhl prkcuhtjka. Dkrfst
bnac ens mffa pnrtjhubnrby j`pkrtnat tk wfnbte hrfntjka ja Bntja N`frjhn nac
tef Hnrjmmfna, `njaby mfhnusf kd tef jahrfnsf ja tj`mfr prjhfs. Sef fddfht js
pnrtjhubnrby j`pkrtnat ja Mrnzjb.Ja ktefr rfojkas, tef rjsjao vnbuf kd sumskjb nssfts pbnyfc n `ngkr rkbf ja
henaojao tef vnbuf kd anturnb hnpjtnb. _ejbf tef fxpnacjao vkbu`f kd rfsfrvfs
hkatrjmutfc, tef `kst j`pkrtnat dnhtkr wns tef senrp jahrfnsf ja uajt rfats dkr
sumskjb nssfts. _krbcwjcf, ?> pfrhfat kd tef orkwte ja sumskjb nssft vnbufs hna mf
fxpbnjafc my jahrfnsfs ja uajt rfats. Ja cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, uajt rfat jahrfnsfs
hkatrjmutfc 46 pfrhfat kd tef jahrfnsf ja sumskjb nssft vnbufs.
Orffaekusf Ons F`jssjkas nac tef _fnbte kd Antjkas
Cn`nofs drk` orffaekusf ons f`jssjkas wjbb envf na j`pnht ka duturf wfbb-mfjao
nac ka tef sustnjanmjbjty kd jacjvjcunb hkuatrjfs nac tef wkrbc. Sef ejoe bfvfb kd
obkmnb hkahfra wjte hbj`ntf henaof cf`nacs tent wf stnrt tk bkkl nt orffaekusf
ons f`jssjkas drk` n wfnbtenhhkuatjao pfrspfhtjvf.5Naaunb hkuatry f`jssjkas
kd orffaekusf onsfs nrf hbksfby `kajtkrfc, nac fstj`ntfs kd tef senrfs kd tef
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JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX >8
stkhl kd nt`kspefrjh HK=my hkuatry, mnsfc ka f`jssjkas drk` >569 tk =994,
nrf akw nvnjbnmbf drk` tef Hbj`ntf Nanbysjs Jacjhntkrs Skkb (HNJS) cntnmnsf.
Ja henptfr 3, wf hnbhubntf tef fhkak`jh vnbuf kd tef stkhl kd HK=nttrjmutnmbftk hkuatrjfs my nppbyjao na fstj`ntf kd tef skhjnb hkst kd hnrmka tk hu`ubn-
tjvf HK=f`jssjkas my hkuatry, ncgustfc dkr tef (sbkw) cfhny kd HK
=ja tef
nt`kspefrf kvfr tj`f. Ja pfr hnpjtn tfr`s, tejs vnbuf js pnrtjhubnrby bnrof ja
ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs, wejbf jt js bnrof ns n senrf kd tktnb wfnbte ja `nay cfvfb-
kpjao hkuatrjfs, pnrtjhubnrby ja tef trnasjtjka fhkak`jfs kd Fnstfra Furkpf nac
Hfatrnb Nsjn.
Sk mrjao tefsf HK=vnbufs dkr`nbby jatk tef antjkanb nhhkuatjao nac wfnbte
drn`fwkrl, tefrf wkubc envf tk mf norff`fat nmkut prkpfrty rjoets, tef prja-
hjpbfs kd jatfrantjkanb bnw tk nppby, nac tef ftejhs kd j`pksjao fjtefr hbj`ntf
cn`nofs kr tef hksts kd hbj`ntf jtjontjka ka cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs. Sefsf stkhls
kd hnrmka cfprfhjntf nhhkrcjao tk peysjhnb bnws, uabjlf djanahjnb kmbjontjkas
tent hna mf cjshenrofc my jahrfnsfc snvjaos. Nhhkrcjaoby, ns nroufc ja _krbc
Cfvfbkp`fat ]fpkrt =9>9, tef cfvfbkp`fat prkhfss jtsfbd `ust mf trnasdkr`fc,
mfhnusf ejoe-hnrmka orkwte js ak bkaofr sustnjanmbf (_krbc Mnal =9>9m).
Nhejfvjao tejs trnasdkr`ntjka ust nbsk nhhkrc wjte tef hk``ka mut cjddfrfatj-
ntfc rfspkasjmjbjtjfs kd nbb hkuatrjfs f`mkcjfc ja tef Vajtfc Antjkas Drn`fwkrl
Hkavfatjka ka Hbj`ntf Henaof.
Vacfrstnacjao tef Jatnaojmbf7 Sef J`pkrtnahf kd Eu`na nac
Xkhjnb Hnpjtnb
Jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb fahk`pnssfs eu`na, skhjnb, nac jastjtutjkanb hnpjtnb, nac ktefr
uanhhkuatfc-dkr dnhtkrs tent hkatrjmutf tk eu`na wfbb-mfjao. Jt `nlfs up n bnrof
senrf kd tktnb wfnbte, na fstj`ntfc 4959 pfrhfat, ja `kst hkuatrjfs. Ekwfvfr,
uabfss wf uacfrstnac krf nmkut tef hk`pksjtjka kd jatnaojmbf wfnbte, okvfra-
`fats `ny mf tf`ptfc tk hkahbucf tent n wjcf rnaof kd pumbjh fxpfacjturfs nrfsk`fekw yjfbcjao jatnaojmbf mfafdjts. _efrf Js tef _fnbte kd Antjkas;sekwfc
tent fcuhntjka nac tef rubf kd bnw nhhkuatfc dkr `kst kd tef jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb
(_krbc Mnal =994). Vsjao tef `krf fxtfasjvf cntnmnsf nddkrcfc my hkuatry
wfnbte nhhkuats dkr terff tj`f pfrjkcs nac afw cntn ka aft dkrfjoa djanahjnb
nssfts, tejs mkkl js nmbf tk hbnrjdy tef hk`pksjtjka nac hkatrjmutjka kd jatnaojmbf
hnpjtnb tk cfvfbkp`fat.
Henptfr 6 prfsfats twk lfy djacjaos ja tejs rfonrc7 Eu`na hnpjtnb js tef `kst j`pkrtnat hk`pkafat kd jatnaojmbf wfnbte dkr nbb
hkuatrjfs nac fspfhjnbby dkr ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs. Ja cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs,
eu`na hnpjtnb ck`jantfs jatnaojmbf wfnbte, mut tef qunbjty kd jastjtutjkas nac
tef bfonhy kd ofkornpey nac ejstkry nrf nbsk strkao dnhtkrs. Jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb js tef kabystntjstjhnbby sjoajdjhnat dnhtkr kd prkcuhtjka ja
ejoe-jahk`f KFHC hkuatrjfs. Sejs suoofsts tent ja tefsf fhkak`jfs nbb kd
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>3 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX
tef pktfatjnb hkastjtufats kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnbtef qunatjty nac qunbjty kd
eu`na hnpjtnb, tef hkastjtufats kd tktnb dnhtkr prkcuhtjvjty (hbksfby bjalfc tk
tfheakbkojhnb henaof), nac jastjtutjkanb qunbjty mrkncby hkahfjvfc`ny mftef lfy crjvfrs kd prkcuhtjka nac orkwte.
Sejs nanbysjs ekbcs hbfnr pkbjhy j`pbjhntjkas dkr cfvfbkpjao-hkuatry okvfra-
`fats. Jt js ak surprjsf tent javfst`fats ja eu`na hnpjtnb nrf na j`pkrtnat pnrt
kd tef cfvfbkp`fat prkhfss. Mut strfaotefajao jastjtutjkas nac cfvfbkpjao tef
hnpnhjty tk ofafrntf nac usf lakwbfcoftef prfhurskrs tk tktnb dnhtkr prkcuh-
tjvjty orkwtewjbb nbsk mf strkaoby wfnbte-faenahjao. Djanbby, kur orkwte
nhhkuatjao nanbysjs sekws tent okvfra`fats nbsk affc tk fasurf tent hk`pbf-
`fatnry javfst`fats ja jadrnstruhturf nac anturnb rfskurhf `nanof`fat wjbb
suppkrt tefsf javfst`fats ja jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb, nac vjhf vfrsn.
Eu`na Hnpjtnb Nhhkuatjao ja Hejan
Cfbvjao krf cffpby jatk eu`na hnpjtnb nhhkuatjao, henptfr 4 rfpkrts n hnsf stucy
dkr Hejan, mnsfc ka hkuatry-spfhjdjh cntn (Bj ft nb. =99:), tk fxpbkrf tef rfbntjka
mftwffa fhkak`jh cfvfbkp`fat nac eu`na hnpjtnb. Sef Hejafsf hnsf prkvjcfs
na j`pkrtnat hkatrjmutjka tk kur uacfrstnacjao kd tef obkmnb j`pkrtnahf kd
eu`na hnpjtnb. Djrst, Hejan js tef `kst pkpubkus hkuatry ja tef wkrbc. Xfhkac, jt
ens uacfrokaf vfry rnpjc fhkak`jh nac cf`kornpejh henaofs (cuf, dkr fxn`pbf,tk tef kaf-hejbc pkbjhy, jorntjka, nac urmnajzntjka), nhhk`pnajfc my tef rnpjc
fxpnasjka kd fcuhntjka curjao tef hkursf kd fhkak`jh cfvfbkp`fat. Eu`na
hnpjtnb nhhkuats suppkrt mfttfr nssfss`fat kd tef hkatrjmutjka kd eu`na hnpjtnb
tk orkwte nac cfvfbkp`fat.
Obkmnb fvjcfahf jacjhntfs tent tef senrf kd eu`na hnpjtnb ja tktnb wfnbte
jahrfnsfs ns antjkanb jahk`f jahrfnsfs, nac tent js hfrtnjaby tef hnsf dkr Hejan.
Mftwffa >:56 nac =99? mkte tktnb nac pfr hnpjtn eu`na hnpjtnb orfw rnpjcby ja
Hejan, fspfhjnbby ndtfr >::6, wefa naaunb orkwte nvfrnofc :.4 pfrhfat. Orkwtekd eu`na hnpjtnb ens mffa crjvfa `njaby my jahrfnsfs ja fcuhntjkanb nttnja`fat
nac tef ejoefr rfturas tk fcuhntjka kddfrfc my n nrlft-crjvfa fhkak`y, rntefr
tena my pkpubntjka orkwte, ns fvjcfahfc my tef rnpjcby jahrfnsjao vnbuf kd pfr
hnpjtn eu`na hnpjtnb. N ofacfr onp fxjsts dkr tktnb eu`na hnpjtnb, nac ka n
pfr hnpjtn mnsjs tef onp mftwffa `nbf nac df`nbf eu`na hnpjtnb ens jahrfnsfc
sk`fwent sjahf >:56.
Ja >:56 tef rurnb pkpubntjka efbc 49 pfrhfat kd Hejans tktnb eu`na hnpjtnb,
mut my =99? tef sjtuntjka wns rfvfrsfc nac n bnrof urmna-rurnb onp ens cfvfbkpfc
sjahf tefa. Sejs js ja pnrt tef rfsubt kd urmnajzntjka nac bnrof-shnbf rurnb-urmna
`jorntjka, ns wfbb ns ejoefr fcuhntjkanb nttnja`fat kd tef urmna pkpubntjka
nac tef ejoefr rfturas tk fcuhntjka ja urmna nrfns wefrf tef `kcfra fhkak`y
js hkahfatrntfc. Ka n pfr hnpjtn mnsjs, tefrf js nbsk n sjoajdjhnat onp7 my =99?
pfr hnpjtn eu`na hnpjtnb ja urmna nrfns wns twjhf tent kd tef rurnb pkpubntjka.
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JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX >6
Sef Henbbfaof Dnhjao ]fskurhf-]jhe Hkuatrjfs7 Srnasdkr`jao Anturnb
_fnbte jatk tef Hnpjtnb Affcfc dkr Orkwte nac Cfvfbkp`fat
Anturnb hnpjtnb hkastjtutfs n `ngkr hk`pkafat kd wfnbte nac js n prjahjpnb skurhfkd jahk`f dkr `nay cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs. Akarfafwnmbf rfskurhfs, tef sumskjb
nssfts, prfsfat n pnrtjhubnr henbbfaof7 tef rfvfauf strfn` rfprfsfats n kaf-tj`f
kppkrtuajty tk djanahf rnpjc cfvfbkp`fat nac pkvfrty rfcuhtjka. Fvjcfahf ens
sekwa tent tef fhkak`jh pfrdkr`nahf kd bfss-cfvfbkpfc hkuatrjfs ens kdtfa
mffa javfrsfby rfbntfc tk tefjr anturnb rfskurhf wfnbte, n pefak`faka lakwa
ns tef rfskurhf hursf.:Ekwfvfr, tejs rfbntjkasejp js akt cftfr`jajstjh< sk`f
hkuatrjfs suhe ns Hejbf nac Mktswnan envf ckaf wfbb wjte tefjr anturnb hnpjtnb.
Ns cfshrjmfc ja henptfr ?, envjao tef rjoet pkbjhy `nttfrs.
Sef cfvfbkp`fat henbbfaof dkr rfskurhf-rjhe fhkak`jfs js tk trnasdkr`
akarfafwnmbf anturnb hnpjtnb jatk ktefr dkr`s kd prkcuhtjvf wfnbte sk tent kahf
tef fxtrnhtjvf rfskurhfs (kjb, ons, nac `jafrnbs) nrf fxenustfc, tefrf nrf ktefr
jahk`f-ofafrntjao nssfts tk tnlf tefjr pbnhf. @jajao js akt sustnjanmbf, mut tef
rfvfauf drk` tef fxtrnhtjvf sfhtkr hna mf javfstfc ja ktefr dkr`s kd wfnbte
jadrnstruhturf, eu`na hnpjtnb, rfafwnmbf anturnb hnpjtnb, nac strfaotefajao
jastjtutjkas (skhjnb hnpjtnb)tk mujbc fhkak`jfs tent nrf sustnjanmbf. Sk nhejfvf
tejs trnasdkr`ntjka rfqujrfs ofttjao pkbjhy rjoet ja terff nrfns7
Yrk`ktjao fddjhjfat rfskurhf fxtrnhtjka ja krcfr tk `nxj`jzf rfskurhf rfatofafrntfc
N systf` kd tnxfs nac rkynbtjfs tent fanmbfs okvfra`fat tk rfhkvfr rfat N hbfnr pkbjhy dkr javfst`fat kd rfskurhf rfat ja prkcuhtjvf nssfts
Sef bnst pkjat js fspfhjnbby j`pkrtnat7 dkr sustnjanmbf fhkak`jh cfvfbkp`fat,
jahk`f drk` akarfafwnmbf rfskurhfs `ust mf rfjavfstfc, akt usfc tk duac
hkasu`ptjka. Hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nhhkuats hna strfaotefa nac uacfrpja
facfnvkrs bjlf tef Fxtrnhtjvf Jacustrjfs Srnaspnrfahy Jajtjntjvf (FJSJ) tk prk`ktf
orfntfr nhhkuatnmjbjty ja rfskurhf-rjhe hkuatrjfs terkuoe trnaspnrfahy nmkut tefdubb fhkak`jh hkasfqufahfs kd rfvfauf (`js)`nanof`fat.
@njastrfn`jao _fnbte Nhhkuatjao ja Hkuatry Xtntjstjhnb Xystf`s
Ja nccjtjka tk tef wkrl my tef _krbc Mnal rfpkrtfc ja tejs vkbu`f, n hkasjcfr-
nmbf n`kuat kd wkrl ka wfnbte nhhkuatjao ens mffa ckaf my ktefr jastjtutjkas
nac jacjvjcunb shekbnrs kvfr tef bnst twk cfhncfs. Hkasjcfrjao kaby wkrl hnrrjfc
kut my kddjhjnb stntjstjhnb kddjhfs, wfnbte nhhkuatjao ens mffa jastjtutjkanbjzfc ja
`krf tena 89 hkuatrjfs, >4 kd wejhe hk`pjbf nt bfnst kaf typf kd nssft nhhkuat
ka n rfoubnr mnsjs. Sef `ngkrjty kd hkuatrjfs dkhus ka `jafrnb nac fafroy nssfts,
mut sk`f hkuatrjfs, aktnmby Nustrnbjn nac Akrwny, hkastruht hk`prfefasjvf
nhhkuats dkr anturnb hnpjtnb. Henptfr 5 prkvjcfs n cftnjbfc cfshrjptjka kd tejs wkrl.
Nbkao wjte tef stucy my En`jbtka nac Hbf`fas (>:::) nt tef _krbc Mnal,
sumstnatjnb tefkrftjhnb ncvnahfs ja hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nhhkuatjao dkr
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>4 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX
sustnjanmbf cfvfbkp`fat envf mffa nhejfvfc my Lfaafte Nrrkw, Ynrten Cnsouptn,
nac Lnrb-Orna @bfr (f.o., Nrrkw, Cnsouptn, nac @bfr =998< Cnsouptn nac
@bfr =999, =993). Antjkanb stntjstjhnb kddjhfs, tef nhncf`jh hk``uajty, nacakaokvfra`fatnb kronajzntjkas (AOKs) envf prkcuhfc n bnrof mkcy kd f`pjrjhnb
wkrl ka anturnb hnpjtnb nhhkuatjao nt tef antjkanb, rfojkanb, nac bkhnb bfvfbs.
Snlfa tkoftefr, tefsf stucjfs envf cffpfafc kur lakwbfcof kd wfnbte nhhkuatjao
nac hbnrjdjfc jssufs rfbntfc tk jt.
Nt tef sn`f tj`f tefrf ens mffa hkasjcfrnmbf fddkrt kvfr tef pnst =9 yfnrs
tk cfvfbkp stntjstjhnb `ftekckbkoy dkr favjrka`fatnb nhhkuatjao (n mrknc
drn`fwkrl tent jahbucfs anturnb hnpjtnb nhhkuatjao) uacfr tef nfojs kd tef
Vajtfc Antjkas (VA) Xtntjstjhnb Hk``jssjka. Sef Hk``jssjka fstnmbjsefc tef
Bkacka Orkup ka Favjrka`fatnb Nhhkuatjao nac bntfr n ejoe-bfvfb mkcy, tef
VA Hk``jttff kd Fxpfrts ka Favjrka`fatnb Nhhkuatjao, tk cfvfbkp `fte-
kckbkojhnb oujcfbjafs. Ja =998 tef Enacmkkl kd Antjkanb Nhhkuatjao7Jatforntfc
Favjrka`fatnb nac Fhkak`jh Nhhkuatjao, hk``kaby rfdfrrfc tk ns tef XFFN,
wns prkcuhfc (Vajtfc Antjkas ft nb. =998). Sejs `naunb js hurrfatby uacfr rfvj-
sjka nac wjbb mfhk`f pnrt kd tef stntjstjhnb stnacnrc, bjlf tef Xystf` kd Antjkanb
Nhhkuats tent fstnmbjsefs `ftekckbkoy dkr antjkanb nhhkuats.
Durtefr suppkrt dkr tef hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte npprknhe tk sustnjanmbf cfvfb-
kp`fat js prkvjcfc ja tef rfhfat rfpkrt my Xtjobjtz, Xfa, nac Djtkussj (=99:).Sef rfpkrt prkpksfs wnys tk `kcjdy nac fxtfac hkavfatjkanb antjkanb nhhkuats
ja krcfr tk prkvjcf n `krf nhhurntf nac usfdub oujcf dkr pkbjhy. Na j`pkrtnat
hk`pkafat kd tef prkpksfc henaofs, tk mfttfr rfdbfht sustnjanmjbjty kd fhkak-
`jfs, js hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte. Sef Xtjobjtz-Xfa-Djtkussj rfpkrt rfhk``facs tef
hk`pjbntjka kd nhhkuats dkr fnhe hntfokry kd nssft rfpkrtfc ja tejs mkkl, nac
henaofs ja tef nssfts, wejhe hkrrfspkac tk tef hk`pkafats kd ncgustfc aft snvjao.
Sef Nofacn dkr Duturf _krl ka Anturnb _fnbte
Hkastruhtjao cftnjbfc wfnbte nhhkuats dkr >6= hkuatrjfs ka n rfoubnr mnsjs tent
nrf hk`pnrnmbf mkte nhrkss hkuatrjfs nac kvfr tj`f js n cnuatjao tnsl. _f crfw
ka n bnrof au`mfr kd cntnmnsfs hk`pjbfc my antjkanb nac jatfrantjkanb nofa-
hjfs.>9Xpfhjdjh anturnb rfskurhfs nrf jahbucfc ja tef nhhkuats wefa tefy `fft twk
hrjtfrjn7 (n) rfbjnmbf cntn ka prjhf nac vkbu`f nrf nvnjbnmbf ka n rfoubnr mnsjs, akt
drk` khhnsjkanb kr kaf-kdd stucjfs, nac (m) cntn nrf nvnjbnmbf dkr n bnrof au`mfr
kd hkuatrjfs, jd akt dkr nbb. Sefrf nrf sk`f anturnb rfskurhfs wefrf tef nvnjbnmbf
cntn ck akt `fft tefsf hrjtfrjn, aktnmby djsefrjfs, hfrtnja `jafrnbs, nac hfrtnjawntfr sfrvjhfs suhe ns eycrkpkwfr. Ns n rfsubt, tef vnbuf kd anturnb hnpjtnb js
uacfrfstj`ntfc, nac dkr spfhjdjh hkuatrjfs tejs k`jssjka hna mf sjoajdjhnat.
Ja nccjtjka, sk`f hk`pkafats kd anturnb hnpjtnb, tef rfoubntjao fhksystf`
sfrvjhfs nac favjrka`fatnb cn`nofs, ck akt nppfnr fxpbjhjtby ja tef wfnbte
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JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX >?
nhhkuats. @nay kd tefsf sfrvjhfs nrf nbrfncy jahbucfc ja tef vnbuf kd norjhubturnb
bnac, mut mfhnusf tefy nrf kaby j`pbjhjt, suppkrtjao went wf vnbuf jacjrfhtby, tefjr
vnbufs nrf ejccfa. Dkr fxn`pbf, tef vnbuf kd anturnb pkbbjantkrs kr orkuacwntfrjs jahkrpkrntfc ja tef vnbuf kd norjhubturnb bnac. Dubby nhhkuatjao dkr tef vnbuf kd
tefsf fhksystf` sfrvjhfs wkubc akt ncc tk tef wfnbte kd antjkas mut wkubc henaof
tef hk`pksjtjka, dkr fxn`pbf my sejdtjao pnrt kd tef nssft vnbuf drk` norjhubturnb
bnac tk orkuacwntfr kr dkrfsts. Sejs jadkr`ntjka js usfdub dkr `nanof`fat kd
anturnb rfskurhfs, mfhnusf jd pkbjhy `nlfrs nrf uanwnrf tent sfrvjhfs hrjtjhnb tk
norjhubturf nrf prkvjcfc my dkrfsts kr wftbnacs, tefy `ny `nlf cfhjsjkas nmkut
dkrfsts tent jancvfrtfatby rfcuhf tef prkcuhtjvjty nac vnbuf kd norjhubturnb bnac.
Mut tef bnac nhhkuatsdkhusjao ka norjhubturnb bnac, wejhe js kst j`pkrtnat
dkr cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs nac hna mf `kst rfncjby `fnsurfcnrf akt hk`pbftf.
_f nrf `jssjao fhksystf` sfrvjhfs nsskhjntfc wjte ktefr typfs kd bnac, aktnmby
rfsjcfatjnb nac hk``frhjnb bnac, mut nbsk ktefr pumbjh bnac tent js akt uacfr
prktfhtfc stntus.>>Dkr tefsf prkpfrtjfs, tef nfsteftjh n`fajty sfrvjhfs prkvjcfc
my anturnb bnacshnpfs hna mf vfry j`pkrtnat, fspfhjnbby ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs
wefrf pfkpbf nrf wjbbjao tk pny ejoe prjhfs dkr bnlfsjcf kr mfnhedrkat ek`fs, dkr
fxn`pbf. Jd tef vnbuf kd tefsf fhksystf` sfrvjhfs wfrf jahbucfc ja tef anturnb
hnpjtnb nhhkuats, jt wkubc bjlfby jahrfnsf tef senrf kd anturnb hnpjtnb ja tktnb
wfnbte, fspfhjnbby ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs.Sef `jssjao anturnb hnpjtnb, trfnt`fat kd fhksystf` sfrvjhfs, sumstjtutnmjbjty
n`kao cjddfrfat typfs kd hnpjtnb, nac j`pbjhntjkas dkr tef wfnbte nhhkuats nrf
cjshussfc ja `krf cftnjb ja tef henptfr naafx. Djbbjao tef onps ja hkahfpts,
`ftekcs, nac cntn, pnrtjhubnrby dkr anturnb hnpjtnb, hkastjtutfs na j`pkrtnat
nofacn dkr j`prkvjao tef hkvfrnof nac usfdubafss kd wfnbte nhhkuatjao.
Xu``jao Vp
Sef wkrl rfpkrtfc ja tejs mkkl kddfrs bfsskas nmkut ekw hkuatrjfs hna cfvfbkpsustnjanmby. Sef nanbysjs kd wfnbte nhhkuats kvfr tef cfhncf drk` >::6 tk =996
sekws cfvfbkp`fat tk mf n prkhfss kd mujbcjao wfnbte. Durtefr`krf, ja tejs
prkhfss, tef hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte sejdts nwny drk` anturnb hnpjtnb nac tkwnrc
prkcuhfc hnpjtnb nac, jahrfnsjaoby, jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb. Sef j`pkrtnat rkbf kd tef
henaojao hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte ja tef cfvfbkp`fat prkhfss pkjats tk tef affc
dkr hk`prfefasjvfwfnbte nhhkuatjao.
Jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb ck`jantfs tef wfnbte nhhkuats kd nbb hkuatrjfs. Javfstjao ja
eu`na hnpjtnb js j`pkrtnat ja tejs prkhfss, mut mujbcjao okkc jastjtutjkas nacokvfranahf js fqunbby j`pkrtnat mfhnusf tejs prkvjcfs tef mnsjs dkr `krf fddjhjfat
usf kd, nac ejoefr fhkak`jh rfturas tk, nbb dkr`s kd hnpjtnb.
Dkr cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, wefrf anturnb hnpjtnb js n bnrof senrf kd hk`prf-
efasjvf wfnbte, skuac `nanof`fat kd anturnb hnpjtnb tk mujbc wfnbte js hrjtjhnb.
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>5 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX
Ekwfvfr, fvfa wefa n hkuatrys senrf kd hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte js s`nbb, jt js
fssfatjnb tk dkhus ka nanof`fat kd anturnb hnpjtnb mfhnusf jt cjddfrs ja lfy wnys
drk` prkcuhfc nac jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb. Anturnb hnpjtnb hna prkvjcf n wjcf rnaofkd bkhnb nac obkmnb pumbjh okkcs. @nay dkr`s kd anturnb hnpjtnb nrf akarfafw-
nmbf, kr rfafwnmbf kaby uacfr hfrtnja `nanof`fat rfoj`fs. Bkssfs kd anturnb
hnpjtnb `ny bfnc tk jrrfvfrsjmbf henaofs, nac tef pktfatjnb dkr sumstjtutjka js
kdtfa bj`jtfc. _ejbf prkcuhfc nac jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb senrf tefsf henrnhtfrjstjhs
tk sk`f cforffdkr fxn`pbf, prkvjsjka kd pumbjh okkcs, nac bj`jtfc sumstjtut-
nmjbjtytef cnaofr kd jrrfvfrsjmbf henaof js dnr bfss tena dkr anturnb hnpjtnb. Jd
prkcuhfc hnpjtnb js cn`nofc kr cfstrkyfc, jt hna usunbby mf rfpbnhfc.
Mkx >.> bkkls ja `krf cftnjb nt tef jssuf rnjsfc nt tef mfojaajao kd tejs henptfr7
jd kur hkahfra js wjte jahrfnsjao skhjnb wfbdnrftef su` kd prfsfat nac duturf
wfbb-mfjaotefa wf affc tk sejdt kur dkhus drk` fnsurjao kutput tk fnsurjao
wfnbte nac jts henaofs kvfr tj`f. Ja tejs mkkl wf ckhu`fat ekw tejs hna henaof
kur pfrspfhtjvf ka tef prkhfss kd cfvfbkp`fat my f`pensjzjao tef sejdtjao rkbfs
kd anturnb, prkcuhfc, nac jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb ns hkuatrjfs orkw nac cfvfbkp.
Jd wf wjse truby tk uacfrstnac fhkak`jh cfvfbkp`fat, tefa sj`pbf mnhlwnrc-
bkkljao jacjhntkrs kd kutput orkwte, suhe ns OCY orkwte rntfs, wjbb akt suddjhf.
Hkuatrjfs affc tk lakw wefrf tefy nrf okjao, ja nccjtjka tk wefrf tefy envf
mffa. Sk went fxtfat envf fhkak`jh nhtkrsekusfekbcs, djr`s, nac okvfra-`fatsjahrfnsfc tef wfnbte kd antjkas my snvjao nac javfstjao dkr tef duturf;
Sk went fxtfat envf jastjtutjkanb rfdkr`, tfheajhnb prkorfss, nac javfst`fat ja
eu`na hnpjtnb nhhfbfrntfc tef prkhfss kd cfvfbkp`fat; Sefsf qufstjkas envf
pnrtjhubnr dkrhf nac urofahy ja cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs, wefrf, kur au`mfrs sekw,
`nay kd tef `kst rfskurhf-jatfasjvf fhkak`jfs nrf nhtunbby hkasu`jao wfnbte,
nac wefrf tef pktfatjnb vnbuf kd eu`na hnpjtnb js hkastrnjafc my tef qunbjty kd
jastjtutjkas nac okvfranahf. Ekw wf `fnsurf cfvfbkp`fat wjbb crjvf ekw wf
ck cfvfbkp`fat.
MKU >.>
@fnsurfs kd Fhkak`jh Yfrdkr`nahf7 _fnbte kr Yrkcuhtjka;
Sef lfy tk jahrfnsjao stnacnrcs kd bjvjao bjfs ja mujbcjao antjkanb
wfnbte, wejhe rfqujrfs javfst`fat nac antjkanb snvjaos tk djanahf tejs
javfst`fat. _f envf fxn`jafc wfnbte nhhkuats nt terff pkjats kvfr
n cfhncf< snvjaos/javfst`fat js tef cyan`jh mfenvjkr tent fxpbnjas
ekw na fhkak`y `kvfs drk` kaf pkjat tk tef afxt. Sef hk`pnajka tktktnb kr hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte js ncgustfc aft snvjao (NAX), nbsk hnbbfc
ofaujaf snvjao, cfdjafc ns antjkanb aft snvjao ncgustfc dkr tef vnbuf
kd rfskurhf cfpbftjka nac favjrka`fatnb cforncntjka nac hrfcjtfc
(hkatjaufc)
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JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX >:
dkr fcuhntjka fxpfacjturfs (n prkxy dkr javfst`fat ja eu`na hnpjtnb).
Xjahf wfnbte henaofs terkuoe snvjao nac javfst`fat, NAX `fnsurfs
tef henaof ja n hkuatrys antjkanb wfnbte. Sef rubf dkr jatfrprftjaoNAX js sj`pbf7 jd NAX js afontjvf, tefa wf nrf ruaajao ckwa kur hnpjtnb
stkhls nac duturf wfbb-mfjao wjbb suddfr< jd NAX js pksjtjvf, tefa wf nrf
nccjao tk wfnbte nac duturf wfbb-mfjao.
_ejbf wfnbte js typjhnbby n bnrof au`mfr tent henaofs sbkwby, NAX js
na jahrf`fatnb `fnsurf nac hna henaof rnpjcby. Seus, NAX prkvjcfs na
fnrby wnrajao sjoanb jd na fhkak`y js ka n ckwawnrc pnte. Durtefr`krf,
NAX js vfry pkbjhy-sfasjtjvf7 jd okvfra`fat cfhjcfs tk spfac `krf ka
fcuhntjka kr fanhts pkbjhjfs tk jahrfnsf prjvntf sfhtkr javfst`fat,
tef rfsubts wjbb sekw up j``fcjntfby ja NAX. X`nbb, afontjvf NAX`ny akt prkcuhf henaofs tent nrf j``fcjntfby aktjhfnmbf, mut jd jt js
sustnjafc kvfr tj`f, wfnbte nac wfbb-mfjao wjbb fvfatunbby cfhbjaf. NAX
dkr Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn, sekwa ja tef djourf mfbkw ns n pfrhfatnof kd
orkss antjkanb jahk`f (OAJ), hbfnrby sekws na uasustnjanmbf trfac sjahf
>::3nbtekuoe, ns aktfc fnrbjfr, tejs trfac js crjvfa `njaby my n s`nbb
enacdub kd rfskurhf-rjhe stntfs, pnrtjhubnrby kjb prkcuhfrs.
_ejbf NAX js tefkrftjhnbby skuac nac rfbntjvfby fnsy tk j`pbf`fat,
antjkanb snvjao js akt na j`pkrtnat jacjhntkr ja tef `nhrkfhkak`jh tkkbljt.
Sef hkahfpt kd nhhkuatjao dkr cfpbftjka nac cforncntjka kd anturnb hnpjtnb
js wjcfby rfhkoajzfc, mut hkuatrjfs envf dnr `krf kdtfa fxpfrj`fatfc
(hkatjaufc)
5
4
3
=
9
=
3
4
%
OAJ
>::4
>::?
>::5
>:::
=999
=99>
=99=
=998
=993
=996
=994
=99?
=995
Ncgustfc Aft Xnvjao ja Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn ns n Yfrhfatnof kd OrkssAntjkanb Jahk`f
Xkurhf7 Nutekrs hnbhubntjkas mnsfc ka _krbc Mnal cntn.
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=9 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX
wjte ncgust`fats tk hkavfatjkanb `nhrkfhkak`jh noorfontfs suhe ns
OCY kr aft antjkanb jahk`f (AAJ), sumtrnhtjao cfpbftjka nac cforncntjka
kd anturnb hnpjtnb. Fvfa tef terff hkuatrjfs tent rfoubnrby hk`pjbf wfnbte
nhhkuats, Akrwny, Nustrnbjn, nac @fxjhk, hk`pjbf ncgustfc AAJ kr rfbntfc
jacjhntkrs rntefr tena NAX (sff henptfr 5). Sef `ngkr rfnska dkr tejs
sff`s tk mf tent `nhrkfhkak`jsts `kst kdtfa dkhus ka `fnsurfs kd
kutput (OCY) rntefr tena ka wfbb-mfjao, n cjstjahtjka tent tef bnac`nrl
rfpkrt my Xtjobjtz, Xfa, nac Djtkussj (=99:) `nlfs vfry hbfnr.
Sef jadkr`ntjka usfc tk hnbhubntf NAX hna nbsk mf usfc tk ncgust aft
antjkanb jahk`f, mut tef jatfrprftntjka kd tef bnttfr js bfss hbfnr. Sef afxt
djourf sekws AAJ dkr Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn ndtfr ncgustjao dkr cfpbftjkanac cforncntjka. Ncgustfc AAJ typjhnbby dkbbkws n trfac bjaf kvfr tj`f nt
n bkwfr bfvfb tena AAJ, mut ncgustfc AAJ nbkaf ckfs akt tfbb us weftefr
orkwte js sustnjanmbf kr akt. Ekwfvfr, jd wf ncc hkasu`ptjka tk tef
ornpe, ns sffa ja tef djourf, tef jatfrprftntjka mfhk`fs hbfnr7 n onp
nrjsfs mftwffa hkasu`ptjka nac ncgustfc AAJ tent mfhk`fs fspfhjnbby
prkakuahfc ndtfr =993. Sejs onp mftwffa hkasu`ptjka nac ncgustfc AAJ
sekws tent Xum-Xnenrna Ndrjhn js hkasu`jao `krf tena jts hurrfat (aft)
jahk`f. Jt hna kaby ck tejs my bjqujcntjao jts hnpjtnb, wejhe wjbb bfnvf jts
hjtjzfas pkkrfr nac wjte bfss hnpnhjty tk ofafrntf jahk`f ja tef yfnrs tk
hk`f. Sejs onp js hbksfby rfbntfc tk NAX, bnhljao kaby tef ncgust`fat tk
rfdbfht javfst`fat ja eu`na hnpjtnb.
3,999
6,999
4,999
?,999
5,999
:,999
>9,999
>>,999
>=,999
VX$`jbbjkas
>::9
>::=
>::4
>::3
>::5
=
999
=99=
=
993
=994
=
995
djanbhkasu`ptjkafxpfacjturf(hkastnat=999VX$)
ncgustfcaftantjkanbjahk`f(hkastnat=999VX$)
Hkasu`ptjka nac Ncgustfc Aft Antjkanb Jahk`f ja Xum-XnenrnaNdrjhn, >::9=995
Xkurhf7 Ncnptfc drk` En`jbtka nac Bfy =9>9.
MKU >.> (hkatjaufc)
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JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX =>
Naafx7 @jssjao Anturnb Hnpjtnb nac Fhksystf` Xfrvjhfs
Ja tejs naafx wf cjshuss `jssjao anturnb hnpjtnb nac fhksystf` sfrvjhfs. _f
jcfatjdy kmstnhbfs tk `fnsurf`fat nac tef bjlfby j`pnht kd teksf k`jssjkas ka
`fnsurfs kd wfnbte.
@jssjao Anturnb ]fskurhfs7 @jafrnbs, Djsefrjfs, nac _ntfr
@jafrnbs
Sef wfnbte nhhkuats jahbucf dkur fafroy rfskurhfs nac >9 `ngkr `ftnbs nac
`jafrnbs. Mfhnusf kd n bnhl kd cntn, tef nhhkuats k`jt n au`mfr kd `jafrnb
rfskurhfs, suhe ns cjn`kacs, urnaju`, nac bjteju`, fvfa tekuoe tefy nrf
fxtrf`fby j`pkrtnat dkr spfhjdjh hkuatrjfs. Jadkr`ntjka nmkut tef vkbu`f nac
vnbuf kd naaunb prkcuhtjka js ofafrnbby nvnjbnmbf, mut jadkr`ntjka nmkut rfsfrvfs
nac tef hksts kd prkcuhtjkaaffcfc tk hnbhubntf nssft vnbufsjs akt. Ns n
rfsubt, tef vnbuf kd anturnb hnpjtnb js uacfrfstj`ntfc, nac dkr hfrtnja hkuatrjfs
tejs k`jssjka hna mf sjoajdjhnat.
Djsefrjfs
Djsefrjfs nrf akt jahbucfc ja tef wfnbte nhhkuats mfhnusf kd n bnhl kd jadkr`n-
tjka nmkut djse stkhls nac uahfrtnjaty nmkut tefjr duturf.
>=
Mut tejs k`jssjkaprkmnmby ens n s`nbbfr j`pnht ka obkmnb nac hkuatry wfnbte nhhkuats tena tef
k`jssjka kd `jafrnbs. Sef lfy jssuf efrf js `nanof`fat. Ykkr `nanof`fat js
sffa ja tef fhkak`jhs kd djsejao nac ja tef cfpbftfc stntf kd tef wkrbcs djsefrjfs
(DNK =99:).
Vacfr hurrfat `nanof`fat, `kst hk``frhjnb djsejao kpfrntfs wjte ejoe
aft bkssfs nac js lfpt okjao kaby my fxtfasjvf sumsjcjfs (@jbnzzk >::5< _krbc
Mnal nac DNK =99:). Sefrf nrf aktnmbf fxhfptjkas tk tejs, suhe ns djsefrjfs
ja Jhfbnac, Afw Wfnbnac, nac An`jmjn, wefrf mfttfr `nanof`fat nbbkws
sumstnatjnb rfats tk mf ofafrntfc. Mut ja tef `ngkrjty kd hnsfs, vfry bjttbf jd nay
rfat js prkcuhfc. Xumsjstfahf nac s`nbb-shnbf djsejao ja cfvfbkpjao hkuatrjfs
kdtfa kpfrntfs uacfr kpfa-nhhfss hkacjtjkas tent tfac tk frkcf rfskurhf rfats.
Xk tef `ngkrjty kd djsefrjfs envf bjttbf kr ak fhkak`jh vnbuf uacfr hurrfat
`nanof`fat.
_ntfr
_ntfr rfskurhfs fahk`pnss n wjcf nrrny kd sfrvjhfs, drk` crjaljao wntfr nac
norjhubturnb wntfr tk eycrkfbfhtrjh pkwfr nac wftbnac sfrvjhfs. Eycrkpkwfr
js kaf kd tef `jssjao rfskurhfs ja tef anturnb hnpjtnb nhhkuats. N`kao tef
hkuatrjfs tent hkastruht nssft nhhkuats dkr anturnb hnpjtnb (cjshussfc ja henptfr 5),
kaby Akrwny jahbucfs eycrkpkwfr ja jts wfnbte nhhkuats. Ja n hnsf stucy kd
tef Bnk Yfkpbfs Cf`khrntjh ]fpumbjh, tef _krbc Mnal fstj`ntfc eycrkpkwfr
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== SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX
ns pnrt kd tef hkuatrys wfnbte nhhkuats (_krbc Mnal =9>9h). Mut tefrf js akt
suddjhjfat jadkr`ntjka nhrkss hkuatrjfs tk jahbucf eycrkpkwfr ja tef wfnbte
nhhkuats nt tejs tj`f.Sef bnrofst usf kd wntfr js ns na japut tk norjhubturf, nac ja `kst jastnahfs
norjhubturnb wntfr ckfs akt envf n `nrlft prjhf.>8Orkwjao rfbjnahf ka senrfc,
jatfrantjkanb wntfr rfskurhfs nac cfpbftjka kd orkuacwntfr nrf `ngkr hkahfras
nac wnrrnat hbksf `kajtkrjao. Sef vnbuf kd orkuacwntfr js jahkrpkrntfc ja tef
vnbuf kd norjhubturnb bnac, mut jt js akt fxpbjhjt ja tef anturnb hnpjtnb nhhkuats.
Sef vnbuf kd ktefr wntfr rfskurhfs `ny akt mf dubby rfdbfhtfc ja bnac vnbufs.
_ftbnac fhksystf` sfrvjhfs nac tef rfhrfntjkanb vnbuf kd wntfr mkcjfs nrf nt
bfnst pnrtby hnpturfc ja bnac nac prkcuhfc hnpjtnb, wejhe jahbucfs rfsjcfatjnb nac
rfhrfntjkanb prkpfrtjfs, mut tef vnbufs nrf bjlfby tk mf uacfrfstj`ntfc ns cfshrjmfc
ja tef sfhtjka mfbkw ka fhksystf` sfrvjhfs. _ntfr pksfs na fspfhjnbby cjddjhubt
henbbfaof dkr wfnbte nhhkuatjao mfhnusf tef vnbufs nrf ejoeby sjtf-spfhjdjh. Sefrf
envf mffa `nay hnsf stucjfs kd tef vnbuf kd wntfr sfrvjhfs, mut tefy nrf akt rfncjby
shnbfc up tk tef antjkanb bfvfb.>3
Ykbbutjka nac Cn`nofs tk Eu`na Efnbte
Ncgustfc aft snvjao jahbucfs n `fnsurf kd tef eu`na efnbte cn`nof drk` pnrtjh-
ubntf njr pkbbutjka. Sef hkrrfspkacjao hnpjtnb nssft nddfhtfc my pkbbutjka js eu`nahnpjtnb, wejhe js pnrt kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb ja tef wfnbte nhhkuats. Ykbbutjka
cn`nof js j`pbjhjtby jahbucfc ja tef jatnaojmbf hk`pkafat kd tktnb wfnbte.
Fhksystf` Xfrvjhfs
Sef @jbbfaaju` Fhksystf` Nssfss`fat (=998) hbnssjdjfc nbb fhksystf` sfrvjhfs
jatk dkur mrknc hntfokrjfs7 prkvjsjkajao, hubturnb nac rfhrfntjkanb, rfoubntjao, nac
suppkrtjao sfrvjhfs. Yrkvjsjkajao nac hubturnb/rfhrfntjkanb sfrvjhfs nrf `kstby
teksf tent wf usf cjrfhtby nac rfhkoajzf na fhkak`jh vnbuf dkr, suhe ns dkkc,djmfr, tj`mfr, nac tkurjs`. @kst kd tef prkvjsjkajao sfrvjhfs (wjte tef fxhfptjka
kd djsefrjfs nac sk`f wntfr sfrvjhfs) nrf jahbucfc fxpbjhjtby ja tef wfnbte nhhkuats
ja tef dkr` kd norjhubturnb bnac nac dkrfst bnac vnbufs tent prkcuhf dkkc, djmfr,
tj`mfr, akatj`mfr dkrfst prkcuhts, nac sk ka.
]foubntjao nac suppkrtjao sfrvjhfs envf vnbuf mfhnusf tefy hkatrjmutf jacj-
rfhtby tk tef prkcuhtjka kd okkcs nac sfrvjhfs tent envf fhkak`jh vnbufs. Dkr
fxn`pbf, pkbbjantjka sfrvjhfs kr orkuacwntfr sfrvjhfs nrf vnbunmbf ns japuts tk
norjhubturf. @nay kd tefsf sfrvjhfs nrf nbrfncy jahbucfc ja tef vnbuf kd bnac nssfts,mut mfhnusf tefy nrf kaby j`pbjhjt, suppkrtjao went wf vnbuf jacjrfhtby, tefjr
vnbufs nrf ejccfa. Dkr fxn`pbf, tef vnbuf kd anturnb pkbbjantkrs kr orkuacwntfr
js jahkrpkrntfc ja tef vnbuf kd norjhubturnb bnac.
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JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX =8
Kaf `jssjao fhksystf` sfrvjhf bjlfby tk mf kd orfnt fhkak`jh sjoajdjhnahf,
pnrtjhubnrby ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs, js tef nfsteftjh sfrvjhf prkvjcfc my anturnb
bnacshnpfs, f`mkcjfc ja akanorjhubturnb bnac vnbufs.
>6
Yfkpbf nrf wjbbjao tk pnyejoe prjhfs dkr rfsjcfahfs nac, tk sk`f fxtfat, dkr hk``frhjnb prkpfrtjfs ja
nrfns kd orfnt nfsteftjh mfnuty, suhe ns bnlfdrkat, hknstnb, kr wkkcbnac sfttjaos.
Hnsf stucjfs envf qunatjdjfc tef vnbuf kd n ek`f wjte mfnhedrkat, dkr fxn`pbf,
hk`pnrfc tk kaf dnrtefr drk` tef sekrf. Sef vnbuf kd tejs j`pkrtnat sfrvjhf
kd anturnb hnpjtnb js akt jahbucfc ja tef hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nhhkuats cuf tk
n bnhl kd cntn. Jd tejs vnbuf wfrf jahbucfc, jt wkubc bjlfby jahrfnsf tef senrf kd
anturnb hnpjtnb ja tktnb wfnbte, fspfhjnbby ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs.
Yumbjh okkcs, suhe ns hnrmka stkrnof nac mjkcjvfrsjty, pksf spfhjnb henb-
bfaofs nac nrf akt wfbb rfprfsfatfc ja tef wfnbte nhhkuats. Sef wfnbte nhhkuats
jahbucf na fstj`ntfc vnbuf dkr prktfhtfc nrfns, mut jt js hfrtnjaby na uacfrfs-
tj`ntf. Yrktfhtfc nrfns prkvjcf `nay bkhnb nac obkmnb fhksystf` sfrvjhfs, mut
tefsf nrf bnrofby aka`nrlft sfrvjhfs tent nrf cjddjhubt tk `fnsurf. Ns wjte `nay
ktefr fhksystf` sfrvjhfs, tef vnbufs nrf ejoeby sjtf-spfhjdjh, nac hnsf stucjfs ck
akt prkvjcf vnbufs tent hna rfncjby mf shnbfc up tk n antjkanb bfvfb. Ojvfa tefsf
sfvfrf cntn bj`jtntjkas, tef wfnbte nhhkuats nppby went js n bkwfr mkuac ka tef
vnbuf kd prktfhtfc nrfns7 tef kppkrtuajty hkst kd na nbtfrantjvf bnac usf, an`fby,
norjhubturnb usf. Sejs js hfrtnjaby na uacfrfstj`ntf mfhnusf jt ckfs akt jahbucfktefr fhksystf` sfrvjhfs tent prktfhtfc nrfns ny prkvjcf, suhe ns tkurjs`, wejhe
js kdtfa dnr `krf fhkak`jhnbby vnbunmbf tena tef norjhubturnb nbtfrantjvf, nac
mjkcjvfrsjty, weksf vnbuf wf ck akt lakw. Sejs js n prjkrjty jssuf dkr duturf wkrl.
Xumstjtutnmjbjty n`kao Cjddfrfat Sypfs kd Hnpjtnb
Hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nhhkuatjao hk`mjafs nbb dkr`s kd wfnbte jatk n sjaobf
`fnsurf tent nssu`fs n vfry ejoe cforff kd sumstjtutnmjbjty n`kao cjddfrfat
dkr`s kd hnpjtnb. Xuhe n `fnsurf ckfs akt hkavfy tef vfry rfnb bj`jts tk sumstj-tutnmjbjty, j`pfacjao terfsekbcs dkr anturnb hnpjtnb, kr pkssjmbf jrrfvfrsjmjbjtjfs
nac hntnstrkpejh fvfats. Ojvfa tef pkkr stntf kd `nay kd tef wkrbcs fhksys-
tf`s, tefsf nrf sfrjkus hkahfras (@jbbfaaju` Fhksystf` Nssfss`fat =998).
Ja nccjtjka, fhkak`jh sustnjanmjbjty js akt tef sn`f ns eu`na wfbb-mfjao.
Nbtekuoe tef vnbuf kd hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte `ny mf sj`jbnr dkr hkuatrjfs, tef
wfbb-mfjao kd hjtjzfas `ny mf qujtf cjddfrfat, cuf tk dnhtkrs suhe ns hubturnb
hnpjtnb tent hnaakt mf jahkrpkrntfc ja fhkak`jh vnbufs. N `ngkr rfvjfw kd
hurrfat `fnsurfs kd fhkak`jh pfrdkr`nahf suhe ns OCY my Xtjobjtz, Xfa,nac Djtkussj (=99:) cjshussfs tefsf jssufs< cfspjtf tef bj`jtntjkas, tef rfpkrt
rfhk``facs hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte ns kaf usfdub jacjhntkr kd fhkak`jh
pfrdkr`nahf.
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=3 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX
Aktfs
> Xtrjhtby spfnljao, skhjnb wfbdnrf js fqunb tk tef prfsfat cjshkuatfc vnbuf kd hurrfat nac
duturf wfbb-mfjao. Sef bjal mftwffa henaof ja rfnb, hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte nac henaof jaskhjnb wfbdnrf ens mffa fstnmbjsefc ja n bnrof mkcy kd tefkrftjhnb wkrl my suhe nutekrs ns
En`jbtka nac Hbf`fas (>:::), Cnsouptn nac @bfr (=999), nac Nsefj` nac _fjtz`na
(=99>). Sef tefkry ens mffa tfstfc f`pjrjhnbby my Dfrrfjrn nac Tjahfat (=996) nac
Dfrrfjrn, En`jbtka, nac Tjahfat (=995).
= Aktf, ekwfvfr, tent tef XAN `fnsurf kd wfnbte js uhe anrrkwfr tena went js prfsfatfc
efrf, mfhnusf tef nssft mkuacnry jahbucfs kaby prkcuhfc nssfts nac anturnb nssfts
tent nrf sumgfht tk prkpfrty rjoets. Sef fxpnasjka kd tef nssft mkuacnry dkr anturnb
hnpjtnb js cjshussfc ja tef Enacmkkl kd Antjkanb Nhhkuatjao7 Jatforntfc Favjrka`fatnb
nac Fhkak`jh Nhhkuatjao, wejhe js hurrfatby uacfrokjao rfvjsjka (Vajtfc Antjkas
ft nb. =998). 8 Aft djanahjnb nssfts nrf akt nvnjbnmbf dkr nbb hkuatrjfs. Sef jadkr`ntjka nssjsts ja tef
nanbysjs kd jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb ja henptfr 6 nac js rfpkrtfc ja tef nppfacjxfs.
3 Aktf tent urmna bnac js fstj`ntfc ns n sj`pbf `nrlup kd tef vnbuf kd prkcuhfc hnpjtnb. Jt
js ofafrnbby rfpkrtfc ns pnrt kd prkcuhfc hnpjtnb ja tef noorfontfs prfsfatfc ja tejs mkkl.
6 Serkuoekut tef mkkl, nbb wfnbte djourfs nrf rfpkrtfc ja hkastnat =996 V.X. ckbbnr prjhfs.
Jt js j`pkrtnat tk lffp ja `jac tent wefa wf hk`pnrf wfnbte nhrkss hkuatrjfs, wf
nrf usjao ak`janb `nrlft fxhenaof rntfs. Mfhnusf kd tejs, wfnbte ckfs akt rfdbfht tef
purhensjao pkwfr kd tef jahk`f ofafrntfc my wfnbte ja n ojvfa hkuatry. Sk oft na jcfn
kd tef purhensjao pkwfr kd wfnbte, wf wkubc envf tk usf purhensjao pkwfr pnrjty (YYY)fxhenaof rntfs, wejhe nrf kdtfa usfc tk hk`pnrf OCY nhrkss hkuatrjfs. Hkasfqufatby,
tef wfnbte nhhkuats nrf `kst npprkprjntf dkr `nljao hk`pnrjskas nhrkss mrknc jahk`f
orkups nac dkr bkkljao nt n hkuatrys wfnbte kvfr tj`fjts vkbu`f nac hk`pksjtjka
mut nrf bfss usfdub dkr `nljao hk`pnrjskas mftwffa jacjvjcunb hkuatrjfs.
4 Ja prjahjpbf, tef rfats hkubc mf javfstfc ja eu`na hnpjtnb kr rfafwnmbf anturnb hnpjtnb,
mut jt js fnsjfst tk cf`kastrntf tef Enrtwjhl hkuatfrdnhtunb my nssu`jao tent nbb rfats ok
jatk prkcuhfc hnpjtnb.
? Sejs ens hbfnrby henaofc sjahf tef rnpjc jahrfnsf ja dkkc prjhfs ja rfhfat yfnrs.
5 Sef rfbfnsf kd tef Xtfra rfvjfw ka tef fhkak`jhs kd hbj`ntf henaof (Xtfra =994), tef dkurtenssfss`fat rfpkrt kd tef Jatfrokvfra`fatnb Ynafb ka Hbj`ntf Henaof (JYHH =99?), nac
_krbc Cfvfbkp`fat ]fpkrt =9>9ka cfvfbkp`fat nac hbj`ntf henaof (_krbc Mnal =9>9m)
ens sjoajdjhnatby rnjsfc tef prkdjbf kd hbj`ntf henaof ns n cfvfbkp`fat jssuf.
: Sef rfskurhf hursf js nttrjmutfc tk sfvfrnb dnhtkrs, sk`f rfbntfc tk `nhrkfhkak`jh
`nanof`fat nac sk`f tk pkbjtjhnb fhkak`y nac okvfranahf. Dkr n rfvjfw kd tef rfskurhf
hursf bjtfrnturf, sff Drnalfb (=9>9) nac Eu`perfys, Xnhes, nac Xtjobjtz (=99?).
>9 Xff nppfacjx N dkr cfshrjptjka kd tef cntn nac `ftekcs.
>> Na fstj`ntf kd urmna bnac js jahbucfc uacfr prkcuhfc hnpjtnb.
>= Fvfa nhhurntf jadkr`ntjka nmkut djse hnthe nac jts vnbuf js akt rfncjby nvnjbnmbf (_krbcMnal =9>9n).
>8 _ntfr js fjtefr nmstrnhtfc wjtekut henrof my tef usfr kr prkvjcfc nt n hkst tent ckfs akt
rfprfsfat vnbuf.
>3 Jssufs rfonrcjao tef vnbuntjka kd wntfr dkr wfnbte nhhkuatjao nrf cjshussfc ja tef Vajtfc
Antjkas djanb crndt enacmkkl ka wntfr nhhkuatjao (VAXC =994).
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JAS]KCVHSJKA NAC @NJA DJACJAOX7 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX =6
>6 Fvfa bnac hbnssjdjfc ns norjhubturnb `ny mf sj`ubtnafkusby usfc dkr rfhrfntjka. Sef
nccjtjkanb nfsteftjh nac rfhrfntjkanb vnbufs nrf akt rfdbfhtfc ja tef vnbuf kd norjhubturnb
bnac, wejhe js mnsfc ka tef vnbuf kd norjhubturnb prkcuhtjka. Sejs `jssjao vnbuf `ny mf
pnrtjhubnrby j`pkrtnat ja sk`f cfvfbkpfc hkuatrjfs.
]fdfrfahfs
Sef Naobk-Xnxka Herkajhbf. =996. Srnas. Gn`fs Jaorn`. Fc. Gn`fs E. Dkrc. Fb Ynsk7 Fb Ynsk
Akrtf Yrfss.
Nrrkw, L., Y. Cnsouptn, nac L-O. @bfr. =998. Fvnbuntjao Yrkgfhts nac Nssfssjao Xustnjanmbf
Cfvfbkp`fat ja J`pfrdfht Fhkak`jfs. Favjrka`fatnb nac ]fskurhf Fhkak`jhs=4 (3)7
43?56.
Nsefj`, Ofjr M., nac @nrtja B. _fjtz`na. =99>. Ckfs AAY Orkwte Jacjhntf _fbdnrf
J`prkvf`fat; Fhkak`jhs Bfttfrs?8 (=)7 =888:.
Cnsouptn, Y., nac L.-O. @bfr. =999. Aft Antjkanb Yrkcuht, _fnbte, nac Xkhjnb _fbb-Mfjao.
Favjrka`fat nac Cfvfbkp`fat Fhkak`jhs67 4::8.
, fcs. =993. Sef Fhkak`jhs kd Aka-Hkavfx Fhksystf`s. Ckrcrfhet, Aftefrbnacs7 Lbuwfr
Nhncf`jh Yumbjsefrs.
Furkpfna Hk``jssjka, Jatfrantjkanb @kaftnry Duac, Kronajsntjka dkr Fhkak`jh
Hk-kpfrntjka nac Cfvfbkp`fat, Vajtfc Antjkas, nac _krbc Mnal. =99:. Xystf` kd
Antjkanb Nhhkuats =995. Afw Zkrl7 Vajtfc Antjkas.
DNK (Dkkc nac Norjhubturnb Kronajzntjka). =99:. Sef Xtntf kd _krbc Djsefrjfs nac Nqunhubturf
=995.]k`f7 DNK Djsefrjfs nac Nqunhubturf Cfpnrt`fat.
Dfrrfjrn, X., L. En`jbtka, nac G. Tjahfat. =995. Hk`prfefasjvf _fnbte nac Duturf
Hkasu`ptjka7 Nhhkuatjao dkr Ykpubntjka Orkwte. _krbc Mnal Fhkak`jh ]fvjfw==7
=8835.
Dfrrfjrn, X., nac G. Tjahfat. =996. Ofaujaf Xnvjaos7 Bfncjao Jacjhntkr kd Xustnjanmbf
Cfvfbkp`fat; Fhkak`jh Cfvfbkp`fat nac Hubturnb Henaof687 ?8?63.
Drnalfb, Gfddrfy N. =9>9. Sef Anturnb ]fskurhf Hursf7 N Xurvfy. AMF] _krljao Ynpfr
>6584, Antjkanb Murfnu kd Fhkak`jh ]fsfnrhe, Hn`mrjcof, @N. ettp7//www.amfr.kro/
pnpfrs/w>6584.
En`jbtka, L., nac @. Hbf`fas. >:::. Ofaujaf Xnvjaos ]ntfs ja Cfvfbkpjao Hkuatrjfs._krbc Mnal Fhkak`jh ]fvjfw>8 (=)7 88864.
En`jbtka, L., nac F. Bfy. =9>9. @fnsurjao Antjkanb Jahk`f nac Orkwte ja ]fskurhf-]jhe,
Jahk`f-Ykkr Hkuatrjfs. Fhkak`jh Yrf`jsf =5. ettp7//sjtfrfskurhfs.wkrbcmnal.kro/
JASY]F@AFS/]fskurhfs/FY=5.pcd.
Enrtwjhl, Gkea @. >:??. Jatfrofafrntjkanb Fqujty nac tef Javfstjao kd ]fats drk`
Fxenustjmbf ]fskurhfs. N`frjhna Fhkak`jh ]fvjfw447 :?=?3.
Eu`perfys, @nhnrtna, Gfddrfy Xnhes, nac Gksfpe Xtjobjtz, fcs. =99?. Fshnpjao tef ]fskurhf
Hursf. Afw Zkrl7 Hkbu`mjn Vajvfrsjty Yrfss.
JYHH (Jatfrokvfra`fatnb Ynafb ka Hbj`ntf Henaof). =99?. JYHH Dkurte Nssfss`fat ]fpkrt7Hbj`ntf Henaof =99?. Ofafvn7 JYHH.
Bj, Enjzefao, Mnrmnrn @. Drnu`faj, Wejqjnao Bju, nac Ujnkgua _nao. =99:. Eu`na Hnpjtnb ja
Hejan. AMF] _krljao Ynpfr >6699, Antjkanb Murfnu kd Fhkak jh ]fsfnrhe, Hn`mrjcof, @N.
@jbnzzk, @. >::5. Xumsjcjfs ja _krbc Djsefrjfs7 N ]f-fxn`jantjka. _krbc Mnal Sfheajhnb
Ynpfr 394, _krbc Mnal, _nsejaotka, CH.
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=4 SEF HENAOJAO _FNBSE KD ANSJKAX
@jbbfaaju` Fhksystf` Nssfss`fat. =998. Fhksystf`s nac Eu`na _fbb-mfjao7 N Drn`fwkrl
dkr Nssfss`fat. _nsejaotka, CH7 Jsbnac Yrfss.
Xkbkw, ]. >:54. Ka tef Jatfrofafrntjkanb Nbbkhntjka kd Anturnb ]fskurhfs. Xhnacjanvjna
Gkuranb kd Fhkak`jhs55 (>)7 >3>3:.
Xtfra, Ajhekbns. =994. Sef Fhkak`jhs kd Hbj`ntf Henaof7 Sef Xtfra ]fvjfw. Yrfpnrfc dkr tef
V.L. Okvfra`fat. Afw Zkrl7 Hn`mrjcof Vajvfrsjty Yrfss.
Xtjobjtz, Gksfpe F., N`nrtyn Xfa, nac Gfna-Ynub Djtkussj. =99:. ]fpkrt my tef Hk``jssjka ka
tef @fnsurf`fat kd Fhkak`jh Yfrdkr`nahf nac Xkhjnb Yrkorfss. Ynrjs7 Hk``jssjka ka tef
@fnsurf`fat kd Fhkak`jh Yfrdkr`nahf nac Xkhjnb Yrkorfss.
Vajtfc Antjkas, Furkpfna Hk``jssjka, Jatfrantjkanb @kaftnry Duac, Kronajsntjka dkr
Fhkak`jh Hk-kpfrntjka nac Cfvfbkp`fat, nac _krbc Mnal. =998. Enacmkkl kd Antjkanb
Nhhkuatjao7Jatforntfc Favjrka`fatnb nac Fhkak`jh Nhhkuatjao =998. Afw Zkrl7 Vajtfc
Antjkas. ettp7//uastnts.ua.kro/uasc/favnhhkuatjao/sffn.nsp.VAXC (Vajtfc Antjkas Xtntjstjhs Cjvjsjka). =994. Xystf` kd Favjrka`fatnb-Fhkak`jh
Nhhkuatjao dkr _ntfr. Djanb crndt.
_krbc Mnal. =994. _efrf Js tef _fnbte kd Antjkas; @fnsurjao Hnpjtnb dkr tef =>st
Hfatury. _nsejaotka, CH7 _krbc Mnal. ettp7//uastnts.ua.kro/uasc/favnhhkuatjao/
XFFN_Crndt @naunb.pcd.
. =9>9n. Sef Ejccfa Enrvfsts7 Sef Obkmnb Hkatrjmutjka kd Hnpturf Djsefrjfs. _nsejaotka,
CH7 _krbc Mnal.
. =9>9m. _krbc Cfvfbkp`fat ]fpkrt =9>97 Cfvfbkp`fat nac Hbj`ntf Henaof.
_nsejaotka, CH7 _krbc Mnal.. =9>9h. Bnk YC] Cfvfbkp`fat ]fpkrt7 Anturnb ]fskurhf @nanof`fat dkr
Xustnjanmbf Cfvfbkp`fat. _krbc Mnal, _nsejaotka, CH.
_krbc Mnal nac DNK (Dkkc nac Norjhubturf Kronajzntjka). =99:. Sef Xualfa Mjbbjkas7 Sef
Fhkak`jh Gustjdjhntjka dkr Djsefrjfs ]fdkr`._nsejaotka, CH7 _krbc Mnal.
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SEJX HENYSF] SFBBX SEF XSK]Z KD _FNBSE NAC EK_ JS
henaofs kvfr tj`f, crnwjao kut bfsskas dkr cfvfbkp`fat. _f stnrt my hk`pnrjao
hk`prfefasjvf wfnbte kvfr sfvfrnb wjcfby spnhfc jatfrvnbs tk uacfrstnac ekw
tef vkbu`f nac hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte henaof wjte cfvfbkp`fat nac pkpu-
bntjka orkwte. _f tefa tura tk ncgustfc aft snvjao tk uacfrstnac mfttfr tef
prkhfss kd mujbcjao wfnbte ka na naaunb mnsjs. Sefsf twk `fnsurfs prkvjcf
rfbntfc wnys kd nanbyzjao henaofs ja skhjnb wfbdnrf nac hk`pbf`fatnry jadkr-
`ntjka dkr pkbjhy `nlfrs sffljao tk oujcf tefjr hkuatry ka n pnte kd sustnjanmbf
cfvfbkp`fat.
Henaojao Obkmnb _fnbte
Obkmnb wfnbte rfnhefc $4?8,6:8 mjbbjka ja =996 (tnmbf =.>).>Jatnaojmbf hnpjtnb wns
tef bnrofst sjaobf hk`pkafat ja nbb rfojkas, nac jts senrf jahrfnsfs ja j`pkrtnahf
wjte rjsjao jahk`f, drk` 6? pfrhfat kd tktnb wfnbte ja bkw-jahk`f hkuatrjfs tk
5> pfrhfat ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs. _f sff n sy``ftrjhnb cfhbjaf ja tef j`pkr-tnahf kd anturnb hnpjtnb ns jahk`f rjsfs, drk` 89 pfrhfat ja bkw-jahk`f hkuatrjfs
tk = pfrhfat ja ejoe-jahk f hkuatrjfs. Mut ckfs tejs nppnrfat rfbntjkasejp mftwffa
tef hk`pksjtjka kd wfnbte nac jahk`f, sffa wefa hk`pnrjao cjddfrfat rfojkas
H E N Y S F ] =
_fnbte nac Henaofs
ja _fnbte, >::6=996
=?
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nt n pkjat ja tj`f, rfnbby ekbc dkr n ojvfa jahk`f orkup ns jt cfvfbkps kvfr tj`f;
Sk naswfr tent qufstjka, wf bkkl nt kur wfnbte nhhkuats drk` >::6 tk =996.=
Obkmnb wfnbte jahrfnsfc my 83 pfrhfat kvfr tef cfhncf (tnmbf =.=). Nbb jahk`forkups jahrfnsfc tefjr hnpjtnb mftwffa >::6 nac =996, nac tefrf ens mffa bjttbf
henaof ja tef cjstrjmutjka kd wfnbte kvfr tj`f. Sef `ngkrjty kd obkmnb wfnbte
js hkahfatrntfc ja ejoe-jahk`f hkuatrjfs kd tef Kronajsntjka dkr Fhkak`jh
Hk-kpfrntjka nac Cfvfbkp`fat (KFHC), nbtekuoe jts senrf cfhbjafc sbjoetby
drk` 53 pfrhfat tk 5= pfrhfat. Bkw- nac `jccbf-jahk`f hkuatrjfs snw tefjr
hk`mjafc senrf orkw drk` >3 pfrhfat tk >? pfrhfat< cfspjtf rnpjc nhhu`ubntjka
kd wfnbte, tefjr senrf kd wfnbte js stjbb dnr bfss tena tefjr senrf kd wkrbc pkpubntjka,
wejhe wns 5> pfrhfat ja =996. Sef pkkrfst hkuatrjfs, nhhkuatjao dkr >9 pfrhfat
kd obkmnb pkpubntjka, efbc kaby > pfrhfat kd obkmnb wfnbte.
SNMBF =.>
Sktnb _fnbte nac Xenrfs my Sypf kd Nssft nac Jahk`f Orkup, =996
Jahk`f Orkup
Sktnb _fnbte
(VX$ mjbbjkas)
Jatnaojmbf
Hnpjtnb (%)
Yrkcuhfc
Hnpjtnb (%)
Anturnb
Hnpjtnb (%)
Bkw jahk`f 8,6:? 6? >8 89
Bkwfr jccbf jahk`f 65,9=8 6> =3 =6Vppfr jccbf jahk`f 3?,>58 4: >4 >6
Ejoe jahk`f KFHC 66>,:43 5> >? =
_krbc 4?8,6:8 ?? >5 6
Xkurhf7Nutekrs hnbhubntjkas mnsfc ka _krbc Mnal cntn.
Aktf7Djourfs nrf mnsfc ka tef sft kd hkuatrjfs dkr wejhe wfnbte nhhkuats nrf nvnjbnmbf drk` >::6tk =996, ns cfshrjmfc ja naafx =.>. Ejoe-jahk`f kjb fxpkrtfrs nrf akt sekwa.
SNMBF =.=
Sktnb _fnbte nac Ykpubntjka, wjte Xenrfs my Jah