1
Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba
qrestomaTia
nakveTi I
sarCevi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 gv. winasityvaoba . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 3 Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Tavi I. politikis Teoriisa da filosofiis problemebi _ maqs veberi, politika rogorc mowodeba da profesia . . . 28 _ karl Smiti, politikuris cneba . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 32 _ iurgen habermasi, faqtobriobasa da validurobis Soris:
samarTlisa da demokratiuli samarTlebrivi mmarTvelobis diskursiuli Teoriis Sesaxeb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
_ maikl uolceri, samarTlianobis sferoebi . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 _ jon elsteri, bazari da forumi; politikis Teoriis sami nairsaxeoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 _ jon roulzi, politikuri liberalizmi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 . Tavi II. politikuri ideologia *1 ra aris ideologia? _ karl manhaimi, ideologia da utopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 _ raimon aroni, inteleqtualebis opiumi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 _ daniel beli, ideologiis dasasruli dasavleTSi . . . . . . . .125 *2 klasikuri ideologiebi – liberalizmi, konservatizmi, marqsizmi _ jon stiuart mili, Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 _ edmund berki, werili nacionaluri asambleis wevrs . . . . . . . . . 146 - robert nisbeti, konservatizmi: ocneba da realoba . . . . . . 163
- karl marqsi, 1884 wlis ekonomikur-filosofiuri xelnawerebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .180 Tavi III. politikuri institutebi da politikuri reJimebi *1. institutebi (zogadi Teoria) - devid istoni, politikuri sistemebis analizi . . . . . . . . . 189 - mankur olsoni, koleqtiuri moqmedebis logika . . . . . . . . . 211 *2. saxelmwifo, saxelmwifoebrivi institutebi _ maqs veberi, meurneoba da sazogadoeba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
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_ bernard manini, warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis principebi 220 _ janfranko poji, saxelmwifo; misi buneba, ganviTareba da perspeqtivebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225 - karl marqsi; komunisturi partiis manifesti . . . . . . . . . . . .242 *3.politikuri partiebi - robert mixelsi, oligarqiis rkinis kanoni . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 _ moris diuverJe, politikuri partiebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266
nakveTi II
Tavi IV. nacionalizmi, politikuri kultura da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba - gabriel almondi, samoqalaqo kulturis cnebis inteleqtualuri istoria . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276 _ ronald ingleharti, modernizacia da postmodernizacia: kulturis, politikisa da ekonomikis cvlileba 43 sazogadoebaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .292 _ adam seligmani, ndobis problema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 - entoni smiti, erebis warmoSoba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 Tavi V. demokratiis Teoria - Sumpeteri, kapitalizmi, socializmi da demokratia . . . . . 328 - aleqsis de tokvili, demokratia amerikaSi . . . . . . . . . . . 339 - iurgen habermasi, legitimaciis krizisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Tavi VI. demokratizacia - dankvart rastou, transformacia demokratiisaken - dinamikuri
modeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 - adam pSevorski, mdgradi demokratia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .395 Tavi VII. Tanamedroveoba, postTanamedroveoba da globalizacia - daniel beli, momavali postindustriuli sazogadoeba . . . . . 404 - frederik jeimsoni; postmodernizmi anu gviani kapitalizmis kulturuli logika . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417 _ manuel kastelsi, identurobis Zala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 wyaroebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 442 avtorebis Sesaxeb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
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winasityvaoba
politikuri mecnierebis swavlebis sferoSi arsebulma
gamocdilebam cxadad gvaCvena, rom is saxelmZRvaneloebi socialur
mecnierebaTa sferoSi, romlebic dRes arsebobs qarTul enaze (romelnic
upiratesad warmoadgendnen saxelmZRvaneloebs bakalavriatisaTvis) ver
warmoaCens Sesabamis mecnierebaTa Tanamedrove dones. gansakuTrebiT
savalaloa am TvalsazrisiT mdgomareoba politikuri mecnierebis
sferoSi. mTeli rigi istoriuli da obieqturi mizezebiT ganpirobebuli
amgvari realoba, ukiduresad saSur saqmed xdis Tanamedrove politikuri
mecnierebis miRwevebis gacnobas da aTvisebas studentTa (xSir
SemTxvevaSi maswavlebelTa) mier. xsenebuli amocanis gadawyvetis
yvelaze optimalur gzad avtorTa jgufma miviCnieT qrestomaTiis
Sedgena, romelSic sistematuri formiT warmodgenili iqneboda
Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis ZiriTadi miRwevebi. aseTi tipis
qrestomaTias SeuZlia nawilobriv mainc Seavsos arsebuli xarvezi da
Seasrulos saxelmZRvanelos funqcia samagistro swavlebis procesSi.
vfiqrobT, aseTi tipis saxelmZRvanelo SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas
bakalavriatis bolo kursebze swavlebis procesSic.
qrestomaTiis saxelwodebaa "Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba".
sityva "Tanamedrove" ZiriTadad gulisxmobs qronologiur periods,
mokidebuli XIX saukunis meore naxevridan dRemde.
manamde arsebuli klasikuri politikuri literatura ufro
xelmisawvdomia studentebisaTvis (aris rusul enaze da aris Cvens
biblioTekebSi) da Semosulia samecniero mimoqcevaSi (rasac
ganapirobebda sabWoTa sinamdvileSi arsebuli viTareba, romelic
swavlobda mxolod marqsamdel literaturas, xolo marqsis Semdgoms
imTaviTve mcdarad miiCnevda, mxolod imitom, rom is SeuTavsebeli iyo
marqsizmTan).
qrestomaTiaSi warmodgenilia 30-mde avtori, romelTac
ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvT Tanamedrove politikuri
mecnirebisaTvis.
qrestomaTia dayofilia Tavebad Tematuri principis mixedviT.
TiToeul TavSi warmodgenilia ramdenime avtori. TiToeul avtors
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eTmoba daaxloebiT 10-15 gverdi. avtorTa naSromebidan SerCeulia
nawyvetebi, romlebic yvelaze mkafiod da SeZlebisdagvarad zedmiwevniT
gadmoscemen warmodgenil avtorTa Sexedulebebs Sesabamis TemebTan
dkavSirebiT.
saxelmZRvanelo umTavresad samagistro swavlebisas gamoiyeneba.
pirvel rigSi, is gamoyenebul iqneba im samizne fakultetebze,
romlebzedac ikiTxeboda OSGF socialur mecnierebaTa mxardaWeris
programis farglebSi momzadebuli saleqcio kursebi da agreTve Tsu-Si
axlaxan gaxsnili socialur mecnierebaTa samagistro modulis
magistrantTa swavlebisas. kerZod, qrestomaTia Seasrulebs
saxelmZRvanelos funqcias socialur-politikuri Teoriis saleqcio
kursebis msmenelTaTvis.
amave dros qrestomaTia mTlianad an misi calkeuli nawilebi
SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnan socialur mecnierebaTa sferoSi sxvadasxva
tipis (rogorc zogadi, aseve specialuri) kursebis msmenelTa
(aspirantTa da maswavlebelTa) mier.
calke gvinda avRniSnoT, rom qrestomaTiaSi warmodgenili
teqstebis analizi da diskusiebi iq wamoWril sakiTxebze uaRresad
sasargeblo formad migvaCnia saseminaro muSaobisaTvis.
dabolos, unda iTqvas, rom avtorTa jgufs kargad aqvs
gacnobierebuli, rom xsenebuli qrestomaTia mxolod erT-erTi nabijia
im xarvezis daZlevaSi, romelic dRevandel viTarebaSi axasiaTebs
socialur mecnierebebs da kerZod, politikur mecnierebas. Cven
vimedovnebT, rom warmodgenili naSromi xels Seuwyobs politikur
mecnierebaTa sferoSi iseTi saswavlo literaturis Sesaqmnelad
Semdgomi muSaobis gagrZelebas, romelic dafuZnebuli iqneba
Tanamedrove mecnierebis miRwevebze.
qrestomaTiaze muSaobda avtorTa jgufi: Tamar berekaSvili, mamuka
biWaSvili, nino kiRuraZe, marina musxeliSvili, gia JorJoliani.
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Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba
samive sityva cal-calke, romelic Cven saTaurSia mocemuli,
Tumca pirveli SexedviT SeiZleba uaRresad cxadi da martivi
gveCvenos, sinamdvileSi bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi
inteleqtualTa mravali Taobis msjelobisa da gaazrebis, Rrma da
mravalmxrivi kvlevis sagans warmoadgenda.
ra aris politikuri mecnierebis sagani, anu ra aris politika?
SesaZlebelia Tu ara am sagnis - politikis - mecnieruli
Seswavla, anu SesaZlebelia Tu arsebobdes mecnieruli codna
politikis Sesaxeb, iseTive tipisa da xarisxis codna, rogoric
arsebobs bunebis Sesaxeb?
ras vgulisxmobT TanamedroveobaSi da ra adgili ukavia
TanamedroveobaSi mecnierebas, mecnierul codnas sazogadod da
politikur mecnierebas, kerZod?
gansakuTrebiT izrdeba politikis roli da mniSvneloba
gardamtex da gardamaval istoriul periodebSi, rodesac radikalur
transformacias ganicdian cxovrebis wesis safuZvlebi, adamianTa
idealebi, Rirebulebebi, msoflmxedvelobrivi midgomebi, orientirebi
da sxva.
swored kardinalur cvlilebaTa aseT periodSi imyofeba dRes
Cveni qveyana. sruliad aSkaraa, riom swored dRes uaRresad aqtualuri
xdeba gadaazreba da gardaqmna socialuri mecnierebebis mTeli
sistemisa, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovani xdeba
politikuri mecniereba, ramdenadac igi faqtiurad cariel adgilze
iwyebs arsebobas.
ra aris politika?
ra aris politika? politika aris is, rasac akeTebs mTavroba da
rasTanac Cven mxolod televizoriT sainformacio gadacemebis yureba
Tu gvakavSirebs - aris sakmaod mosalodneli pasuxi rigiTi
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moqalaqisgan. Tumca politikasTan gacilebiT ufro xSirad gvaqvs
saqme, vidre amas vamCnevT.
rodesac Cven gadavdivarT (an ar gadavdivarT) zafxulis droze,
rodesac viRebT (an ar viRebT) xelfass, rodesac vuyurebT (an ar
vuyurebT) saxelmwifo televizias da a.S. Cven SevdivarT SexebaSi
xelisuflebasTan da ganvicdiT misi gadawyvetilebebis zemoqmedebas.
rodesac vcdilobT davamyaroT klasSi wesrigi, vaiZuloT
zarmaci mowafe iswavlos an vukrZalavT Svils televizoris yurebas
sxva, ufro sasargeblo saqmianobis xarjze, Cven vcdilobT
gamoviyenoT Cveni avtoriteti sxva adamianebze zegavlenis mosaxdenad.
aq naCvenebia politikis im nairsaxeobaTa magaliTebi,
romlebTanac TiToeuli CvenTagani yoveldRiurad modis
SexebaSi:politika, rogorc xelisuflebis saqmianoba da politika
ufro farTo gagebiT - rogorc adamianis mier sxvebze zemoqmedeba,
rac nebismieri sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis Semadgeneli nawilia.
qvemoT moyvanilia politikis zogierTi gansazRvreba.
tabula 1.
~politikisa~ da ~Zalauflebis~ gansazRvrebebi politika marTvis mecniereba da xelovneba; mecniereba, dakavSirebuli saxelmwifos an misi nawilis formasTan, organizebasTan da administrirebasTan, aseve sxva saxelmwifoebTan misi urTierTobebis regulirebasTan.
(Shorter Oxford English Dictionary) danawevrebuli sazogadoebebis marTva Tavisufali diskusiis procesis meSveobiT, zedmeti Zaladobis gareSe.
(Bernard Crick, 1964) vin ras, rodis, rogor iRebs?
(H.Lasswell, 1936) adamianis mier adamianis amoZraveba.
(Bertrand de Jouvenal, 1963) RirebulebaTa mbrZanebluri ganawileba (ganTavseba).
(David Easton, 1979)
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Zalaufleba gamiznuli Sedegebis warmoeba.
(Bertrand Russell, 1938)
albaToba imisa, rom sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi monawile pirovneba aRmoCndeba iseT viTarebaSi, rodesac winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, SeZlebs ganaxorcielos sakuTari survili, im safuZvlis ganurCevlad, romelzedac aRmocendeba es albaToba.
(Max Weber)
sazogadoebis resursebis mobilizebis unari im miznebis misaRwevad, romelTa Sesaxeb SesaZlebelia saerTo samoqalaqo SeTanxmebis miRweva.
(Talcott Parsons, 1957) sazogadoebrivi klasis unari ganaxorcielos Tavisi specifikuri obieqtiuri interesebi.
(Nicos Poulantzas, 1973)
am tabulaSi mocemuli gansazRvrebebis detaluri analizis
gareSedac cxadia, rom isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan,
rac avtorTa Sexedulebebis mravalferovnebas asaxavs. politikis
gansazRvrebebi, romlebic ekuTvnis politologebs, umetes SemTxvevaSi
gacilebiT ufro zogadia (moicaven movlenebis ufro farTo spektrs),
vidre pirveli, leqsikoniseuli, ganmarteba, romelic izRudeba
saxelmwifoTi (Tumca aq SesaZlebelia ~saxelmwifos nawilis~ ufro
farTo gagebac). Sesabamisad isini arian TanxmobaSi im SexedulebasTan,
rom politika ufro exeba Zalauflebis sazogadoebriv
ganxorcielebas, vidre ubralod saxelmwifos saqmianobasa da
mowyobas. Tumca es nawilobriv SeiZleba iyos mecnierTa mier sakuTari
disciplinis bunebrivi ~gazviadebis~ Sedegi.
SevxedoT, agreTve, Tu ra erTeulis analizisTvisaa Seqmnili esa
Tu is ganmarteba. veberi, lasveli da de iuvenali, rogorc Cans,
pirvel rigSi fiqroben Zalauflebis ganmaxorcielebel pirovnebaze;
kriki da parsonsi ixilaven mTel sazogadoebas; leqsikoni laparakobs
mTavrobaze, xolo pulancasi pirveladi politikuri ~momqmedebis~
rolSi ixilavs klasebs. es asaxavs sxvaobas individualistur da
koleqtivistur Teoriebs Soris.…
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arsebobs agreTve meore mniSvnelovani midgoma, romelic
ganasxvavebs politologebs. zogi maTgani miiCnevs, rom politikis
arss warmoadgens konfliqti, romelSiac erTi monawile mxare igebs
imdens, ramdensac meore agebs. sxvebs miaCniaT, rom monawile mxareTa
urTierTobas (TanamSromlobas) SeiZleba yvelasaTvis dadebiTi Sedegi
hqondes. sazogadoebis sxvadasxva jgufebis TanamSromlobam
SesaZlebelia meti SesZinos TiToeuls, vidre paeqrobam. Sesabamisad am
urTierTsawinaaRmdego midgomebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia radikalurad
gansxvavebuli aqcentebi SeTanxmebebze da konfliqtebze.
moris diuverJes mtkicebiT, ~orsaxovani RmerTi, ianusi, aris
Zalauflebis namdvili saxe~. sxva sityvebiT, orive- konfliqti da
TanamSromloba warmoadgens politikuri situaciis Seqmnis
mniSvnelovan elements. ~politikaSi~ Sedis mravalnairi situaciebi,
romlebSiac, erTis mxriv, gansxvavebuli miznebis mqone adamianebi
erTad muSaoben im miznebis misaRwevad, romlebic aqvT saerTo, xolo
meores mxriv, paeqroben, rodesac es miznebi mTlianad gansxvavdeba.
orive - TanamSromloba da paeqroba - SeiZleba moicavdes
molaparakebebs, kamaTs da Zaladobas. politikis xelovneba ufro
xSirad SeiZleba mdgomareobdes kavSirebis SesaZleblobebis ZiebaSi,
vidre sxvadasxva jgufebis dapirispirebaSi.
midgomebi politikis Seswavlisadmi
dResdReobiT politikis Seswavlisadmi arsebobs sami ZiriTadi
akademiuri midgoma, romlebic SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc
~tradiciuli swavleba~, ~sazogadoebrivi mecniereba~ da ~radikaluri
kriticizmi~
~tradiciuli mkvlevarebi~ xSirad swavloben politikis
kerZo sakiTxebs, ganixilaven erT calkeul qveyanas, politikur
instituts, Teoriul koncefcias an avtors Rrmad - sxva akademiuri
disciplinis, gansakuTrebiT ki istoriisa da filosofiis meTodebis
da koncefciebis gamoyenebiT. ase, magaliTad, did BbritaneTSi sul
bolo dromde politologiuri saswavlo programebis SuagulSi iyo
calkeuli britanuli politikuri institutebi maTs istoriul
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konteqstSi, didi politikuri filosofosebi da is, rasac arasworad
uwodeben ~SedarebiT mmarTvelobas~. ukanaskneli mdgomareobs amerikis,
sabWouri da safrangeTis mmarTvelobis da politikis cal-calke
SeswavlaSi. bolo dros gamosul erT-erT statiaSi ganxilulia
mowinave amerikuli da britanuli Jurnalebi da naCvenebia, rom im
dros, rodesac britanul JurnalSi Political Studies statiebis 91
procenti exeba institucionalur, aRweriT, konceptualur an
filosofiur sakiTxebs (politikuri azrovnebis istoriis CaTvliT),
amerikuli American Political Science Rewiew-s statiebis 71 procenti
dawerilia bihevioristul/empiriul an deduqciur/racionaluri
arCevanis kategoriebSi.
am tradiciul midgomas ~sazogadoebrivi mecniereba~ xSirad
uwodebs ~ideografias~, (sityva, romelic warmoqmnilia Cinuri
damwerlobidan - ideogramebidan da niSnavs erTbaSad erTi sagnis
asaxvas) da sanacvlod ~nomoTetur~, anu ganmazogadebel midgomas
warmoaCens, romlis amocanaa zogadi Teoriebis an kanonebis gamoyvana
politikuri qcevis arsis aRsawerad. ase rom tipiuri amerikuli
saswavlo programa svams politikur mecnierebebs sazogadoebriv
mecnierebaTa erTian urTierTdakavSirebul jgufSi sociologiasTan
da ekonomikasTan erTad. yvela am mecnierebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
Tanamedrove raodenobrivi (kompiuteruli) meTodebis gamoyeneba
monacemebis mecnieruli ~analizisaTvis~.
~radikaluri kriticizmi~, marTalia ar uaryofs sasargeblo
ganzogadoebebis saWiroebas politikis Seswavlad, magram amave dros
brals debs amerikanizirebul politikur mecnierebs konservatiul
midrekilebebSi. am mimarTulebis mimdevrebi xSirad ufro erTgulni
arian zogadi doqtrinis, romelic moiTxovs arsebuli (dasavluri)
sazogadoebebis radikalur cvlilebas, vidre akademiuri disciplinis.
yvelaze xSirad eseni arian marqsizmis raime nairsaxeobis
warmomadgenlebi, Tumca analogiuri kriticizmi SesaZlebelia
emyarebodes feministur an ekologiur pozicias.
midgomebs Soris aRniSnuli sxvaobebi mdgomareobs ufro metad
imaSi, Tu raSi xedavs avtori Tavis rols, ra meTodebs iyenebs,
analizisa da faseulobebis ra tips warmoaCens, vidre konkretuli
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SemoTavazebuli Teoriebis detalebSi. sxvadasxva skolebis da
midgomebis mier SemuSavebuli Teoriebis Sedareba avlens adamianebis
gamocdilebis sxvadasxva sferoebze yuradRebis gamaxvilebas,
gansxvavebas Sesaswavli sakiTxebis SinaarsSi da amave dros erTi da
igive skolis an midgomis CarCoebSi msgavsi koncefciebis da
modelebis gamoyenebis tendencias. im SemTxvevebSic ki, rodesac saqme
aqvT pirveli SexedviT erTsa da imave cnebebTan (mag. ~demokratia~,
~arCevnebi~, ~sazogadoeba~), sxvadasxva skolebi da midgomebi imdenad
gansxvavdebian Tavisi interesebiTa da SexedulebebiT, rom
gamoricxulia maT Soris raime dialogis warmarTva.
tabula 2. iZleba zogad warmodgenas am ZiriTad midgomebze da
skolebze, romlebsac dabla ufro dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
tabula 2.
ZiriTadi Tanamedrove midgomebi politikis swavlebaSi
tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi mecniereba
radikaluri
amocana nawil-nawil aRwera (ganmarteba)
politikis mecniereba
radikaluri sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebi
meTodebi aRweriTi, istoriuli, filosofiuri analizi
raodenobrivi an ilustrirebuli Teoretizireba
ideologiuri kriticizmi
faseulobebi liberalur demokratiuli
pro-amerikuli demokratia da ~ganviTareba~
anti-arsebuli wesrigis
analizis kuTxe
politikuri, fsiqologiuri, filosofiuri
politikuri da socialuri
mravalmxrivi
Sesaswavli sivrce
calkeuli institutebi an qveynebi
aSS an regionis Seswavla
globaluri da istoriuli
Seswavlis sagani
konstituciuri konsesusi kataklizmebis pirobebSi
pluralizmi klasobrivi/sqesobrivi/ sxva tipis konfliqti
skolebi (a) liberalur-institucionaluri
(b) istoriuli (g) filosofiuri
(a) funqcionalisturi
(b) ekonomikuri (g) sistemuri
(a) marqsisturi (b) feministuri (g) ekologisturi
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tipiuroba konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, politikuri kultura, winaaRmdegobebi
koncefciebi didi adamiani bazari, ukukavSiri patriarqati
tradiciuli swavleba
pirveli akademiuri mwerlebi, romlebic werdnen politikaze -
platoni da aristotele - maTi naSromebi kvlavac detalurad
iswavleba britanul universitetebSi, ar hyofdnen codnas calke
disciplinebad rogorc es Tanamedrove praqtikaSia miRebuli.
Sesabamisad isini ar eridebodnen istoriuli da mimdinare movlenebis
ganxilvis kombinirebas globalur moralur sakiTxebze msjelobasTan,
rogorc, magaliTad, ~ra aris mmarTvelobis saukeTeso forma?~ an ~ra
aris samarTali?~ es garkveulwilad ~ekleqturi~ midgoma gadaiRo
mecxramete saukunis zogierTma yvelaze popularulma klasikosma
mweralma, rogoricaa jon stiuart mili, briusi da de tokvili. am
avtorebs demokratiis ganviTareba miaCndaT maTi drois
umniSvnelovanes politikur miRwevad da miiswrafodnen ganexilaT ara
marto demokratiis idea, aramed misi Tanamedrove realizeba sxvadasxva
qveynebSi, cdilobdnen SeeTavazebinaT demokratiuli mmarTvelobis
warmoqmnadi realobis gaumjobeseba da mowyoba.
vinaidan dResdReobiT politikis dargSi momuSave seriozuli
avtorebi miiswrafvian gaxdnen universitetebis leqtorebi, romlebsac
evalebaT specializeba da profesiul JurnalebSi statiebis da/an
avtoritetul akademiur gamomcemlobebSi monografiebis gamoqveyneba,
maT aqvT tendencia SedarebiT SezRudon Tavisi saqmianobis sfero;
Sesabamisad, filosofiuri ganaTlebis mqone avtorebi swavloben
koncefciebs da ideebis istorias, istorikosebi izRudebian drois
mcire periodebiT da mcire geografiuli arealebiT, xolo
politologiuri institutebis studentebi specializirdebian
saarCevno sistemebSi, inglisis parlamentis komitetebSi an
privatizebis politikaSi.
12
britanuli universitetebis politologiur fakultetebze
ZiriTadad grZeldeba muSaoba politikis Teoriaze da ~politikur
institutebze~ - zogad TeoriebTan, ~politikur qcevebTan~ an
~sazogadoebriv mecnierebasTan~ miRebuli Sedegebis dakavSirebis
yovelgvari sistematuri mcdelobebis gareSe. imaTgan, visac
saprofesoro kaTedra ukavia, zogierTs exlac urCevnia uwodos Tavis
Tavs istorikosi an filosofosi, vidre politologi.
Tumca, skeptikurad an ambiciurad ganwyobilma adamianebma
SeiZleba kiTxvis qveS daayenon amgvari saqmianobis (aq: imis Seswavla,
Tu rogor iqmneba esa Tu is saxelmwifo institutebi, kanonebi da
praqtika, romelsac isini emyarebian, rogor SeiZleba maTi
gaumjobeseba, a.S.) akademiuroba. aris Tu ara misi Sedegi namdvili
~codna~, romelic SeiZleba kanonierad iswavlebodes universitetebSi,
Tu es aris ubralod saRi azri, romelic gamoadgeba maT, vinc
eTanxmeba mkvlevaris (konservatiul da liberalur) Sexedulebebs?
tradiciuli mkvlevarebisgan gansxvavebiT skeptikosebis azriT
warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis saqmianoba sinamdvileSi aris
ubralod arsebuli eqspluataciuri politikis matyuara niRabi (ix.
mogvianebiT radikaluri kriticizmi- red.), xolo ambiciurebi meoce
saukunis miwuruls codnis erTaderT misaReb safuZvlad mxolod
mecnierulad dasabuTebul Teoriebs Tu miiCneven.
politologia rogorc sazogadoebrivi mecniereba
imis mtkiceba, rom politikis codna unda iyos mecnierulad
dasabuTebuli, pirveli SexedviT eWvs ar iwvevs. mraval sxva sferoSi -
fizika, bioqimia, astronomia - mecnieruli meTodebis gamoyenebam ara
marto sxvadasxva mecnieruli kanonebis sisworis farTo aRiareba
moitana, aramed praqtikuli Sedegebic gamoiRo kosmosuri xomaldebisa
Tu saswaulmoqmedi wamlebis saxiT. Tuki codnis erT sferoSi
Sedegiania sistematuri dakvirvebebi, monacemebis kompiuteruli
analizi, hipotezebis eqsperimentuli Semowmeba da patara agurebisgan
codnis uzarmazari Senobebis ageba, ratom ar SeiZleba igive
meTodebiT Sedegebis miReba sxva sferoSic? imis gaTvaliswinebiT, Tu
13
ramdens kamaToben dResdReobiT adamianebi politikis arsze, SeiZleba
vifiqroT, rom politikis mecnierebis ageba aris Cveni drois yvelaze
saswrafo inteleqtualuri amocana.
meores mxriv, Rirebuli politikuri Teoriis Seqmna imdenad
grandiozuli amocanaa, rom eWvis qveS ayenebs mTel proeqts. am
amocanis gadaWra dakavSirebulia iseT problemebTan, rogoricaa
faseulobebis konfliqti, sakiTxis sirTule, Seswavlis meTodi da
filosofiuri problemebi.
faseulobebis konfliqti: faseulobaTa konfliqtis gverdis
avla im motiviT, rom is mecnierul kvlevebs uSualod ar exeba,
mimzidvelad gamoiyureba. Cveulebrivad amtkiceben, rom mecniereba
TavisTavad moralurad neitraluria (~Sefasebebisgan Tavisufali~),
magram SeiZleba iqnas gamoyenebuli kargad Tu cudad. ase magaliTad,
atomis struqtura yvelgan erTnairia, viyenebT mas civilizaciis
dasangrevad Tu eleqtroenergiis sawarmoeblad. marTalia, bioqimiis
codnis gamoyeneba pirovnebis jamrTelobis dasacavad ufro advilia,
vidre politikis codnis gamoyeneba jamrTeli sazogadoebis
Sesaqmnelad - vinaidan arsebobs ufro meti Tanxmoba imaze, Tu ras
warmoadgens avadmyofi pirovneba, vidre imaze, Tu ras warmoadgens
avadmyofi sazogadoeba - magram codnis gamoyenebis amgvari eTikuri
problemebi ixileba rogorc mecnieruli problemebisgan calke
arsebuli sakiTxi.
es mniSvnelovnad zRudavs sazogadoebrivi Tanxmobis gazrdis
SesaZleblobas politikuri mecnierebis Seqmnis gziT. yovel
SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebis Sesaswavlad ~Sefasebebisgan Tavisufali~
sityvaris Seqmna, romelic Tanabrad daakmayofilebda social-
demokratebs, Tavisufali bazris momxreebs, marqsistebs da
feministebs, dRemde SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. warmoidgineT, rom Cven
vcdilobT aRvweroT fakultetis kreba: social-demokrati masSi
dainaxavs akademiur demokratias qmedebaSi; liberali dainaxavs
mxolod pirovnebebs, romlebic icaven TavianT interesebs; marqsisti
dainaxavs monebs, romlebsac ideologiurad Cagravs kapitalisturi
sistema; xolo feministi dainaxavs mamakacebs, romlebic axorcieleben
patriarqalur dominirebas. cnebebi, romlebsac Cven viyenebT
14
sazogadoebis mdgomareobis aRsawerad, Tavis TavSi moicaven
Sefasebebs, romelTa gamo ~obieqturi analizi~ xdeba rTuli,
SeuZlebeli Tu ara.
problemis sirTule: mecnieruli meTodi aqamde warmatebiT
iqna gamoyenebuli fizikaSi, naklebi warmatebiT - biologiaSi da
mxolod SezRuduli warmatebiT - sociologiaSi. es gamowveulia imiT,
rom sazogadoebrivi sistemebi sistemebis umaRles da yvelaze rTul
nairsaxeobas warmoadgenen, romlebic yvelaze Zneli sakvlevia.
sirTule mdgomareobs agreTve imaSic, rom sazogadoebis
kvlevisas SeuZlebelia eqsperimentuli meTodis gamoyeneba, im
meTodisa, romelsac emyareba mecnieruli codna sxva sferoebSi.
filosofiuri aspeqti: fizikurisgan gansxvavebiT,
sazogadoebrivi procesebis aRwera iqneba arasruli, Tu is mxolod
winaswarmetyvelebs Sedegs da ar iZleva procesSi monawile pirebis
motivaciebis axsnas. garda amisa, Tu Cven migvaCnia, rom adamianebis
codna da motivacia aris nebismieri politikuri sistemis
mniSvnelovani Semadgeneli nawili, Sesaswavli sistemis wevrebisTvis
potencialurad SesaZlebelia am codnis gaumjobeseba. Sesabamisad,
codna, romelsac Cven vawarmoebT politikuri sistemis Seswavlisas,
xdeba am sistemis nawili da SeiZleba gavlena iqonios im prognozebze,
romlebsac Cven vakeTebT (mag. marqsi da misi Teoria).
politikuri mecnierebis skolebi
1870-iani wlebidan, rodesac daiwyo politikis, rogorc calke
disciplinis swavleba (Tavdapirvelad sam - oqsfordis, parizis da
kolumbiis universitetSi), 1950-ian wlebamde misi, rogorc
disciplinis, ganviTareba ar scildeboda tradiciul CarCoebs. 1950-
iani wlebidan iwyeba axali meTodebisa da midgomebis Zieba da
SemoReba, romelTa mizania ~politikis swavleba gadaiqces pozitiuri
mecnierebis nairsaxeobad~.
bihevioristuli moZraoba. daaxloebiT 1950-iani wlebidan
politikis kvlevebSi farTo xmarebaSi Semovida raodenobrivi
meTodebi. am meTodebisa da statistikuri monacemebis gamoyenebiT
15
mecnierebma daiwyes individualuri qcevebis (behaviour) Seswavla.
individualur qcevebs isini ixilavdnen Teoriis Semadgenel agurebad
erovnuli sazogadoebebis istoriuli gamocdilebis nacvlad.
bihevioristTa mizans Seadgenda statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT
CamoeyalibebinaT Semowmebadi hipoTezebi politikuri qcevis Sesaxeb,
xolo Semdgomi empiriuli kvlevebiT maTi dadasturdebis SemTxvevaSi
isini SeiZleboda gamxdariyvnen kanonebismagvar ganzogadoebebad
empiriuli Teoriebis statusiT. es aris sabunebismetyvelo
mecnierebaTa meTodi, rogorc amas asabuTebs karl poperi (1959).
bihevioristul moZraobas biZgi misca sociologiuri
gamokiTxvebis SemoRebam da maTma gamoyenebam xmis micemisas qcevis
Sesaswavlad. sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis teqnologia gamomuSavebul
iqna ara politologebis, aramed socialuri fsiqologebis mier da
pirvelad iqna gamoyenebuli arCevnebis Sesaswavlad saprezidento
arCevnebSi amerikaSi 1940 wels.
mas mere raodenobrivi kvlevis meTodebi gamoyenebul iqna sxva
sferoebSic, rogoricaa kanonmdebelTa qcevebi, msajulTa qcevebi,
saxelmwifoTa warmomadgenelTa qcevebi gaeros krebebze da sxva.
bihevioristuli kvlevebis gamoyenebam moitana damatebiTi codna
konkretuli politikuri sistemebis Sesaxeb. ase magaliTad, saarCevno
kvlevebidan gavigeT amerikaSi partiebisadmi erTgulebis Sesustebisa
da calkeuli sakiTxebiT ganpirobebuli xmis micemis zrdis Sesaxeb;
britaneTSi klasobrivi mikuTvnebulobasa da xmis micemas Soris
kavSiris Sesustebis Sesaxeb. gavigeT, rom britaneTis parlamentSi
arsebuli partiisadmi loialoba ufro Zlieria, vidre amerikis
kongresSi da a.S.
miaRwia ra Tavisi popularobis mwvervals 50-ian wlebSi,
SemdgomSi biheviorizmma daiwyo popularobis dakargva. ZiriTadad
kritikis sagani gaxda:-mkvlevarebis pretenzia imaze, rom isini
eTikurad neitralur kvlevebs awarmoeben; - is, rom meTodi TavisTavad
aracxadad emyareboda garkveul faseulobebs; -miswrafeba SeeswavlaT
politikuri qcevebi sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli empiriuli ganzogadoebebis gamoyenebiT.
16
miuxedavad am kritikisa biheviorizmi inarCunebs mZlavr
poziciebs politikur mecnierebaSi.
racionaluri arCevani. imave 50-ian wlebSi politikis
swavlebaSi warmoiqmna axali modelebisa da cnebebis mTeli rigi. erT-
erTi maTgani aris racionaluri moqmedis modeli. am models emyareba
racionaluri arCevnis (sazogadoebrivi arCevnis, xSirad uwodeben
ubralod ~ekonomistebs~) Teoria.
racionaluri arCevnis Teoria Tvlis, rom isini, vinc
axorcieleben politikur qmedebas (mag. monawileoben arCevnebSi)
umravlesobaSi arian racionaluri, egoisturi da eqvemdebarebian
raodenobriv analizs. maT SeuZliaT gansazRvron Tavisi qmedebebis
fasi da sargeblianoba da SearCion danaxarjebTan SedarebiT mogebis
maqsimizaciis gza. imaTTvis, vinc icnobs mikroekonomikas, gasagebia,
rom es gansazRvreba axlosaa ~ekonomikuri adamianTan~, anu
racionaluri moqmedis sxva gansazRvrebasTan. ekonomistebi bazris
Seswavlisas iwyeben individualuri momxmareblis da mewarmis
qcevebiT, romelTa Sesaxeb varaudoben, rom isini racionalurad
moqmedeben Tavis sakuTar interesebSi (sargeblianobis an mogebis
maqsimizirebis mizniT). igive midgoma gamodgeba xmis mimcemebis,
biurokratebis an kanonmdeblebis qcevis gansaxilvelad. ase,
magaliTad, imis magivrad, rom ganvixiloT biurikratis qceva
ministrisadmi miukerZoebeli rCevis micemis konstituciur terminebSi
an interesebis Sejerebisa da kanonebis sisrulesi moyvanis
funqcionalistur terminebSi, am SemTxvevaSi mas vixilavT rogorc
samsaxuris biujetis gazrdis miswrafebas sakuTari Zalauflebis,
xelfasisa da prestiJis awevis mizniT.
kritikisda miuxedavad es modeli mTel rig kerZo SemTxvevebSi
warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli.
sistemebis Teoria. imave periodSi Seiqmna koncefcia, romelic
cnobilia rogorc sistemebis Teoria. politikur Teoriad is pirvelad
Camoyalibda david istonis mier (1953) da ganviTarda gabriel
almondisa da sxva funqcionalistTa mier.
sistemebis TeoriaSi saxelmwifosa da misi institutebis nacvlad
politikuri analizis ZiriTad sagnad ixilaven politikur sistemebs
17
da maTi funqcionirebis procesebs. mis ZiriTad modelSi
warmomadgenlobiTi institutebi, rogoricaa arCevnebi, partiebi da
gavlenis jgufebi Senacvlebulia interesebisa da faseulobebs
~formulirebis da SekavSirebis~ procesiT. am cvlilebis upiratesobas
xedaven imaSi, rom iqmneba politikis Sesaswavlad ufro mosaxerxebeli
ena SedarebiTi kvlevebisTvis da internacionalur doneze. imis
magivrad, rom ilaparakon aSS kongresze an britanul parlamentze,
romlebsac ara aqvT zusti eqvivalenti komunistur an mesame samyaros
qveynebSi, mkvlevarebma unda ilaparakon ~formulirebis da
SekavSirebis~ procesebze, romlebic arsebobs yvela politikur
sistemaSi, iqneba is demokratiuli Tu diqtatoruli, erovnuli Tu
internacionaluri. analogiurad, laparaki administraciul
institutebze unda Seicvalos laparakiT politikis sisruleSi
moyvanaze, xolo politikuri procesebis wriuli buneba unda
davafiqsiroT ukukavSiris cnebiT, romelic niSnavs imas, rom
politikis sisruleSi moyvana erT etapze iwvevs Secvlili
moTxovnebis formulirebas momdevnoze. mokled, politikuri sistema
SeiZleba aisaxos rogorc Semdgari Senatanebisgan (inputs) ~Sav yuTSi~,
sadac iReben gadawyvetilebebs, Sedegebisgan (outputs) ~Savi yuTidan~
politikis saxiT da ukukavSirisgan sazogadoebasTan, romelic
ganicdis politikis zegavlenas (ix. diagrama).
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis ~Savi yuTi~
moTxovnebis SekavSireba sisruleSi moyvana
Senatanebi Sedegebi
moTxovnebis gansja formulireba
ukukavSiri
18
kritikisda miuxedavad terminologia da midgomebi, romlebic
miiRes am avtorebma kvlavac dominireben amerikis da britaneTis
empiriul swavlebebSi da SedarebiT kvlevebSi.
radikaluri kriticizmi
politologebis mier politikis Seswavlisadmi SemoTavazebuli
mravali midgomis ganxilva cxadyofs, rom modelebi, romlebsac isini
emyarebian, cnebebi, romlebsac xmaroben da Teoriebi, romlebsac
aviTareben, xSirad moicaven faseulobebis iseT aSkara sistemas,
romelsac sxvebi SeiZleba Semoedaon. magaliTad almondi Tavis
funqcionalistur modelSi politikas ixilavs mxolod rogorc
tradiciul liberalur sakanonmdeblo wesebze dayrdnobili
saxelmwifos mier politikuri stabilurobis miRwevas imis meSveobiT,
rom sistemaSi CarTul politikur interesebs mieceT SesaZlebloba
morigdnen (interesebis ~formulireba da SekavSireba~). politikis es
modeli win swevs ~pluralizmis~ da konsesususis faseulobebs,
romlebsac, SesaZlebelia, aravin ewinaaRmdegeba aSS-Si (sadac
politologTa umravlesoba cxovrobs), magram romlebic aSkarad
miuRebeli iyo Zvel sabWoTa kavSirSi an memarcxene moazrovneTa
Soris parizSi da londonSic ki. analogiurad, ~ekonomistebis~
~individualisturi~ modeli pirveli SexedvisTanave gvagonebs
margaret tetCeris cnobil gamoTqmas:~ar arsebobs iseTi warmonaqmni,
rogoricaa sazogadoeba - mxolod pirovnebebi~. es midgoma aSkarad
gulisxmobs ~didi mTavrobis~ modur undoblobas da xazs usvams
~mogebis stimuls~ farTo gagebiT.
individualizmis da urTierTSeTanxmebis primatis (rac mraval
politikur Teorias axasiaTebs) aSkarad sawinaaRmdego midgomaa
politikis, rogorc koleqtivisturi da konfliqtebze orientirebuli
qmedebis ganxilva, romelic ganaviTares marqsistebma. amJamad arsebobs
marqsistebis imdeni nairsaxeoba, ramdenic politikuri mecnierebaa.
magram ZiriTadi modeli, romelic gamomdinareobs marqsis da engelsis
komunisturi manifestidan aris sazogadoeba, dayofili did jgufebad
(klasebad), romelTa interesebi arsebiT konfliqtSia. amgvari
19
konfliqtebis erTaderTi grZelvadiani gadaWra, romelic
gamomdinareobs kapitalisturi burJuaziis mier proletariatis
eqspluataciis fuZemdebluri urTierTobidan, mdgomareobs
socialistur revoluciaSi. Tumca dasavluri mkiTxvelisTvis amgvari
midgoma aSkarad mikerZoebuli Cans, aris Tu ara amaSi raime sxva, Tu
ara Cveni sakuTari sazogadoebis faseulobebis upirobod aRiareba?
mravali sabWoTa moqalaqe iseve ukamaTod aRiarebs am midgomas,
rogorc britaneTis Tu amerikis moqalaqeTa umravlesoba Tvlis, rom
~demokratia~ niSnavs sazogadoebas, sadac yvelas SeuZlia periodulad
miiRos monawileoba arCevnebSi, da sadac mdidrebs aqvT SesaZlebloba
iyidon nebismieri raodenobis masobrivi informaciis saSualeba Tavisi
Sexedulebebis gasaSuqeblad.
nairnairi marqsistuli modelebis gamoyenebiT Tanamedrove
politikis Seswavlam zogierTi avtoris mier am bolo droSi mTel
rig SemTxvevevaSi damaimedebeli Sedegi gamoiRo. ase, magaliTad, xazi
gaesva dasavlur samyaroSi kapitalizmis zegavlenas kulturaze da
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebze. ~mesame samyaros qveynebis~
Seswavlisas marqsistebis mier yuradRebis centrSi saerTaSoriso
ekonomikuri garemocvis zemoqmedebis moqceva bevrad ufro
realisturi Cans, vidre im politikuri partiebis analizi, romlebic
SeiZleba gaqrnen erT RameSi samxedro gadatrialebis dros.
didi xani ar aris, rac gamoCndnen radikaluri feministi
mwerlebi, romlebic agreTve kiTxvis qveS ayeneben Cveulebrivi
politikuri analizis Sexedulebebs. isinic sazogadoebas xedaven,
pirvel rigSi rogorc eqspluatatorul damokidebulebas
(~patriarqats~) jgufebs Soris (srulwlovani mamakacebi yvela
danarCenis winaaRmdeg). (arsebobs, agreTve, ufro liberalurad
ganwyobili feministi mwerlebic). axali marqsistebis msgavsad isinic
xazs usvamen politikuri urTierTobebis kulturul da informaciul
aspeqtebs, agreTve yuradRebas amaxvileben pirovnuli urTierTobebis
politikur aspeqtebze. iq, sadac Cveulebrivi politikuri analizi
ganixilavs Ria politikur konfliqtebs, romlebic vlindeba
partiebad Cveulebriv dayofaSi, es avtorebi xedaven potenciur
20
(miwisqveSa) ganxeTqilebebs, romlebsac zurgs aqcevs tradiciuli
swavleba.
diskusiebi Tanamedrove politikur mecnierebaSi:
sagani, meTodi Teoria
politikuri mecniereba Tavdapirvelad yalibdeboda rogorc
disciplina, romelic mowodebuli iyo Seeswavla daniSnuleba da
funqciebi saxelmwifo institutebisa, procesebisa da fenomenebisa.
Tanamedrove gagebiT politikuri mecnierebis sagania politikis
samyaro mis totalobaSi da mravalsaxeobaSi, yvelaferi is, rac
SeiZleba moicvas cnebam "politikuri".
politikuri mecnierebis Seswavlis mTavar obieqtebs
warmoadgenen - saxelmwifo, Zalauflba, Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi,
romelnic qmnian "politikuris" mTavar RerZs. maT aqvT mravali
ganzomileba - ekonomikuri, sociologiuri, kulturologiuri,
filosofiuri, fsiqologiuri da sxv. erTis mxriv, da struqturuli,
funqcionaluri da a.S., meores mxriv. aqedan gamomdinare, cxadia, rom
politikuri mecnierebis amocana bevrad ufro farToa, vidre
saxelmwifo da samarTalmcodneobisa, romelic pirvel yovlisa
iuridiul-samarTlebriv aspeqtebs swavlobs.
politikuri mecniereba axdens sxvadasxva disciplinebis
(filosofia, sociologia, istoria, samarTalmcodneoba...) calkeuli
aspeqtebis integrirebas, garkveulad maTi gadakveTis wertilSi
mdebareobs da warmoadgens erTgvar disciplinaTSoris mecnierebas.
XIX saukunis Sua wlebSi a. de tokvili werda, rom aucilebelia
Seiqmnas axali politikuri mecniereba axali samyarosTvis.
politikuri mecniereba XVIII s-idan ikavebs ara mkafiod
gansazRvrul adgils e.w. "moralur mecnierebebSi", romelTac XIX
saukunis Sua wlebidan moyolebuli garkveuli Sinaarsobrivi da
struqturuli transformacia ganicades da saxelwodebac Secvales da
"social mecnierebaTa" pretenziuli saxeliT moixseniebian. am
istoriaSi avangardul rols asrulebda sociologia (ogiust konti,
karl marqsi, emil diurkheimi, maqs veberi) da SedarebiT mokrZalebuls
21
ekonomika (adam smiti, devid rikardo, karl marqsi, leon valrasi).
Tanamedrove tipis mecnierebis mimarTeba politikis sferosadmi
damkvidrda ufro mogvianebiT da es procesi atarebda TandaTanobiT
xasiaTs (Tumca paralelurad agrZelebda da dResac agrZelebs
arsebobas tradicia, romelic jer kidev Zvel berZnul filosofias
ukavSirdeba - iseT avtorebTan, rogorebic arian leo Strausi, hana
arendti, raimon aroni, karl fridrixi da sxv.).
amgvarad, Camoyalibda ra sakmaod gvian, Tanamedrove politikuri
mecniereba mxolod iTvisebda sxva sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis mier
ukve oficialurad aRiarebul pozitivistur principebs. pozitivizmi
miiCnevs Tanamedrove mecnierebas erTaderT WeSmarit da namdvil
codnad, ramdenadac mxolod is aris aRWurvili sakuTari meTodebiT:
igi uars ambobs gaigos Tu raze iyvnen mimarTulni metafizika da
Teologia, radgan am kiTxvaze pasuxi gaurbis, usxlteba namdvil
racionalur codnas. is aRiarebs erTaderT meTods - logikur-
eqsperimentul meTods. es meTodi gulisxmobs, agreTve, "faqtebisa" da
"Rirebulebebis" gamijvnas erTmaneTisgan. mecnierebisaTvis mniSvneloba
aqvs mxolod faqtobriv msjelobebs, anu realobis gansjas.
"RirebulebiTi msjelobebi", romelTac aqvT pretenzia imaze, rom
gaiazron xarisxi (kerZod moraluri da esTeturi xarisxi), gamoxataven
mxolod imaT subieqtur Sexedulebebs, vinc maT gamoTqvams, da isini
araracionaluri da aramecnierulia.
meTodi
pozitivizmi axdens Semdegi principebis postulirebas:
1)mecnieruli goni (azri) emTxveva ubralod gons (saR azrs);
2)socialur mecnierebaTa ganviTarebis modelad warmoidginebian
mecnierebebi bunebis Sesaxeb (mecnieruli meTodi erTia, igi srulad an
TiTqmis srulad damoukidebelia Tavisi Sesaswavli sagnisagan);
3)aqedan gamomdinareobs problematikis mudmivoba.
socialur mecnierebebSi es principebi iRebs oTxi ZiriTadi
wesis saxes: 1) damkvirveblis gare pozicia; 2) misi neitraluroba; 3)
teqnikuri xasiaTi (meTodisa); 4) saerTo (sazogado) midgoma.
22
magram, rogorc socialur mecnierebaTa (da maT Soris
politikuri mecnierebis) istoria aCvenebs, am wesebis Tanmimdevrulad
da bolomde ganxorcieleba fundamentur sirTuleTa gamo
SeuZlebelia.
Tanamedrove politikuri mecniereba faqtiurad ar warmoadgens
damoukidebel disciplinas. mniSvnelovanwilad is damokidebuli gaxda
sxva humanitarul disciplinebze, romelnic xsnian politikas da
faqtiurad anadgureben (Tqvifaven) mas. es evolucia Tavdapirvelad
gamoixateboda sociologiuri perspeqtivis moZalebaSi, romelic
cdilobda daeqvemdebarebina politika (politikis axsna
arapolitikuridan gamomdinare) da gadaewia is meore planze
(politika warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erT-erT seqtors).
aseT viTarebaSi politikuri mecniereba warmoadgens mxolod calkeul
da meorexarisxovan Stos "sazogadoebrivi formaciebis" an "socialuri
sistemebis" analizisas, romelTa funqcionirebis kanonebi atareben
politikur xasiaTs. arc Tu ise didi xania, ekonomistebi,
SeiaraRebulni qcevis sakuTari modeliT, gamovidnen politikuri
mecnierebis wina poziciebze da Camoayalibes sakuTari skolac.
politika (kerZod ki demokratiuli politika) emsgavseba bazrs, sadac
xorcieldeba interesiT motivirebuli raciomaluri gacvla. amieridan
politikuri reJimi aRar warmoadgens adamianTa socialuri cxovrebis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani movlenebis mTavar mizezs, man dakarga es
statusi, dauTmo ra igi iseT kategoriebs, rogoricaa socialuri
struqtura, kultura an bazari. politika gaiTqvifa socialurSi.
amgvarad, pirveli aris politikis sociologizaciis tendencia.
am mimarTulebiT muSaobdnen rogorc marqsistuli interpretaciebi,
aseve yvela sistemebis da funqcionalisturi Teoriebi. magaliTisaTvis
SeiZleba ganvixiloT amerikuli Teoriebi (r.dalis, d.istonisa da
g.almondis). robert dalisTvis politika ar warmoadgens
gansakuTrebul da yovlismomcvel ganzomilebas socialuri mTelisa,
politika yovelTvis arsebobs iq, sadac aris Zalaufleba. rogorc ki
adamianebi Sedian xangrZliv urTierTobebSi, romlebSic gamovlindeba
Zalaufleba, swored es urTierTobebi axdenen politikuri sistemis
konstituirebas. am mniSvnelobiT profkavSirebi, klubebi,
23
universitetebi da a.S. qmnian politikur sistemebs. ra Tqma unda,
mTeli sazogadoebis doneze arsebobs "mmarTveloba", magram misi
funqciebi Tavisi arsiT msgavsia im funqciebisa, romelTac
axorcieleben sxva Zalauflebebi. erTaderTi misi gansakuTrebuloba,
romelic mxolod epizodurad vlindeba, rom mmarTveloba flobs
zemoqmedebis iseT saSualebebs (fizikuri Zalis gamoyeneba), romelTa
gamoyenebis uflebac, Cveulebriv, sxva Zalauflebebs ar gaaCniaT.
amgvarad, "mmarTvelobis" sistema warmoadgens mxolod erT-erTs sxva
sistemebis gverdiT. aqedan gamomdinare, ar aris araviTari arsebiTi
gansxvaveba Zalauflebis sxvadasxva formebs Soris.
devid istonic anadgurebs (auqmebs) gansxvavebebs. igi warmoadgens
e.w. "sistemur analizs", romelic gamosadegia yvela tipis politikuri
sazogadoebebisaTvis. sistema Slis sazRvrebs mmarTvelobis formebs
Soris, auqmebs maT. rad iqceva aseT SemTxvevaSi politika? is
daiyvaneba sazogadoebis moTxovnilebaTa ganTesvisa da arbitraJis
proceduraze an, istonis gamoTqmiT, igi warmodgens mxolod da
mxolod urTierTqmedebis sistemas (mowesrigebul proceduraTa
erTobas) politikur sistemasa da mis garemos Soris.
gabriel almondi Tavdapirvelad warmoadgenda "istoriul-
funqcionalistur" Teorias, romelic axlosaa istonTan. SemdegSi man
moaxdina "politikuri ganviTarebis" ideis sistematizeba. perspeqtivas
aRara aqvs statikuri xasiaTi, magram mas aqvs igive mimarTuleba.
reJimebs Soris gansxvavebebi dayvanilia xarisxSi gansxvavebebze: erTi
masStabi gamosadegia yvelafrisaTvis, cvlilebaTa kanonebi
(kanonzomierebani) saerToa yvela sazogadoebisaTvis, Tanamedroveoba
(dasavluri an amerikuli) warmoadgens saboloo wetils. mecniereba
axdens unificirebas da miemarTeba erTgvarovnebisaken.
meore tendencia mdgomareobs politikisadmi ekonomikidan
momdinare modelis misadagebaSi (an, ufro zustad, libereluri
ekonomikuri Teoriidan). misi yvelaze ufro wminda forma - es aris
politikis ekonomikuri analizi, romelic viTardeba "sazogadoebrivi
arCevanis" Teoriis saxelwodebiT e.daunsis, j.biukenanis da
J.tallokis novatoruli naSromebidan moyolebuli. am skolis
warmomadgenlebi politikas (romelic zogadad dayvanilia
24
liberalur-demokratiul politikaze) aanalizeben Rirebulebis,
sargablis, riskis, fsonis, strategiisa da sxva amgvari terminebis
(cnebebis) meSveobiT. amomrCevelTa arCevani, partiaTa programebi,
sazogadoebrivi gadawyvetilebebi Tavisi arsiT eqvemdebarebian imave
tipis interpretacias, rogorsac ekonomikuri qceva: aqtorebs
yovelTvis mxolod erTi safuZveli aqvT moqmedebisaTvis, isini
cdiloben racionalurobisa da egoisturobidan gamomdinare miiRon
maqsimaluri sargebeli, icvleba mxolod situaciuri logikebi.
bolomde miyvanili interpretaciis amgvari logika Tavis TavSi
Seicavs Semdegs: tiranis moqmedeba Tavisi arsiT imave bunebisaa,
rogorc adamianis moqmedeba demokratiul saxelmwifoSi, romelic
(moqmedeba) Tavis mxriv arafriT gansxvavdeba sawarmos xelmZRvanelis
qcevisagan; amomrCevlis qceva analogiuria SeTqmulis qcevisa, iseve
rogorc momxmareblis qcevisa. saboloo jamSi ganzogadebuli
ekonomikis postulati aTanabrebs mTel samyaros: adamiani (da
adamianebi) yvelgan da yovelTvis erTnairia.
XX s-is 70-ian wlebamde politikuri mecniereba, rogorc
disciplina, ikvlevda pirvel yovlisa bunebasa da struqturas
politikuri mmarTvelobisa, rogorc gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis
procesisa. politikuri erToba aRiqmeboda, rogorc sazogadoebis
gansakuTrebuli da gamoyofili (gamocalkevebuli) sfero, gamijnuli
piradi, ojaxuri da profesiuli cxovrebisgan. politikis problemebi
upiratesad warmoadgendnen mTavrobis mier wamoweul da
samTavrobaTSoris urTierTobaTa problemebs.
saxelmwifo mowyoba, ekonomika, sazogadoebrivi struqtura da
saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi Cveulebriv warmoidgineboda da
Seiswavleboda, rogorc gancalkevebuli sferoebi. sazogadoebriv
mecnierebaTa SigniT "poltikuri sistema", "ekonomika" da
"sazogadoebrivi sistema" ganixileboda, rogorc socialuri aqtivobis
met-naklebad avtonomiuri sferoebi. es Sesabamisad aisaxeboda
disciplinaTa mkacr gamijvnaSi - politikuri mecniereba, ekonomika,
sociologia. magram Tu sazogadoebis Sesaxeb mecnierebaTa aseTi
organizacia gamarTlebuli iyo maTi ganviTarebis garkveul etapze
(Tumca esec sadiskusio sakiTxia), dRes Zalian seriozuli mizezebi
25
arsebobs imisTvis, rom daveWvdeT am dayofis marTebulobasa da
logikurobaSi.
sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa midrekileba, SeeqmnaT codnis
diskretuli monakveTebi (nawilebi) sazogadoebis cxovrebis sxvadasxva
aspeqtebis Sesaxeb naklebad uwyobda xels Tanamedrove politikis
samyaros ganzogadebuli suraTis Seqmnas. Tumca specializacias
yovelTvis aucileblobiT ar mivyavarT codnis fragmentaciisaken,
politikur mecnierebaTa da momijnave disciplinaTa SemTxvevaSi
swored ase moxda. specializaciis saerTo problema mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom Tumca mas SeuZlia miaRwios detalur kvlevasa da
zedmiwevniT gagebas politikuri cxovrebis zogierT sferoebSi,
amasTanave Sedegad xSirad viRebT SezRudul da calmxriv analizs.
mokled rom iTqvas, am gziT Cven SeiZleba vicodeT ufro meti
detalebis da naklebi mTelis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, Cven SeiZleba
detalebis Sesaxebac SezRuduli codna miviRoT, radgan Cveni
TvalTaxedvidan sxlteba maTi konteqsti erTiani mTelis arsebobis
pirobebSi. specializaciis pirobebSi gancalkevebul nawilebs Soris
kavSirebis axsna mklevarTa mxolod mcire nawilisTvis xdeba
saintereso.
Zalauflebis viwro institucionalur sferoebze da maTTan
dakavSirebul politikur sakiTxebze koncentraciam miiyvana
politikuri mecnierebis calkeuli mimarTulebebi (disciplinebi) XXs-
is 50-ian - 70-ian wlebSi sazogadoebaSi mmarTvelobis formebisa da
wyaroebis mcdar da arasrulfasovan axsnamde. magaliTad, mraval
demokratiul Teorias gamorCa TvalTaxedvis aredan Zalauflebis
Zalian mniSvnelovani (maRali) koncentracia ekonomikis kerZo da
korporatiul seqtorebSi, imitom, rom igi (es seqtori), Cveulebriv,
iTvleboda "politikuri sistemis" gareT ganTavsebulad, an ubralod
arapolitikurad.
dRes politikuri mecnierebis, rogorc samecniero disciplinis
tradiciuli terminebi saWiroeben seriozul gadamowmebasa da
skurpulozur ganxilvas. Cven Zalian seriozuli mizezebi gvaqvs
saimisod, rom daveWvdeT da davfiqrdeT, marTlac warmoadgens Tu ara
politikuri mecnierebis mTavar da erTaderT obieqts saxelmwifosa da
26
mTavrobis politikis forma da buneba. dRevandeli diskusiis sagani
xdeba mTlianad politikis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis logikuri
SekavSirebuloba. speqtris erT mxares arian mklevarebi, romelnic
ganixilaven politikas rogorc sferos, romelic Tanaarsebobs
adamianuri aqtivobis mTel rig sxva sferoebTan. aseTi axsnis
(ganmartebis) politika dgas Zalauflebaze maRla. politika
xasiaTdeba rogorc universaluri ganzomileba adamianuri cxovrebisa,
damoukideblad institutebis nebismieri "adgilisa" da "krebulisa".
speqtris meore boloSi ganTavsebulia koncefciebi, romelnic
upiratesad dakavSirebulni arian saxelmwifosTan. politika farTo
azriT - es aris saxelmwifosa an "mTavrobis" forma, organizacia da
saqmianoba, maTi urTierToba sakuTar moqalaqeebTan da sxva
saxelmwifoebTan.
dReisaTvis CvenTvis yuradsaRebia da pirvelxarisxovani
mniSvneloba aqvs ara poziciis arCevas am konfliqtur koncefciebs
Soris, aramed xazgasmas im ganusazRvrelobisa, rogoriTac unda iqnas
aRqmuli zogadad termini "politika", da aseve misi zogierTi
sxvadasxva poziciasTan dakavSirebuli mniSvnelobebi.
liberalizmis marqsistulma kritikam wamoWra mniSvnelovani
sakiTxebi: SeiZleba Tu ara daxasiaTdes sawarmoo urTierTobebi da
sabazro ekonomikebi, rogorc formaluri meqanizmebi koordinirebisa
da maSin, Sesabamisad, centraluria Tu ara politikaSi kavSiri
ekonomikur Zalauflebasa da saxelmwifos Soris? magram amgvari
kritika sirTuleebsac qmnis, axdens ra postulirebas pirdapiri
kavSirisa politikur da ekonomikur urTierTobebs Soris. cdilobs ra
gaigos politikis arsi ekonomikuri da klasobrivi Zalauflebis
meSveobiT (maTgan gamomdinare), uaryofs ra politikas, rogorc
aqtivobis TavisTavad garkveul formas, marqsizmi Tavad midrekilia
moaxdinos marginalizeba da gamoricxos politikidan mTeli rigi
sakiTxebi, ZiriTadad iseTebi, romelnic SeuZlebelia dayvanil iqnan
klasobriv urTierTobebze. magaliTad: saxelmwifo administratorTa
da biurokratTa Zalaufleba Tavis klientebze, avtoritarulad
kontrolirebadi resursebis roli, saarCevno institutTa forma da
arsi, ekologiuri da genderuli problemebi da sxva.
27
rasakvirvelia, am mcire mimoxilvaSi ASeuZlebelia im
problemaTa mxolod sruli CamonaTvlais warmodgenac ki, romelic
Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis aqtualur Tematikas qmnis.
vimedovnebT, rom qrestomaTiaSi warmodgenili teqstebi xels
Seuwyoben Tanamedrove politikuri mecnierebis Sesabamisi donis
diskusiebis gamarTvas qarTul samecniero sazogadoebaSi da, rac
mTavaria, studentTa swavlebis donisa da codnis xarisxis
gaumjobesebas.
28
maqs veberi
politika, rogorc mowodeba da profesia
ra aris saxelmwifo
ra aris `saxelmwifo~? sociologiurad saxelmwifo ver
ganisazRvreba misi miznebidan gamomdinare. TiTqmis ar arsebobs iseTi
amocana, risi gadaWrac ar eTava politikur gaerTianebas. aseve, ar
arsebobs amocanebi, romlebzedac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini
yovelTvis mTlianad, anu eqskluziurad, im gaerTianebaTa amocanebis
rigs ganekuTvneba, romlebic `politikur~ gaerTianebebad iwodebian.
saxeldobr, dRes – saxelmwifos amocanaTa rigs, istoriulad ki –
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos winamorbedi gaerTianebebis. saboloo jamSi,
Tanamedrove saxelmwifo sociologiurad SeiZleba ganisazRvros
mxolod da mxolod konkretuli saSualebebidan gamomdinare, romelTa
gamoyenebac damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri politikuri
gaerTianebisaTvis, kerZod – fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebiT.
`yoveli saxelmwifo Zalas emyareba~, - ganacxada trockim brest-
litovskSi. es marTlac sworia. rom ar arsebobdes socialuri
warmonaqmnebi, romlebic Zaladobas avlenen, maSin ar iarsebebda
`saxelmwifos~ cneba da warmoiqmneboda viTareba, romelic SeiZleba
ganisazRvros rogorc `anarqia~, am sityvis specifiuri gagebiT. ra
Tqma unda Zala namdvilad ar aris saxelmwifos normaluri an
erTaderTi saSualeba, amis mtkicebas aravin apirebs, magram Zalis
gamoyeneba saxelmwifos damaxasiaTebeli saSualebaa. dRes
saxelmwifosa da Zaladobas Soris urTierTdamokidebuleba
gansakuTrebulad Sinagania. warsulSi, sxvadasxva saxis
warmonaqmnebisaTvis, gvariT dawyebuli, fizikuri Zalis gamoyeneba
savsebiT normaluri iyo. magram dRes, unda iTqvas, rom saxelmwifo
adamianebis sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebaa, romelic mocemuli
teritoriis SigniT (warmatebiT) acxadebs pretenzias fizikuri Zalis
legitimuri gamoyenebis monopoliaze. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom
29
`teritoria~ saxelmwifos erT-erTi maxasiaTebelia. Cveni drois
specifikaa is, rom fizikuri Zalis gamoyenebis ufleba sxva
warmonaqmnebsa da individebs miewereba, mxolod im odenobiT,
ramdenedac es nebadarTulia saxelmwifos mier. saxelmwifo miCneulia
Zaladobis gamoyenebis `uflebis~ erTaderT wyarod. amdenad,
`politika~, Cveni gagebiT, niSnavs swrafvas Zalauflebis
gaziarebisaken an mis gavrcelebaze gavlenis mopovebisaken, rogorc
saxelmwifoebs, ise saxelmwifos SigniT arsebul jgufebs Soris. (...)
saxelmwifo, iseve, rogorc istoriulad misi winamorbedi
politikuri warmonaqmnebi, aris adamianebis sxva adamianebze batonobis
urTierToba, romlis dasayrdensac legitimuri (anu legitimurad
miCneuli) Zaladobis saualebebi warmoadgens. imisaTvis, rom
saxelmwifom iarsebos, isini, viszedac ibatoneben, unda daemorCilon
im avtoritets, romelzedac pretenzias acxadeben Zalebi, romlebmac
unda ibatonon. rodis da ratom morCileben adamianebi? ra Sina
gamarTlebasa da gare saSualebebs efuZneba es batonoba?
daviwyoT imiT, rom principSi, arsebobs batonobis sami Sina
gamarTleba, Sesabamisad, sami ZiriTadi legitimacia.
pirveli, `maradiuli guSindeli dRis~ avtoriteti, anu zne-
Cveulebebis avtoriteti, kurTxeuli uxsovari droidan moyolebuli
morCilebis aRiarebiT da masze orientirebis CveviT. es aris
`tradiciuli~ batonoba, romelsac winaT patriarqi an memamule Tavadi
axorcielebda.
arsebobs aseve saswaulebrivisa da pirovnebis zeciT
momadlebuli niWis (avtoriteti, naTelmxilvelobis, heroizmisa Tu
erTpirovnuli lideris sxva Tvisebebis mimarT sruli piradi ndoba da
erTguleba. es `qarizmatuli~ batonobaa. es winaswarmetyvelis,
politikis sferoSic ki, arCeuli mxedarTmTavris, plebiscitaruli
mmarTvelis, didi demagogisa Tu politikuri partiis lideris
batonobis formaa.
bolos, arsebobs batonoba `legalurobis~ ZaliT, im rwmenis
safuZvelze, rom yovelive legalurad dawesebuli da funqciuri
`kompetencia~ Zalis mqonea, rwmenisa, romelic, tavis mxriv,
racionalurad Seqmnil wesebs emyareba. am SemTxvevaSi morCilebas
30
moelian dawesebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis saqmeSi. es batonobis
is formaa, romelsac axorcielebs Tanamedrove `saxelmwifo
mosamsaxure~ da yvela is Zalauflebis matarebeli, vinc am mxriv mas
waagavs.
gasagebia, rom realobaSi morCilebas ganapirobebs SiSisa da
imedis uaRresad Zlieri motivebi, magiuri Zalebisa Tu Zalauflebis
mpyrobelTa Surisgebis winaSe SiSi, amqveynad Tu imqveynad samagieros
mizRvis imedi da garda yovelive amisa, uamravi sxvadasxva saxis
interesi... am morCilebis `legitimaciebis~ ZiebaSi isev am sam `wminda~
tips, `tradiciuls~, `qarizmatuls~ da `legalurs~ vawydebiT. Tumca,
`wminda~ tipebi sinamdvileSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba. (...)
aq Cven yuradRebas SevaCerebT mxolod meore maTganze: batonoba,
dafuZnebuli maT erTgulebaze, vinc lideris pirad qarizmas
emorCileba, vinaidan swored aq iRebs saTaves azri mowodebis Sesaxeb,
mis uzenaes gamovlnebaSi. swored winaswarmetyvelis, mxedarTmTavrisa
Tu saxalxo sakrebulos an parlamentis gamoCenili demagogis
qarizmis erTguleba metyvelebs imas, rom am tipis adamiani xalxis
Sinaganad `mowodebul~ xelmZRvaneladaa miCneuli, rom xalxi mas ara
adaT-wesebidan an dawesebulidan gamomdinare emorCileba, aramed
imitom, rom swamT misi. Tumca, Tavad lideri sakuTari saqmiT
cxovrobs, `swyuria Rvawlis dadeba~, Tuki is SezRuduli da
pativmoyvare, metiCara ar aris. ... beladoba, rogorc movlena, yvela
istoriul epoqaSi gvxvdeba. magram dasavleTis Taviseburebas...
politikuri beladoba warmoadgens, Tavdapirvelad Tavisufali
`demagogis~ saxiT, romelic mxolod dasavleTisaTvis, upirveles
yovlisa ki xmeltaSua zRvis kulturisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli qalaq-
saxelmwifos safuZvelze arsebobda, Semdeg ki saparlamento
`partiuli beladis~ saxiT, romelic aseve mxolod dasavleTSi
damkvidrebuli konstituciuri saxelmwifos safuZvelze aRmocenda.
raRa Tqma unda, politikuri brZolis meqanizmis mTavar
figurebs mxolod politikosebi ar warmoadgendnen, maTi mowodebidan
gamomdinare, am sityvis uSualo mniSvnelobiT. magram aq gadamwyvet
rols TamaSobs maT xelT arsebuli damxmare saSualebebis saxeoba.
rogorc imkvidreben Tavs sakuTar saxelmwifoSi politikurad
31
gabatonebuli Zalebi? es sekiTxva exeba yvela tipis batonobas, anu
politikur batonobasac yvela misi formiT: tradiciuli, legaluri
da qarizmatuli. nebismieri batonoba, rogorc Zalauflebis forma,
romelic mudmiv marTvas moiTxovs, saWiroebs erTis mxriv, adamianTa
qcevis orientirebas batonTa morCilebaze, romelTac pretenzia aqvT
iyvnen legitimuri Zaladobis matarebelni, meore mxriv, am morCilebis
meSveobiT imis gankargvas, rac saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba
fizikuri Zaladobis gamovlenisas, saxeldobr, piradi sammarTvelo
Stabisa da marTvis materialuri saSualebebis gankargvas.
sammarTvelo Stabi, romelic garegnuli gamovlinebiT
politikuri batonobis dawesebulebas warmoadgens, iseve, rogorc
nebismieri sxva dawesebuleba, mijaWvulia batonze, cxadia, ara
mxolod legitimurobaze Sexedulebidan gamomdinare... misi morCileba
gamowveulia ori mizeziT, romelic piradi interesebiskenaa
mimarTuli: materialuri anazRaurebiTa da pativis migebiT. (...)
32
karl Smiti
politikuris cneba
saxelmwifos cneba gulisxmobs politikuris cnebas.
saxelmwifo, am sityvis sakuTrivi mniSvnelobiT da Tavisi
istoriiT, aris xalxis gansakuTrebuli mdgomareoba. kerZod, iseTi
mdgomareoba, romelic mravali niSnis Sesabamisad gadamwyveti
mniSvnelobisa xdeba da swored amitom mraval individualur da
koleqtiur statuss Soris misi mniSvneloba umTavresia. ufro mets
Tavidanve verc vityviT. orive niSani - statusi da xalxi azrs iZens
mxolod ufro farTo niSnis, e.i. politikuris konteqstSi da, Tu
politikuri arasworadaa gagebuli, isinic gaugebarni xdebian.
iSviaTad naxavT politikuris swor gansazRvrebas. umeteswilad
es sityva negatiur konteqstebSi gamoiyeneba, sxva cnebebisagan
gansxvavebiT iseT antiTezebSi, rogoricaa "politika da meurneoba",
"politika da morali", "politika da samarTali" da a.S. msgavsi
daxasiaTebebis wyalobiT saxelmwifo raRac politikuri xdeba, xolo
politika raRac saxelmwifoebrivi, xolo aseTi wris arseboba
gansazRvrebebSi aSkarad arasasurvelia.
specialur iuridiul literaturaSi politikuris mravali
amgvari aRwera arsebobs, romelnic, imis gamo, rom araviTari
politikurad-polemikuri sazrisi ar gaaCniaT, gasagebi xdebian
mxolod calkeuli administraciuli da iuridiiuli sakiTxebis
gadawyvetisas praqtikul-teqnikuri interesebidan gamomdinare.
msgavsi gansazRvrebebi, samarTlebrivi praqtikis karnaxiT,
mxolod praqtikul saSualebebs eZeben calkeuli sakiTxebis
gadasawyvetad da maT mizans sulac ar warmoadgens politikuris,
rogorc aseTis zogadi gansazRvreba. isini ise emyarebian saxelmwifos
da saxelmwifoebrivis cnebebs, TiTqos saxelmwifo da
saxelmwifoebrivi dawesebulebebi TavisTavad gasagebi cnebebia. Tavis
mxriv gasagebi da, amitom, mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT sruliad
33
gamarTlebulia politikuris Zalze zogadi gansazRvrebebic,
romlebic TavisTavad arafers Seicaven sxvas, Tu ara miTiTebebs
"saxelmwifoze", radgan saxelmwifo aris savsebiT garkveuli,
calsaxad gansazRvruli sidide, romelic upirispirdeba
arasaxelmwifoebrivs da, amitom arapolitikur sakiTxebs da jgufebs.
es ki asea, vidre saxelmwifos aqvs monopolia politikurze.*
politikuris cneba SegviZlia miviRoT mxolod specifiurad
politikuri kategoriebis aRmoCeniTa da gansazRvrebiT. adamianuri
azrisa da qmedebis, kerZod, moraluri, esTeturi da ekonomikuri,
sxvadasxva SedarebiT damoukidebeli Zalisxmevis sapirispirod
politikurs sakuTari kriteriumebi gaaCnia, romlebic sakuTar Tavs
damaxasiaTebeli saxiT gamoxataven. amis gamo, politikuri unda
emyarebodes mis sakuTar Zireul gansxvavebebs, romlebzedac SeiZleba
dayvanili iqnas yvela qmedeba romelsac ki specifiuri politikuri
mniSvneloba gaaCnia. neba momeciT gaviziaroT mosazreba, rom arsebobs
bazisuri gansxvaveba moralis sferoSi keTilsa da borots, esTetikaSi
mSveniersa da maxinjs, ekonomikaSi momgebiansa da aramomgebians Soris.
amis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakiTxi imaSi mdgomareobs, Tu arsebobs
agreTve iseTi specifiuri gansxvaveba, romelic Seasrulebda
politikuris martivi kriteriumis rols da Tu aseTi ram arsebobs,
maSin raSi mdgomareobs is. gasagebia, rom amgvari gamorCeuli
politikuris buneba yvela sxva zemoTxsenebulisagan gansxvavebuli
unda iyos. igi maTgan damoukidebelia da rogorc aseTs, Tavadve
SeuZlia ilaparakos sakuTar Tavze.
specifiuri politikuri sxvaoba, romelzedac SeiZleba dayvanili
iyos politikuri qmedebebi da motivebi aris gansxvaveba megobarsa da
mters Soris. igi uzrunvelyofs gansazRvrebas kriteriumis da ara
amomwuravi an substanciur Sinaarsze mimTiTebeli definiciis azriT.
imdenad, ramdenadac is ar gamoiyvaneba sxva kriteriumisagan, megobrisa
da mtris antiTezisi korespondentulia sxva antiTezisebis
SefardebiT damoukidebeli kriteriumebisadmi: keTilisa da
borotisadmi moralur sferoSi, mSvenierisa da maxinjisadmi esTetur
sferoSi da a.S. yovel SemTxvevaSi is damoukidebelia, ara imitom, rom
Seadgens damoukidebel sferos, aramed imitom, rom is ar emyareba
34
romelime erT an ramdenime antiTezisis kombinacias. Tu keTilisa da
borotis antiTezisi ar aris identuri mSvenierisa da maxinjis,
momgebianis da aramomgebianis antiTezisa, da ar SeiZleba misi
pirdapir reducireba sxvebze, maSin megobrisa da mtris antiTezisi
Znelad Tu iqneba SecdomaSi Semyvani an agvereva sxvebSi. megobrisa da
mtris gansxvaveba umeteswilad aRniSnavs adamianTa gaerTianebis an
gancalkevebis, asociaciis da disasociaciis intensiurobis xarisxs. is
Teoriulad an praqtikulad SeiZleba arsebobdes ise, rom ar iyos
dayvanili moralur, esTetur, ekonomikur an sxva gansxvavebebze.
politikuri mteri ar aris aucilebeli iyos moralurad boroti an
esTeturad uSno; ar aris saWiro is iyos konkurenti ekonomikaSi, isic
ki SesaZlebelia rom masTan erTad biznesSi Cabma sargeblianic iyos.
magram yvelafer amisda miuxedavad is mainc ucxod rCeba; misi
bunebisaTvis ukve is aris sakmarisi, rom is aris eqsistencialurad
raRac gansxvavebuli imgvarad, rom eqstremalur SemTxvevaSi savsebiT
SesaZlebelia masTan konfliqti. es ar wydeba winaswar damtkicebuli
generaluri normiT da aseve arc neitraluri mesame partiiT.
mxolod moqmed monawileebs SeuZliaT sworad cnon, gaigon,
gansajon konkretuli situacia da moagvaron konfliqti. nebismier
monawiles SeuZlia gansja apirebs Tu ara misi mowinaaRmdege uaryos
oponentis cxovrebis wesi da amis gamo mowinaaRmdege mogeriebuli an
daZleuli iyos, raTa pirvelma SeinarCunos arsebobis sakuTari forma.
emociurad, mters epyrobian rogorc borotsa da maxinjs, radgan
nebismieri gansxvaveba, ufro metad politikuri rogorc gansxvavebebisa
da kategorizaciebis yvelaze intensiuri, mxardaWerisaTvis sxva
gansxvavebebs saWiroebs. es ar cvlis gansxvavebebis avtonomias. amis
Sedegad, sapirispiroc sinamdviles Seesabameba: moralurad boroti,
esTeturad uSno an ekonomikurad zianis momtani ar aris auculebeli
iyos mteri; moralurad keTili, esTetiurad mSvenieri da ekonomikurad
momgebiani SesaZlebelia ar iyos megobari, am sityvis politikuri
mniSvnelobiT. amitomac, arsebiTad obieqturi buneba da avtonomia
politikisa gamoaSkaravda misi mopyrobis, gansxvavebis unariT da aseve
misi unariT miiRos megobrisa da mtris antiTezisi damoukideblad
sxva antiTezisebisa.
35
megobrisa da mtris cnebebi unda gagebuli iyos konkretuli da
eqsistencialuri azriT da ara rogorc metaforebi an simbolebi, ara
rogorc Sereuli da dasustebuli ekonomikuri, moraluri an sxva
cnebebiT, miT ufro piradi-individualisturi gagebiT, romelic
gamoxatuleba iqneboda piradi emociebisa da tendenciebisa. yovelive
es ar aris arc normatiuli da arc wminda goniTi antiTezisebi.
inteleqtisa da ekonomikis liberalizmi misi erT-erTi tipiuri
dilemaa, romelmac mtris transformacia scada ekonomistebis
TvalsazrisiT konkurentad da inteleqtualuri TvalsazrisiT ki
debatebSi Cabmul metoqed. ekonomikaSi ar arseboben mtrebi, aramed
mxolod konkurentebi iseve, rogorc eTikisa da moralis samyaroSi
mxolod debatebSi Cabmuli mowinaaRmdegebi. aq sruliad uadgiloa
imis garkveva, vin iziarebs, uaryofs an SesaZlebelia Tvlis, rom
barbarosuli drois atavisturi kvalia, rodesac xalxi DdResac
jgufdeba megobrobisa da mtrobis mixedviT, an sulac imedi unda
viqonioT, rom antiTezisi erT mSvenier dRes saerTod gaqreba, an,
bolos, pedagoguri mosazrebebiT SegviZlia warmovidginoT rom mtrebi
aRar arseboben. magram aq saqme ar exeba arc abstraqciebs da arc
normatiul idealebs, aseTi gansxvavebis ufro Sinagan realobasa da
SesaZleblobas. nebismieri adamiani SeiZleba daeTanxmos an ar
daeTanxmos am imedebs da pedagogiur idealebs. racionalurad rom
vilaparakoT ar SeiZleba imis uaryofa, rom adamianebi jgufdebian
megobrisa da mtris antiTezisis mixedviT, rom es gansxvaveba dResac
moqmedia da rom es aris SesaZlebloba yvelasaTvis, vinc politikur
sferoSia.
mteri ar aris ubralod metoqe an partniori saerTod nebismieri
konfliqtisa. is aseve ar aris piradi mowinaaRmdege, romelic zizRs
iwvevs. mteri arsebobs mxolod maSin, rodesac, sul mcire potenciaSi
mainc, erTi mowinaaRmdege jgufi midis meore msgavsi koleqtivis
sapirispirod. mteri aris mxolod sazogado mteri, radgan yvelafers
rasac kavSiri aqvs aseT jgufTan, gansakuTrebiT mTeli erisaTvis, is
xdeba sazogado ai am mimarTebis gamo. mteri aris hostis da ara
inimicus, am sityvis Zalze farTe gagebiT; polemos da ara extros.
radgan arc germanuli da arc sxva enebi ar ansxvaveben pirad da
36
politikur mters, bevri falsifikacia da gaurkvevloba aris
SesaZlebeli. xSirad citirebuli “giyvardes Seni mteri”…. (maTe 5.44;
luka 6:27) ikiTxeba "diligite inimicos vestros", "agapate tos ektros umon" da ara
diligite hostes vestros. aq politikuri mteri naxsenebic ki ar aris.
musulmanebisa da qristianebis aTasobiT brZolis wlebis ganmavlobaSi
arc erT qristians ar mosvlia azraT ufro danebeboda, vidre daecva
evropa, imisgan damoukideblad uyvardaT maT saracinebi da Turqebi Tu
ara. mteri, politikuri gagebiT ar niSnavs pirad siZulvils da
mxolod piradul sferoSia SesaZlebeli, rom giyvardes mteri Seni, e.i.
giyvardes oponenti. citata bibliidan iseve nakleb exeba politikur
antiTeziss, rogorc mas miznad aqvs keTilisa da borotis, mSvenierisa
da uSnos dapirispirebis neitralizacia. es ra Tqma unda, imas ar
niSnavs, rom aucileblad giyvardes an mxars uWerde sakuTari xalxis
mtrebs.
politika yvelaze intensiuri da eqstremaluri antagonizmia da
nebismieri konkretuli antagonizmi sul ufro metad iRebs politikur
xasiaTs, rac ufro uaxlovdeba megobrisa da mtris dajgufebis
yvelaze eqstremalur wertils. saxelmwifo, rogorc organizebuli
politikuri erToba, TviTon irCevs megobrisa da mtris gansxvavebas.
ufro metic, pirveladi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis Semdgom da am
gadawyvetilebebis dacvis safuZvelze, xdeba meoradi politikuri
kategoriebis emanacia. rac Seexeba politikisa da saxelmwifos zemoT,
pirvel seqciaSi ganxilul gaigivebas, mas gavlena aqvs, magaliTad,
saxelmwifos politikuri damokidebulebebis partiul politikasTan
Sepirispirebaze imgvarad, rom Tavisuflad SeiZleba laparaki
saxelmwifos Sida religiur, saganmanaTeblo, komunalur, socialur
da a.S. politikaze. amisgan gansxvavebiT saxelmwifo moicavs da
SefardebiTs xdis yvela am antiTezisebs. Tumca, saxelmwifos sferoSi
mainc rCeba antiTezisi da antagonizmi, romlebis Seesatyvisebian
politikuris cnebas. sabolood, Cndeba politikis ufro banaluri
formebic ki, formebi, romlebsac aqvT parazitul karikaturuli
konfiguraciebi. rac rCeba megobrisa da mtris Tavdapirveli
dajgufebidan, es aris mxolod antagonisturi momenti, romelic Tavs
avlens yvelanair taqtikebSi da praqtikebSi, SejibrebSi da
37
intrigebSi; da yvelaze specifiur garigebebsa da manipulaciebs
uwodeben politikurs. politikuris cneba konkretuli antagonizmis
konteqstSia da gamoxatulia yoveldRiur enaSi, maSinac ki, rodesac
gviWirs eqstremaluri SemTxvevebis gacobiereba.
es aSkara xdeba yoveldRiur metyvelebaSi da es SesaZlebelia
naTelvyoT ori fenomeniT. upirveles yovlisa, yvela politikur
cnebas, warmodgenas, termins aqvs polemikuri mniSvneloba. isini
koncentrirebulni arian specifiur konfliqtebze da SemoisazRvrebian
konkretuli situaciiT; Sedegi, (romelic Tavs iCens omSi an
revoluciaSi) megobrisa da mtris dajgufebaa, rac cariel,
moCvenebiT abstraqciebad gardaiqmneba, rodesac es Sesabamisi situacia
qreba. iseTi sityvebi, rogoricaa: respublika, sazogadoeba, klasi,
suvereniteti, konstitucionaluri saxelmwifo, absolutizmi,
diqtatura, ekonomikuri dagegmva, neitraluri an totaluri
saxelmwifo da a.S., gaugebaria Tu zustad ar aris cnobili, vin aris
gavlenis obieqti, vis ebrZvian, uaryofen an ugulebelyofen aseTi
terminiT. zemoT naxsenebi yvela polemikuri xasiaTi gansazRvravs
cneba “politikurs” miuxedavad imisa, misi sapirispiro miCneulia Tu
ara arapolitikurad (arasazianos azriT), an piriqiT Tu surT
diskvalifikacia an denonsacia gaukeTon mas rogorc politikurs,
raTa warmoaCinon Tavi raRac arapolitikurad (wminda mecnieruli,
moraluri, iuridiuli, esTeturi, ekonomikuri an sxva gagebiT) da,
amdenad, ufro aRmatebulad.
meore, Sidapolitikur polemikaSi cneba “politikuri” rogorc
wesi, Caenacvleba xolme partiul politikas. politikur
gadawyvetilebebSi obieqturobis gardauvali naklebobaa, romelic
aris mxolod mter-moyvaris, politikurad Sinagani megobroba-mtrobis
antiTezisis gadakveTis asaxva, rac aCvenebs Tavs saxelisuflebo
organoebisaTvis da politikuri patronaJisaTvis brZolis dasanan
formebsa da aspeqtebSi. moTxovna depolitizaciaze, romelic Cndeba am
konteqstSi, partiuli politikis da a.S. uaryofas niSnavs. toloba,
politika=partiul politikas SesaZlebelia, rodesac Sida politikur
partiebs Soris arsebuli antagonizmebi asustebs yovlismomcvel
politikur erTeuls, saxelmwifos. Sida antagonizmebis
38
intensifikacias SeuZlia daasustos saerTo identuroba sxva
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saSinao konfliqti
politikur partiebs Soris erTaderTi politikuri ganmasxvavebeli
niSania, amiT miRweulia yvelaze eqstremaluri xarisxi saSinao
daZabulobisa; e.i. aseT SemTxvevaSi mter-moyvrobis saSinao da ara
sagareo dajgufebebia gadamwyveti SeiaraRebuli konfliqtisaTvis. rom
konfliqti yovelTvis SesaZlebelia, mudam unda gvaxsovdes. Tu gvinda
politikaze visaubroT saSinao politikis primatis konteqstSi, maSin
es konfliqti exeba samoqalaqo oms da ara oms organizebul erebs
Soris.
saqme imaSia, rom mtris cneba ganekuTvneba odesme brZolis
SesaZleblobas. yovelive garegani, samxedro detalebisa da iaraRis
teqnologiis ganviTarebis CaTvliT, am terminis gareT unda darCes.
omi, es aris SeiaraRebuli brZola organizebul politikur
erTeulebs Soris; samoqalaqo omi ki, SeiaraRebuli brZolaa
organizebuli erTeulebis SigniT. TviT-dasaxiCreba safrTxes uqmnis
naxsenebidan ukanasknelis gadarCenas. iaraRis arsi is gaxlavT, rom
igi aris adamianTa fizikuri ganadgurebis saSualeba. rogorc termini”
mteri”, sityva “brZola” unda iqnes gagebuli misi pirveladi
eqsistencialuri mniSvnelobiT. es ar niSnavs arc brZolas da arc
inteleqtualur dapirispirebas an simbolur SeWidebas, sadac, bolos
da bolos, yoveli adamiani garkveul donemde iRebs monawileobas,
radgan faqtia, rom adamianis mTeli cxovreba brZolaa da yvela
adamiani simbolurad mebrZolia. “megobris”, “mtris” da “brZolis”
cnebebi iReben maT zust mniSvnelobas imdenad, ramdenadac isini
aRniSnaven fizikuri mokvdinebis realur SesaZleblobas. omi
mtrobidan momdinareobs. omi, es aris mtris eqszistencialuri
uaryofa. es aris mtrobis yvelaze eqstremaluri Sedegi. is sulac ar
aris aucilebeli iyos raRac zogadi, normaluri, idealuri an
sasurveli. magram yvela SemTxvevaSi is unda darCes realur
SesaZleblobad manmade, vidre mtris cnebas Rirebuleba gaaCnia.
aqedan rodi gamomdinareobs, rom “politikuri” sxvas arafers
niSnavs Tu ara gamanadgurebel oms da rom yoveli politikuri aqcia
samxedro moqmedebaa. da mainc, yovel ers mouwevs megobrisa da mtris
39
alternativis fonze sxva eris winaaRmdeg dadgoma. bolos da bolos
xom ar SeiZleba politikurad racionalurma kursma Tavidan aicilos
omi? “politikuris” definicia, romelic mocemulia aq, ar uWers mxars
oms, militarizms, imperializms da arc pacifizms. aseve ar aidialebs
omSi gamarjvebas an warmatebul revolucias rogorc “socialur
ideals”, radganac arc omi da arc revolucia ar aris arc raRac
socialuri da arc raRac idealuri. SeiaraRebuli Setakeba ar niSnavs
politikis gagrZelebas sxva saSualebebiT, rogorc arazustad axdenen
klauzevicis cnobili gamoTqmis citirebas. oms aqvs Tavisi sakuTari
strategiuli, taqtikuri wesebi da Tvalsazrisebi gaaCnia, magram isini
gulisxmoben, rom ukve miRebulia politikuri gadawyvetileba, Tu vin
warmoadgens mters. omSi mowinaaRmdege mxareebi Riad upirispirdebian
erTmaneTs; maTi identificireba uniformiT xdeba da amitomac
megobrisa da mtris gansxvaveba aRar warmoadgens politikur
problemas, romelic mebrZolma jariskacma unda gadaWras. erTma
ingliselma diplomatma sworad aRniSna am konteqstSi, rom
politikosi ukeT aris momzadebuli brZolisaTvis vidre jariskaci,
radgan politikosi mTeli cxovreba ibrZvis maSin, rodesac jariskaci
mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi. omi politikis arc mizans, arc
amocanas da arc sakuTriv Sinaarss ar warmoadgens. magram, rogorc
mudam mocemuli SesaZlebloba, is aris ZiriTadi varaudi, romelic
damaxasiaTebeli wesiT gansazRvravs adamianTa moqmedebas da
azrovnebas da amitomac ayalibebs specifiurad politikur qcevas.
megobrisa da mtris sxvaobis kriteriumidan sulac ar
gamomdinareobs, rom erTi garkveuli eri samudamod unda iyos meore
eris mteri an megobari, an, rom neitraluri saxelmwifo ar aris
SesaZlebeli da politikurad mniSvnelovani. rogorc yoveli
politikuri cneba, neitralitetis cnebac eqvemdebareba Cvens Zireul
daSvebas megobrebad da mtrobad dayofis realuri SesaZleblobis
Sesaxeb. mxolod neitraliteti rom arsebobdes msoflioSi, maSin
bolo moeReboda ara mxolod oms, aramed TviT neitralitetsac. omis
Tavidan acilebis politika, iseve rogorc yvelanairi politika, wyvets
arsebobas, rodesac brZolis SesaZlebloba qreba. rasac yovelTvis
40
aqvs adgili, es aris eqstremaluri SemTxvevebis, realuri omis da
imisa gadawyvetilebis SesaZlebloba, aris Tu ara aseTi situacia.
eqstremaluri situaciebis iSviaToba, ar uaryofs mis
gadamwyvet xasiaTs, aramed kidev ufro amtkicebs yovelive imas, rac
zemoT iTqva. Tu dRes omebis ricxvi da sixSire Semcirda, samagierod
proporciulad gaizarda am omebis sisastike. omi, dResdReobiTac
yvelaze eqstremaluri SesaZleblobaa. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
gamonaklis SemTxvevas gaaCnia gadamwyveti mniSvneloba, romelic
gamoxatavs movlenis arss. radganac, megobrobisa da mtris politikuri
dajgufebis yvelaze eqstremaluri gamovlena mxolod namdvil
brZolaSi gamoxateba.
msoflio, sadac omis SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia, mTlianad
pacifisturia, iqneboda msoflio megobrisa da mtris gansxvavebis
gareSe da TavisTavad politikis gareSe. savaraudoa, rom aseT
msoflioSi iqneboda naklebi antiTezisebi, kontrastebi, Sejibrebi,
intrigebi, magram ar iarsebebda mniSvnelovani antiTezisi, romlis
mixedviTac adamianebs moeTxovebodaT sicocxlis gawirva, sisxlis
daRvra da sxva adamianTa mokvla. politikuris Cveni definicia aq
Seusabamoc kia, radgan msoflio politikis gareSe sasurvelia,
rogorc mxolod idealuri situacia. “politikuris” fenomenis gageba
aq SesaZlebelia megobrad da mtrad dayofis konteqstSi,
damoukideblad moraluri, esTeturi da ekonomikuri aspeqtebisa,
romelsac es SesaZlebloba gulisxmobs.
omi, rogorc yvelaze eqstremaluri politikuri saSualeba
cxadyofs SesaZleblobas, romelic xazs usvams yvela politikur
ideas, konkretulad ki megobrobisa da mtris gansxvavebas. mas
mniSvneloba aqvs, Tu es gansxvaveba kacobriobaSi aSkarad arsebobs an,
sul mcire, Tu arsebobs misi potenciuri SesaZlebloba mainc. uazroba
iqneboda omis warmarTva wminda religiuri, moraluri, iuridiuli an
ekonomikuri motivebis safuZvelze. megobrisa da mtris dajgufeba da
amitom, omic ar SeiZleba gamomdinareobdes adamianTa am specifiuri
Zalisxmevis antiTezidan. omi ar saWiroebs iyos arc religiuri, an
moralurad kargi da arc momgebiani. omi DdRes arcerT maTgans ar
hgavs.
41
es TvalsaCino azri bundovani gaxda im faqtiT, rom religiuri,
moraluri antiTezisebi SeiZleba gadaizardos politikur
antiTezisebSi da migviyvanos megobroba-mtrobis TanavarskvlavedTan.
Tu es moxda, maSin Sesabamisi antiTezisi aRar aris wminda religiuri,
moraluri, ekonomikuri an politikuri. erTaderTi kiTxva rac rCeba,
aseTia: _ yovelTvis aris Tu ara megobrad da mtrad dajgufeba
SesaZlebeli ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ra motivebiT xorcieldeba aseTi
dajgufeba.
politikuridan gamomdinare am logikur daskvnas ver gaveqceviT.
pacifistis omisadmi siZulvili iseTi Zlieri rom yofiliyo, rom
pacifistebi arapacifistebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi CaerTo, CaerTo
omSi omis winaaRmdeg, es daamtkicebda im faqts, rom pacifizms
namdvilad gaaCnia politikuri energia, radgan is sakmarisad Zlieria
dayos adamianebi megobrisa da mtris antiTezisis mixedviT. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu survili omis ar arsebobisa iseTi Zlieria, rom is
yovelmxriv Tavs aridebs mas, maSin es ukve politikuri motivi xdeba,
e.i. iZleva, Tundac eqstremaluri SesaZleblobis saxiT, omis da misi
mizezebis mtkicebas. aseTi omi aucileblad araCveulebrivad
intensiuri da araadamianuria, radgan igi gadalaxavs politikuris
CarCoebis SezRudvebs. imavdroulad igi mtris kategoriis moralur da
sxva saxis kategoriebad degradirebas axdens da warmogvidgens mas
rogorc monstrs, romelic aramarto damarcxebuli unda iqnas, aramed
ganadgurebulic. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, is metad aRar aris mteri,
romelic iZulebuli unda iyos Tavi Seafaros Tavis sazRvrebs. aseTi
omis warmoeba gansakuTrebiT miuTiTebs im faqtze, rom omi, rogorc
SesaZlebloba dResac arsebobs da rom am faqts gadamwyveti
mniSvneloba aqvs megobrisa da mtris antiTezisis da politikisTvis.
politikuris kategoriuli niSnidan gamomdinareobs
saxelmwifoTa pluralizmi. politikuri erTianoba mtris realur
SesaZleblobas gulisxmobs da amiT gulisxmobs sxva politikuri
gaerTianebis arsebobas. amitom, vidre dedamiwaze saerTod arsebobs
saxelmwifo, yovelTvis iarsebebs saxelmwifoebis simravle da
arasdros ar iarsebebs erTi, yovlismomcveli, adamianebisaTvis saerTo
saxelmwifo. politikuri msoflio aris ara universumi, aramed
42
pluriversumi. politikuri erToba Tavisi arsebiT arasdros ar iqneba
kacobriobis momcveli da erTiani msoflio. Tu sxvadasxva xalxebi,
religiebi, klasebi da dedamiwaze mcxovreb xalxTa sxva jgufebi
gaerTiandebian imgvari saxiT, rom maT Soris brZola warmoudgeneli
da SeuZlebeli gaxdeba, maSin mxedvelobidan unda gamovtovoT am
erTiani imperiis Sida samoqalaqo omis SesaZleblobac, rogorc raRac
warmoudgeneli. es ki niSnavs imas, rom aRar iarsebebs gansxveveba
mtersa da moyvares Soris, TviT SesaZleblobis saxiTacki da, rom
mTeli kultura, civilizacia, meurneoba, morali, samarTali da
xelovneba sruliad Tavisufali gaxdeba politikisagan, anu aRar
iarsebebs aRarc politika da aRarc saxelmwifo. dadgeba Tu ara da,
Tu dadgeba maSin rodis, aseTi mdgomareoba dedamiwaze, CemTvis
sruliad ucnobia. Tumca, jer-jerobiT msgavsic ki araferi arsebobs.
amgvari raimes daSveba mxolod fiqcia iqneboda. imavdroulad iqneboda
Zalze xanmokle gaumarTavi Sexeduleba (radgan omebi msoflio
saxelmwifoebs Soris, Zalze xSirad gadaizrdeba msoflio omebs
Soris), rom amJamad omis dasruleba moitans mSvidobas mTels
msoflioSi da amiT sruli da saboloo depolitizaciis idiliur
mdgomareobas.
kacobrioba, rogorc aseTi, verasdros ver awarmoebs oms, radgan
zogadad mas araviTari mteri ara hyavs, sul mcire am planetaze mainc.
"kacobriobis" cneba gamoricxavs "adamianobis" cnebas, radgan mteric
kacobriobis nawilia, radgan aq ar SeiZleba iyos araviTari
specifiuri gansxvaveba. am msjelobas ver scvlis is faqti, rom omebi
kacobriobis saxeliT mimdinareobs. omebis amgvari kvalifikacia ufro
politikuri sazrisis matarebelia. rodesac esa Tu is saxelmwifo
kacobriobis saxeliT ebrZvis Tavis politikur mters, es sulac ar
aris kacobriobis mier warmoebuli omi, aramed omi, romlis drosac
konkretuli saxelmwifosaTvis samxedro metoqisagan gansxvavebiT
universaluri cnebis okupirebas cdilobs im mizniT, rom (metoqis
xarjze) moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis am universalur cnebasTan
identificireba msgavsad imisa, rogorc SesaZlebelia "mSvidobis",
"samarTlianobis", "progresis", "cvilizaciis" borotad gamoyeneba maTi
miTvisebiT da uariT sxvebmac msgavsadve gamoiyenon es cnebebi.
43
"kacobrioba", am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT gamosadegi ideologiuri
instrumentia imperialisturi eqspansiebisaTvis da Tavisi eTikur-
humanitaruli formiT, is ekonomikuri imperializmis Taviseburi
saSualebaa.
davsvaT kiTxva: vis ergeba xelisufleba, romelic gadawvdeba
mTel sameurneo da teqnikur centralizacias? am kiTxvebze pasuxi
SeiZleba optimisturic iyos da SeiZleba pesimisturic, Tumca isini
saboloo jamSi daiyvanebian rwmenis aRmsareblobaze.
saxelmwifos yvela Teoria da politikuri ideebi SeiZleba
Semowmdes maTi anTropologiasTan mimarTebiT da Semdgom ki daiyos
imaze damokidebulebiT, Tu vin igulisxmeba maTSi, sul erTia
cnobierad Tu aracnobierad, "bunebiT keTili", Tu "bunebiT boroti"
adamiani. gansxvavebas aq sruliad ganyenebuli xasiaTi aqvs da is ar
SeiZleba aRebuli iyos specifiuri moraluri an eTikuri
mniSvnelobiT. gadamwyvetia adamianis problematuri an
araproblematuri gageba, rac wanamZRvari iqneboda yvela Semdgomi
politikuri gaTvlebisaTvis imis gamosacnobad, aris Tu ara adamiani
TavisTavad arseba "saxifaTo" an arasaxifaTo, sarisko, zaraliani, an,
bolos, arasarisko.
me araerTxel vaCvene, rom swored am formulebze SeiZleba iyos
dayvanili yvela egreTwodebuli avtoritaruli da anarqiuli
Teoriebis urTierTdapirispireba. es Seexeba im Teoriebisa da
konstruqciebis nawilsac, romlebic gulisxmoben, rom adamiani
"kargia", liberaluria da romlebic polemikuri wesiT mimarTulni
arian saxelmwifos saqmeSi Carevis winaaRmdeg imgvarad, rom amave dros
ar warmoadgenen anarqistul Teoriebs, am sityvis sakuTrivi
mniSvnelobiT. rodesac sityva Camovardeba Ria anarqizmze, maSin
sruliad naTelia, Tu ramdenad mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli "bunebrivi
sikeTis" rwmena saxelmwifos radikalur uaryofasTan, erTi meoridan
gamomdinareobs da erTmaneTs umagreben mxars. piriqiT,
liberalisaTvis adamianis sikeTe sxva araferia, Tu ara argumenti,
romlis ZaliTac gamarTlebulia saxelmwifos "sazogadoebis"
samsaxurSi dgoma; amrigad, es mxolod imas niSnavs, rom "sazogadoebas"
ukve sakuTar TavSi aqvs sakuTari wesrigi, xolo saxelmwifo aris mis
44
mier undoblad mkacrad gansazRvruli sazRvrebiT kontrolirebuli
qveSevrdomi. mtruli radikalizmi saxelmwifos mimarT izrdeba im
wiliT, ra wiliTac izrdeba adamianuri bunebis radikaluri
sikeTisadmi rwmena. burJuaziuli liberalizmi arasdros yofila
radikaluri politikuri azriT. igulisxmeba, rom mis mier
saxelmwifosa da politikuris uaryofa, maTi neitralizacia,
depolitizacia da Tavisuflebis uaryofa Tanabarwilad atareben
politikur sazriss da garkveul situaciebSi polemikurad aris
mimarTuli garkveuli saxis saxelmwifos da misi politikuri
xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg. aq sakuTriv mxolod es gvaqvs; arc
saxelmwifos Teoria da arc politikuri idea. marTalia, liberalizmi
ar uaryofs saxelmwifos radikalurad, magram, meore mxriv, man ver
SeimuSava verc saxelmwifos pozitiuri idea da verc saxelmwifos
reformirebis raime Rirebuli Teoria. is mxolod imas cdilobda, rom
eTikuridan amosvliT politikuri masze miemagrebina da
daeqvemdebarebina ekonomikurisadmi; man Seqmna xelisuflebis dayofis
da urTierTgawonasworebis Teoria, anu Seqmna saxelmwifos SezRudvis
da kontrolis doqtrina, romelic Znelad Tu SeiZleba daxasiaTebuli
iyos rogorc saxelmwifos Teoria, an rogorc politikurad
konstruqciuli principi.
Sesabamisad amisa, Zalas inarCunebs is mniSvnelovani da
bevrisaTvis problemuri mtkiceba, rom yvela politikur TeoriaSi
igulisxmeba TiTqos adamiani "boroti" arsebaa da, rom is araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba ganxiluli iyos rogorc araproblematuri.
piriqiT, adamiani yovelTvis saxifaTo da dinamiuri arsebaa.
ramdenadac politikuris sfero, saboloo jamSi, mtris
arsebobiT ganisazRvreba, amdenad arc politikur Teoriebs ar
SeuZliaT warmatebiT amosaval wertilad anTropologiuri optimizmi
aiRon. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mtris SesaZleblobasTan erTad maT
mouwevdaT uareyoT politikuris yvela SesaZlo Sedegi.
ukanaskneli saukunis liberalizmma Taviseburad da
sistematurad gadasinja, denaturalizacia uyo yvela sakuTar
politikur warmodgenebs. istoriuli realobis TvalsazrisiT
liberalizmma iseve mcired daaRwia Tavi politikuris fenomens,
45
rogorc nebismier mniSvnelovan politikuri moZraobas, romelic ki
Seexeba ganaTlebas, meurneobas da a.S., SeuZlia daaRwios Tavi
politikur sazriss, moaxdinos am ukanasknelis depolitizacia an
neitralizacia. yvela qveynis liberalebi, iseve rogorc sxva
adamianebi, atarebdnen politikas da Sediodnen kavSirSi
araliberalur elementebTan da ideebTan. amgvarad isini
gardaiqmnebodnen nacional-liberalebad, social-liberalebad,
Tavisufal-konservatorebad, liberalur-kaTolikebad da a.S.
gansakuTrebiT xSirad ukavSirdebodnen isini sruliad araliberalur,
TviT iseT Zalebsac ki, romlebsac totaluri saxelmwifosaken
mivyavarT. magram aq problema imaSi mdgomareobs, SesaZlebelia Tu ara
wminda da Tanamimdevruli individualisturi liberalizmis cnebidan
miviRoT specifiurad politikuris idea. amis Taobaze calsaxad unda
iTqvas: ara. radgan politikuris uaryofa, romelsac Seicavs
individualuris yoveli cneba, aucileblad migviyvans yovelgvari
moazrebadi politikuri Zalisa da saxelmwifosadmi undoblobis
praqtikasTan imgvarad, rom is verasdros ver Seqmnis politikuris da
saxelmwifos pozitiur Teorias. swored amis ZaliT liberaluri
politika arsebobs rogorc mxolod polemikuri dapirispireba
saxelmwifo, saeklesio da individualuri Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
sxva formebis mimarT. swored am azriT arsebobs savaWro politika,
saeklesio, saganmanaTleblo, kulturis politika, magram ar arsebobs
ubralod liberaluri politika, aramed mxolod politikis
liberaluri kritika.
is faqti, rom sameurneo xasiaTis dapirispirebebma politikuri
saxe SeiZina da gaCnda "sameurneo Zalis poziciis" cneba, mxolod imas
gviCvenebs, rom politikuris aTvlis wertils SegviZlia mivaRwioT
rogrc meurneobis, aseve nebismieri sxva sagnobrivi sferodan
amosvliT. ekonomikurad fundirebuli imperializmi, ra Tqma unda
Seecdeba dedamiwaze Semoitanos iseTi mdgomareoba, romlis drosac is
Seuferxeblad gamoiyenebda Tavis Zalauflebis sameurneo berketebs:
embargo kreditebze da nedleulze, sxvisi valutis gaufasureba da a.S.
da savsebiT dakmayofildes am saSualebebiT. Tuki xalxi, an adamianTa
sxva jgufi Seecdeba rogorme Tavi daaRwios "mSvidobian" RonisZiebaTa
46
am nusxas, es "araekonomikur Zaladobad" CaiTvleba. bolos, mis
xelTvea Zaladobrivi fizikuri mospobis teqnikuri saSualebebic _
teqnikurad srulyofili Tanamedrove iaraRi, romelic kapitalisa da
inteleqtis gamoyenebiT arnaxulad ise xelsayreli xdeba, rom misi
gamoyeneba savsebiT SesaZlebelia saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi. am
saSualebebis gamoyenebis gasamarTleblad, ra Tqma unda, yalibdeba
Sesabamisi axali saWiro pacifisturi leqsikonic, romelic ukve metad
aRar icnobs omis fenomens, margam Zalze kargad erkveva imaSi, Tu ra
aris egzekucia, sanqcia, damsjeli eqspedicia, samSvidobo operacia,
saerTaSoriso policia da mSvidobis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebi.
mowinaaRmdege metad aRar iwodeba mtrad, aramed mSvidobis damrRvevad
da rogorc aseTi cxaddeba "hors-la-loi da hors l'humanite-d; omi,
romelic mimarTulia ekonomikuri samflobeloebis SenarCunebis an
gafarToebis mizniT, propagandistuli xerxebiT unda gardaiqmnas
"jvarosnul laSqrobad" da "kacobriobis ukanasknel omad". swored
amas mioTxovs eTikis da ekonomikis polaroba.
47
iurgen habermasi
faqtobriobasa da validurobis Soris:
samarTlisa da demokratiuli samarTlebrivi
mmarTvelobis diskursiuli Teoriis Sesaxeb
kanonis sociologia samarTlis filosofiis
sapirispirod
kanonis sociologiuri ukugdeba
mecnieruli mimarTulebebis zrdisa da dakninebis kvaldakval bolo sami
saukunis ganmavlobaSi cvalebadobda kanonis kategoriis mniSvneloba da
adgili saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis gaazrebaSi. is warmoadgenda sakvanZo
cnebas Tanamedrove bunebiT samarTalSi hobsiT dawyebuli da hegeliT
damTavrebuli, ixileboda ra am midgomis mier yvela danarCeni
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mediatorad. swored samarTlebriv
sarCuls unda Seeqmna kargad organizebuli sazogadoebrivi wesrigis
legitimurobis adeqvaturi modeli. karg sazogadoebad warmoidgineboda is,
romelic racionaluri kanonis mixedviT igeboda. meores mxriv,
Sotlandieli moralistebis sazogadoebrivma doqtrinam ukve Seitana eWvi
bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriebis racionalizmSi, miuTiTa ra, rom
damkvidrebuli praqtika, Cvevebi da institutebi ufro mdgradi iyo, vidre
formaluri kanonis cneba. adam fergusonma da jon milarma, Tumca ki ver
gascdnen pozicias klasikur politikasa da Tanamedrove politikur
ekonomikas Soris, mxolod daiwyes moZraoba aristoteledan marqsisken1.
rogorc empiricistebi, isini ebrZodnen racionaluri samarTlis
preskriptivizms, romlis normatuli safuZvlebi ar iRebdnen mxedvelobaSi
istoriul Taviseburebebs da sociokulturul faqtorebs. rogorc
adrindel sociologebsa da anTropologebs axasiaTebda, isini uaryofdnen
racionalizms, romelsac SeeZlo miRweuli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis,
damkvidrebuli institutebis, Rrmad damkvidrebuli interesebis, da
klasobrivi struqturis araformaluri qselis garRveva da misi gadaqceva
xelovnurad Seqmnil wesTa sistemad.
rasakvirvelia, socialuri kontraqtis modeli gaamyara im faqtma, rom
Tanamedrove gacvlaze dayrdnobili sazogadoeba TiTqos utovebs kerZo
pirebs bunebrivi avtonomiisa da Tanasworobis raRac formas sabazro
urTierTobebSi maTi monawileobis gziT. Tavisuflebis garantirebis Tavisi
48
spontanuri tendenciiT, burJuaziul ekonomikur sazogadoebas erTi ram Tu
aklda - formalur samarTlebriv normebze dafuZneba. Tumca ki es migneba
mxolod jon lokis, imanuil kantisa da tomas painis liberalur
TeoriebSia warmodgenili2. magram socialuri kontraqtis yvela TeoriaSi
sabaziso institutebis bunebiTi racionaluri samarTlis Sesabamisad
konstruirebis mcdeloba niSnavda im Sexedulebis aRiarebas, rom
sazogadoeba Tavis erTobaSi SeiZleba iqnas gagebuli rogorc avtonomiuri
da Tanaswori wevrebis Tavisufali gaerTianebis gamiznuli kompleqsi3. am
ararealisturma ideam garkveulwilad sinamdvileTan miaxlovebuli ieri
miiRo mxolod imitom, rom Tanamedrove sabazro sazogadoebebi Tavidan
Canden bunebriv bazisad, romelzedac nawilebi urTierTobdnen rogorc
Sinaganad Tavisuflebi da Tanasworebi. ratom "Sinaganad"? viwrobazriani,
gawonasworebuli, sasaqonlo ekonomikis egalitarul pirobebSi saqonlis
mflobelebi - Sinameurneobebis mflobel mamakacebad warmodgenilebi - ukve
virtualurad kanonis kerZod avtonomiuri subieqtebis adgils ikavebdnen,
rac win uswrebda nebismier ganzraxul politikur gaerTianebas. Tumca es
viTareba naklebad mniSvnelovani iyo avtorebTan, vinc bunebriv
mdgomareobas ara ekonomikuri urTierTobebis terminebSi, aramed
Zalauflebis terminebSi axasiaTebda. miuxedavad amisa bunebrivi
mdgomareobis hobsiseuli sqemebi yovel SemTxvevaSi im Sexedulebis
eqvivalents warmoadgenda, rom burJuaziuli sazogadoeba funqcionirebda,
nebismier samarTlebriv regulirebamde, rogorc politikuri gaerTianebis
wyaro. mas SeeZlo am funqciis Sesruleba vinaidan konkurentuli
ekonomikuri urTierTobebi ukve moiTxovda iseTi subieqtebis arsebobas,
vinc debda kontraqtebs da amdenad qmnidnen kanonebs.. . .
amdenad, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis cnebam transformireba ganicada. Tavidan
is niSnavda im pirobebis erTobas, romelTa ZaliT xdeboda SesaZlebeli
Tavisufleba - pirobebis, romlebic SesaZlebels xdidnen individebis
Segnebul da nebayoflobiT gaerTianebas da maT mier sazogadoebriv
procesebze kontrolis dawesebas, xolo Semdgom gadaiqca anonimur
sistemad, romelic damoukidebelia Seugneblad socializebuli individebis
miswrafebebisgan, sistema, romelic misdevs sakuTar logikas da
uqvemdebarebs sazogadoebas mTlianobaSi sakuTari stabilizebis
ekonomikurad dekodirebul imperativebs.
am cvlilebasTan erTad . . . kanonis kategoriam dakarga Tavisi centraluri
roli Teoriul analizSi. . . . burJuaziuli sazogadoebis anatomirebas
politikuri ekonomikis terminebSi hqonda mxilebiTi efeqti: ara
samarTlebrivi, aramed mwarmoebluri urTierTobebi qmnidnen im ConCxs,
romelic sazogadoebis sxeuls akavebda. . . .
49
Tanamedrove bunebiTi samarTlis dabruneba da “valdebulebis
impotencia”
Tanamedrove bunebiTi samarTlis normativizmis sociologiuri ukugdeba
samocdaaTiani wlebis dasawyisSi moulodnelma reaqciam daCrdila.
praqtikuli filosofiis problemebis reabilitaciasTan erTad samarTlis
filosofiam miiRo axali impulsi, romelmac kvlav aqtualuri gaxada
racionaluri bunebiTi samarTlis socialuri kontraqtis Teoria. mas aqeT
rac daiwera jon roulzis “samarTlianobis Teoriia” (1971), qanqaram am
sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT daiwyo svla. ara marto filosofosTa da
samarTlis TeoretikosTa Soris, aramed aseve ekonomistTa Soris
warmoiSva midgoma, romelic ise uyoymanod ubrundeba meCvidmete da
meTvramete saukuneebis Teoriebs, TiTqos SeiZlebodes socialur
mecnierebebSi samarTliT imedgacruebis ignorireba . . .
kargad mowyobili sazogadoebis Tavisi modelis am normatiuli
dasabuTebis pirvel stadiaze - modelisa, romelic “liberaluria” anglo-
amerikuli gagebiT da “social-demokratiulia” evropuli terminologiiT,
roulzi ukve emsaxureba TviTstabilizaciis problemas. samarTlianobis
Teoriis 86-e nawilSi is did Zalisxmevas imxobs raTa aCvenos "sworisa da
kargis kongruencia" . . . kargad organizebul sazogadoebaSi CemTvis
yovelTvis kargi iqneba, rom samarTlianobis pirobebi davakmayofilo. an,
hegelis terminebSi rom vimsjeloT, pirovnebis morali moipovebs Tavis
eTikur konteqsts samarTliani sazogadoebis institutebSi. amdenad kargad
mowyobili sazogadoebis TviTstabilizeba efuZneba ara kanonis damsjel
Zalas, aramed samarTlian institutebSi cxovrebis sazogadebriv Zalas,
vinaidan amgvari cxovreba aviTarebs da imavdroulad inarCunebs
moqalaqeTa ganwyobas samarTlianobisken.
rasakvirvelia, es yovelive SesaZlebelia mxolod Tu vigulisxmebT, rom
samarTliani institutebi ukve arseboben. sxva sakiTxia, rogor unda
dafuZndnen isini, an yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogor SeiZleba maTi xelSewyoba
mocemul viTarebaSi. samarTlianobis filosofiuri TeoriisTvis es sakiTxi
ara dgas praqtikuli Tvalsawieridan. is ufro Cndeba rogorc gamoZaxili
im Rirebulebrivi pluralizmis politikur-kulturul garemoze,
romelSiac samarTlianobis Teoria unda iqnas aRiarebuli moqalaqeTa
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis mier. kamaTis am meore stadiaze Cven ar
vdgevarT winaswar validurad aRiarebuli Teoriis realizebis
probelmasTan. Cven ufro gviCndeba kiTxva imis Taobaze, Tu ra gziTaa
SesaZlebeli kargad organizebuli sazogadoebis normatiuli cneba
moTavsebul iqnas arsebuli politikuri kulturis da sajaro sivrcis
konteqstSi ise, rom mas miemxron Tanxmobis miRwevis mosurne moqalaqeebi.
50
am konteqstSi "refleqsuri wonasworobis" cneba iRebs gaurkvevel saxes,
romelic roulzma arasakmarisad diferencirebuli xasiaTi misca . . .
pluralistul sazogadoebaSi samarTlianobis Teoriam SesaZloa moipovos
moqalaqeTa mxardaWera im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki is Semofarglavs sakuTar Tavs
postmetafizikuri xasiaTis koncefciiT, anu ar daiWers ama Tu im mxares
cxovrebis formebisa da msoflmxedvelobebis konkurenciaSi. bevr Teoriul
sakiTxSi, da kidev ufro praqtikul problemebSi, gonis sajaro gamoyenebas
ar moyveba racionalurad motivirebuli Tanxmoba. amis safuZvelia "gonis
zewola", zewola, romelsac axorcielebs sasrul cnobierebaze
gonivrulobis pretenziis idelisturi xasiaTi. es mecnieruli
diskursebisTvisac ki asea. praqtikul diskursebSi damatebiT is faqtoric
moqmedebs, rom kargi cxovrebis problema idealur pirobebSic ki,
gonivrul gadawyevetas poulobs mxolod iseTi cxovrebiseuli proeqtis
CarCoebSi, romelic validuradaa miCneuli. . .
samarTlianobis roulziseuli “politikuri” cneba exmianeba problemas,
romelic hegelma moralisa da eTikuri cxovrebis urTierTkavSiris
terminebSi Camoayaliba. bunebiTi samarTlisadmi socialur kontraqtze
dafuZnebuli midgomisTvis, normasa da realobas Soris
urTierTmimarTebis probelma pirvelad sxva doneze warmoiSva.
racionalurma bunebiTma samarTalma, ganasxvava ra kanoni moralisgan,
mxedvelobaSi miiRo winaaRmdegobrioba, romelic TviT pozitiur
samarTalSia Cadebuli.Aaman dasabamidanve mianiWa mas ufro realisturi
orientirebi, vidre politikuri samarTlis moralurad orientirebul
Teorias gaaCnia. is daupirispirda politikuri procesis realobas mTel
mis sigZe-siganeSi. Tu roulzi gulisxmobda am problemis gadaWras, is ar
unda gaCerebuliyo, argumentirebis meore etapze, ganazrebebiT Tanmdevi
politikuri kulturis Sesaxeb. is ufro unda CarTuliyo konstituciuri
saxelmwifos istoriuli ganviTarebis da misi socialuri bazisis
normatiul rekonstruqciaSi.
es kompleqsuri amocana moiTxovs empiriul kvlevas, romelic scildeba
xelSemwyobi politikuri kulturis xasiaTis identificirebas. magram
socialuri Teoriis midgomebi, romlebic aqamde gamoiyeneboda, am amocanas
ver pasuxoben. damkvirveblis Tvalsawieridan samarTlebrivi sistemis
analizisas isini ubralod gverds uvlian mis normatiul
TviTgaazrebas.Mmxolod maSin, rodesac samarTlis sociologiuri analizi
iTavsebs gare midgomas Sida rekonstruqciasTan, normatiuli TeoriisTvis
aRar aris aucilebeli eZebos kavSiri socialur realobasTan
aragaSualedeburi gziT, moqalaqeTa sazogadoebis politikuri
TviTSegnebis meSveobiT. maSin normatiul Teorias, romelic miznad isaxavs
51
konstituciuri saxelmwifos ganviTarebis rekonstruqcias konkretul
sazogadoebebSi, SeuZlia Seasrulos roli realuri politikuri
procesebis kritikul aRweraSi. Tu SevxedavT klasikur sociologiur
Teorias, emil diurkhaimidan da maqs veberidan talkot parsonsamde,
SeiZleba vipovoT saintereso mosazrebebi amgvari analizisTvis – erTis
mxriv, samarTlebrivi sistemis normatiuli rekonstruqciisTvis, xolo
meores mxriv, misi empiriuli uaryofisTvis.4
kanonisadmi rekonstruqciuli midgoma (II) :
konstituciuri saxelmwifos principebi
Sida kavSiri kanonsa da politikas Soris
kanoni sakuTar Tavs uflebebis sistemad warmoaCens mxolod manam, sanam
Cven mas vixilavT qceviTi molodinebis mastabilizirebeli misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli specifiuri funqciis terminebSi. es uflebebi SeiZleba
iqces realobad da cxovrebaSi gatardes mxolod im organizaciebis mier,
romlebic iReben yvelasaTvis savaldebulo gadawyvetilebebs. da piriqiT,
es gadawyvetilebebi xdeba yvelasTvis savaldebulo swored im kanonis
formis gamo, romliTac isini warmodgenilia. kanonisa da politikuri
Zalauflebis Sinagani kavSiri asaxulia im . . implikaciebSi, romlebic aqvs
“subieqtur” uflebas “obieqturi” kanonisTvis.
Tanabari Tavisuflebebis ufleba gulisxmobs bazisuri uflebebis
konkretul formas, romelic, aris ra pozitiuri kanoni, efuZneba sanqciebis
muqaras da SeiZleba iyos ganxorcielebuli normebis arSesrulebisa an
sawinaaRmdego interesebis sapirispirod. Sesabamisad mas sWirdeba rom
arsebobdes Zalaufleba, romelic ekuTvnis sanqciebis ganmaxorcielebel
organizacias, romelic flobs legitimuri Zaladobis ganxorcielebis
iaraRebs raTa samarTlebrivi normebi realobad aqcios. es aris
saxelmwifos erTi aspeqti, anu is, rom mas gaaCnia sarezervo Zala rom
gaimyaros Tavisi maregulirebeli Zalaufleba. . .
mokled, xdeba aucilebeli saxelmwifos arseboba, rogos sanqciebis
ganmaxorcielebeli, maorganizebeli da aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebisa,
vinaidan uflebebs sWirdeba ganxorcieleba, samarTlebrivi erToba
moiTxovs koleqtiur TviTregulirebas da organizebul sasamarTlos da
vinaidan politikuri nebis formireba awarmoebs programebs, romlebsac
sWirdeba ganxorcieleba. . . politikuri Zalaufleba ar aris kanonisadmi
garedan Tavsmoxveuli, aramed moiTxoveba TviT kanoniT, da kanonis
formiTaa daarsebuli. politikuri Zalaufleba SeiZleba ganviTardes
52
mxolod samarTlis kodeqsis meSveobiT da aris, cnebis samarTlebrivi
gagebiT, formirebuli sabaziso uflebebis saxiT. aman ubiZga mecxramete
saukunis germanul konstitucionalizms iseTnairad gaego “kaninis
mmarTveloba”, rom individis Tavisuflebasa da saxelmwifos organizebul
Zalauflebas Soris zedmetad pirdapiri kavSiri Seiqmna5. germanul
tradiciaSi, kanonis mmarTveloba, anu Rechsstaat mxolod navaraudevad aris
moqalaqeTa kerZo avtonomiisa da samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis garanti.
sapirispirod, diskursis Teoria xsnis, Tu rogor aris Sinaganad
dakavSirebuli kerZo da sazogadoebrivi avtonomia. kanoni Tavis srul
normatiul azrs iZens ara Tavisi samarTlebrivi formis, rogorc aseTis,
meSveobiT, da arc a priori moraluri Sinaarsis xarjze, aramed
kanonSemoqmedebis proceduris meSveobiT, romelic badebs legitimurobas.
am mxriv adrindel liberalur konstitucionalizmSi mocemuli
samarTlebrivi aqtis materialuri cneba (romelic warmodgenilia robert
van molis (Mohl) da misi Tanamedroveebis naSromebSi) gvTavazobs kanonis
mmarTvelobis demokratiuli ideis ukeTes sawyisebs. am avtorebs
“samarTlebrivi aqti” esmodaT rogorc zogadi da abstraqtuli wesi,
warmoqmnili xalxis warmomadgenlobiTi organos mier iseTi proceduriT,
romelic xasiaTdeba diskusiiTa da sajaroobiT. kanonis mmarTvelobis ukan
dgas idea, romlic mixedviTac xelisuflebis koleqtiurad savaldebulo
gadawyvetilebebi, romelic unda daeyrdnos kanons raTa Seasrulos Tavisi
funqciebi, ara marto unda iyos Camosxmuli kanonis formaSi, aramed arian
Tavis mxriv legitimizebuli aqtebiT, romlebic am proceduras sazRvraven. .
. dasabuTebis posttradiciul etapze rogorc Cven amas dRes vityodiT,
erTaderTi kanoni, romelic aris legitimuri, aris is, romelic iqneba
racionalurad aRiarebuli yvela moqalaqeTa mier SexedulebaTa da nebis
formirebis diskursiul procesSi.
rasakvirvelia, amas aqvs is Sedegi, rom politikuri avtonomiis samoqalaqo
ganxorcieleba inkorporirebulia saxelmwifoSi: sakanonmdeblo organo
organizebulia rogorc saxelmwifos Sto. TanasworTa horizontaluri
asociaciidan, romelSiac erTmaneTis uflebebi saziarodaa aRiarebuli,
konceptualuri gadasvliT moqalaqeTa vertikalur organizebaze
saxelmwifos SigniT, TviT-damkvidrebis praqtika institucionalizebas
ganicdis ramdenime gziT. politikur sajaro sivrceSi is Cndeba rogorc
araformaluri azris formireba, rogorc monawileoba politikur
partiaTa SigniT da maT gareT, rogorc sayovelTao arCevnebSi xmis micema,
rogorc saparlamento organoebSi msjeloba da gadawyvetilebebis miReba,
da a.S. amgvarad, xalxis uzenaesoba, romelic Sinaganad ukavSirdeba
individualur Tavisuflebas, garda amisa gadaebmeba saxelisuflebo
Zalauflebas, iseTnairad, rom principi “mTeli samTavrobo xelisufleba
53
momdinareobs xalxisgan” realizdeba Sexedulebebisa da nebis formirebis
institucionalurad diferencirebuli procedurebisgan da komunikaciuri
wanamZRvrebisgan. kanonis mmarTvelobis diskursiul-Teoretikuli
koncepciidan, xalxis uzenaesoba aRar aris gansaxierebuli avtonomiuri
moqalaqeebis vizualurad garCevad krebaSi. is brundeba, rogorc is iyo,
komunikaciis “usubieqto” formaSi, romelic cirkulirebs forumebsa da
sakanonmdeblo organoebSi. mxolod am anonimuri formiT SeuZlia mas
komunikaciurad aavsos saxelmwifo aparatis administraciuli Zalaufleba
xalxis nebiT. rogorc Cven kanonis mmarTvelobis demokratiuli formis
ganxilvisas vnaxavT, politikuri Zalaufleba diferencirebulia
komunikaciur Zalauflebad da administraciul Zalauflebad. vinaidan
xalxis uzenaesoba aRar aris koncentrirebuli koleqtiurobaSi, an
moqalaqeebis an maTi warmomadgenlebis fizikurad xilvadi gaerTianebebis
arsebobaSi, aramed mxolod realizdeba gonivrulad struqturirebuli
msjelobis da gadawyvetilebebis cirkulirebaSi, SeiZleba uvneblad
vigulisxmoT, rom konstituciur saxelmwifoSi suvereni ar SeiZleba
arsebobdes6. magram es interpretacia saWiroebs frTxil gansazRvrebas,
raTa ar gamovacaloT xalxis uzenaesobas misi radikalur-demokratiuli
Sinaarsi.
rodesac, SemdgomSi, Cven vaxdenT kanonsa da politikur Zalauflebas Soris
arsebuli Sida kavSiris rekonstruirebas, Tavidanve yuradRebiT unda
viyoT raTa aviciloT gaugebroba. es analizi ar ikvlevs zRurbls normasa
da realobas Soris, da amdenad jer ar udgeba Zalauflebas rogorc
socialur realobas, romelsac SeuZlia ideebs suleluri elferi mianiWos.
rogorc es wina TavSi iyo, Cveni yuradReba mimarTulia ufro kanonSive
arsebul winaaRmdegobaze faqtobriobasa da validurobas Soris. es Tavidan
gamomJRavnda samarTlebrivi validurobis ganzomilebaSi (rogorc
winaaRmdegobrioba kanonis pozitiurobasa da mis legitimurobas Soris) da
uflebaTa sistemis SigniT (rogorc winaaRmdegobrioba kerZo da
sazogadoebriv avtonomiurobas Soris). es xedvebi farTovdeba rodesac
Semogvaqvs sakonstitucio saxelmwifos idea. uflebebidan Cven gadavdivarT
konstituciurad organizebul Zalauflebaze, romlis ganxorcieleba unda
iyos SezRuduli legitimuri kanoniT. Tuki kanoni refleqsuradaa
miyenebuli politikuri Zalauflebis mimarT, romelsac is farulad
gulisxmobs, rasakvirvelia, winaaRmdegobrioba faqtobriobasa da
validurobas Soris sxva ganzomilebaSi gadadis: is kvlav Cndeba
konstituciurad organizebul politikur ZalauflebaSi rogorc aseTSi.
saxelmwifo Zalaufleba eyrdnoba sasjelis muqaras, romelic
uzrunvelyofilia rezervSi arsebuli Zalismieri meqanizmebiT; Tumca, amave
dros, is avtorizirebulia legitimuri kanoniT. rogorc es samarTlebriv
validurobaSi xdeba, iZulebisa da normatiuli validurobis pretenziis es
54
ori momenti aseve kombinirebulia politikuri gadawyvetilebis
koleqtiurad damavaldebulebel xasiaTSi, Tumca ki gansxvavebuli gziT.
maSin, roca kanoni acxadebs Sinaganad pretenzias normatiul validurobaze
misi pozitiurobis ganurCevlad, Zalauflebas politikuri neba gankargavs
rogorc koleqtiuri miznebis miRwevis iaraRs ganurCevlad im normatiuli
CarCoebisa, romlebic mis avtorizebas axdenen. amdenad, Tuki empiriulad
SevxedavT, kanoni xSirad mxolod iZleva formas, romelsac politikuri
Zalaufleba iyenebs. normatiuli Tvalsawieridan, mxolod es faqtobrioba
Zalauflebisa, romelic garegania kanonisadmi, da romelic aralegitimuria
imdenad, ramdenadac axdens kanonis instrumentalizebas, unda iyos
yvelaferis Semotrialebis mizezi. nebismier SemTxvevaSi, gamowveva,
romelsac qmnis es socialuri faqtobrioba, ar aris amwuTas Cveni
ganxilvis sagani. konceptualuri analizi avlens mxolod im
winaaRmdegobirobas faqtobriobasa da validurobas Soris, romelic
politikur Zalauflebas rogorc aseTs axasiaTebs, imdenad, ramdenadac es
ukanaskneli Sinaganad kanonTanaa kavSirSi, romelTanac mimarTebaSi man
unda moaxdinos sakuTari Tavis legitimizeba. es konceptualuri kavSiri ar
unda avrioT winaaRmdegobasTan normasa da realobas Soris. . .
deliberaciuli (msjelobaze dafuZnebuli) politika:
demokratiis proceduruli koncefcia
kiTxvam imis Taobaze, Tu ra pirobebSi aris kanonis genezisi misi
legitimizaciis wyaro, yuradRebis centrSi moaqcia kanonSemoqmedebiTi
politika - politikuri procesebis farTo speqtris erT-erTi Semadgeneli
nawili. samarTlis Teoriis Tvalsawieridan me aRvwere
kanonSemoqmedebiTi politika rogorc kamaTisa da vaWrobis rigi
gansxvavebuli formebis momcveli procesi. samarTliani procedurebisa da
komunikaciis im mkacr pirobebSi, romlebic legitimur kanonSemoqmedebas
Tan axlavs, normebis Semoqmedi da Semmowmebeli goni procedurul formas
iRebs. amwuTas gaurkvevelia, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia am, uaRresad
idealizirebuli, proceduruli cnebis misadageba empiriul gamokvlevebTan,
romlebic politikas pirvel rigSi ZalauflebisTvis brZolis arenad
ixilaven. amgvari gamokvlevebi iazreben politikis sferos interesebze
darydnobili strategiuli dapirispirebebis terminebSi an sistemis
funqcionirebis terminebSi. rogorc me mesmis, es problema ar gulisxmobs
idealursa da relurs Soris dapirispirebis arsebobas, vinaidan
normatiuli Sinaarsi, romelic me Tavidan win wamovwie rekonstruqciis
55
mizniT, nawilobriv warmodgenilia dakvirvebadi politikuri procesis
socialur faqtobriobaSi. amdenad demokratiis rekonstruqciulma
sociologiam ise unda airCios Tavisi bazisuri cnebebi, rom SeZlos
politikur procesSi "arsebuli gonis" ukve inkorporirebuli nawilakebisa
da fragmentebis identificireba, rac ar unda damaxinjebuli iyon isini. es
midgoma ar saWiroebs istoriis filosofiaSi gamarTlebis povnas. is
ubralod eyrdnoba mosazrebas, rom SeuZlebelia konstituciurad
organizebuli politikuri sistemis funqcionirebis adeqvaturi aRwera,
empiriul donezec ki, kanonis validurobasa da demokratiuli
kanonSemoqmedebis malegitimizirebeli Zalis xsenebis gareSe.
demokratiis normatiuli modeli empiriuli modelis
sapirispirod (7.1 .2)
. . .samarTlis Teoriaze dafuZnebulma Cvenma analizma gamoaSkarava is, rom
demokratiuli procesis centralur elements warmoadgens politikis
deliberaciuli procedura. demokratiis amgvari gagebidan gamomdinareobs
garkveuli daskvnebi sazogadoebis im cnebis Sesaxeb, romelic safuZvlad
udevs demokratiis aRiarebul ganmartebebs, anu sazogadoebis im gagebisa,
romelic mas saxelmwifoSi moqceulad ixilavs. aq SemoTavazebuli gageba
gansxvavdeba rogorc saxelmwifos liberaluri gagebisgan, romlis
mixedviTac saxelmwifo warmoadgens ekonomikuri sazogadoebis mcvels,
aseve respublikuri gagebisgan, romelic saxelmwifos eTikuri erTobis
institucionalizebul formad ixilavs7.
liberaluri TvalTaxedviT, demokratiuli procesi xorcieldeba
martooden interesTa Soris kompromisebis miRwevis formiT.
kompromisebis formirebis wesebi unda uzrunvelyofdnen Sedegebis
samarTlianobas universaluri da sayovelTao xmis uflebis, parlamentebis
reprezentatulobis uzrunvelyofis, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis wesebis,
mmarTvelobis wesebisa da a.S. meSveobiT. amgvari wesebi saboloo formiT
liberaluri bazisuri uflebebis terminebSia dasabuTebuli. respublikuri
TvalTaxedviT, meores mxriv, politikuri nebis formirebis demokratiuli
procesi iRebs eTikopolitikuri TviTgaazrebis formas; masSi deliberacia
SeiZleba daeyrdnos moqalaqeTa Soris arsebul kulturulad
Camoyalibebul Tanxmobas. socialurad gamaerTianebeli es urTierTgageba
SeiZleba periodul ganaxlebas poulobdes respublikis safuZvlebis
ritualizebul gaxsenebebSi. diskursis Teoria iRebs elementebs orive
mxridan da aerTianebs maT deliberaciis da gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis
idealuri proceduris cnebaSi. demokratiuli procedura, romelic qmnis
pragmatuli ganxilvebisa da kompromisebis qselebs da TviTanalizisa da
samarTlianobis diskursebs, efuZneba mosazrebas, rom gonivruli an
56
samarTliani Sedegebi miiRweva imdenad, ramdenadac ar darRveula
Sesabamisi informaciis mimoqceva da misi swori mopyroba. am Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad, praqtikuli goni aRaraa moqceuli adamianis sayovelTao
uflebebSi, arc mocemuli sazogadoebis eTikur qsovilSi, aramed diskursis
wesebSi da kamaTis formebSi, romlebic Tavis normatiul Sinaarss
sesxuloben im moqmedebis validurobisgan, romelic mimarTulia
urTierTgagebis miRwevaze. saboloo jamSi, es normatiuli Sinaarsi
warmoiSoba lingvisturi komunikaciis struqturidan da socialuri
urTierTobis komunikaciuri xasiaTisgan.
. . . demokratiuli procesis es gansazRvreba qmnis aseve saxelmwifosa da
sazogadoebis normatiuli konceptualizaciis CarCos. amisTvis mxolod
unda vivaraudoT sajaro administraciis is tipi, romelic warmoiqmna
adreul TanamedroveobaSi evropul nacia-saxelmwifosTan erTad da
romelmac ganaviTara funqcionaluri kavSirebi kapitalistur
ekonomikasTan.
respublikuri TvalTaxedviT, moqalaqeTa azrebisa da nebis formireba
warmoadgens mediums, romlis meSveobiTac sazogadoeba formirdeba
rogorc politikuri erToba. . . . aqedan gamomdinareobs politikis
agresiuli gageba rogorc saxelmwifo aparatis winaaRmdeg mimarTulisa. . .
maSin rodesac saxelmwifo aparatis sazogadoebisgan gancalkeveba
negatiurad aRiqmeba respublikuri mxridan, liberaluri Tvalsawieridan
es gancalkeveba aris dauZleveli, da masze demokratiulma procesma
SeiZleba mxolod xidi gados. bunebrivia, rom ZalTa da interesTa
regulirebuli balansi moiTxovs kanonis uzenaesobis ganxorcielebas.
sakuTar interesebze orientirebul moqalaqeTa mier demokratiuli nebis
formirebas gaaCnia SedarebiT susti normatiuli konotaciebi, da igi
Seadgens kompleqsuri konstituciis mxolod erT elements. es konstitucia
zRudavs administracias normatiuli wesebiT (rogorebicaa sabaziso
uflebebi, Zalauflebis danawileba da samarTlebrivi kontroli), amasTan,
igulisxmeba, rom konstitucia axdens saxelmwifos motivirebas, politikur
partiebsa da xelisuflebasa da opozicias Soris konkurenciiT, Tanabrad
gaiTvaliswinon sazogadoebrivi interesebi da Rirebulebrivi
orientaciebi. saxelmwifoSi koncentrirebuli politikis es gageba SeiZleba
win uswrebdes ararealistur warmodgenas moqalaqeebze, romlebsac aqvT
koleqtiurad moqmedebis unari. is orientirebulia ara racionaluri
politikuri nebis formirebis procesze, aramed mmarTvelobis saqmianobis
Sedegebze, romlebic aRweven efeqtur balanss. . . . liberaluri modeli
efuZneba ara deliberaciis gziT moqalaqeTa demokratiul
TviTgamorkvevas, aramed ekonomikuri sazogadoebis konstituciur CarCos,
57
romelmac unda uzrunvelyos arsebiTad ara-politikuri saerTo sikeTe
imiTi, rom daakmayofilos individualuri cxovrebiseuli gegmebi da
bednierebis kerZo molodinebi.
diskursiuli Teoria ufro mWidrod ukavSirebs demokratiul process
masSi arsebul normatiul konotaciebTan, vidre amas liberaluri modeli
akeTebs, magram ara imdenad, rogorc respublikuri modeli. . . diskursis
Teoriis mixedviT, deliberaciuli politikis warmateba damokidebulia ara
erToblivad moqmed moqalaqeebze, aramed komunikaciis Sesabamisi
procedurebisa da pirobebis institucionalizaciaze, da aseve
institucionalizirebuli deliberaciuli procesis urTierTqmedebaze
araformalurad ganviTarebul sazogadoebriv azrTan. prozedurizebuli
saxalxo uzenaesoba da politikuri sistema Sekruli erTmaneTTan
politikuri sajaro sivrc is periferiuli qseliT exmianeba
decentralizebuli sazogadoebis imijTan. demokratiis am cnebas ara aqvs
saqme socialur erTobasTan, romelic saxelmwifoSia centralizebuli, da
warmoidgineba mizanmimarTul agentad. arc iseT mTels warmoadgens,
romelic warmodgenilia konstituciuri normebis erTobliobiT romelic
meqanikurad aregulirebs Zalauflebisa da interesebis balanss sabazro
modelis Sesabamisad. diskursiuli Teoria icilebs yvela am motivs,
romlebsac cnobierebis filosofia iyenebs.
1 A.Ferguson, An Essay on the History of Civil Society (Edinburgh, 1767): J.Millar, The Origin of the Distinction of Ranks, 3d ed. (London, 1779). 2 C.B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford, 1962); W. Euchner, Naturrecht und Politik bei John Locke (Frankfurt am Main, 1979). 3 I. Fetscher and H. Munkler, eds., Pipers Handbuch politischer Ideen, vol.3 (Munich, 1985), chap. 7, pp.353ff. 4 Cf. Peters, Rationalität, Recht und Gesellschaft, pp. 35ff. 5 E.-W. Böckenförde, “Entstehung und Wandel des Rechtsstaatsbegriffs”, in: Böckenförde Recht, Staat, Freiheit (Franfurt am Main, 1991), pp.143-69; I.Maus, “Entwicklung und Funmktionswandel der Theorie des bürgerlichen Rechtsstaats,” in Maus, Rechtsstheorie und Politische Theorie im Industriekapitalismus (Munich, 1986), pp. 11-82. 6 M. Kriele, Einführung in die Staatslehre (Opladen, 1980), pp.224ff. 7 D.Held, Models of Democracy (Oxford, 1987)
58
maikl uolceri
samarTlianobis sferoebi
politikuri Zalaufleba
suvereniteti da SezRuduli mTavroba
me daviwyeb suverenitetiT, politikuri xelmZRvanelobiT,
saxelisuflebo gadawyvetilebebis miRebiT _ Tanamedrove saxelmwifos
konceptualuri safuZvlebiT. suvereniteti araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar
amowuravs Zalauflebis sferos, magram is Cveni yuradRebis
fokusirebis saSualebas iZleva im yvelaze mniSvnelovan da saxifaTo
formebze, romlebic ki SeiZleba miiRos Zalauflebam. saqme imaSia, rom
is mxolod kidev erTi rodia im produqts Soris, romlis mopovebac
qalsa da mamakacs surs; rogorc saxelmwifo Zalaufleba, is
amasTanave is saSualebaa romliTac yvela sxva survili, Zalauflebis
CaTvliT, regulirdeba. is aris distribuciuli samarTlis ZirTadi
instancia; is icavs sazRvrebs, romlis SigniTac gaiSleba da
ganawildeba yvela socialuri produqti. aqedan gamomdinareobs
moTxovna imisa, rom xelisufleba erTdroulad gamyarebulic iyos da
SezRudulic: iyos mobilizebuli, dayofili, Semowmebuli da
balansirebuli. politikuri Zala Cven tiraniisagan gvicavs da Tavad
xdeba tiranuli. swored orive am mosazrebis gamoa Zalaufleba
esoden sasurveli da mosaridebeli.
brZolis didi nawili araoficialuria, es aris yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis partizanuli ormxrivi srola, romlis gavliTac Cven
(Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebi) vicavT an vibrZviT, rom SevcvaloT
ganawilebis sxvadasxva sferos sazRvrebi. Cven vcdilobT ukanono
gadaxvevebis prevencias; Cven brals vdebT, organizebas vuwevT
saprotesto moZraobebs,zogjer vcdilobT imasac, rac myar
demokratiul reJimebSi, SeiZleba iwodebodes “moqalaqeTa
dapatimrebad”. magram Cveni yvela am moTxovnis saboloo instancia
59
aris saxelmwifos Zalaufleba. Cvenma politikurma mmarTvelebma,
suverenitetis agentebma, gaakeTes (an gaafuWes) Zalze bevri ram.
oficialuri mdgomareobis mixdviT, isini arian da unda iyvnen yvelgan
aqtiurebi. isini auqmeben memkvidreobiT titulebs, ajildoeben gmirebs,
Tanxas ixdian imisaTvis, rom dasajon – an daicvan – damnaSaveni. isini
kedlad dganan eklesiasa da saxelmwifos Soris. isini zrunaven
mSoblebis avtoritetze, awyoben samoqalaqo jvrisweras,
uzrunvelyofen alimentebis gadaxdas d a.S. isini ganszRvraven skolis
iurisdiqcias da moiTxoven moswavleebis daswrebas mecadineobebze.
isini adgenen da auqmeben samoqalaqo sadResaswaulo dReebs. isini
ixilaven armiaSi gawvevis sakiTxebs. isini samoqalaqo samsaxurebis da
profesiuli gamocdebis miukerZoeblobis garantorebi arian. isini
krZalaven valutis ukanono gacvlas, xelaxla gadaanawileben
simdidres, exmarebian sxvadasxva organizaciebs. isini gansazRvraven
komunaluri momsaxureobis xasiaTs da moculobebs, iReben an uars
eubnebian sxvadasxva saxis ganmcxadeblebs. da, bolos, mTeli am saxis
aqtivobebiT, isini kvecen maTsave Zalauflebas, eqvemdebarebian
konstituciur zRudeebs.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, ase unda iqceodnen isini. cxadia, rom isini
moqmedeben Cveni saxeliT da Cveni interesebisTvisac ki (Cveni
TanxmobiT). magram umetes qveyanasa da drois udides nawilSi
politikuri mmarTvelebi moqmedebdnen rogorc qmrebisa da mamebis,
aristokratuli ojaxebis, warCinebulTa titulebis mqoneTa da, bolos
rogorc kapitalistebis warmomadgenlebi. saxelmwifos Zalaufleba
mdidrebis, niWierebis, cisfersisxlianebis da mamakacebis xelSia da,
radgan is ukve erTxel Caigdes xelSi, mas Znelad Tu SezRudavs vinme.
alternatiuli saxelmwifos xelisufleba Tavadaa imperialisti: misi
agentebi tiranebi arian, Zalauflebaze sakuTari uflebiT. isini
ganawilebis sferoebs ki ar ganageben, aramed maTSi Carevas cdiloben;
isini ki ar icaven socialuri uwrunvelyofis saSualebebs, aramed
cdiloben gadaabijon maT. yovelive es tiraniis gansakuTrebiT
naTlad SesamCnevi formaa, romelsac me pirvel rigSi Sevexebi. sityva
tiranis uSualo konotaciebi yovelTvis politikuria; misi
damamcirebeli mniSvneloba momdinereobs beladebisa da mefeebis -
60
ufro xSirad ki mxedarTmTavrebis da tiranebis - mier Cagvrisagan.
mravali saukunis istoriis manZilze, politika konstruirebuli iyo
absolutisturi modelis mixedviT, rodesac Zalaufleba
monopolizirebulia erTi pirovnebis mier, romlis mTeli energia
mimarTulia imisaken, rom igi gabatonebuli iyos ara mxolod
aRiarebul sazRvrebSi, aramed mis gareTac, yovel distribuciul
sferoSi.
Zalauflebis gamoyenebis blokireba
zustad am mizeziT, politikuri da inteleqtualuri energiis didi
wili daixarja imisaTvis, rom zRvari dadeboda Zalauflebis Semdgom
cvalebadobas da SezRuduliyvnen misi mflobelebi, blokirebuli
yofiliyo politikuri sferoebis urTierTgacvla. msgavsad imisa,
rogorc, principSi, arsebobs sagnebi, romelTa yidvac ar SeiZleba
fuliT, aseve arsebobs movlenebi, romelTa ganxorcielebac ar
SeuZliaT suverenitetis warmomadgenlebs, saxelmwifos oficialur
pirebs. an, ukeT rom vTqvaT, maTi ganxorcielebisas isini politikur
Zalauflebas ki ar axorcieleben, aramed mxolod Zalas iyeneben; isini
moqmedeben SiSvlad, saxelisuflebo avtoritetis gareSe. Zala aris
Zalaufleba romelic gamoyenebulia ZaladobisaTvis am ukanasknelis
socialuri azriT. iman, rom is aseTnairad gamoiyeneba, ar unda
dagvabrmavos da ver davinaxoT misi tiranuli xasiaTi. Tomas hobsi,
suverenuli Zalauflebis didi damcveli filosofiaSi, amtkicebda,
rom tirania sxva araferia, Tu ara siyvaruls moklebuli suverenoba.
es Tvalsazrisi sulac ar aris ubralod Secdoma, rogorc ki Cven
gavacnobierebT, rom “siyvarulsmoklebuloba” ar aris raRac
unikaluri, aramed qalebisa da mamakacebisaTvis saerTo maxasiaTebeli
ram, romelic qmnis da aSinaganebs politikur kulturas; igi
warmoiSoba gaazrebuli gagebidan, Tu ra aris da risTvis aris
suverenoba. aseTi gageba yovelTvis rTuli, niuansebis Semcveli da
mraval sakiTxSi winaaRmdegobrivia. Tumca, is ar SeiZleba iyos
mocemuli blokirebuli gacvlebis siis saxiT. SeerTebul StatebSi
aRniSnuli sia zogjer Semdeg saxes iRebs xolme:
61
1. suverenoba ar SeiZleba mivides damonebamde: saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebs ar SeuZliaT Seaviwrovon TavianTi
qveSevrdomebi (maT Soris arasrulwlovani moqalaqeebi), iZulebiT
amuSaon isini an, bolos daatusaRon, an daxocon isini sxvagvarad, Tu
ara saerTo proceduris, sisxlis samarTlis, samxedro samsaxuris da
a.S. anu wesebis mixedviT, romlebic SeTanxmebulia Tavad subieqtebTan,
an maT wamomadgenlebTan.
2. meurveobis da qorwinebis feodaluri wesebi, romelic
SemoRebul iqna absoluturi Zalauflebis mqone mefeebis mier,
saxelmwifos kanonieri da moraluri kompetenciis gareT aRmoCnda. mis
oficialur moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT gaakontrolon saxelmwifos
subieqtebis qorwineba, an Caerion maT pirad da saojaxo
urTierTobebSi an kontroli gauwion bavSvebis aRzrdas, aseve maT ar
SeuZliaT Caerion subieqtebis pirovnul saqmeebSi an ganaTavson
jariskacebi maT binebSi, Tu ara gansazRvruli procedurebis
mixedviT da a.S.
3. saxelmwifo moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT zrwola danaSaulisa da
udanaSaulobis sayovelTaod gaziarebul gagebaze, ar SeuZliaT
sisxlis samarTlis sistemis moSla, dasjis politikuri represiebis
saSualebad qceva an dasjis sastiki zomebis gamoyeneba. (msgavsadve,
isini SezRudulni arian fsiqiatriul TerapiaSi gamoyenebadi
saSualebebis, siwmindisa da uwmindurebis sayovelTaod gaziarebuli
gagebis sazRvrebiT).
4. saxelmwifo moxeleebma ar SeiZleba gayidon politikuri Zala
an auqcionze gaitanon politikuri gadawyvetilebebi. maT agreTve, ar
SeuZliaT TavianTi ojaxis interesebisaTvis gamoiyenon TavianTi
Zalaufleba an gaunawilon samTavrobo Tanamdebobebi TavianT
naTesavebs an “axloblebs”.
5. yvela subieqti, moqalaqe kanonis winaSe Tanabaria da amitom
saxelmwifo moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT imoqmedon ise, rom moxdes
diskriminacia rasobrivi, eTnikuri da religiuri jgufebisa an
Seaviwrovon an daamciron individebi (garda kriminalSi maTi
eWvmitanilobisa); aseve veravis ver moakleben socialur
uzrunvelyofas.
62
6. kerZo sakuTreba daculia TviTneburi dabegvrisa da
konfiskaciisagan, saxelmwifo moxeleebi ver Caerevian fulisa da
saqonlis Tavisufal gacvlaSi, Tuki erTxel ukve moxda am sferoebis
gansazRvra.
7. saxelmwifo moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT subieqtebis religiuri
cxovrebis kontroli an garkveuli wesiT RvTaebrivi wyalobis
ganawilebis regulireba, an igive mizniT eklesiasturi, kongregaciuli
upiratesobisa da Rirsebis miniWeba vinmesTvis.
8. miuxedavad imisa, rom maT SeuZlia moiwonon saswavlo gegmebi,
moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT Caerion am gegmiT swavlebis realur procesSi
an SezRudon maswavleblebis akademiuri Tavisufleba.
9. saxelmwifo moxeleebs ar SeuZliaT regulireba an cenzura im
diskusiebisa, romlebic mimdinareoben ara marto politikur
sakiTxebze, aramed yvela im danarCen sferoebSi, romlebsac gaaCniaT
socialuri keTildReobis da am keTildReobaTa saWiro ganawilebaTa
sazRvrebis Sesaxeb diskusiis mniSvneloba. swored amitom, isini
Tavisufali sityvis, presis- samoqalaqo TavisuflebaTa-garantias unda
iZleodnen.
es SezRudvebi afiqsireben saxelmwifos da yvela im sferos
sazRvrebs, romelic upirispirdeba suverenitets. Cveulebriv, Cven
vfiqrobT SezRudvebze Tavisuflebis terminebSi da arcTu mcdarad,
Tumca maT, amasTanave, gaaCniaT egalitaruli efeqti. saxelmwifo
moxeleebis Zalauflebis moyvareoba ara mxolos safrTxes uqmnis
Tavisuflebas, aramed is Seuracmyofelia TanasworobisaTvis. is aris
gamowveva mSoblebis, eklesiis mrevli, maswavleblebis da studentebis,
muSebis, profesionalebis, mosamsaxureebis, myidvelebisa da
gamyidvelebis, zogadad moqalaqeebisaTvis. is mamakacebisa da qalebis
yvela gaerTianebas uqvemdebarebs erT gaerTianebas, kerZod ki imas,
romelic saxelmwifo Zalayflebis mflobeli da ganmaxorcielebelia.
amitom, SezRuduli mTavroba blokirebuli gacvlisamebr, rTuli
Tanasworobis kompleqsis ZiriTadi iaraRia.
63
codna/Zala
SezRuduli mmarTveloba arafers gveubneba marTulTa Sesaxeb. is
ar awesrigebs politikis sferoSi Zalis ganawilebas. es SezRudvebi,
principSi, SeiZleba warmodgenili iyos memkvidre monarqis mier,
Rirseuli despotis, miwaTmflobeli aristokratiis, kapitalistTa
aRmasrulebeli komitetis, biurokratebis reJimis an revoluciuri
avangardis mier. sinamdvileSi, arsebobs savsebiT gonivruli argumenti
demokratiisaTvis: adamianTa sxvadasxva gaerTianebebi ufro met
pativiscemas imsaxureben, Tu am gaerTianebebis yvela wevri inawilebs
politikur Zalauflebas. es Zlieri argumentia; Tavis substanciur
safuZvelSi igi mTlianad dakavSirebulia Cvens saerTo gagebasTan
imisa, Tu ras warmoadgens Zalaufleba da risTvisaa is. Tumca es
erTaderTi argumenti rodia, romelic msgavs kavSirs uzrunvelyofs.
politikuri azrovnebis xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze Zalauflebaze
yvelaze ufro xSiri pretenziebi, rogorc wesi, anti-demokratiuli
xasiaTisa iyo. me msurs frTxilad Sevamowmo es pretenziebi. saqme
imaSia, rom ar arsebobs sxva socialuri produqti, romlis floba da
gamoyeneba ufro mniSvnelovani iyos, vidre amisa. Zalaufleba ar aris
iseTi ram, romelic SeiZleba vinmes zed davkidoT an romelic kerZo
mowonebis sagani gaxdeboda, msgavsad imisa, rogorc jibecarieli
natrulobs fuls, an vinmesaTvis saocnebo nivTs. Zalaufleba unda
gamoscados vinmem, raTa is misTvis sasurveli gaxdes; da rodesac mas
gamovcdiT, erTi Cveni nawili misiT warmarTuli, politizirebuli,
manipulirebuli, naSveli an gulgatexili xdeba. vanxoT axla, Tu vin
aris is, vinc flobs da gamoscdis Zalauflebas.
arsebobs ori pasuxi, romelic Sinaganad damaxasiaTebelia
politikuri sferosaTvis: pirveli, rom Zalaufleba SeiZleba hqondeT
maT, vinc yvelaze ufro ukeT icis rogor gamoiyenos is; da meore, is
SeiZleba hqondes, an sul mcire, mas SeuZlia akontrolebdes is,
viszedac uSualo zegavlenas axdens misi Sedegebi. keTilSobilebs da
mdidrebs, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, garegani pretenziebi aqvT
Zalauflebaze, rac ar eTanadeba Zalauflebis socialur
mniSvnelobas. swored amitom orive jgufi savsebiT xelmisawvdomad
64
gamoiyureba, Tuki maT SeuZliaT, codnidan gamomdinare argumentis
erTi an meore formis safuZvelze- hqondes pretenzia Zalauflebaze,
imaze, rom maT gaaCniaT, magaliTad, gansakuTrebuli codna imisa, Tu
ras warmoadgens ama Tum im politikuri Temis fiqsirebuli da
grZelvadiani interesebi, anu iseTi gageba, romelic miuwvdomelia
axlad gamoCekili im gvarebisaTvis, romlebsac aramdgradi pozicia
ukaviaT saxelmwifoSi. RvTaebrivi xeldasmis pretenzia aseTive
garegani argumentia, albaT, im Temebis garda, romlis morwmuneebic
Tvlian, rom mTeli xelisufleba RmerTisagan modis. aseT
sazogadoebebSiac ki, Zalze gavrcelebulia azri, rom rodesac
RmerTma SearCia miwieri warmomadgenlebi, man daajildova isini imis
aucilebeli codniTac, Tu rogor marTon qveSevrdomebi: swored
amgvarad hqondaT RvTaebrivi uflebis mqone mefeebs pretenzia
gansakuTrebul xeldasmaze. niSandoblivia, rom puritani wmindanebi
gamudmebiT urevdnen erTmaneTSi “Sinagan sinaTles” da “politikur
gagebas”. gamorCeuli uflebis yvela argumenti, yvela
antidemokratiuli argumenti, Tuki maT seriozulad gamoTqvamen, aris
gansakuTrebuli codnis ideaze dafuZnebuli argumenti.
saxelmwifos xomaldi
Zalaufleba, rogorc wesi, gaigivebulia TanamdebobasTan da
amitomac gveubnebian, rom saWiroa davZebnoT kvalificirebuli xalxi,
SevarCioT politikuri mmarTvelebi ufro kooptaciiT, vidre
arCevnebiT; komitetebSi da ara partiebSi xalxis moZiebis, saarCevno
kampaniebis da sajaro debatebis gziT. margam gansakuTrebul codnaze
damyarebul argumentis arsebas ufro srulyofilad asaxavs adreuli
saxis asociaciebi. platonis mier politikis, rogorc techne-s analizi,
romelic Zalis xelovanebis analogiuria, usasrulod ufro rTulia,
vidre socialur cxovrebaze Tanamedrove spekulaciebi. iseve, rogorc
Cven vyidulobT fexsacmels im adamianisagan, vinc gawafulia
xarazobaSi, aseve SegviZlia miviRoT kanonebi saxelmwifos marTvaSi
daostatebuli pirisagan. am axsnaSi uTuod igulisxmeba “saxelmwifos
65
misteriebis” arseboba, sadac “misteria” Seesatyviseba saidumlos, an,
sul mcire, raRac Znelad sawvdom codnas, romelic safuZvlad uZevs
am profesias, iseve rogorc frazaSi, “xelovneba da misteria” saerTo
formula daxelovnebas moiTxovs. margam es misteriebi ufro naswavli
da navarjiSebia vidre STanergili. politikaSi iseve, rogorc
xarazobaSi, medicinaSi, navigaciaSi da a.S. Cven ufro im mcire
raodenobis adamianebis rCevebi gvinda, vinc es misteriebi icis da ara
imaTi, vinc saqmeSi sruliad Cauxedavia.
ganvixiloT pilotis an navigatoris SemTxveva, vinc xomaldis
saWesTan dgas da uZRveba mis kurss. vis vandobT am saqmis Sesrulebas?
platoni demikratiul xomalds ase warmogvidgens:
mezRvaurebi Cxuboben imaze Tu vin marTos saWe; TiToeuli
darwmunebulia,
rom mas SeuZlia SeinarCunos gemis kursi, Tumca arasdros uswavlia
marTva
da arc SeuZlia miuTiTos romelime maswavlebelze, visganac man es
codna
SeiZina. ufro metic, mezRvaurebi amtkiceben, rom navigaciis swavla
saerTod
ar SeiZleba da isini mzad arian mwared dascinon, Tuki vinme
amgvars ganacxadebs raimes.
aRwerili xomaldi saxifaToa ori mosazrebiT; jer erTi
kontrolisaTvis fizikuri Sexla-Semoxlis gamo, rasac arc cxadi
Sedegi uCans da arc cxadi dasasruli. meore, imitom, rom savsebiT
SesaZlebelia (Tundac droebiT) gaimarjvos TiToeulis
arakompetenturobam. rasac mezRvaurebi ver acnobiereben is gaxlavT,
"rom mxolod namdvili navigatori SeiZleba iyos Sesatyvisi gemis
marTvisaTvis imiT, rom kargad arCevs wlis droebs, cas, varskvlavebs
da qars, erTi sityviT yvelafers rac ki am xelobas miekuTvneba.
viTareba analogiuria saxelmwifos gemTan gakavSirebiT. demokratiuli
qveynis moqalaqeebi Cxuboben saxelmwifos marTvaze kontrolis
mosapoveblad, riTac sakuTar Tavs did safrTxeSi ayeneben; maSin,
rodesac maT unda CaebarebinaT marTva im pirisaTvis, vinc specialuri
codnis mflobelia im sferoSi, rac ki saxelmwifos marTvas Seexeba.
66
Tuki erTxel mainc gavigeT, Tu ras niSnavs da ras emsaxureba
mesaWeoba, SemdgomSi sakmaod iolad aRvwerT, Tu rogori unda iyos
idealuri piloti; da, Tu erTxel gavigeT, Tu ra aris da risTvis
aris politikuri Zalaufleba, maSin iolad mivalT (rogorc es
"respublikaSia") idealur mmarTvelTan.
faqtiurad, Zalauflebis mniSvnelobas ufro Rrmad gaviazrebT,
rac ufro metad SevZlebT platonis analogiis uaryofas. saqme imaSia,
rom Cven SegviZlia navigators vendoT mxolod mas Semdeg, rac
gadawyvetili gvaqvs, Tu sad gvinda wasvla.; da, rom konkretuli
kursiT moZraobamde, ufro didi mniSvneloba aqvs am kursis arCevas,
rac ufro metad avlens politikur Zalauflebas. "WeSmariti
analogia", rogorc renfold bambruTi werda platonis argumentis
Tavis cnobil analizSi, "mdgomareobs politikosis mier politikuri
programis da gemis mflobelis an mgzavrebis mier saboloo
navTsayudelis arCevis msgavsebas Soris". piloti Tavad ar arCevs
ports; misi techne ubralod araadeqvaturia im gadawyvetilebebisaTvis,
rac mgzavrebma unda gaakeTon, rac, Tavis mxriv eqvemdebareba maT
individualur, Tu koleqtiur miznebs da ara "wlis droebs, cas,
varskvlavebs da qarebs". usafrTxoebis mosazrebebidan gamomdinare, ra
Tqma unda, isini daemyarebian maqsimas _ "nebismieri porti
qariSxlisas", da mxolod amis Semdeg pilotis msjelobas imis
Taobaze, Tu sad aris yvelaze xelsayreli adgili. Tumca, TviT aseT
SemTxvevaSiac ki, Tu arCevani Znelia da riski Zneli Sesafasebeli,
gadawyvetileba mizanSewonilia miiRon mgzavrebma. da maSinve, roorc
ki Sewydeba Stormi, cxadia isini moindomeben datovon TavnianTi
aucilebeli TavSesafari da gaeSuron daniSnulebis adgilisaken.
daniSnuleba da riski imas warmoadgens, rac politikaa saerTod;
xolo Zalaufleba ki saerTo miznebis ganxorcielebis unars
SegviZlia SevadaroT. codnas miznebis ganxorcielebisaTvis
gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, magram is arc aris da arc SeiZleba iyos
ZiriTadi ganmsazRvreli. platonuri techne, aris filosofia sasurveli
mizandaniSnulebis da moralurad da materialurad gamarTleburi
riskebis Sesaxeb. am argumentebs, iseve rogorc es adre iyo,
moqalaqeebs warmoudgenen xolme da mxolod moqalaqeebs SeuZliaT
67
maTi avtoritetiT gamyareba. rogorc ki saqme politikas Seexo, is rac
politikosebs da pilotebs WirdebaT icodnen, gaxlavT is, Tu ra surs
xalxs an mgzavrebs. da rac maT ubiZgebs am codnis Sesabamisad, aris
xalxis, an mgzavrebis politikur Zalad qceva. (viTareba xarazis
SemTxvevaSi amis analogiuria: mas ar SeuZlia SeakeTos Cemi
fexsacmeli, Tundac Zalze kargad icodes rogor gaakeTos es, Cemi
Tanxmobis gareSe.) gamocdili politikuri ZalisaTvis gadamwyveti
daxasiaTeba, ar aris adamianuri miznebis specialuri ganWvreta, aramed
specialuri mimarTeba adamianTa garkveul jgufTan. rodesac platoni
filosofosebTan amarTlebda xelisuflebis danawilebas, mas
pretenzia hqonda rom amiT afarToebda Zalauflebis _ an, ukeT rom
vTqvaT, politikuri Zalauflebis gamocdis mniSvnelobas,
xarazobasTan, eqimobasTan, navigaciasTan SedarebiT. amiT is ar
afarToebda zogad mniSvnelobas, axalgazrda aTenelebis politikur
gagebas. radgan maT, yovel SemTxvevaSi maT did nawils, rogorc
demokratiuli praqtikis wevrebs, unda erwmunaT imisa, rasac perikle
amtkicebda gamosamSvidebel sityvaSi da rasac amtkicebda protagora
platonis sokratul dialogSi, romelic mis saxels atarebs; kerZod
ki imas, rom marTva gulisxmobs miznebis arCevas, "saerTo
gadawyvetilebas samoqalaqo keTildReobis sferoSi"; da imas, rom
saerTo aRiarebiT, amisaTvis aucilebelia cona. "miuxedavad imisa, rom
Cveni moqalaqeebi didad CarTulni arian warmoebaSi, isini
miukerZoebel msajulebad rCebian samoqalaqo sakiTxebSi". Tu ufro
mkacrad vityviT, ukeTesi msajulebi arc arseboben, radgan
Zalauflebis sakuTrivi ganxorcieleba sxva araferia, Tu ara qalaqis
marTva samoqalaqo cnobierebis da moqalaqeTa sajaro suliskveTebis
mixedviT. ra Tqma unda, napovni unda iyos specialuri amocanebi da
specialuri codnis mqone pirebi. swored amgvarad aTenelebi
amjobinebdnen swored aerCiaT mxedarTmTavrebi da eqimebi da ara
alal bedze kenWi eyaraT maTTvis, zustad iseve, rogorc isini bevrs
aTvalierebdnen irgvliv, vidre mividodnen xarazTan an daiqiravebdnen
navigators. magram yvela es xalxi moqalaqeebis agentebi arian da ara
maTi mmarTvelebisa.
68
disciplinaruli institutebi
periklem da protagoram gamokveTes Zalauflebis demokratiuli
gageba, romelic zogadad fokusirebulia imaze, rasac me - rodesac
Cven aTenelebze saubrisas vuwode, anaqroniulad - "suvereniteti": da
rac Seadgens saxelmwifos xelisuflebas, samoqalaqo xelisuflebas,
koleqtiur mmarTvelobas. Zalaufleba aseT SemTxvevaSi
konstituirebulia, moqalaqeebis gadawyvetilebis miRebis unariT, maTi
gaerTianebuli nebis saSualebiT. is warmodgenilia kanonebiTa da
politikuri programebiT, romlebic ubralod Zalauflebis
artikulacias warmoadgenen. Tumca am artikulaciis efeqturoba Ria
sakiTxad rCeba, miT ufro, rom bolo periodSi gamudmebiT gaismis
mtkiceba, rom codna im saxis Zalas warmoadgens, romlis kontrolic
ar SeuZlia xelisuflebas. es sxva araferia, Tu ara platonis
argumentis axali formiT (ufro xSirad ki axali suliTac)
gacocxleba. platoni amtkicebda, rom xelosnobasa da misteriebSi
gawafuli xalxi Zalauflebas aris naziarebi da rom sazogadoebis
gonieri nawili qeds ixris maTi avtoritetis winaSe. dRes
gavrcelebulia azri, rom teqnikuri codna Tavad, Seadgens
suverenitetze maRla myof da mas dapirispirebul Zalas, romlis
winaSec yvela Cven qeds vixriT, miuxedavad imisa, rom varT Tu ara Cven
demokratiuli moqalaqeebi da vmonawileobT saxelmwifo marTvaSi.
... rodesac isini imarTleben Tavs, eqspertebs platonisturi
argumentebi mohyavT, Tumca maT ara aqvT pretenzia marTon saxelmwifo
(sinamdvileSi isini platonis filosofosebi ar arian); Tumca isini
Tanaxmani arian gauZRvnen armias, marTon saavadmyofo, TavSesafari,
skola da cixe. am institutebTan dakavSirebiT, Cans arsebobs
garkveuli miznebi, an mizanTa mTeli jgufi. Tanamedrove eqspertebi
gemis mesaWeebs hgvanan, romelTa daniSnulebac ukve garkveulia; isini
xelmZRvaneloben saqmes safrTxis gadalaxviT, ramac SeiZleba kursis
cvalebadoba gamoiwvios. gadawyvetilebebs maTi daniSnulebis
69
angariSgaweviT moqalaqeebi miiReben, romlebic Camohgvanan mxolod
SesaZlo mgzavrebs da, romelTac am saqmis SeswavlisaTvis mainc da
mainc didi dro ar dauTmiaT. swored amitom eqspertebis Zala
gansakuTrebiT didia, Zalze Camohgavs platonis filosofos-mefeebs,
romlebic ise eqcevian TavianT qveSevrdomebs, rogorc maswavlebeli
bavSvebs, an platonis sxva magaliTis mixedviT, rogorc mecxvare
cxvrebs.
xelisuflebis ganawileba armiebSi, cixeebSi da skolebSi (fuko
amas fabrikebsac umatebs, magram Zalaufleba fabrikebSi saboloo
jamSi emyareba ara codnas, aramed sakuTrebas da amitom is calke
unda iyos aRebuli) mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba imisagan, rac
demokratiul saxelmwifos moeTxoveba. codna gansxvavebul rols
TamaSobs; Cven gvWirdeba kvalificirebuli xalxi da vpoulobT maT
ufro Zebnis saSualebiT, vide arCevnebiT. Ziebis procesSi ganaTleba
da gamocdileba gemis mesaWis mier weliwadis droebis, cis,
varskvlavebis da qarebis codnis institucionalur eqvivalentebs
warmoadgenen. amasTan, WeSmaritebas warmoadgens isic, rom
ganaTlebuli xalxi gacilebiT nakleb eqvemdebareba kritikas. rac
ufro idumali da misteriulia maTi codna, miT ufro efeqturia fari
_ rac warmoadgens uZlieres arguments demokratiuli ganaTlebis
sasargeblod, romlis mizani yvela moqalaqis eqspertad qceva ki ar
aris, aramed eqspertizis sazRvrebis SemosazRvra. Tu specialuri
codna ZalauflebisaTvis SeiZineba, is ar SeiZineba usazRvro
ZalauflebisaTvis. aq uTuod igulisxmeba Zalauflebis SezRudva,
romelic momdinareobs im mosazrebebidan, romliTac Cven vsargeblobT
armiebis, saavadmyofoebis, skolebis daarsebisas da im saRi azridan,
romelic mizanSewonilad miiCnevs am dawesebulebebis personalis
moRvaweobas.
SeTanxmeba daniSnulebis adgilTan dakavSirebiT, rac xels
uwyobs imas, rom mesaWem adgili SeinarCunos gemze, agreTve gviwesebs
SezRudvebs: man bolos da bolos gemi ama da am adgilas unda
miiyvanos. msgavsadve, cixis daniSnulebis Cvens mier codna da
sasjelis gageba (mosamarTleebis, meurveobis da cixis mcvelebis
70
socialuri rolebi) Tavad Zalauflebas uwesebs Zalauflebas kedlebs
SigniT. darwmunebuli var, rom Zalze xSirad am sazRvrebs ar icaven.
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSiac ki cixe saSineli adgilia. misi
yoveldRiuroba Zalze mZimea da meurveebi da cixis mcvelebi kidev
ufro cdiloben mis damZimebas. zogjer, rodesac isini ase iqcevian,
gamoxataven sakuTar SiSs, zogjer – ramdenadac igive kedlebi,
romlebiz tyveobaSi amyofeben msjavrdebuls, TavisuflebaSi amyofeben
meurveebsa da cixis mcvelebs _ SiSismomgvreli dawesebulebis
autanel yofas. amisda miuxedavad, Cveni umravlesoba kargad icnobs
Tu ra aris Zalmomreoba. Tuki vinme warmogvidgens cixis yofis
pirobebis faqtiur aRweras, ar gagviWirdeba zustad mivuTiToT, Tu
rodis gadaaWarbes cixis meurveebma da mcvelebma TavianT
uflebamosilebebs. da rodesac patimrebi Civian mcvelebis msgavs
saqcielze, isini mimarTaven kanonis suverenitets an, saboloo jamSi,
moqalaqeebis samoqalaqo cnobierebas. meurveebis ganswavluloba
kriminologiaSi ar gamodgeba argumentad am apelaciis winaaRmdeg.
viTareba msgavsia saavadmyofoebTan da skolebTan dakavSirebiT.
pacientebi da bavSvebi gansakuTrebiT mwvaved ganicdian maTze
ganxorcielebul Zalauflebas kompetenturi piris mier, romelic
amtkicebs, arc Tu yalbad, rom maT sasargeblod, maTi interesebidan
gamomdinare, maTi sikeTisaTvis moqmedebs. esa Tu is samedicino
doqtrina, an pedagogiuri teqnika savsebiT SesaZlebelia moiTxovdes
uxeS mopyrobas, mZime reJims, araordinarul yofas subieqtebis
pirdapir kontrols. amasTan, aq dawesebuli SezRudvebi Cveni myari
Sexedulebebis Sedegia, romelTa mixedviTac Terapia pirovnebaze
zrunvas gulisxmobs da ganaTleba ki moqalaqis Camoyalibebas.
kanonebi, romlebic gulisxmoben pacientebis Tanxmobas,
moswavleebisaTvis xelmisawvdoms xdian saskolo Canawerebs,
warmoadgenen am Sexedulebebis ganxorcielebas. isini xels uwyoben
imas, rom profesionalma adamianebma ukeT gaigon TavianTi mowodeba.
ase gamoimuSavebs mecniereba da socialuri mecniereba Zalauflebas,
romelic sasargeblo da aucilebelic kia garkveuli saxis
institutebisaTvis; magram Zalauflebas, romelic SezRudulia
suverenobiT, gamomuSavebulia da informirebuli socialur
71
saSualebaTa ufro farTe mniSvnelobebis codniT. eqimebi da
maswavleblebi (meurveebi da generlebic ki) emorCilebian moqalaqeTa
“disciplinas”.
normaluri saxelmwifo, romlis moqalaqeebi da moxeleebi
eqvemdebarebian kompleqsur Tanasworobas, zrunaven imisaTvis, rom
ganamtkicon am saxelmwifos sxvadasxva dawesebulebis integracia:
isini rwmundebian imaSi, rom cixeebi am saxelmwifoSi kriminalebis
dasamarxi adgilebia da ara droebiTi preventuli RonisZiebebis an
mecnieruli eqsperimentebisa; rom misi skolebi ar hgvanan cixeebs; da
rom TavSesafarebis daniSnuleba sulier avadmyofebze zrunvaa da ara
politikurad devianturi pirebis samyofi adgili. tiranuli
saxelmwifo, amis sapirispirod, tiranias warmoSobs mis yvela
institutSi. man Zalaufleba SeiZleba cud adamianebs gadasces;
savsebiT SesaZlebelia aseTma saxelmwifom xeli Seuwyos Zalauflebis
dawesebul sazRvrebs gareT gamoyenebas. Cven cxovrebaSi erTxel mainc
gamogvicdia ganswavluli profesionalebis morCileba; yvelani
veqvemdebarebiT vinmes eqspertizas. da es ara imitom, rom politikurad
sustebi varT _ kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi SeZlebul adamianebs
Sorisac gvxvdebian moswavleebi, pacientebi, jariskacebi, giJebi da
(marTalia ufro nakleb vidre sxva xalxi) patimrebi; yovelive es,
aucileblobiT, ar aris Zalauflebis permanenturi naklebobis Sedegi.
umeteswilad, gamocdilebas fiqsirebuli dinamika da gasagebi
saboloo wertili aqvs: ganaTlebis miReba, misi aRdgena da a.S. amasTan,
Cven daculebi varT sxvadasxva instituciuri dawesebulebebis
avtonomiurobiT. am dawesebulebebis gadakveTebis imitacia, rogorc
fukoseul “karceraluri kontinuumi”, sadac yvela disciplinaruli
institutebi cixeebiviT gamoiyureba, afermkrTalebs Tavisuflebis da
Tanasworobis xazebs. aseTia saxelmwifo moxeleebis zemodan qvemoT
mimavali koordinacia. rogorc imitacia, aseve koordinacia tiranuli
mmarTvelobis SemTxvevaSi, mZime zegavlenas iqoniebs yoveldRiur
cxovrebaze. Tumca specialuri codna, TavisTavad, ar aris tiranuli.
72
jon elsteri
bazari da forumi: politikis Teoriis sami
nairsaxeoba
me minda Sevadaro erTmaneTs zogadad politikis, da, ufro konkretulad,
demokratiuli sistemis sami xedva. pirvelad me ganvixilav socialuri
arCevanis Teorias, rogorc garkveuli saerTo niSnebis mqone Teoriebis
ufro zogadi klasis nakrebs. kerZod, es Teoriebi Tvlian, rom politikuri
procesi aris instrumentaluri, da ara TviTmiznuri; am TvalTaxedviT
politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis aqti aris kerZo saqme, da ara
sazogadoebrivi qmedeba amgvarad is warmoadgens individualur da farul
kenWisyras. am xedvas axlavs xolme warmodgena, rom politikis mizania
mocemul sapirispiro kerZo interesTa Soris optimaluri kompromisis
miRweva. danarCeni ori xedva Cndeba maSin, Tu Cven uarvyofT, pirvel rigSi,
politikuri saqmianobis kerZo xasiaTs, xolo Semdgom, amis garda,
uarvyofT aseve politikis instrumentul bunebas. iurgen habermasis
Teoriis Sesabamisad politikis mizani unda iyos racionaluri SeTanxmeba
da ara kompromisi, xolo politikuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis aqti
mdgomareobs konsesusis miRwevis mizniT politikur debatebSi CarTvaSi.
monawileobiTi demokratiis arsebuli Teoriebis Tanaxmad – jon stiuart
miliT dawyebuli kerol peitmeniT damTavrebuli, politikis mizania
monawileTa transformacia da gardaqmna. am Sexedulebis mixedviT,
politika TviTmizania – da marTlac, bevri avtoris mtkicebiT, is adamianTa
Rirseul cxovrebas Seefereba. . .
I
politika, miRebuli Sexedulebis Tanaxmad, mimarTulia saerTo sikeTis
(produqtis, good) Seqmnaze, gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac es
saerTo sikeTe ver miiRweva rogorc kerZo interesebis mimdevar individTa
qmedebis nakrebi. kerZod, arakoordinirebuli kerZo arCevanebis jamuri
Sedegi SesaZloa yvelasTvis uaresi aRmoCndes, vidre romelime Sedegi,
romelic miRweuli iqneboda koordinirebis gziT. politikuri institutebi
iqmneba imisTvis, rom Tavidan aviciloT bazris amgvari warumateblobebi –
fraza, romelic SeiZleba gagebul iqnas an statikurad, im mniSvnelobiT rom
ver iqmneba sazogadoebrivi sikeTe, an ufro dinamiuri mniSvnelobiT,
rogorc im TviTmaregulirebeli Tvisebebis rRveva, romlebic Cveulebriv
sabazro meqanizmebs miewereba. garda amisa, arsebobs politikis
gadamanawilebeli Tviseba – pareto-optimaluri sazRvris gaswvriv
moZraoba mas mere, rac es sazRvari miRweulia. politikis pirveli xedvis
73
Sesabamisad, es amocana Sinaganad mdgomareobs interesTa dapirispirebasa
da kompromisebis miRwevaSi. SeTanxmebis miRwevas xels uSlis ara marto is,
rom individebs urCevniaT iseTi gadanawileba, romelic maT upiratesobas
mianiWebs, an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, cud mdgomareobaSi ar Caagdebs. ufro
mniSvnelovania is, rom konsesusis miRweva ver xerxdeba imitom, rom ar
arsebobs safuZveli vivaraudoT, rom individebis Sexedulebebi imaze, Tu ra
warmoadgens samarTlian gadanawilebas, erTmaneTs dauaxlovdeba. . .
Zalian zogadad rom movxazoT, socialuri arCevanis Teoriis struqtura
mdgomareobs SemdegSi. (1) Cven viwyebT agentebis mocemuli simravliT,
amdenad politikuri sazRvrebis normatiuli gamarTlebis problema ar
dgas. (2) Cven vvaraudobT, rom agentebis winaSe mdgari alternativebi
windawin mocemulia, ase rom iseTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, dRis
wesrigiT manipulireba, ar Cndeba. (3) igulisxmeba, rom agentebs aqvT
preferenciebi, romlebic aseve mocemulia da ar icvleba politikuri
procesis msvlelobaSi. metic, igulisxmeba, rom isini kauzalurad
damoukidebelia alternativebis wyebisgan. (4) standartuli versiis
Tanaxmad, romelic jer-jerobiT Teoriis erTaderT operaciul versias
warmoadgens, preferenciebi aris wminda rigiTi, ase rom individs ar
SeuZlia gamoxatos am preferenciebis intensivoba, arc gare damkvirvebels
SeuZlia individTa preferenciebis intensivobis erTmaneTTan Sedareba. (5)
igulisxmeba, rom individualuri preferenciebi gansazRvrulia individTa
yvela wyvilisaTvis, anu isini srulia da gaaCniaT tranzitulobis
formaluri Tviseba, e.i. A– s preferencia B –ze da B –s preferencia C –ze
iwvevs A –s preferencias C –ze.
am varaudebis CarCoebSi socialuri arCevanis Teoriis amocanaa
alternativebis rigiTobis dadgena socialuri preferenciebis Sesabamisad.
es TiTqos SeiZleba moiTxovdes aucilebelze mets: ratom ar SeiZleba
davisaxoT miznad erTi alternativis arCeva? Cveulebriv arsebobs
garkveuli eWvi imis Taobaze, Tu romeli alternativaa realurad
ganxorcielebadi, amdenad alternativebis rigis dafiqsireba
mosaxerxebelia, Tuki yvelaze sasurveli alternativa SeiZleba aRmoCndes
ganuxorcielebeli. es rigi unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg kriteriumebs. (6)
individualuri preferenciebis msgavsad, isic unda iyos sruli da
tranzituli. (7) is unda iyos pareto-optimaluri, im gagebiT, rom erTi
SesaZlebloba ar unda iyos socialurad upiratesi meoreze, Tuki am meores
yvela individualurad upiratesobas aniWebs. (8) socialuri arCevani or
SesaZleblobas Soris unda iyos damokidebuli mxolod imaze, Tu rogor
afaseben maT individebi, da ar unda reagirebdes cvlilebebze sxva
SesaZleblobebis maT SefasebaSi. (9) socialuri preferenciebis rigiToba,
74
pareto-optimalurobis pirobis garda, unda iTvaliswinebdes da asaxavdes
individualur preferenciebs. es idea gulisxmobs nairnair cnebebs, maT
Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania anonimuroba (yvela individi Tanabrad
angariSgasawevia), aradiqtatoruloba (arc erTma individma ar unda
gansazRvros socialuri preferencia), liberalizmi (yvela individs unda
gaaCndes kerZo sfero, romelSiac misi arCevani gadamwyvetia) da
strategiuli gamarTlebuloba (individi ar unda ixdides safasurs yalbi
preferenciebis gamosaxatavad).
socialuri arCevanis Teoriis arsi gadmocemulia SeuZleblobisa da
erTaderTobis Teoremebis rigiT, romlebic an amtkiceben imas, rom
zemoxsenebul pirobaTa nawili erTdroulad ver dakmayofildeba, an rom
isini calsaxad gansazRvraven preferenciebis agregirebis erTaderT
meTods. SeuZleblobis Teoremebs didi yuradReba eTmoba, Tumca ki amwuTas
maT CvenTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ara aqvT. .. . pirvelad me vaCveneb,
rom preferenciebi, romlebsac adamianebi gamoxataven, SesaZloa sworad ar
asaxavdnen imas, Tu ra urCevniaT maT sinamdvileSi; meore, is, rac maT
marTla urCevniaT, SeiZleba socialuri arCevanisTvis myife baziss
warmoadgendes.
. . . [socialuri arCevanis kritika] mdgomareobs imaSi, rom masSi aRreulia
sabazro sivrcisTvis damaxasiaTebeli qceva im qcevasTan, romelic
forumisTvisaa misaRebi. momxmareblis suverenuloba unda davuSvaT
imdenad, da im donemde, Tuki momxmarebeli akeTebs arCevans moqmedebis or
variants Soris mxolod im gavlenis safuZvelze, romelsac es moqmedeba
axdens uSualod masze. politikuri arCevanis viTarebaSi ki moqalaqisagan
moelian arCevanis gakeTebas iseT viTarebebs Soris, romlebic sxvebzec
axdenen zegavlenas. . . . Tu adamianebi erTmaneTze zegavlenas axdenen
mxolod imiT, rom erTmaneTs fexze abijeben an erTmaneTis ezoSi nagavs
yrian, amgvar viTarebaSi sazogadoebrivi arCevanis meqanizmebma SeiZleba
imuSaon. magram politikis amocana mdgomareobs ara mxolod
araefeqturobis SemcirebaSi, aramed samarTlianobis SeqmnaSi – mizani,
romlisTvisac winapolitikuri arCevanebis agregireba sakmaod Seusabamo
gzas warmoadgens.
anu forumis principebi unda gansxvavdebodes bazris principebisgan.
berZnuli polisidan momdinare tradicia gulisxmobs, rom politika unda
iyos Ria da sajaro aqtivoba, romelic gansxvavdeba arCevanebis im
izolirebuli da kerZo gamoxatvisgan, romelic yidva-gayidvis procesSi
mJRavndeba. . . . axla me ganvixilav . . . ideas, rom preferenciebi ganicdian
transformacias sajaro racionaluri msjelobis Sedegad.
75
II
dResdReobiT es Sexeduleba gansakuTrebiT asocirebulia iurgen habermasis
nawerebTan “diskursis eTikaze” da “idealur sametyvelo situaciaze”. . . am
Teoriis dedaazri aris is, rom politikuri sistema unda moewyos
imdagvarad, rom moaxdinos arCevanebis ara agregireba an filtracia,
aramed maTi Secvla sajaro dapirispirebebisa da debatebis gziT. amdenad,
sazogadoebrivi arCevanis formirebis meqanizmSi Semodian ara pirveladi,
SesaZloa mikerZoebuli da iracionaluri preferenciebi, romlebic bazarze
moqmedeben, aramed informirebuli da sxvebis interesebis
gamTvaliswinebeli preferenciebi. an, ufro metic, aRar iqneba saWiro
agregirebis meqanizmebis gamoyeneba, vinaidan racionaluri diskusiis
Sedegad unda warmoiSvas erTsulovani preferencia. rodesac kerZo da
idiosinkretuli survilebi formirdeba da irTveba sajaro diskusiaSi
saerTo sikeTis Taobaze, unda warmoiSvas calsaxad gansazRvruli
racionaluri miswrafebebi. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad politikis mizania ara
optimaluri kompromisi, aramed erTsulovani Tanxmoba.
es Teoria, rogorc Cans, eyrdnoba or daSvebas. pirveli aris is, rom
arsebobs garkveuli argumentebi, romelTa sajarod gacxadeba ubralod
SeuZlebelia. politikur debatebSi pragmatulad SeuZlebelia mocemuli
gadawyvetilebis dacva im motiviT, rom is CvenTvisaa sasargeblo. sajaro
debatebSi CarTvis faqtiT – kamaTSi, da ara vaWrobaSi monawileobiT –
gamoiricxeba amgvari mosazrebebis moyvanis SesaZlebloba. diskusiaSi
CarTva SesaZlebelia ganxilul iqnas rogorc TviTcenzura, rogorc
winaswari ganwyoba racionaluri gadawyvetilebis sasargeblod. Tumca
SeiZleba vivaraudod, rom amgvari daSveba metismetad mkacria. pirveli
argumenti ubralod aCvenebs, rom sajaro diskusiis monawilem angariSi
unda gauwios saerTo sikeTes. damatebiTi daSveba amtkicebs, rom droTa
ganmavlobaSi is faqtobrivad daiwyebs saerTo sikeTeze zrunvas. veravin
ver SeZlebs usasrulod xotba asxas saerTo sikeTes “du bout des levres” –vinaidan, rogorc amas amtkicebda paskali fsonis gakeTebis konteqstSi, is
sabolood gaiziarebs im arCevanebs, romelTa imitirebas axdenda Tavidan.
es aris fsiqologiuri, da ara konceptualuri daSveba. . .
rom SevajamoT, konceptualuri SeuZlebloba gamoxato egoisturi
argumentebi saeTo sikeTisadmi miZRvnil debatebSi, da fsiqologiuri
siZnele, romelic Tan sdevs sulgrZeli preferenciebis gamoxatvas
sabolood maTi gaziarebis gareSe, erToblivad iwveven imas, rom sajaro
diskusia xels uwyobs saerTo sikeTes. ase rom maSin volonte generale iqneba ara ubralod mocemuli (an gamoxatuli) preferenciebis pareto-optimaluri
realizeba, aramed iseTi preferenciebis Sedegi, romlebic Tavad
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formirebulia saerTo sikeTeze zrunviT. ase magaliTad, mocemuli
preferenciebis ubralo agregireba iZleva SesaZleblobas
gaviTvaliswinoT rigi negatiuri gare piroba, magram ara is pirobebi,
romlebic momaval Taobebze axdenen gavlenas. socialuri arCevanis
meqanizmebma SeiZleba amJamad mcxovreb adamianebs ar miscen SesaZlebloba
erTmaneTis ezoSi dayaron nagavi, magram ver Seakavebs maT awmyodan
momavalSi am nagvis gadayrisgan. metic, ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis
ganxilva paretos CarCoebSi axla ufro mtkice safuZvels daeyrdnoba,
gansakuTrebiT vinaidan strategiis Sesabamisobis problema acilebuli
iqneba. erTi dartymiT SesaZlebeli gaxdeba meti racionaluri arCevanebis
miRweva, da aseve imis garantireba, rom isini namdvilad iqneba gamoxatuli.
[eqvsi kontrargumeti] pirveli kontrargumenti gvabrunebs paternalizmis
sakiTxebTan. xom ar warmoadgens gaumarTlebel zewolas is, rom
moqalaqeebs ekisrebaT valdebuleba monawileoba miiRon politikur
diskusiebSi? . . . meore: romc vigulisxmoT, rom diskusia SeiZleba
usasrulod gagrZeldes, erTsulovani da racionaluri SeTanxmebis miRweva
garantirebuli ar aris. mesame: vinaidan yovelTvis arsebobs droiTi
SezRudvebi diskusiaze - rogorc wesi miT ufro mkacri, rac ufro
mniSvnelovania sakiTxi – erTsulovneba warmoiqmneba iSviaTad. . . meoTxe:
zog SemTxvevaSi mokle diskusia SeiZleba iyos saSiSi ram, uaresi, vidre
diskusiis ardawyeba saerTod. . . mexuTe kontrargumenti kiTxvis qveS
ayenebs aracxad daSvebas imis Taobaze, rom saerTo politika mTlianobaSi
ukeTesia vidre misi nawilebis jami. xom ar SeiZleba moxdes, rom adamianebi
xdebian ufro, da ara naklebad, egoisturi da iracionaluri, politikuri
interaqciis Sedegad?. . . meeqvse argumenti aris is, rom erTsulovneba,
romelic unda ganxorcieldes, iolad SeiZleba aRmoCndes Sedegi
konformulobis, da ara racionaluri SeTanxmebis. .. . meSvide exeba imis
uaryofas, rom adamianebis msjelobis saerTo sikeTisken warmarTvis
saWiroeba gamoricxavs egoisturi argumentebis moyvanis survils. . .
me mgoni, habermasis Teoriidan cxadia, rom racionalur politikur
diskusias aqvs mizani, romelic mas azrs aniWebs. politika aris dakavebuli
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebiT, da, amdenad, instrumentul xasiaTs atarebs.
marTalia, instrumentuli politikis idea SesaZloa ufro viwrodac iqnas
gagebuli, Tu vigulisxmebT, rom politikur procesSi individebi misdeven
Tavis egoistur interesebs, magram ufro farTo gagebiT is gulisxmobs, rom
politikuri qmedeba aris pirvel rigSi arapolitikuri miznebis miRwevis
saSualeba, da mxolod Semdgom, Tu saerTod, TviTmizani. aq…. . . me
ganvixilav Teoriebs, romlebic gulisxmoben am prioritetis Semobrunebas
da romlebic politikis ZiriTad daniSnulebad xedaven monawileTa
ganaTlebas an sxva saxis mogebas. me vecdebi vaCveno, rom es Sexeduleba
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aris Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivi. monawileTa sargebeli warmoadgens
politikuri saqmianobis Tanaproduqts (by-product). metic, is aris
arsobrivad gverdiTi produqti im azriT, rom yvela mcdeloba gadaaqcioT
isini procesis ZiriTad miznad maT gaaqrobs. marTlac, politikur
saqmianobaSi CarTva SesaZloa didi kmayofilebis momtani iyos, magram
mxolod maSin, Tuki es saqmianoba ganisazRvreba seriozuli mizezebiT,
romlebic scdeba am siamovnebis miRebas.
. . . me vecdebi davamtkico, rom politikuri institutebisa da konstituciebis
garkveuli tipis dasabuTeba modis winaaRmdegobaSi sakuTar TavTan,
vinaidan amarTlebs ama Tu im konfiguracias imiT, rac am konfiguraciis
arsebiTad Tanaproduqts warmoadgens. aq aucilebelia im pirveladi da
mniSvnelovani gamijvnis gakeTeba im amocanas Soris, romelic mdgomareobs
konstituciis dasabuTebaSi ex antre da mis ex post Sefasebisgan. me vaCveneb,
rom tokvili, amerikuli demokratiis Sefasebisas, xotbas asxamda mas
swored im Sedegebis gulisTvis, romlebic misi Tanaproduqti iyo.
tokvilis SemTxvevaSi amas kargi gamarTleba moeZebneboda, rogorc
analitikur midgomas romelic ukve momxdars swavlobda sistemisgan
garkveulad daSorebuli perspeqtividan. Seusabamoba Cndeba maSin, rodesac
igive argumentebi moiyvaneba faqtis moxdenamde, sajaro diskusiaSi. Tumca
ki konstituciebis Semoqmedebs SeiZleba uTqmelad hqondeT amgvari
Sedegebi mxedvelobaSi, maT ar SeuZliaT am argumentebis dalagebuli
gadmocema sazogadoebisTvis. . .
tokvilma, rac paradoqsulad gamoiyureba, ivarauda, rom demokratiebi
aristokratiebze uaresadaa morgebuli grZelvadiani gegmarebis problemis
gadaWrisadmi, da mainc ukeTesia, vidre es ukanaskneli. es paradoqsi qreba,
Tuki mivaqcevT yuradRebas imas, rom pirveli mtkicebulebiT drois
parametri aqtorebis doneze Semodis, xolo meoreTi – damkvirveblis
doneze. erTis mxriv, “demokratias uWirs didi wamowyebis detalebis
koordinireba, erT gegmaze gaCereba da misi ganxorcieleba
winaaRmdgeobebisda miuxedavad. mas ar gaaCnia didi potenciali zomebis
farulad kombinirebisaTvis da Sedegebis moTminebiT dalodebisTvis”.
meores mxriv, “grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi demokratiulma mmarTvelobam
unda gazardos sazogadoebis realuri Zalebi, magram mas ar ZaluZs uceb
gaaerTianos mocemul adgilsa da droSi iseTi seriozuli Zalebi, romelTa
mobilizeba aristokratiul mmarTvelobas SeuZlia.” . . . .
“. . . demokratia ar uzrunvelyofs sazogadoebas yvelaze
kvalificirebuli mmarTvelobiT, magram is akeTebs imas, rac ar
SeuZlia yvelaze kvalificirebul mmarTvelobasac ki: is sazogadoebis
sxeulSi avrcelebs dauRalav aqtivobas, zeuxv Zalas da uzomo
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energias romelsac SeuZlia, metad araxelsayrel pirobebSic ki,
saswaulebis moxdena. es aris misi namdvili upiratesoba.”
amdenad, demokratiis upiratesobebi sxva sityvebiT umTavresad da
arsobrivad mis gverdiT produqts warmoadgenen. demokratiis Riad
aRiarebuli mizania mmarTvelobis kargi sistemis Seqmna, magram tokvili
amtkicebs rom is uaresia aristokratiulTan SedarebiT, Tuki mas wminda
gadawyvetilebaTa mimReb aparatad ganvixilavT. Tumca TviT demokratiul
yaidaze marTvas rogorc garkveuli tipis saqmianobas gverdiT produqtad
mohyveba garkveuli energia da aqtiuroba, romelic adgeba warmoebas da
qmnis simdidres. Tuki es dakvirveba sworia, SeiZleba Tu ara misi
gamoyeneba demokratiis iseT erSi dasamkvidreblad, sadac is adre
arasdros yofila? es kiTxva garkveulwilad ufro rTulia, vidre SeiZleba
dagveskvna aqamde Tqmulidan, vinaidan gadawyvetilebaTa xarisxi ar
warmoadgens erTaderT kriteriums, romliTac SeiZleba Sefasdes
politikuri sistema. samarTlianobis Tvalsawieri aseve unda iyos
gadamwyveti. magram Semdegi daskvna mainc gardauvalia: Tuki sistemas ar
gaaCnia Sinagani upiratesobebi samarTlianobisa da efeqturobis
TvalsazrisiT, SeuZlebelia misi SemoRebis Tanmimdevruli da sajaro dacva
im gverdiT produqtebze apelirebiT, romlebic man unda moitanos.
demokratia Tavad unda warmoadgendes sikeTes. . . .Tuki demokratiuli
meTodi SemoiReba sazogadoebaSi mxolod ekonomikuri keTildReobis
gverdiTi produqtis gulisTvis, da sxva safuZvlebis gamo misi aravis
sjera, is am efeqtebs ar Seqmnis.
Tumca ki, tokvili ar ambobs, rom politikuri saqmianoba TviTmizans
warmoadgens. demokratiis gamarTleba iZebneba mis SedegebSi, Tumca ki ara
winaswar dasaxulebSi, rogorc amas mkacrad instrumetuli xedva moiTxovs.
. . . jon stiuart mili ara marto esalmeba, aramed icavs demokratias im
ganmanaTlebluri efeqtis gulisTvis, romelic mas monawileebisTvis moaqvs.
. . politikis arainstrumentuli Teoriis yvelaze ganviTarebuli versiis
mosayvanad SegviZlia mivmarToT hanna arendts. werda ra kerZo da
sazogadoebrivi sivrceebis gancalkevebaze Zvel saberZneTSi, is amtkicebda:
“imis gareSe, rom daeuflo SinameurneobaSi cxovrebis aucileblobas,
arc cxovreba da arc “kargi cxovrebaa” SesaZlebeli, magram politika
arasdrosaa cxovrebis gulisTvis. ramdenadac es polisis wevrebs
exeba, SinameurneobaSi cxovreba arsebobs polisSi “kargi cxovrebis”
uzrunvelsayofad. sazogadoebrivi sfero . . . iyo daculi
individualurobisTvis; es iyo erTaderTi sfero, sadac adamianebs
SeeZloT warmoCena, Tu ras warmoadgendnen isini realurad da es
iyo am SesaZleblobis gulisTvis. . . “
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. . . ase gagebuli politika waagavs iseT saqmianobebs, rogorebicaa
xelovneba, mecniereba, sporti an Wadraki. masSi CarTva SeiZleba iyos didi
siamovnebis momtani, Tuki gaqvT damoukideblad gansazRvruli mizani, iseTi,
rogoricaa “raimis mixvedra” an “opoziciis damarcxeba”. moWadrake,
romelic amtkicebs, rom is TamaSobs ara mosagebad, aramed TamaSis
eleganturobis gulisTvis, aRmoCndeba orguli narcisisti, vinaidan ar
arsebobs iseTi cneba, rogoricaa eleganturi wageba, arsebobs martooden
eleganturi da araeleganturi mogebis cnebebi . . .
me ganvixile sami midgoma, romelic aRwers urTierTobas ekonomikasa da
politikas, bazarsa da forums Soris. erT mxares warmoadgens “demokratiis
ekonomikuri Teoria”, yvelaze mkafiod Camoyalibebuli Sumpeteris mier,
romelic agreTve arsebiTad devs sazogadoebrivi arCevanis Teoriis
safuZvelSi. es aris politikis sabazro Teoria im gagebiT, rom kenWisyris
aqti aris kerZo aqti, romelic emsgavseba yidvisa da gayidvis aqts. amdenad
me ver gaviziareb alan raianis mosazrebas, rom “kerZo da sazogadoebriv
cxovrebas Soris arsebul mimarTebaze nebismieri SesaZlo Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad kenWisyraSi monawileoba sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis elements
warmoadgens”. TviT gansxvaveba farul da Ria kenWisyras Soris aCvenebs,
rom politikaSi arsebobs sivrce kerZosa da sazogadoebrivs Soris.
amdenad, demokratiis ekonomikuri Teoria efuZneba mosazrebas, rom forumi
unda emsgavsebodes bazars rogorc Tavisi daniSnulebiT, aseve
funqcionirebis wesiT. daniSnuleba aRiwereba ekonomikur terminebSi, xolo
funqcionirebis wesi mdgomareobs individualur gadawyvetilebaTa
agregirebaSi.
sapirispiro xedva mdgomareobs imaSi, rom forumi unda iyos sruliad
daSorebuli bazars, rogorc Tavisi miznebiT, aseve institucionaluri
mowyobiT. forumi unda aRematebodes im individTa gadanawilebiT erTobas,
romlebic saarCevno kabinebis rigSi Camwkrivebulan. moqalaqeoba aris
Tviseba, romelic SeiZleba realizebul iqnas mxolod sajarod, anu
koleqtivSi, romelic saerTo miznis misaRwevad gaerTianda. amasTan es
mizani ar exeba materialuri cxovrebis gaumjobesebas. politikuri procesi
aris TviTmizani, sikeTe, an umaRlesi sikeTec ki, imaTTvis, vinc masSi
monawileobs. mas SeiZleba mivesalmoT misi ganmanaTlebluri efeqtisTvis
monawileTaTvis, magram es efeqti ar qreba mas mere rac ganmanaTlebluri
mizani miRweulia. piriqiT, moqalaqeTa ganaTlebas Sedegad mosdevs
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis dafaseba rogorc TviTmiznisa. politika am
gagebiT ar exeba raRac konkretulobas. is aris srulyofilebis agonisturi
warmoCena, an solidarobis koleqtiuri warmoCena, romelic
gancalkevebulia gadawyvetilebebis miRebisgan da movlenebze zegavlenis
moxdenisgan.
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am or xedvas Soris mdebareobs is Sexeduleba, romelic me yvelaze
mimzidvelad meCveneba. SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom forumi unda gansxvavdebodes
bazrisgan Tavisi funqcionirebis wesiT, Tumca ki mimarTuli iyos im
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaze, romlebsac uSualo ekonomikuri mniSvneloba
aqvT. maRali donis politikuri gadawyvetilebebic ki exeba dabali donis
wesebs, romlebic saboloo jamSi kavSirSia ekonomikur sakiTxebTan.
amdenad, konstituciuri mosazrebebi imis Taobaze, Tu rogor unda iyos
mowyobili an Secvlili kanoni, mudmivad ayenebs samarTlebriv
stabilurobasa da ekonomikur saqmianobaze zemoqmedebis sakiTxebs. es aris
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis saWiroeba, romelic saCqaroobis xasiaTs aniWebs
politikur debatebs. droSi yovelTvis arsebuli SezRudva qmnis
fokusirebisa da koncentrirebis saWiroebas, romelic SeuTavsebelia
filosofiuri debatebis Tavisufal stilTan, sadac mogzauroba SeiZleba
ufro kargi iyos vidre daniSnulebis adgilas misvla. Tumca am CarCoebSi
kamaTi ayalibebs politikuri procesis arss. Tu amgvaria ganmarteba
bunebiT sajaro da daniSnulebiT instrumentaluri politikisa, is
sazogadoebaSi saTanado adgils daikavebs.
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jon roulzi
politikuri liberalizmi
sajaro azrovnebis1 idea
nebismier politikur sazogadoebas da, zogadad, nebismier racionalur da
gonivrul agents, individi iqneba is Tu ojaxi, asociacia, an Tundac
politikur sazogadoebaTa konfederacia, gaaCnia Tavisi gegmebis
formulirebis, miznebis prioretizebis da Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebebis
miRebis garkveuli xerxi. xerxi, romliTac politikuri sazogadoeba amas
axorcielebs, aris misi azrovneba (goni); misi unari Seasrulos es yovelive
aseve misi gonia, Tumca ki sxva gagebiT: es aris inteleqtualuri da
moraluri Zala, romlis fesvebi mis wevr adamianTa unarebSia moqceuli.
yvelanairi azrovneba ar aris sajaro, vinaidan arsebobs eklesiebisa da
universitetebis, da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis bevri sxva asociaciis
arasajaro azrovneba. aristokratiul da avtokratiul reJimebSi, rodesac
ixileba sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebi, es keTdeba ara sazogadoebis
(public) mier, Tuki is saerTod arsebobs, aramed mmarTvelebis mier, vinc ar
unda iyon isini. sajaro azrovneba aris demokratiuli xalxebis
maxasiaTebeli: es aris azrovneba misi moqalaqeebisa, maTi, vinc flobs
Tanabari moqalaqeobis statuss. sagani maTi ganazrebisa aris sazogadoebis
keTildReoba: ra moTxovnebs uyenebs samarTlianobis politikuri
koncefcia sazogadoebis sabaziso struqturebsa da institutebs, da im
miznebsa da daniSnulebebs, romlebsac isini emsaxureba. amdenad, sajaro
azrovneba sajaroa sami gagebiT: rogorc moqalaqeTa goni, is aris
sazogadoebis goni; mis sagans warmoadgens sazogadoebis keTildReoba da
samarTlianobis fundamenturi problemebi; misi xasiaTi da Sinaarsi
sajaroa, isini mocemulia im ideebsa da principebSi, romlebsac politikuri
samarTlianobis sazogadoebrivi koncefcia gamoxatavs, da Riaa
ganxilvisTvis am sawyisebze. . .
sajaro azrovnebis problematika da forumebi
1 azrovneba – reason - aq reason-is ufro swori Targmani iqneboda sityva “goni”, magram roulzis naSromis konteqstSi azrovneba ufro Sesaferisia, vinaidan moicavs dinamikas, process. procesis xazgasma ki pasuxobs, rogorc Cans, roulzis da habermasis diskusiis arss roulziseuli samarTlianobis Teoriis arakomunikaciuri xasiaTis Taobaze (red.).
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. . . pirveli, rac unda aRiniSnos, aris is, rom SezRudvebi, romlebic
Semoaqvs sajaro azrovnebas, ar exeba nebismier politikur sakiTxebs,
aramed mxolod imaT, romlebic moicaven, ase rom vTqvaT, “sakonstitucio
safuZvlebs” (constitutional essentials) da bazisuri samarTlianobis problemebs
(basic justice) . es niSnavs imas, rom iseTi fundamenturi sakiTxebi,
rogorebicaa: Tu vis aqvs arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba; romeli
religiebis mimarTaa SesaZlo Semwynarebloba; visTvis unda iqnas
uzrunvelyofili SesaZleblobebis (opportunity) an sakuTrebis flobis
Tanabari ufleba - unda gadawydes martooden politikur Rirebulebebze
dayrdnobiT. es da amgvari sakiTxebi Sedis sajaro azrovnebis
kompetenciaSi.
bevri politikuri sakiTxi, Tu ara maTi umravlesoba, ar exeba am
fundamentur problemebs. aseTia, magaliTad, sagadasaxado kanonmdeblobis
didi nawili da bevri kanoni, romelic aregulirebs sakuTrebas; kodeqsebi,
romlebic icaven garemos da akontroleben garemos dabinZurebas;
erovnuli parkebis dafuZneba da cxovelebisa da mcenareebis dacva;
muzeumebisa da xelovnebis mxardamWeri fondebis Seqmna. rasakvirvelia, es
sakiTxebic xandaxan mimarTebaSia fundamentur sakiTxebTan. sajaro gonis
srulma aRweram unda moicvas es sakiTxebi da unda aRwerdes ufro
detalurad, vidre me amas aq vakeTeb, Tu riTi gansxvavdebian isini
sakonstitucio safuZvlebisgan da bazisuri samarTlis problemebisgan, da
ratom aris, rom sajaro azrovnebiT ganpirobebuli SezRudvebi maT
SeiZleba ar Seexos; an Tu exeba, sxvanairad da ara imave simkacriT.
zogs daebadeba SekiTxva: ratom ara vTqvaT, rom yvela sakiTxi, romlebTan
mimarTebaSi moqalaqeebi iyeneben saboloo da iZulebiT politikur
Zalauflebas, romelic maT erTimeores mimarT gaaCniaT, sajaro azrovnebis
sagans warmoadgens? ratom unda iyos dasaSvebi saerTod [sajaro
azrovnebiT dadgenili (red.)] politikuri Rirebulebebis ranJirebis miRma
gasvlis SesaZlebloba? vpasuxob: Cemi mizania pirvel rigSi ganvixilo
yvelaze seriozuli SemTxveva, sadac politikuri sakiTxebi exeba yvelaze
fundamentur problemebs. Tu Cven ar daveTanxmebiT SezRudvebs, romlebsac
sajaro azrovneba qmnis am SemTxvevebSi, Cven maSin ar unda vaRiaroT es
sazRvrebi arsad. Tu isini muSaoben am SemTxvevebSi, SemdgomSi Cven
SevZlebT sxva problemebze gadasvlas. mainc me vuSveb, rom Cveulebriv
uaRresad sasurvelia politikuri problemebis gadaWra sajaro azrovnebis
Rirebulebebze apelirebiT. Tumca es SeiZleba yovelTvis ase ar iyos.
2. sajaro azrovnebis Semdeg Tvisebas warmoadgens is, rom misi SezRudvebi
ar mieyeneba Cvens personalur msjelobebsa da ganazrebebs politikur
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sakiTxebze, an msgavs sakiTxebze iseTi asociaciis wevrebis mier msjelobas,
rogorebicaa eklesiebi an universitetebi, romlebic yvela arian ukana
planis kulturis sasicocxlo nawili. am ganazrebebSi sinamdvileSi
SeiZleba Tavisi roli Seasrulon bevrnairma religiurma, filosofiurma
da moralurma midgomebma. magram sajaro azrovnebis ideali gavlenas
axdens moqalaqeebze maSin, rodesac isini erTvebian politikur
advokatirebaSi sajaro forumze, da, amdenad, politikur partiebsa da
kandidatebze maT saarCevno kampaniebSi da sxva jgufebze, vinc maT mxars
uWers. is aseve gavlenas axdens imaze, Tu rogor unda moiqcnen moqalaqeebi
arCevnebSi, rodesac wydeba sakonstitucio safuZvlebisa da bazisuri
samarTlianobis sakiTxebi. amdenad sajaro azrovnebis ideali ara marto
warmarTavs saarCevno sajaro diskusias, im donemde, ra donemdec diskusia
exeba am fundamentur sakiTxebs, aramed agreTve sazRvravs imas, Tu rogor
unda miscen xma amomrCevlebma arCevnebSi. sxvagvarad arsebobs saSiSroeba
rom sajaro diskursi iqneba hipokritikuli: moqalaqeebi erTmaneTs
eubnebian erT rames, xolo xmas aZleven sxvas. . .
arasajaro azrovneba
1. sajaro azrovnebis buneba ufro cxadi gaxdeba, Tuki Cven avRniSnavT
sxvaobebs massa da arasajaro azrovnebas Soris. jer erTi, arsebobs bevri
arasajaro azrovneba da mxolod erTi sajaro . . . gonivruli da
pasuxismgebluri moqmedebis asawyobad korporaciul erTeulebsa da aseve
individebs sWirdebaT msjelobis xerxi imis Taobaze, Tu ra unda gakeTdes.
msjelobis es gza aris sajaro Tavis wevrebTan mimarTebaSi, magram
arasajaro politikur sazogadoebasTan da zogadad moqalaqeobis
erTobasTan mimarTebaSi. arasajaro azrovnebebi moicaven samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis mravalnair gonebs, da miekuTvneba imas, rasac me vuwodeb
“ukana planis kulturas” sajaro politikuri kulturis sapirispirod. es
azrovnebebi arian socialuri, da danamdvilebiT ara kerZo.
msjelobis yvela xerxi – iqneba is individualuri, asociaciuri Tu
politikuri – unda moicavdes garkveul ZiriTad elementebs: Sexedulebis
cnebas, daskvnis gamotanis principebs, mtkicebulebis wesebs da bevr sxvas.
sxva SemTxvevaSi es aRar iqneba msjelobis xerxi, aramed, SesaZloa,
ritorikis gza an darwmunebis saSualeba. Cven ki vswavlobT azrovnebas, da
ara ubralod diskurss. msjelobis xerxi, amdenad, unda moicavdes
azrovnebis fundametur cnebebsa da principebs, da moicavdes sisworis
standartebsa da dasabuTebis kriteriumebs. am ideebiT sargeblobis unari
Cveulebrivi adamianuri azrovnebis nawils warmoadgens. magram
individebisa da korporatiuli warmonaqmnebis sxvadasxva koncefciebs
sakuTari Tavis Sesaxeb Seesabameba gansxvavebuli procedurebi da meTodebi,
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es msjeloba mimdinareobs ra sxvadasxva viTarebebSi da aseve eqvemdebareba
nairnair CarCo SezRudvebs. es CarCo SezRudvebi SeiZleba warmoqmnas
garkveuli uflebebis dacvisa an garkveuli faseulobebis miRwevis
aucileblobam. . .
2. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi arasajaro Zalauflebas, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, eklesiis uzenaesoba sakuTar wevrebTan mimarTebaSi,
emorCilebian nebayoflobiT . . . yvelanairi yovlismomcveli religiuri,
filosofiuri an moraluri Sexedulebebi, romlebsac Cven viziarebT, aseve,
politikurad rom vilaparakoT, nebayoflobiTaa aRiarebuli; sindisis
Tavisuflebisa da azrovnebis Tavisuflebis pirobebSi Cven Tavad vemxrobiT
maT. . .
amis sapirispirod, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis uzenaesobis acileba
SeuZlebelia mis mier marTuli teritoriis datovebis gareSe. . . is, rom
misi Zalaufleba regulirdeba sajaro azrovnebiT, ar cvlis am viTarebas.
samSoblos mitoveba Cveulebrivad mZime nabijs warmoadgens: is niSnavs im
sazogadoebisa da kulturis mitovebas, romelSiac Cven gavizardeT, romlis
enas viyenebT laparakSi da azrovnebaSi raTa gamovxatoT da gavigoT
sakuTari Tavi, Cveni miznebi, gegmebi da Rirebulebebi. . .
amdenad, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis uzenaesoba ar miiReba nebayoflobiT:
sazogadoebisa da kulturisadmi mikuTvnebuloba, mamulis istoria da
socialuri mniSvneloba imdenad adrindel asakSi ayalibeben Cvens
cxovrebas, da Cveulebrivad imdenad Zlieria, rom emigraciis ufleba ar
aris sakmarisi raTa gaxados saxelmwifos Zalauflebis miReba
nebayoflobiTad im azriT, ra azriTac sindisis Tavisufleba
nebayoflobiTs xdis saeklesio Zalauflebas. miuxedavad amisa, cxovrebis
ganmavlobaSi Cven SeiZleba nebayoflobiT mivemxroT, refleqsuri
azrovnebisa da gonivruli msjelobis Sedegad, ideebs, principebs da
standartebs, romlebic sazRvraven Cvens bazisur uflebebsa da
Tavisuflebebs, da romlebic arsobrivad warmarTaven da zRudaven
politikur Zalauflebas, romelsac Cven veqvemdebarebiT. es aris Cveni
Tavisuflebis gare limiti.
sajaro azrovnebis Sinaarsi
1. axla me vubrundebi sajaro azrovnebis Sinaarss. . . es Sinaarsi
formulirebulia im cnebiT, rasac me vuwode “samarTlianobis politikuri
koncefcia”, romelic Cemi varaudiT, farTod liberaluri xasiaTisaa. amis
qveS me vgulisxmob sam rames: pirveli, is sazRvravs garkveul bazisur
uflebebs, Tavisuflebebs da SesaZleblobebs (im tipis, romlebic nacnobia
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konstituciuri demokratiuli reJimebidan); meore, is am uflebebs
gansakuTrebul upiratesobas aniWebs, pirvel rigSi saerTo sargeblisa da
perfeqcionistul RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi; da mesame, is moiTxovs
zomebis miRebas, raTa yvela moqalaqes gaaCndes adeqvaturi universaluri
saSualeba efeqturad gamoiyenos Tavisi bazisuri Tavisuflebebi da
SesaZleblobebi. . . magram TiToeuli es elementi SesaZloa
sxvadasxvanairad iyos danaxuli, da amdenad arsebobs sxvadasxvanairi
liberalizmebi. . .
2. arsebiTia, rom liberaluri politikuri koncefcia moicavs,
samarTlianobis principis garda, gamokvlevis saxelmZRvanelo principebs
(guidelines of inquiry), romlebic sazRvraven msjelobis gzebs da politikuri
sakiTxebis relevanturi informaciis kriteriumebs. amgvari saxelmZRvanelo
principebis gareSe SeuZlebelia ZiriTadi (substantive) principebis
gamoyeneba, rac politikur koncefcias arasrul da fragmentul xasiaTs
aniWebs. am koncefcias, amgvarad, unda hqondes ori nawili:
a. pirveli, samarTlianobis ZiriTadi (substantive) principebi bazisuri
struqturebisTvis; da
b. sakiTxebis kvlevis (Seswavlis) saxelmZRvanelo principebi: msjelobis
principebi da mtkicebulebis wesebi, romelTa Suqze moqalaqeebma unda
gadawyviton, Tu ramdenad sworadaa gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi principebi da
SearCion kanonebi da politikuri strategiebi, romlebic maT ukeT
Seesabameba.
amdenad, liberaluri politikuri Rirebulebebi or tips miekuTvneba:
a. pirveli tipi – politikuri samarTlianobis Rirebulebebi – miekuTvneba
bazisuri struqturis samarTlianobis principebs: politikuri da
samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis Tanasworobis principi; Tanabari
SesaZleblobebis principi, socialuri Tanasworobisa da ekonomikuri
urTierTvaldebulebebis Rirebulebebi; da modiT davamatoT saerTo
sargeblis Rirebulebebi da aseve yvela am RirebulebisaTvis
aucilebeli nairnairi pirobebi.
b. politikuri Rirebulebebis meore tipi – sajaro azrovnebis
Rirebulebebi – miekuTvneba sajaro kvlevis saxelmZRvanelo meTodebs,
romlebic mas Ria da sajaro xasiaTs aniWeben. aseve moicavs iseT
politikur Rirsebebs, rogoricaa saRi azrovneba da mzadyofna pativi
sces moqalaqeobis (moralur) valdebulebas, romlebic, rogorc
moqalaqeebis saTnoebebi, xels uwyoben politikur sakiTxebze
gaazrebuli (azriani) sajaro diskusiebis warmarTvas.
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3. rogorc adre iTqva sakonstitucio principebisa da bazisuri
samarTlianobis sakiTxebis Taobaze, bazisuri struqtura da misi
politikuri kursi unda iyos misaRebi yvela moqalaqisTvis, rogorc amas
politikuri legitimaciis principi moiTxovs. amas unda davamatoT is, rom
misi gamarTlebisas Cven ufleba gvaqvs mivmarToT mxolod arsebul zogad
warmodgenebs, msjelobis im formebs, romlebic saR azrovnebaSi moipoveba,
da mecnierul meTodebsa da daskvnebs, rodesac isini
arawinaaRmdegobrivebi arian. legitimaciis liberaluri principi xdis amas
sajaro ganxilvis warmarTvis principebis gansazRvris yvelaze misaReb, Tu
ara erTaderT gzad. raSi mdgomareobs sxva samoqmedo principebi da
kriteriumebi am SemTxvevisTvis?
es yovelive niSnavs imas, rom sakonstitucio principebze da sakiTxebze
msjelobisas Cven ar unda mivmarToT yovlismomcvel religiur da
filosofiur doqtrinebs – romlebsac Cven, rogorc individebi an
gaerTianebebis wevrebi vixilavT srul WeSmaritebebad – da arc unda
gamoviyenoT, magaliTad, zogadi wonasworobis ekonomikuri Teoriebi, Tuki
isini kiTxvis qveS dgas. ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, codna da msjelobis
gzebi, romlebic safuZvels uqmnian sakonstitucio principebisa da bazisuri
samarTlis gaziarebas, unda eyrdnobodes aSkara WeSmaritebebs, romlebic
amJamad farTodaa gaziarebuli, an misawvdomi, moqalaqeebisTvis zogadad.
sxvanairad politikuri koncefcia ver uzrunvelyofs msjelobis
sazogadoebriv dasayrdens . . .
4. Cems naSromSi “samarTlianoba rogorc patiosneba”, da, Cemis azriT, bevr
sxva liberalur warmodgenaSi, simarTlis dadgenis sajaro azrovnebis
meTodebi da aseve sajaro azrovnebis legitimaciis principi, imave
safuZvlebs eyrdnoba, rac samarTlianobis ZiriTadi principebi.
samarTlianobaSi rogorc patiosnebaSi es imas niSnavs, rom sawyis
mdgomareobaSi myofma partiebma sabaziso struqturisTvis samarTlianobis
principebis miRebisas unda miiRon aseve meTodebi da kriteriumebi sajaro
azrovnebisTvis, raTa am normebis gamoyeneba SeZlon. am meTodebis da
legitimaciis principebis dasabuTeba arsebiTad igivea, da iseTive Zlieria,
rogorc Tavad samarTlianobis principebis dasabuTeba. im individebis
interesebis uzrunvelyofisTvis, romlebsac isini warmoadgenen, partiebi
moiTxoven, rom ZiriTadi principebis gamoyeneba eqvemdebarebodes
gankiTxvasa da Semowmebas, msjelobasa da mowmobas, romlebic unda
vivaraudoT rom gaziarebul iqnas maT mier warmodgenil adamianTa mier.
Tu amis moTxovnas partiebi ver moaxerxeben, isini ver imoqmedeben
pasuxismgeblurad rogorc ndobiT aRWurvilebi. amdenad Cven saqme gvaqvs
legitimizaciis principTan.
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aseve, “samarTlianoba rogorc patiosnebas” mixedviT, sajaro gonisa da
samarTlianobis principebis meTodebs arsebiTad saerTo niadagi gaaCniaT.
isini erTi da imave SeTanxmebis urTierTdakavSirebul nawilebs
warmoadgenen. ar arsebobs gamarTleba imisa, rom nebismier moqalaqes, an
moqalaqeTa gaerTianebas, hqondes ufleba gamoiyenos saxelmwifos
Zalaufleba sakonstitucio safuZvlebis mosawyobad am moqalaqis, an
moqalaqeTa gaerTianebis yovlismomcveli doqtrinebis mixedviT. rodesac
moqalaqeebi Tanasworad arian warmodgenilebi, arc erTi moqalaqe ar
mianiWebs sxva individsa Tu gaerTianebas Sesabamis politikur Zalauflebas.
amdenad, veranairi amgvari Zalaufleba ver daeyrdnoba sajaro azrovnebas,
da gonivruli yovlismomcveli doqtrinebi amas icnobiereben.
5. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom politikuri liberalizmi warmoadgens xedvis
garkveul nairsaxeobas. mas aqvs bevri forma, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra
ZiriTadi principebia gamoyenebuli da rogoraa Camoyalibebuli
gamokvlevis meTodebi. am formebs saerTo aqvT ZiriTadi samarTlianobis
bazisuri principebi da sajaro gonis idea. Sinaarsi da idea SeiZleba
varirebdes am CarCoebSi.
metic, sajaro gonis ideisa da legitimaciis miseuli principis emociuri
aRiareba ar niSnavs samarTlianobis specifiuri liberaluri koncefciis
aRiarebas misi Sinaarsis ganmsazRvreli principebis wvrilmani detalebis
CaTvliT. Cven SeiZleba gvqondes uTanxmoeba am detalebze da mainc
vemxrobodeT erTmaneTs koncefciis ufro zogadi aspeqtebis gaziarebis
Taobaze. Cven vTanxmdebiT, rom moqalaqeebi politikur Zalauflebas
inawileben Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis sawyisebze, amasTan, rogorc
gonier da racionalur arsebebs maT aqvT moqalaqeobrivi valdebuleba
mimarTon sajaro azrovnebas, Tumca ki gansxvavebulad vuyurebT imas, Tu ra
principebi Seadgenen yvelaze gonivrul baziss sajaro msjelobisTvis.
Sexeduleba, romelsac me samarTlianoba rogorc patiosneba vuwode
liberaluri politikuri koncefciis mxolod erTi magaliTia; misi
konkretuli Sinaarsi ar aris amgvari xedvis specifikis ganmsazRvreli.
sajaro gonis idealis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom moqalaqeebma unda
gamarTon Tavisi fuZemdebluri diskusiebi im CarCoSi, romelsac TiToeuli
maTgani samarTlianobis iseT politikur koncefciad aRiarebs, romlis
Rirebulebebi, gonivrulad SeiZleba vivaraudoT, sxvebmac unda gaiziaron,
da romelSiac TiToeuli keTilsindisierad mzadaa daicvas amgvarad
gagebuli koncefcia. es niSnavs imas, rom TiToeul Cvengans unda gaaCndes,
da unda iyos mzad axsnas, imis kriteriumebi, Tu ra principebi da meTodebi,
Cvenis azriT, gonivrulad SeiZleba vivaraudoT rom sxva moqalaqeebma
(romlebic aseve Tavisufali da Tanaswori arian) SeiZleba gaiziaron
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CvenTan erTad. Cven unda gagvaCndes garkveuli sasinji imis gadasawyvetad,
Tu rodisaa es piroba Sesrulebuli. me adre kriteriumad SemoTavazebuli
mqonda im principebiTa da meTodebiT gamoxatuli Rirebulebebi, romlebic
sawyis mdgomareobaSi iqneboda miRebuli. bevrma SeiZleba sxva kriteriumi
ufro misaRebad miiCnios.
cxadia, SeiZleba aRmoCndes, rom realobaSi sxvebi ar gaiziareben im
principebs da meTodebs, romlebsac irCevs Cveni kriteriumi. es
mosalodnelia. idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saWiroa Cven amgvari
kriteriumi gagvaCndes, da es TavisTavad ukve moaxdens metad mniSvnelovan
madisciplinirebel gavlenas sajaro diskusiaze. yvelanairi Rirebulebebi
ver gadis amgvar testirebas, da arc politikur Rirebulebebs
warmoadgenen; da politikuri Rirebulebebis yvelanairi balansi ar aris
aucileblobiT gonivruli. gardauvalia da xSirad sasurvelic, rom
moqalaqeebs gaaCndeT gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi imaze, Tu ra aris
Sesaferisi politikuri koncefcia; vinaidan sajaro politikuri kultura
aucileblobiT moicavs sxvadasxva fundametur ideebs, romelTa ganviTareba
SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva gziT. droTa ganmavlobaSi mowesrigebuli
konkurencia maT Soris sando gzaa imis gamosacnobad, Tu romelia, Tuki is
arsebobs, yvelaze misaRebi.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo rogorc sajaro azrovnebis magaliTi
. . . sasamarTlo zedamxedvelobis mqone konstituciur reJimSi sajaro
azrovneba aris misi uzenaesi sasamarTlos goni. aq unda aRiniSnos ori
garemoeba: pirveli, sajaro azrovneba kargad asrulebs sasamarTlos gonis
rols sasamarTlos mier ZiriTadi kanonis uzenaesi, magram ara saboloo
interpretatoris rolis SesrulebaSi; meore, uzenaesi sasamarTlo aris
saxelmwifo Zalauflebis is Sto, romelic sajaro azrovnebas ganasaxierebs.
am debulebebis asaxsnelad me mokled SevCerdebi konstitucionalizmis xuT
principze.
pirveli principi mdgomareobs gansxvavebaSi, romelsac ayalibebs loki “or
xelSekrulebaSi” - sxvaoba xalxis damfuZneblur uflebas Soris
Camoayalibos axali reJimi da saxelmwifo moxeleTa da eleqtoratis
Cveulebriv Zalauflebas Soris, romelic yoveldRiur politikaSi
gamoiyeneba. xalxis es damfuZnebluri ufleba qmnis CarCos Cveulebrivi
Zalaufebis regulirebisTvis da xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac iSleba
arsebuli reJimi.
meore aris sxvaoba ZiriTad da Cveulebriv kanons Soris. ZiriTadi kanoni
aris xalxis damfuZnebluri Zalauflebis gansaxiereba da gaaCnia uzenaesi
avtoriteti, ganxorcielebuli “Cven, xalxis” saxeliT, xolo Cveulebriv
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kanons gamoxatavs kongresisa da eleqtoratis Cveulebrivi Zalaufleba.
ZiriTadi kanoni zRudavs da warmarTavs Cveulebriv Zalauflebas.
mesame principi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom demokratiuli konstitucia
warmoadgens ZiriTad kanonSi im politikuri idealis principul
gamoxatvas, romlis mixedviTac xalxma unda marTos sakuTari Tavi
garkveuli gziT. sajaro gonis mizania am idealis artikulireba.
politikuri sazogadoebis zogierTi mizani SeiZleba Camoyalibebuli iyos
preambulaSi –samarTlianobis damyareba da saerTo keTildReobis
xelSewyoba – xolo zogierTi SezRudvebi SeiZleba moiZebnebodes
uflebebis bilSi an Caidos mmarTvelobis monaxazSi – kanonis Sesabamisi
gamoyeneba da kanonis ZaliT Tanabari daculobis principi. yvela erTad
isini miekuTvneba politikuri Rirebulebebis da sajaro gonis kategorias.
ZiriTadi kanonis es principuli gamoxatva unda sargeblobdes farTo
aRiarebiT da am da sxva mizezebiT sasurvelia ar gadaitvirTos mravali
detalebiT da ganmartebebiT. aseve unda iyos SesaZlebeli bazisur
institutebSi misi sakvanZo principebis gansaxierebis ganxorcielebis
danaxva.
meoTxe principi aris is, rom demokratiulad ratificirebuli
konstituciiT, romelic uflebebis bilsac moicavs, moqalaqeTa erToba
erTxel da samudamod ayalibebs garkveul konstituciur safuZvlebs,
magaliTad, Tanabar ZiriTad politikur uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs,
sityvisa da gaerTianebis Tavisuflebas, da amasTan im uflebebsa da
Tavisuflebebs, romlebic uzrunvelyofen moqalaqeTa usafrTxoebasa da
damoukideblobas, rogorebicaa gadaadgilebis ufleba da sacxovrebeli
adgilis arCevis ufleba, da kanonis mmarTvelobiT uzrunvelyofili
daculoba. amiT iqmneba garantia, rom Cveulebrivi kanonmdebloba
garkveuli gziT xorcieldeba Tavisufali da Tanaswori moqalaqeebis mier.
swored am dafiqsirebuli procedurebis meSveobiT adamianebs SeuZliaT
gamoxaton, Tundac isini amas ar akeTebdnen, maTi dasabuTebuli
demokratiuli neba, da amgvari procedurebis gareSe maT namdvilad
SeiZleba ar gaaCndeT amgvari neba.
mexuTe, da saboloo, konstituciur mmarTvelobaSi saboloo Zalaufleba
ar SeiZleba ekuTvnodes sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas an, Tundac, uzenaes
sasamarTlos, romelic aris mxolod konstituciis umaRlesi
samarTlebrivi interpretatori. saboloo Zalaufleba ekuTvnis samive
Stos saTanadod gansazRvrul mimarTebaSi erTmaneTTan, sadac TiToeuli
angariSvaldebulia xalxis winaSe. iTvleba, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi
eleqtoratis did umravlesobas SeuZlia konstituciis misadageba Tavisi
politikuri nebisadmi. es aris ubralod faqti politikuri Zalauflebis,
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rogorc aseTis, Sesaxeb. es ubralod ar SeiZleba sxvanairad moxdes, Tundac
gavaZlieroT konstituciis is muxlebi, romlebic icaven bazisur
demokratiul garantiebs. ar arsebobs iseTi institucionaluri procedura,
romlis borotad gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli iyos bazisuri konstituciuri
demokratiuli principebis damrRvevi kodeqsebis gansaxorcieleblad.
swori da samarTliani konstituciisa da bazisuri kanonis idea yovelTvis
realizdeba samarTlianobis yvelaze gonivruli politikuri koncefciiT da
ara realuri politikuri procesis SedegebiT.
amdenad, konstituciuri demokratia dualistur xasiaTs atarebs: is
ganasxvavebs damfuZneblur Zalauflebas Cveulebrivi Zalauflebisgan, da
aseve xalxis uzenaes kanons sakanonmdeblo Zalauflebis Cveulebrivi
kanonisgan. parlamentis uzenaesoba uaryofilia.
uzenaesi sasamarTlo esadageba konstituciuri demokratiis dualizmis am
ideas rogorc erT-erTi institucionaluri iaraRi uzenaesi kanonis
dasacavad. sajaro azrovnebis gamoyenebiT uzenaesi sasamarTlo unda
icavdes am kanons eroziisgan, romelic droebiTi umravlesobebis
samarTalSemoqmedebidan, an, rac ufro savaraudoa, organizebuli da
kargad moxerxebuli viwro interesebidan momdinareobs. Tuki sasamarTlo
iRebs am rols da kargad asrulebs mas, araswori iqneba gamovacxadoT, rom
is mkveTrad antidemokratiulia. is namdvilad umravlesobis winaaRmdegaa
mimarTuli Cveulebriv kanonTan mimarTebaSi, vinaidan mas SeuZlia
gamoacxados amgvari kanoni arakonstituciurad. miuxedavad amisa, amis ukan
dgas xalxis uzenaesi avtoriteti. sasamarTlo ar aris umravlesobis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli uzenaes kanonTan mimarTebaSi, Tuki misi
gadawyvetilebebi gonivrulad esadageba TviT konstitucias, mis
Sesworebebs da politikurad dafiqsirebul interpretaciebs.
. . .sasamarTlos roli aris ara ubralod damcavi, aramed is uzrunvelyofs
sajaro azrovnebas saTanado uwyveti momsaxurebiT, rogorc misi
institucionaluri gansaxiereba. es niSnavs imas, rom, jer erTi, sajaro
azrovneba aris erTaderTi azrovneba, romelsac sasamarTlo iyenebs. es
aris mmarTvelobis erTaderTi Sto, romelic . . am da mxolod am gonis
warmonaqmns warmoadgens. moqalaqeebsa da kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT,
rogorc wesia, xma miscen Tavis ufro specifiur Sexedulebebs rodesac saqme
ar exeba sakonstitucio safuZvlebsa da bazisur samarTals; maT ar
sWirdebaT sajaro gonis meSveobiT imis gamarTleba, Tu ratom iqcevian ase,
arc sWirdebaT daasabuTon arCevanis safuZveli da SeaTavson igi
Tanmimdevrul konstituciur xedvasTan maTi gadawyvetilebebis
erTobliobaze. sasamarTloTa roli ki mdgomareobs swored amaSi da amis
ganxorcielebisas maT ar gaaCniaT aranairi sxva safuZvlebi da aranairi
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sxva Rirebulebebi, garda politikurisa. amis garda saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi
maT unda mimarTon sakonstitucio ganaCenebs, praqtikas, tradicias da
konstituciurad mniSvnelovan istoriul teqstebs.
. . . sasamarTloebs, cxadia, ar SeuZliaT gamoiyenon sakuTari
individualuri morali, arc zogadad moralis idealebi da sikeTeebi. maT
es yovelive irelevanturad unda CaTvalon. analogiurad maT ar SeuZliaT
sakuTari an sxva adamianebis religiuri da filosofiuri Sexedulebebis
gamoyeneba. arc politikuri Rirebulebebis citireba SeuZlia SezRudvis
gareSe. sanacvlod maT unda mimarTon politikur Rirebulebebs, romlebic
maTi azriT miekuTvneba sajaro koncefciis da samarTlianobis da sajaro
gonis miseuli politikuri Rirebulebebis yvelaze dasabuTebul gagebas.
esenia Rirebulebebi, romlebsac, rogorc maT keTilsindisierad sjeraT,
rogorc amas moqalaqeobis movaleoba iTxovs, unda iziarebdes yvela
moqalaqe gonieri da racionaluri arsebis Tavis rolSi.
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karl manhaimi
ideologia da utopia
cnebaTa winaswari gansazRvris aucilebloba
istoriuli da socialuri analizis gasaRebs gvaZlevs upirveles
yovlisa `mza~, anu ukve Camoyalibebuli da Cvens gansakrgulebaSi
arsebuli cnebebis mniSvnelobaTa meryeobis ufro zusti dafiqsireba.
amgvari analizi gviCvenebs, rom zogadad SegviZlia ganvasxvavoT
`ideologiis~ ori, urTierTgamijvnadi mniSvneloba. sityvis
mniSvnelobis xmarebis erT wess vuwodebT ideologiis partikularul,
meores – totalur cnebas.
ideologiis partikularul cnebasTan saqme gvaqvs maSin, roca
sityva mxolod imas unda gveubnebodes, rom Cven ar gvinda davijeroT
mowinaaRmdegis garkveuli `ideebi~ da warmodgenebi, radgan migvaCnia
isini realuri viTarebis Segnebul damaxinjebad, romlis WeSmaritad
Secnobac ar Sedis mowinaaRmdegis interesebSi. amasTanave, aq saubari
seiZleba mTel skalaze – Segnebuli tyuilidan naxevradSegnebul
instiqtur gayalbebamde, sxvebis moyuebidan – Tavis motyuebamde.
idelogiis es cneba, romelic mxolod TandaTanobiT gamoeyo ubralo
tyuilis cnebas, sityvis mravalmxrivi mniSvnelobiT partikularulia.
misi es partikularizmi imwamsve TvalsaCino xdeba, rogorc ki mas
ideologiis radikalur, totalur cnebas davupirispirebT. am
ukanaskneli gagebiT laparaki SeiZleba mTeli saukunis an istoriul-
socialurad konkretulad gansazRvruli jgufis – vTqvaT, klasis,
ideologiaze ise, rom amasTanave am epoqis cnobierebis totaluri
struqturis Tavisebureba da xasiaTi igulisxmebodes.
ideologiis am ori cnebis saerTo niSnebi iseve, rogorc maT
Soris gansxvaveba, aSkaraa. saerTo Cveni azriT is unda iyos, rom
orive mizanSi amoRebuli Sinaarsis (mowinaaRmdegis `ideebis~) Secnobas
cdilobs ara gamoTqmulis uSualo wvdomiT (am SemTxvevaSi Cven
imanentur interpretaciaze visaubrebdiT), aramed SemovliTi gziT, im
93
koleqtiuri Tu individualuri subieqtis gagebiT, romelic am `ideebs~
gamoTqvams da romlis yofierebis mdgomareobidan gamomdinare vaxdenT
Cven am ideebis funqcionalizirebas. ukanaskneli gamonaTqvami niSnavs
imas, rom es ideebi, rogorc garkveuli gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi,
mtkicebebi, obieqtivaciebi (`ideebi~ - am sityvis yvelaze farTo
gagebiT) Seimecneba gamomdinare ara maTi Semcvelobidan, aramed
subieqtis yofierebis mdgomareobidan, interpretirebulia ra, rogorc
yofierebis mdgomareobis fuqnciebi. garda amisa, es niSnavs imas, rom
garkveulwilad arsebobs Sexeduleba, rom konkretuli konstitucia,
subieqtis yofierebis mdgomareoba, subieqtis Sexedulebebis,
mtkicebebisa da codnis Tanamakonstitucionalizirebuli mniSvnelobis
mqonea.
amrigad, ideologiis orive cneba axdens e.w. `ideebis~
funqcionalizirebas, aqcevs maT am ideebis matareblis da socialur
garemoSi am subieqtis konkretuli mdgomareobis funqciebad. es aris
saerTo or cnebas Soris, magram aseve arsebobs uzarmazari
gansxvavebac. am sxvaobaTagan davasaxelebT mxolod umniSvnelovaness:
a) Tuki ideologiis partikularuli cneba mowinaaRmdegis
mtkicebaTa mxolod nawils da Tanac mxolod
Sinaarsobrivad ganixilavs ideologiebad, ideologiis
totaluri cneba kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs
mowinaaRmdegis mTel msoflmxedvelobas (kategorialuri
aparatebis CaTvliT) da es kategoriebic surs gaigos
koleqtiuri subieqtidan gamomdinare.
b) ideologiis partikularul cnebaSi funqcionalizacia
mxolod fsiqologiur doneze xdeba. kerZod, roca
amboben, rom mowinaaRmdegis esa Tu is mtkiceba sicruea.
is umalavs Tavs da sxvebs realur viTarebas, amiT jer
kidev fiqroben, roca saqme exeba mniSvnelobis
noologiur (Teoriul) dones, rom imave safuZvelze
dganan, romelzedac mowinaaRmdege. sxvagvaradaa
ideologiis totalur cnebaSi. roca, vTqvaT, amboben,
rom is epoqa im ideebis samyaroSi cxovrobs, Cven ki –
sxva, an is konkretuli istoriuli fena sxvagvari
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kategoriebiT azrovnebs, vider Cven, maSin gulisxmoben
ara calkeuli azrebis Semcvelobas, aramed azrTa
sruliad konkretul sistemas, gancdisa da
interpretaciis garkveul saxes. xdeba swored
noologiuri donis funqcionalizireba maSin, roca
yofierebis mdgomareobaze SinaarsebTan da aspeqtebTan
erTad forma, bolos da bolos, kategorialuri
aparaturac gadaaqvT.
c) am gansxvavebebidan gamomdinare, ideologiis
partikularuli cneba ZiriTadad interesebis
fsiqologiiT operirebs, gansxvavebiT ideologiis
totaluri cnebisagan, romelic gacilebiT ufro
formalizebuli, SeZlebisdagvarad obieqturi
struqturuli mdgomareobis mainterpretirebeli
funqciis cnebiT xelmZRvanelobs. ideologiis
partikularuli cneba amodis iqedan, rom ama Tu im
tyuilis an sinamdvilis dafarvis mizezi esa Tu is
interesia. ideologiis totaluri cnebis SemTxvevaSi
amosavali azria, rom ama Tu im mdgomareobas, esa Tu is
xedva, ganxilvis meTodi, aspeqti Seesabameba.
ideologiis cnebis mniSvnelobis cvlilebis istoria
ideologiis partikularuli da totaluri cnebebis... istoriuli
fesvebic Cven erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebulad warmogvidgeba,
Tumca, realobaSi mudmivad xdeba am ori tipis aRreva...
ideologiis cnebis am ormagi gagebis Sesabamisad, romelmac Cven
mniSvnelobis analitikuri TvalsarisiT saSualeba mogvca gagvemijna
erTmaneTisgan ideologiis partikularuli da totaluri cnebebi,
SeiZleba aseve maT istorias ori mimarTulebiT gavadevnoT Tvali.
upirveles yovlisa, rac Seexeba ideologiis cnebas, aq uSualo
winamorbedi iyo undoblobisa da eWvis grZnoba, rasac adamiani,
savaraudod, mudmivad ganicdida mowinaaRmdegis mimarT istoriuli
yofierebis yovel safexurze. mxolod maSin, roca es Tavdapirvelad
95
sayovelTao adamianuri da udavod, yovel istoriul stadiaze met-
naklebad arsebuli undobloba meToduri xdeba, SeiZleba daveWvdeT,
rom saqme gvaqvs ideologiasTan. es stadia iriTadad miiRweva imiT,
rom mowinaaRmdegis mier simarTlis dafarvis pasuxismgebel
matareblad sul ufro naklebad cxaddeba calkeul subieqtebi,
yovelive boroti sul ufro naklebad daiyveneba maT eSmakobamde da
imiT, rom mtris cbierebis wyaros, Tundac met-naklebad Segnebulad,
raime socialur faqtorSi dainaxaven.
mowinaaRmdegis Sexedulebebis ideologiad ganxilva iwyeba maSin,
rodesac maT ubralo tyuilad ki aRar aRiqvamen, aramed roca
mowinaaRmdegis mTel poziciaSi SeigrZnoben siyalbes, romelsac
socialuri mdgomareobis funqciad gansazRvraven. amdenad, ideologiis
partikularuli cneba gulsixmobs fenomens, romelic Sualeduria
Cveulebriv tyuilsa da Teoriulad mcdarad struqturirebul xedvas
Soris. es cneba gulsixmobs fsiqologiur doneze moqmed SecdomaSi
Seyvanis Sres, romelic Cveulebrivi tyuilisagan gansxvavebiT,
ganzraxvis ki ara, garkveuli kauzaluri iZulebis Sedegia.
amgvari interpretaciis TvalsazrisiT, bekonis moZRvrebaSi
kerpebis Sesaxeb garkveulwilad SeiZleba davinaxoT ideologiis
Tanamedrove koncefciis winaswarxedva. bekonisaTvis kerpebia `kerpis
gamosaxuleba~, `damkvidrebuli warmodgenebi~. masTan vxvdebiT
(rogorc cnobilia) Semdeg kerpebs: idola tribus (gvaris kerpi), idola specus
(gamoqvabulis kerpi), idola fori (bazris kerpi) da idola theatri (Teatris
kerpi). yvela es kerpi mcdari warmodgenebis wyaroa, rac zog
SemTxvevaSi zogadad adamianis bunebidan, zogjer ki gansakuTrebuli
individidan momdinareobs, magram aseve miewereba sazogadoebas an
tradicias da gzas uketavs WeSmarit codnas. ideologiis Tanamedrove
gageba udavod garkveul kavSirSia am terminTan, romelic bekonTan,
rogorc ukve iTqva, azrobrivad SecdomaSi Seyvanis wyaros aRniSnavs.
amas garda, imis gageba, rom SecdomaSi Seyvanis wyaroTa rigs
sazogadoeba da tradiciac SeiZleba miekuTvnos, udavod raRac
sociologiuris winamorbedi unda iyos. magram aq miuRebeli iqneboda
imis mtkiceba, rom arsebobs realuri kavSiri, namdvili, ideebis
96
istoriulad dadasturebadi mimarTeba Tanamedrove mosazrebasTan
ideologiis Sesaxeb.
friad SesaZlebelia, rom eWvi ideologiis arsebobis Sesaxeb
upirveles yovlisa politikuri praqtikis yoveldRiuri
cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebis sferoSi warmoiSva, roca vigebT, rom
renesansis epoqaSi miakiavelis TanamoqalaqeTa Soris gaCnda axali
andaza, romelic, afiqsirebs ra imdroindel saxalxo dakvirvebas,
amtkicebs, rom palacoSi sxvagvarad fiqroben, vidre piacaze,e s
pasuxobs sajaro sferoSi politikis met-naklebad ufro Rrmad SeWris
faqtsac. aq ukve Cans eWvisa da undoblobis meTodad qcevis, razedac
ukve gvqonda saubari, Canasaxi: gansxvaveba azrovnebaSi ukve miewereba
sociologiurad daxasiaTebad faqtorebs. ... dRemde, Cvens mier
parikularulad wodebbuli ideologiis cneba am sawyisebs emyareba. ...
azrovnebis es wesi (racionaluri) yovelTvis SemarTuli iqneba
intereseTa fsiqologiis meTodebis gamoyenebiT eWvis qveS daayenos
mowinaaRmdegeTa mtkicebaTa siwrfele da aqedan gamomdinare,
gaaufasuros isini. azrovnebis am wess yovelTvis politikuri
mniSvneloba eqneba manam, vidre saubari iqneba nawilobrivi siyalbis
mxilebaze. es mamxilebeli SemarTeba Cveni drois niSan-Tvisebaa.
ideologiis totaluri cneba kiTxvis niSnis qveS
ayenebs cnobierebis noologiur sferos
xsenebuli mxileba, romelic fsiqologiur doneze xorcieldeba,
unda gaimijnos im gacilebiT ufro radikaluri eWvisagan da im
gacilebiT ufro radikaluri destruqciisagan, romelic ontologiur
da noologiur doneze mimdinareobs, magram amave dros, ara mTlianad.
orive SemTxvevaSi moqmedeben Tanmimdevruli transformaciis erTi da
igive istoriuli Zalebi. es Zalebi moqmedeben maSin, roca pirvel
SemTxvevaSi, Tanmimdevruli transformaciis am procesSi nadgurdeba
is siyalbe, romelic fsiqologiur doneze iqmneba, meoreSi ki – maSin,
roca iSleba ontologiuri da logikuri debulebebi da roca erTi
partia am Tvalsazrisiac axdens meoris destruqcias. mxolod Zireuli
transformaciis im samyaroSi, romlis arsebobac ara mxolod
97
qmnadobas (Werden), aramed destruqciasac (Entwerden) Seicavs, seiZleba
brZola iqamdec mivides, rom erTma partiam meoris ara mxolod
konkretuli Sinaarsis (Gehalte) da poziciis (azrebisa da
TvalTaxedvis), aramed sulieri safuZvlis ganadgurebac ganizraxos...
CvenTvis gadamwyvetia is, rom orive Cvens mier gancalkevebiT
ganxiluli, sinamdvileSi ki saerTo istoriuli situaciiT
ganpirobebuli es orive mimarTuleba ideologiis cnebis
ganviTarebaSi, garegnuladac ki sul ufro metad uaxlovdeba
erTmaneTs. ideologiis partikularuli cneba totalurTan erTiandeba.
ubralo damkvirveblisTvis es Semdegi saxiTaa aRqmadi: adre
mowinaaRmdeges, rogorc garkveuli socialuri poziciis
warmomadgenels, sayvedurobdnen imas, rom is drodadro Cadis
Segnebul Tu Seugnebel gayalbebas. amJamad mowinaaRmdegeze Tavdasxma
Zlierdeba imiT, rom uariyofa misi sworad azrovnebis unaric imdenad,
ramdenadac xdeba misi cnobierebis struqturis, mTeli misi sisruliT,
diskreditireba. es ubralo dakvirveba, gaanalizebuli misi
struqturuli mniSvnelobis kuTxiT, niSnavs imas, rom adre amxeldnen
mxolod fsiqologiur doneze, avlendnen ra socialurad
ganpirobebul SecdomaSi Seyvanis wyaros, axla ki destruqcia
radikalizebulia Tavdasxmis sferoSi noologiur-logikuri donis
CarTviT da mowinaaRmdegis gamonaTqvamebis am noologiuri donis,
mTeli misi mniSvnelovnobis, destruqciiT socialuri
funqcionalizaciis meSveobiT. amiT ki warmoiqmneba axali safexuri
cnobierebis istoriul procesSi SesaZloa, yvelaze gadamwyveti),
romelsac Cven ver warmovidgenT, Tuki ar vaxsnebT mainc kidev erT
garemoebas, romelic mTeli am msjelobisaTvis fundamenturia.
ideologiis totaluri cneba acovxlebs problemas, romelic
TavisTavad uZvelesia, magram mxolod axla, azrovnebis istoriis am
safexurze iZens saTanado azrs: saxeldobr iqmneba `mcdari
cnobierebis~ SesaZleblobis problema. `mcdari cnobierebis~
SesaZleblobis es idea aniWebs ideologiis totalur cnebas
gansakuTrebul siRrmes, am komponentidan momdinareobs yovelive
SemaSfoTebeli Cven saerTo sulier mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebiT.
magram aseve is, rac yvelaze nayofieria am mdgomareobaSi.
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`mcdari cnobierebis~ problema
ubralo codna `mcdari cnobierebis~ SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb
odiTganve arsebobda. es codna religiuri warmomavlobisaa da axali
drois mier memkvidreobiT miRebul azrTa saganZurs ganekuTvneba. es
problema mudmivad amotivtivdeba xolme, rogorc ki winaswarmetyvelis
garemo an sulac Tavad winaswarmetyveli daeWvdeba misi xilvebisa da
azrebis WeSmaritebaSi...
Tavidan sityva `ideologias~ srulebiT ar hqonia ontologiuri
elferi, is xom Tavdapirvelad mxolod ideebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas
aRniSnavda. rogorc cnobilia, ideologebi ewodebodaT safrangeTSi
filosofiuri skolis mimdevrebs, romelmac, kondiliakis kvaldakval,
uaryo metafizika da scada humanitaruli mecnierebebis
(Geisteswissenshaft) safuZvlis anTopologiurad da fsiqologiurad
ganmtkiceba. ideologiis cneba Tanamedrove gagebiT pirvelad im
momentSi iSva, roca napoleonma filosofosTa es jgufi (romelic mas
misi cezaristuli midrekilebebis gamo upirispirdeboda)
dadamcirebeli mniSvnelobiT `ideologebad Seracxa... magram Tuki
gavaanalizebT am `abuCad agdebis~ principul mniSvnelobas, aRmoCndeba,
rom aq gamoTqmulia Semecnebis Teoriuli (gnoseologiuri) da
ontologiuri damamcirebeli Sefaseba. kerZod, aq xdeba mowinaaRmdegis
azrovnebis gaufasureba. amasTanave, SesaZlebelia am gaufasurebis
mimarTulebis ufro zustad gansazRvra: es aris ontologiur-
Semecnebis Teoriuli gaufasureba, radgan is mowinaaRmdegis
azrovnebis irealobas gulisxmobs. aq momdevno SekiTxvis dasma
SeiZleba: irealuri ra faqtorTan mimarTebaSi? pasuxi iqneba:
praqtikasTan mimarTebaSi, politikosis praqtikasTan mimaTebaSi.
amieridan sityva ideologias Tan erTvis kidev erTi mniSvneloba...
sityva ideologia am mniSvnelobiT damkvidrda XIX saukuneSi... da
amieridan sityva `ideologiis Tanmdevi SekiTxva: maS ra aris
sinamdvileSi sinamdvile, aRar dadumebula. esec sworad unda gavigoT:
sinamdvilis sakiTxi axali ar aris, magram is, rom es sakiTxi sajaro
azrovnebaSi sul ufro gadaWriT daismis, ise, rogorc sityva
99
ideologia moiTxovs, anu politikosis aRqmidan gamomdinare, Cans
mniSvnelovan gardatexas unda niSnavdes. amdenad, Tu gsurs axali
drois azrovnebis istoriis moTxovnebis simaRleze darCe, maSin
ideebis sociologiuri istoriis Temad sul ufro metad unda aqcio
adamianis faqtobrivi azrovneba da ara Taobidan Taobaze gardamavali
azrovnebis wesi akademiur tradiciaSi. Tuki Tavdapirvelad mcdari
cnobierebis problema WeSmaritisa da namdvilis dadasturebas
RmerTSi an, vTqvaT, mxolod ganWvretiT wvdomad ideebSi eZebda,
amJamad sinamdvilis kriteriumad, pirvel rigSi, politikur praqtikaSi
Secnobadi yofierebis kanonebi (Ontik) iqca. ideologiis cnebis
istoriam napoleonidan marqsizmamde, Sinaarsobrivi cvlilebis
miuxedavad, romelic cnebam ganicada, SeinarCuna cnebis es specifiuri
mniSvneloba (Ontik).
...
zogjer ise Canda, TiTqos ideologiuri aspeqti mxolod da
mxolod mebrZoli proletariatis azrovnebis privilegia yofiliyo.
sazogadoebaSi male daviwyebas meica sityvis zemoT mokled moxazuli
istoriuli sawyisebi, rac garkveulwilad gamarTlebuli iyo, radgan
marqsizmSi azrovnebis es wesi pirvelad iqna meTodurad
Tanmimdevrlad Camoyalibebuli. pirvelad aq erwymis erTmaneTs
ideologiis partikularuli cneba totalurs, pirvelad aq xdeba
tendenciis Sesabamisad, sul ufro Tanmimdevrulad moZRvrebis
Camoyalibeba kalsobrivi interesebis Sesaxeb, pirvelad aq iqna,
hegelianuri safuZvlis wyalobiT, daZleuli ubralo fsiqologiuri
done ideologiis totaluri cnebis sasargeblod da problema
cnobierebis filosofiur doneze daisva, pirvelad aq iZens moZRvreba
`mcdari cnobierebis~ Sesaxeb azal azrs. pirvelad aq iqceva azri
politikuri praqtikis prevalirebis Sesaxeb, ekonomizmTan erTad,
gadamwyvet instanciad imisa, Tu ra aris azrebi saganZurSi wmindad
ideologiuri da ra mniSvnelovani sinamdvilisaTvis. amdenad, gasakviri
ar aris, rom azrs ideologiis Sesaxeb pirvel rigSi marqsistul-
proletarul sistemas ukevSirebdnen da masTan aigivebdnen kidec,
100
magram ideebis istoriis da socialuri istoriuli ganvitarebis
procesSi es stadia ukve gadalaxulia. `burJuaziulis~ Sefaseba misi
`ideologiurobis~ kuTxiT aRar aris socialisturi azrovnebis
privilegia: es meTodi amJamad sayovelTaod xmarebulia da amiT
miRweulia axali stadia.
am saqmes dasabamis misces germaniaSi maqs veberma, zombartma da
trelCma (mxolod yvelaze gamoCenili warmomadgenlebi rom
davasaxeloT). sul ufro metad dasturdeba maqs veberis sityvebi:
istoriis materialisturi gageba ar aris etli, romelSic nebismier
dros Cajdebi da is revoluciis matareblebsac ki ar uCerebs.
ideologiis problema metad zogadi da metad principuli problemaa
imisaTvis, rom didi xniT rCebodes erTi partiis privilegiad. veravin
aukrZalavda mowinaaRmdeges Tavad marqsizmi gaeanalizebina misi
ideologiurobis gamosavlenad.
ideologiis cnebis gavrcelebiT gamowveuli
dialeqtikurad axali situacia
amdenad, azrovnebasa da socialur istoriaSi kidev erTxel
xdeba procesi, kerZod, roca erTi partia mxolod pioneria garkveuli
xedvis aRmoCenaSi, danarCenebma ki konkurenciis principis iZulebiT
unda gadaiRon es xedva. uecrad aSkaravdeba, rom marqsizmma aRmoaCina
da Tanmimdevrulad ganaviTara mxolod cnobierebisa da
azrovnbeisadmi midgoma (rac udavod udidesi wvlilia), romlis
TandaTanobiT Camoyalibebaze muSaobdnen praqtikulad mTeli XIX
saukunis ganmavlobaSi da es procesi ar mimdinareobda mxolod erTi
wertilidan.
...
sainteresoa dakvirveba imaze, Tu rogorc yalibdeba cnobierebis
axali mdgomareoba, ideologiis Sesaxeb azris sayovelTao
gavrcelebis Sedegad, kerZod, aq namdvilad saqme aRar gvaqvs mocemuli
fenomenis ubralo raodenobriv zrdasTan. swored am magaliTze xdeba
101
dialeqtikis azri xelmisawvdomi, romelic xSirad arasworad
gamoiyeneboda sqolastikis miznebisaTvis, vinaidan aq marTlac
raodenobrioba TvisobriobaSi izrdeba, kerZod im momentSi, roca
principulad yvela partias SeuZlia gaanalizos mowinaaRmdegis
azrebi maTi ideologiurobis gamosavlenad, mniSvnelobis yvela
elementi transformirdeba Tvisobrivad: upirveles yovlisa, sityva
`ideologia~ iZens sruliad axlebur mniSvnelobas. masTan erTad
transformirdeba agreTve... mcdari cnobierebis problema, sinamdvilis
problema da sxv. isinic axal azrs iZenen.
amJamad transaformaciis es tendencia araTu mxolod
SenarCunebulia, aramed Rrmavdeba kidec. sul ufro xSirad xdeba
mowinaaRmdegis siyalbis aramxolod gancdis doneze gamovlenis
tendenciis Canacvleba mowinaaRmdegis cnobierebisa da azrovnebis
sociologiuri kritikisaken swrafviT.
... ideologiistotaluri cnebis specialuri gagebis gamoyenebidan
mis sayovelTao gagebaze gadasvla xdeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, roca
gvyofnis gambedaoba ideologiurad ganvixiloT ara mxolod
mowinaaRmdegis, aramed principulad yvela, maT Soris sakuTari
poziciac.
Znelia gverdi auaro ideologiis totalur cnebas sayovelTao
gagebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac adamianis azrovneba yvela partiasa da
yvela epoqaSi ideologiuria.
cxadia, amasTan dakavSirebiT axal azrs iZens ideologiis cneba
utopiuri cnobiereba
ZiriTadi fenemoenebis garkvevis mcdeloba: utopia, ideologia da
sinamdvilis problema
utopiuria cnobiereba, romelic misi garemomcveli `yofierebis~
Tanmxvedri ar aris. es araTanmxvedriloba yovelTvis imaSi vlindeba,
rom aseTi cnobiereba gancdis, azrovnebisa da moqmedebis procesSi
orientirebulia faqtorebze, romlebsac es `yofiereba~, rogorc
sinamdvile, ar Seicavs. magram CvenTvis yoveli araTanmxvedri, yoveli
102
`yofierebis~ mimarT transcendenturad ganwyobili) da am azriT
`sinamdviles mowyvetili~ orientacia rodia utopiuri. utopiuri Cven
SeiZleba vuwodoT mxolod `yofierebis mimarT transcendentur~ im
orientacias, romelic moqmedebaSi gadasuli, mTlianad an nawilobriv
angrevs mocemul momentSi arsebul yofierebis wyobas.
utopiuris Semofargvla sinamdvilis mimarT transcendenturi
orientaciis im saxeobiT, romelic amave dros arsebul wesrigsac
amsxvervs, ganasxvavebs utopiur cnobierebas ideologiurisagan.
SesaZlebelia sinamdvilisaTvis ucxo, yofierebis mimarT
transcendentur faqtorebze orientireba da mainc cxovrebis arsebuli
wyobis ganxorcielebis an mudmivi reproducirebis mimarTulebiT
moqmedeba. amdenad, garkveuli `yofierebis wyobis~ matareblebi da
warmomadgenlebi arsdros yofilan yofierebis mimarT
transcendenturi orientaciis mtrebi: maTi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo
mxolod iqeTken, rom daeZliaT yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi,
anu yofierebis garkveul wyobaSi ganuxorcielebadi ideebi da
swrafvebi da amgvari ideebis sazogadoebisa da istoriis miRma
sferoSi gandevniT socialurad araqmediTad eqciaT isini.
yofierebis yoveli istoriuli safexuri gaxveuli iyo
warmodgenaTa saburvelSi, romlebic am yofierebis transcendentirebas
axdendnen, magram manam, vidre es warmodgenebi `organulad~ iyvnen
CaSenebulni anu gardatexis Zalas iyvnen moklebulni) yofierebis am
safexurze kuTvnil samyaros suraTSi, isini warmoadgendnen ara
utopiebs, aramed ufro metad yofierebis am safexuris kuTvnil
ideologiebs. manam, vidre feodalurad da eklesiurad organizebuli
Suasaukuneobrivi wyoba axerxebda aRTqmuli samoTxis sakuTari
socialuri naWuWidan istoriis mimarT transcendentur sferoSi –
imqveyniurSi gadatanas da amiT am aRTqmisaTvis gardam,qneli zalis
gamoclas, es ideebi jer kidev am wyobas ganekuTvnebodnen. mxolod
maSin, roca adamianebis garkveulma jgufebma amgvari zmaneba
moqmedebis miznad gaixades da misi xorcSesxma ganizraxes, es
ideologiebi utopiebad iqca. Tuki yovel gamovlinebul (geltende)
wyobas Segnebulad, Tanac Cveuli gansazRvrebis sapiripirod,
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landaukris kvaldakval `topiks~ vuwodebT, maSin saocnebo xateba iq,
sadac is gardamqnel funqcias SeiZens, utopiad iqceva.
sruliad aSkaraa, rom amgvar gamijvnas `yofierebis~ garkveuli
cneba da yofierebis transcendenturobis Sesabamisi cneba udevs
safuZvlad – winapiroba, ronmelic vider ganvagrZobdeT, pirvel rigSi
unda gairkvas.
is, Tu ra aris saerTod `sinamdvile~, `yofiereba~, filosofiis
problemaa, romelic Cven aq ar gvexeba. magram is, Tu ama Tu im
SemTxvevaSi ras unda ewodos `namdvili~, istoriulad da
sociologiurad, savsebiT erTmniSvnelovnad gansazRvradia.
radgan adamiani, upirveles yovlisa, istoriaSi da sazogadoebaSi
mcxovrebi arsebaa, amdenad misi garemomcveli `yofiereba~ arasdros
aris `yofiereba zogadad~, aramed yovelTvis sazogadoebrivi
yofierebis konkretuli istoriuli saxea. `yofiereba~ sociologiis
TvalTaxedviT Secnobadia mxolod da mxolod, rogorc `konkretulad
gamovlinebuli~ (`konkret geltande~), rac am SemTxvevaSi niSnavs – rogorc
cxovrebis wyoba, romelic iCens Tavs da romelic am Tvalsazrisi
namdvilad dadgenadia.
yoveli konkretuli `gamovlinebuli cxovrebis wyoba~ pirvel
rigSi yvelaze aSkarad Secnobadi da gansazRvradia meurneobis da
Zalauflebis im gansakuTrebuli saxis struqturis meSveobiT,
romelic mas udevs safuZvlad. magram is moicavs agreTve adamianebis
Tanacxovrebis yvela im formas *siyvarulis, dajgufebis (Gesellung),
brZolis da a.S. specifiuri formebi), romlis arsebobasac uSveben an
moiTxoven struqturis es formebi, dabolos, gancdisa da azrovnebis
mTel im nairsaxeobas, romelic Seesabameba cxovrebis am wyobas da am
TvalsarisiT misi Tanmxvedria... yoveli namdvilad gamovlinebuli
cxovrebis amavdroulad gaxxveulia im warmodgenaTa
samosSi9garemoculia im warmodgenebiT), romlebic imitom unda
daxasiaTdes rogorc `yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi~,
`aranamdvili~, rom isini cxovrebis mocemul wyobaSi versadros
iCenene Tavs maTi Sinaarsidan (Gehalte) gamomdinare da imitom, rom
cxovrebis am mocemul wyobaSi sinamdvileSi SeuZlebelia maT
Sesabamisad cxovreba da saqmianoba.
104
erTi sityviT, `yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi~,
aranamdvilia yvela is warmodgena, romelic ar emTxveva cxovrebis am
gamovlinebul wyobas, warmodgenebs, romlebic Seesabameba yofierebis
konkretulad arsebuls (daseinde), de facto gamovlinebul wyobas, Cven
`adekvatur~, yofierebis Tanmxvedr warmodgenebs vuwodebT. aseTi
warmodgenebi iSviaTia da mxolod sociologiurad absoluturad
naTeli cnobiereba operirebs warmodgenebiTa da motivebiT. yofierebis
Tanmxvrdri, adekvaturi warmodgenebis sapirispirod arsebobs
yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi warmodgenebis ori didi jgufi:
ideologiebisa da utopiebis.
ideologiebs Cven vuwodebT yofierebis mimarT transcendentur
im warmodgenebs, romlebic de facto verasdros aRweven maTi Semcvelobis
ganxorcielebas. marTalia, isini xSirad iqcevian xolme calkeulTa
subieqturi moqmedebis motivad, maTi gulwrfeli rwmenidan
gamomdinare, magram umetes SemTxvevaSi moqmedebis procesSi xdeba maTi
azrobrivi Semcvelobidan gadaxveva.
magaliTad, warmodgena qristianuli kacTmoyvareobisa
batonymobaze dafuZnebul sazogadoebaSi yovelTvis
transcendenturad, ganuxorcieleblad da am TvalsazrisiT,
`ideologiur~ warmodgenad rCeba, maSinac ki, roca is, nagulisxmevi
azris Sesabamisad, gulwrfeli rwmenidan gamomdinare, calkeul
qmedebaTa motivi xdeba. qristianuli moyvasis siyvarulis mixedviT
ganuxrelad cxovreba SeuZlebelia sazogadoebaSi, romelic ar aris
agebuli amave principze (amave princips ar efuZneba) da calkeuli
pirovneba Tavis qmedebaSi iZulebulia, Tuki is ar apirebs am
sazogadoebrivi struqturis damsxvrevas, gadauxvios Tavis
keTilSobilur motivebs.
ideologiurad ganpirobebuli qmedebis am `gandgomas~
Tavdapirveli Sinaarsisgan mravali forma SeiZleba hqondes da mas
ideologiuri cnobierebis SesaZlo tipebis mTeli Skala Seesabameba.
pirvel tipad unda dasaxeldes is SemTxveva, roca warmodgenis
matarebeli da moazrovne subieqti imitom ver aRmoaCens Tavisi
warmodgenebis araTanxvedras sinamdvilesTan, rom misi istoriulad da
socialurad ganpirobebuli azrovnebis saerTo aqsiomatika isea
105
mowyobili, rom principulad SeuZlebels xdis araTanxvedris
gamoaSkaravebas. ideologiuri cnobierebis meore tipad SeiZleba
miCneul iqnes, gansxvavebiT pirvelisagan, cant-cnobiereba (ing.
farisevluri), romelic xasiaTdeba imiT, rom sakuTari ideebis
ganxolrcielebul qmedebasTan araTamxvedris aRmoCenis istoriuli
SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSic, vitaluri instinqtebidan gamomdinare,
malavs am aRmoCenas. dabolos, ukanasknel tipad SeiZleba miCneul
iqnes Segnebul simulaciaze damyarebuli ideologiuri cnobiereba,
roca ideologia interpretirebul unda iqnes, rogorc Segnebuli
tyuili: am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara Tavis motyuebasTan, aramed
sxvebis motyuebasTan...
utopiebic yofierebis mimarT transcendenturia, radgan isinic
axdenen qmedebis orientirebas elementebze, romlebsac im droisaTvis
ganxorcielebuli yofiereba ar Seicavs. magram isini ideologiebi ar
arian, anu ar arian imitom da imdenad, ramdenadac isini
SewinaaRmdegebiT axerxeben arsebuli istoriuli yofierebis
sinamdvilis sakuTari warmodgenis mimarTulebiT transformirebas.
Tuki ideologiisa da utopiss es Cveneuli principuli da amjerad
sruliad formaluri gamijvna, mat-naklebad gareSe TvaliT danaxuli,
srulebiT araproblematurad warmoCndeba, piriqiT, imis gansazRvra,
Tu mocemul SemTxvevaSi, in concreto, ras unda ewodos ideologia da
ras – utopia, ukiduresad rTulia. aq Cven mudmivad saqme gvaqvs
Semfaseblur warmodgenebTan, romelTa ganxorcielebis procesSi
gardauvlad unda iqce istoriuli sinamdvilis daZlevisaTvis
mebrZoli mxareebis (partiebis) wadilisa da cxovrebis gancdis
Tanamonawiled.
Tu ras unda ewodos mocemul SemTxvevaSi utopia da ras
ideologia, mniSvnelovanwilad xom imazec aris damokidebuli, Tu
yofierebis, Tu yofierebis sinamdvilis ra safexurs vusadagebT sazom
erTeuls. cxadia, rom arsebuli yofierebis socialur-sulieri wyobis
warmomadgeneli fenebi sinamdviled aRqivamen im konteqsts, romlis
matareblebic Tavad arian, opoziciaSi moqceuli fenebi ki piriqiT,
orientirebulni iqnebian maTTvis sawadeli da maT mier
gansaxorcielebeli cxovrebis wyobis pirvelsave gamovlenaze,
106
romelic tendenciis maniSnebeli iqneba. garkveuli yofierebis
sinamdvilis warmomadgenlebi utopiad miiCneven yvela im warmodgenas,
romelic maTi TvalTaxedvidan principulad veradsros
ganxorcieldeba.
ase gagebuli, utopiuric ki iZens dRes dominirebul damatebiT
mniSvnelobas warmodgenisa, romelic principulad ganuxorcielebelia.
(es mniSvneloba Cven Segnebulad amovagdeT ufro viwro
gansazRvrebidan). aqedan gamomdinare, yofierebis mimarT
transcendentur warmodgenata Soris udavod arsebobs iseTebi,
romlebic principulad da verasdros ganxorcieldebian. garkveuli
yofierebis wyobis CarCoebSi moazrovne da Sesabamisi cxovrebis
gancdis mqone adamianebi ki mudam midrekilni iqnebian yofierebis
mimarT transcendenturi yvela is warmodgena daaxasiaTon rogorc
absoluturad utopiuri, romelic mxolod maT cxovrebis wyobaSi
CarmoCndeba rogorc ganuxorcielebeli. SemdegomSi, utopiaze
saubrisas Cven yovelTvis vigulisxmebT ubralod realtiur utopias,
anu mxolod iseTs, romelic garkveuli, ukve arsebuli safexuris
gadmosaxedidan cans ganuxorcieleblad...
swored imitom, rom utopiuris konkretuli gansazRvreba
yovelTvis yofierebis garkveuli safexuris gadmosaxedidan xdeba,
SesaZlebelia rom dRevandeli utopiebi xvalindel sinamdviled
iqcnen. `utopiebi zogjer mxolod umwifari sinamdileebia~
(lamartini)....
roca Tvals gadavavlebT warsuls, davinaxavT, rom arsebobs
friad sando kriteriumi imisa, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos ideologia da ra
utopia. kriteriumi ideologiisa da utopiis gansasazRvrad aris
ganxorcieleba. ideebi, romlebidanac Semdeg gamoaSkaravda, rom isini,
rogorc SemniRbavi warmodgenebi RrubeliviT dacuravdnen arsebuli
an sawadeli cxovrebis Tavze, ideologiebs warmoadgendnen da rac
maTgan SemdomSi Semnil cxovrebis wesrifSi adekvaturad
ganxorcielebadi gaxda, raelatiuri utopia iyo...
CvenTvis utopiebs warmoadgens yofierebis mimarT
transcendenturi yvela is warmodgena (anu, aramxolod survilis
proeqtebi), romalsac odesme umoqmedia matransformireblad
107
istoriul-sazogadoebriv yofierebaze. Temisadmi Cveni es midgoma
momdevno sakiTxs badebs.
radgan Cven mimarTebaSi amjerad mxolod axali drois qmnadoba
(werden) gvainteresebs, upirveles yovlisa, unda moiZebnos wertili,
romelSic yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi warmodgenebi aqtiurebi
gaxdnen, anu sinamdvilis matransformirebel Zalebad iqcnen. aseve
sakiTxavia, cnobierebis yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi
elementebidan romelma aiRo Tavis Tavze im momentSi es gamaaqtivebeli
funqcia... SemdgomSi Cven davinaxavT, rom utopiuri cnobierebaSi
yovelTvis imsxvreva yofierebis mimarT transcendenturi sxvadasxva
faqtorebis mier.
utopiis substanciisa da saxis es cvlileba socialurad
mneitralur garemoSi rodi xdeba. piriqiT, mJRavndeba, rom utopiss
yoveli Semdgomi forma (yovel SemTxvevaSi, es axali drois istoriul
procesSi sakmaod calsaxad dasturdeba), sawyisSive mijaWvulia
garkveul istoriul safexurs, am safexurze ki – garkveul socialur
fenas. Zalian xSirad xdeba, rom wamyvani utopia jer vlindeba
calkeuli individis sanatreli ocnebis, fantaziis saxiT da mxolod
Semdgom SeiTvisebs mas sociologiurad yovelTvis ufro zustad
dadgenadi fenebis politikuri neba...
sociologiis Sesaxeb mcdar warmodgenaTa Soris erT-erT
yvelaze gavrcelebulTa rigs ganekuTvneba azri imis Sesaxeb, rom
TiTqos es mecniereba individis Semoqmedebas uaryofdes. piriqiT, sad
SeiZleba iSvas axali, Tu ara calkeulis axlebur, `qarizmatul~,
yofierebis arsebuli statusis gamarRvevel cnobierebaSi. magram rac
sociologias mudam aqvs dasadgeni, aris is, rom axlis sawyisi
(Tugind xSirad arsebulis opoziciis saxiT) swored arsebulzea
orientirebuli, am ukanasknelis elementSia fesvgadgmuli da rom
Tavad arsebuli, yovelTvis Cazrdilia socialuri sxeulis ZalTa
Soris daZabulobaSi. amas garda, sociologiis dasadgenia, rom axals
`qarizmatuli~ individis RvawlSi mxolod maSin SeirTavs socialuri
dineba, rodesac mas moRvaweobis sawyisSive aqvs Sexeba ama Tu im
mimdinareobasTan da Tavidanve azrobriv-genetikuad fasgamdgaria
koleqtiuri nebis mamoZravebel tendenciaSi. Cven gadaWarbebiT ar unda
108
SevafasoT individis koleqtiuri suliskveTebidan gamoyofis
mniSvneloba, rac renesansidan moyolebuli SeiZleba datariRdes. es
gamoyofa mxolod realatiurad mniSvnelovania, magaliTad, Sua
saukuneebis suliskveTebasa an aRmosavleTisa kulturebTan
SefardebaSi da ara absoluturad. amdebnad, amSinac ki, roca Tundac
mxolod erTi SexedviT TiTqos gansalkevebuli individi erTi
romelime fenis utopias qmnis, saboloo jamSi, marTebulia misi im
fenisaTvis mikuTvneba, romlis koleqtiuri impulsebic individis
ideebs emTxveoda...
qmediTi utopia Cvei gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad ukve imitom ar
SeiZleba didi xnis manZilze calkeulis namoRvawari iyos, rom
gancalkevebuls martos ar SeuZlia daamsxvrios yofierebis
istoriul-socialuri statusi. mxolod maSin, roca calkeulis
utopiuri cnobiereba wvdeba ukve arsebul tendenciebs socialur
garemoSi da gamoTqvams maT, roca am saxiT mTeli fenis cnobierebaSi
aRwevs da misi meSveobiT qmedebad gardaiqmneba, SesaZlebelia
yofierebis arsebuli wyobis nacvlad misdami dapirispirebuli
yofierebis sinamdvile Seiqmnas...
mxolod imitom, rom arsebobs mWidro korelacia utopiis
sxvadasxva formasa da yofierebis matransformirebel fenebs Soris,
Tanamedrove utopiis transformacia sociologisaTvis Temasa
warmoadgens.
erTmaneTis miyolebiT warmoqmnili utopiebis Tavisebureba
calkeuli formebis Tavisebureba (?), imdenad aris gasagebi, ramdenadac
maT ganixilaven ara mxolod rogorc erTmaneTis gagrZelebas, aramed
mxedvelobaSi iReben imasac, rom isini erTmaneTis mZlevel
`kontrutopiebad~ yalibdebodnen da am saxiT uwevdaT maT
TviTdamkvidreba...
saubari rom yofiliyo... mxolod imaze, rom socialurad
ganpirobebuli utopia saxecvlilebas eqvemdebareba, maSin SeiZleboda
mxolod utopiis socialurad ganpirobebul transformaciaze da ara
`utopiuri cnobierebis~ transformaciis problemaze laparaki.
utopiur cnobierebaze saubris ufleba gvaqvs mxolod maSin,
roca utopiis mocemuli saxe marto sesabamisi cnobierebis cocxal
109
`Sinaarss~ ki ar warmoadgens, aramed, sul mcire, cnobierebis srulad
mocvis tendencias mainc avlens, mxolod maSin, roca utopiuri
elementi am gagebiT tendenciis Sesabamisad mTlianad avsebs mis mier
dapyrobil cnobierebas, roca aqedan gamomdinare organizdeba gancdis
forma da TvalTaxedva, SeiZleba saubari cum fundamento in re ara
mxolod utopiis sxvadasxva formaze, aramed amasTanave utopiuri
cnobierebis sxvadasxva saxeebze da safexurebze... ama Tu im
cnobierebis struqturis organizaciis umniSvnelovanesi simptomia
masSi Sinaganad mocemuli forma istoriuli drois gancdisa...
roca Cven vsaubrobT utopiuri cnobierebis garkveul formebze
da safexurebze, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs cnobierebis konkretulad
mopovebadi struqturebi im saxiT, ra saxiTac isini calkeul
adamianebSi `cocxldebodnen~. Cven ar vgulisxmobT konstruirebul
erTobas (rogorc kantis `cnobiereba zogadad~) an metad\fizikur arss,
romelic calkeulis konkretuli cnobierebis miRma unda davayenoT
(rogorc hegelis `goni~), aramed cnobierebis konkretulad moZiebad
struqturebs im saxiT, ra saxiTac isini vlindebian calkeul
adamianebSi, amasTanave, yovelTvis moiazreba azrovneba, moqmedeba,
gancda da maTi Sinagani urTierTkavSiri, rac gvxvdeba adamianis
konkretul tipebTan. utopiuri cnobierebis wminda tipebi da
safexurebi konstruirebulia mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac isini
idealur tipebad moiazreba (...maqs veberis idealuri tipebis mixedviT).
axali drois utopiuri cnobierebis saxeebi:
I. anabaptistTa orgaistuli xiliazmi.
II. liberalur-humanisturi idea.
III. konservatuli idea.
IV. socialistur-komunisturi idea.
110
raimon aroni
inteleqtualebis opiumi
ideologiuri epoqis dasasruli?
paradoqsalurad gamoiyureba laparaki ideologiuri epoqis
dasasrulze, rodesac senatori mak karti kvlav TamaSobs erT-erT
pirvel rols vaSingtonis politikur scenaze. romani `mandarinebi~
iReben gonkuris premias, xolo CineTis cocxali mandarinebi saR-
salamaTebi Cadian Tayvaniscemis gamosaxatavad moskovsa da pekinSi.
Cven ara varT imdenad gulubryviloni, rom velodoT mSvidobas
uaxloes momavalSi: damarcxebul an ganadgurebul dampyroblebs;
biurokratebi kvlav ganagrZoben batonobas.
SesaZloa dasavleTSi ocneboben politikur Semwynareblobaze,
vinaidan aq daiRalnen samsaukunovani uSedego mkvlelobebiT
erTaderTi RmerTis saxeliT, WeSmariti eklesiisTvis. magram maT
gadasces sxva xalxebs naTeli momavlis imedi. versad aziaSi Tu
afrikaSi, keTildReobis saxelmwifom ver gaavrcela sakmarisi
keTildReoba, raTa daekmayofilebina miswrafeba (ltolva) amao
ocnebebisken. evropis erebma win gauswres sxvebs industriuli
civilizaciis ganviTarebaSi. maT pirvelebma iwvnies skepticizmi da,
SesaZloa, swored isini auwyeben axali drois mosvlas.
davbrundeT warsulSi, im gasul saukuneebSi, romlebic mohyva
imanenturi filosofiisa da Tanamedrove mecnierebis gaCenas. yvela
ideologia, romelic ki arsebobda ramdenime wlis an ramdenime
aTeuli wlis manZilze, dRes avlens Tavis martiv struqturas, wamyvani
ideebis simwires.
memarcxeneebis optimizmi gaCenisTanave ikvebeboda Zlieri
grZnobiT: gonieri Zalauflebis mowonebiT, imis rwmeniT, rom
mecnierebis gamoyeneba mrewvelobaSi gadaatrialebs sazogadoebriv
wyobas da individebis cxovrebis pirobebs. suliskveTeba, mimarTuli
Zmuri sazogadoebis Camoyalibebaze, romelsac Tan sdevda pozitiuri
codnis rwmena, asuldgmulebda rogorc nacionalizms, ise
socializms.
111
arCevanis Tavisufleba, romelic mtkicdeboda eklesiis
orTadoqsiis sapirispirod, mebrZolTa Tanasworoba, romelic
mkvidrdeboda brZolis velze iaraRis wyalobiT, aryevda tradiciul
ierarqiul wyobas. momavali ekuTvnoda Tavisufal da
Tanasworuflebian moqalaqeebs. im avbediTobebis Semdeg, romlebmac
daangries evropis yvelaze brwyinvale aristokratiuli wyobilebebi,
franguli monarqiis dacemis Semdeg, mxurvale revolucionerebi,
romelTa ricxvi gazarda rogorc grandiozulma gamarjvebebma, ise
sisxlianma damarcxebam, dajgufdnen or mimdinareobad,
nacionalistebad da socialistebad.
…………. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
erovnuli grZnobebi jer kidev Zlieria rkinis fardis orive
mxares. saxalxo demokratiis qveynebSi sZulT ruseTis batonoba.
Zalian advilia frangebis gaRizianebis gamwvaveba amerikuli okupaciis
winaaRmdeg. evropis TavdacviTi sabWo mxilebul da gauqmebul iqna
rogorc iseTi warmonaqmni, romelic aniWebda zeerovnul organos
suverenitetis erTgvar prerogativebs. komunisti mxardamWerebi
icavdnen moskovidan mosul miTiTebebs, maT sabotireba moaxdines 1939-
40 wlebis omis Zalisxmevisa, 1941 wlis ivnisSi ki SeuerTdnen
winaaRmdegobis moZraobas. komunisturma partiam Tavis rigebSi
gaaerTiana milionobiT adamiani im periodSi, rodesac safrangeTis
interesebi emTxveoda sabWoTa kavSiris interesebs.
erovnuli grZnoba rCeba da unda iyos sazogadoebis
gamaerTianebeli, nacionalisturi ideologiia aranakleb gakicxulia
dasavleT evropaSi. ideologia gulisxmobs garegnuli
sistematiurobiT arsebuli interpretaciebis, survilebisa,
varaudebisTvis formis Camoyalibebas. inteleqtualma, romelic Tavs
upirispirebs ncionalistebs, istoria unda warmoadginos rogorc
veluri saxelmwifoebis mudmivi brZola da iqadagos mSvidoba
damoukidebel erebs Soris, urTierTpativiscema. revoluciuri
nacionalizmisa da makiaveluri diplomatiis gaerTianeba morasis
doqtrinaSi evropuli saxelmwifoebis dasustebasTan erTad unda
gamqraliyo.
112
SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs savsebiT SeeZloT
gamoevlinaT Tavisi dominirebis pretenziebi da dampyrobluri neba.
maTi nacionalizmi ar aris im doneze, rac evropis saxelmwifoebSi,
romelSic is dakavSirebulia miwasTan, kulturasTan, enasTan.
moqalaqeoba mefis ruseTsa da sabWoTa kavSirSi msgavsia, SeerTebul
StatebSi ki dakavSirebulia rasobriobasTan, kanis ferTan, sxvadasxva
enasTan. mniSvneloba, romelsac aniWeben kanis fers, laxavs xalxebis
Tanasworobas, romelic dakanonebulia amerikis konstituciiT. erT-
erTi ZiriTadi mizezi imisa, rom es ukanasknelni ar iCenen sakmao
interess komunisturi mowodebisadmi da dapirebebisadmi, aris is, rom
maTi Tanasworoba konstituciiT aris damtkicebuli. rac Seexeba
amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis pozicias sazRvargareTis mimarT, bolo
wlebs Tu ar CavTvliT, gasuli sauknis bolos da XX saukunis
dasawyisSi maTTvis ucxo iyo evropuli tipis imperializmi, eqspansiis
survili da mudmivi brZola saxelmwifoebs Soris. moqalaqeoba
imdenad kulturaSi monawileobas ki ar iwvevs, rac istoriulad
mkvidrdeba, rogorc cxovrebis stilis Camoyalibebas.
sabWoTa kavSirma gaagrZela carizmis tradicia, romelic
uxsnida gzas mkvidri xalxebis mebatone klasebs imperiuli
saxelmwifos aristokratiaSi Sesasvlelad. komunisturi partiis
wyalobiT, man SeinarCuna mravalerovani elitis mTlianoba. sabWoTa
moqalaqeoba, romelic uamravi erovnebis adamians eZleoda, sZenda
loialurobas saxelmwifos da aziarebda ideologias da ar
moiTxovda Tavisi erovnulobis uaryofas.
maTma metoqeobam da meore msoflio omis Semdeg SeZenilma
siZlierem isini miiyvana urTierTmowinaaRmdege supernacionaluri
sistemebis Seqmnamde. nato-Si dominirebs SeerTebuli Statebi, romelic
awvdis iaraRs mokavSireTa diviziebs da marto maT SeswevT Zala
gaawonasworon sabWoTa manqana. marSali rokosovski xelmZRvanelobs
varSavas, radganac sabWoTa xelmZRvaneloba ar endoba polonelebs da
wiTeli armiis diviziebi dganan Suagul germaniaSi. didi sivrce, III
raixis Teoretikosebis sayvareli Tema, ganxorcielebulia rkinis
fardis orive mxares, magram martooden samxedro ZaliT.
113
rogorc wesi, eridebian terminis `imperia~ xmarebas. ar arsebobs
atlantikuri patriotizmis pawawina niSanic ki da ar SeiZleba
vivaraudoT, rom sabWoTa - rusuli patriotizmi gavrcelebulia mis
satelit qveynebSi komunisti umciresobis gareT. supernacionaluri
saxelmwifoebi, Teoriulad gaerTianebulni saerTo rwmenis triumfiT,
Tavad uaryofen, Tu maT ganvixilavT cal-calke, saxalxo demokratias.
srulebiTac ar aris ufro martivi mogzauroba rumineTidan
poloneTSi, vidre poloneTidan safrangeTSi. moskovma aawyo
produqciis urTierTgacvla CineTsa da aRmosavleT germanias Soris,
magram adamianTa gadaadgilebas uamravi winaaRmdegoba Seuqmna.
saxalxo demokratiebs eniWeba erTgvari damoukideblobis ieri
(simulakri) ise, rom am damoukideblobas arsi, substancia ar gaaCnia,
es demokratiebi Caketilni arian Tavis sazRvrebSi ise, TiTqos
saxelmwifo, romelic aucilebelia totaluri dagegmisTvis, unda iyos
daxuruli, Tavisi mokavSireebis mimarTac ki.
iseve rogorc sxva rasisa Tu enis adamianTa Cagvra, pirobebis
ukiduresi uTanasworoba TiTqosda winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba axali
drois suliskveTebasTan. mecnierebis saswaulebi siRaribes aZlevs
skandalur xasiaTs. TiTqosda eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom mrewvelobas
male unda Seemcirebina aTaswlovani siRaribe. adamianebi unda
gansxvavebulni yofiliyvnen martooden saSualebebis arCeviT.
socialuri sazogadoebis ideali meryeobda or models Soris, erTi,
wonasworobis modeli, romelic ganxorcieldeboda yvelasTan da
meore yvelas keTildReobis modeli, romelic erToblivi gegmis
Sedegad ganxorcieldeboda eqspluatatorebis ganadgurebiT.
liberalizmi da socializmi kvlav STaagoneben rwmenas da
acocxleben urTierTsapirispiro Teoriebs. maT sul ufro da ufro
uWirT gonivrulad warmoadginon Tavisi Canafiqri doqtrinad.
dasavluri realoba Seicavs mTel rig socialistur institutebs. ukve
aRar SeiZleba saerTo sakuTrebis an dagegmvis imedi gvqondes
adamianTa xvedris gasaumjobeseblad.
teqnikuri progresi kvlav imeds gvisaxavs: savaraudoa, rom is
kidev ufro daCqarda Cvens saukuneSi. SesaZloa, is ar SeCerdeba kidev
ramdenime wlis an ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze. magram Cven ukve
114
viciT misi fasi da misi sazRvrebi. meqanizirebuli sazogadoebebi ar
aris pacifisturi; isini agdeben adamians siRaribesa da umweobaSi,
isini milionobiT mSromels uqvemdebareben seriuli warmoebis
logikas, isini uqadian adamianebs imas, rom maT moeqcevian rogorc
sagnebs.
arc optimizmi, romelsac iwvevda Zmoba miRweuli siuxviT, arc
pesimizmi, romelsac badebda tirania, cnobierebaze sakomunikacio da
wamebis iaraRis ZaliT, ar ukuagdo XX saukunis gamocdilebam. is
dialogi, romelic daiwyo maT Soris pirveli qarxnebis dros, Cvens
droSic grZeldeba. mas ara aqvs ideologiuri debatebis saxe, vinaidan
arcerTi am urfierTsapirispiro Temidan ar ukavSirdeba arc klass da
arc partias.
ukanaskneli didi ideologia Seiqmna sami elementis SeerTebiT:
momavlis xedva, romelic Seesabameba Cvens suliskveTebas, kavSiri aseT
momavalsa da socialur klass Soris, adamianuri Rirebulebebis
rwmena muSaTa klasis gamarjvebaze metad, rac man moipova dagegmvisa
da saerTo sakuTrebis wyalobiT. socialur-ekonomikuri teqnikis
sikeTis rwmena ikargeba da amaod eZeben klass, romelic SeZlebs
institutebisa da ideebis radikalur ganaxlebas.
Teoria, romelic dResac gavrcelebulia, klasTa brZolis
Sesaxeb, gayalbebulia aralegitimuri asimilaciiT: burJuaziis da
proletariatis dapirispireba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba aristokratiis
da burJuaziis dapirispirebisgan.
franguli monarqiis dangreva da respublikis sisxliani
avbediTobebi, Tavisi teroriTa da daZabulobiT promeTeseul gmirobad
aqcies. hegels sjeroda, rom adamianis goni, cxenze amxedrebuli
Tavisi bedis gamgebeli RvTis wyalobiT gaimarjvebs. marqsi, Semdeg ki
lenini Senatrodnen iakobinelebs, aqtiur umciresobas, romelic
amoZravebs saxalxo masas, misioneruli wyobis socialisturi
revoluciis samsaxurSi. maT ar eparebodaT eWvi, rom proletariati
ganaxorcielebda burJuaziis wamowyebul moRvaweobas.
proletariatis ideologebi burJuaziis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen.
burJuazia, romelsac Tavs akuTvnebdnen monteskie, volteri da Jan-Jak
ruso, legitimurad upirispirdeboda Zvel reJims, msoflios
115
kaTolikur xedvas, amkvidrebda Tavis sakuTar ideas adamianis
arsebobisa dedamiwaze da politikur wyobas. proletariats arasodes
hqonia msoflios koncefcia, romelic sawinaaRmdego iqneboda
burJuaziis koncefciisagan: arsebobda ideologia imisa, Tu vin unda
yofiliyo proletariati da ra unda ekeTebina mas, ideologia, romlis
gavlena miT meti iyo, rac ufro naklebi iyo samrewvelo muSebis
ricxvi. egreT wodebuli proletariatis partias im qveynebSi, sadac
man gaimarjva, Tavis rigebSi hyavda ufro glexebi, vidre pirveli
qarxnebis mSromelebi, xolo xelmZRvanelebad inteleqtualebi,
romlebsac ar moswondaT tradiciuli ierarqia da erovnuli Cagvra.
spontanurad gancdili Rirebulebebi muSaTa klasisTvis
gansxvavdeba burJuaziulisagan. sruliad amaoa iseTi antiTezebis
wamoyeneba, rogoricaa: solidarobis grZnoba an sakuTrebis survili,
sazogadoebaSi monawileoba an Tavisi egoizmis gaRrmaveba,
sulgrZeloba imaTi, visac ara aqvs fuli, mdidrebis sixarbe da a.S.
amiT srulebiTac ar vuaryofT im aSkara faqts, rom cxovrebis stili
da pirobebi muSaTa da mdidarTa raionebSi gansxvavebulia.
proletarulad wodebul reJimebs anu komunisturi partiebis mier
marTul reJimebs araferi aqvT aRebuli sakuTriv muSuri kulturisgan,
im partiebisa da profkavSirebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa
xelmZRvanelebi Tavad miekuTvnebian muSaTa klass.
xalxuri kultura Cvens saukuneSi imarTeba gazeT "pravdaTi",
"frans-suariTa" Tu "daijestiT". revoluciuri sindikalizmi,
anarqiuli profkavSirebi, winaaRmdegobas ar uweven patronaJuli
organizaciebis upasuxismgeblo koaliciebs, romlebic maT emuqrebian
da socialistur partiebs, gansakuTrebiT ki komunistur partiebs,
romlebsac isini sZulT. es ukanasknelni atareben inteleqtualTa
azrebisa da qmedebebis kvals.
im imediT, rom srulad ganaxorcieleben burJuaziis miznebs -
bunebis dapyroba, adamianebisa da SesaZleblobebis gaTanasworeba -
ideologebma gadasces maTi droSa proletariats. is kontrasti,
romelic arsebobs teqnikur progressa da muSaTa siRatakes Soris
iwvevs SfoTs. rogor ar dabraldes kerZo sakuTrebasa da bazris
anarqias es saSineli siRaribe, romelic sinamdvileSi gamowveulia
116
dagrovebis moTxovniT (kapitalisturi Tu socialisturi), warmoebis
ukmarisobiT, mosaxleobis zrdiT. mamaci adamianebi, amboxebulni
usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg iziareben ideas, rom kapitalizmi cudia
TavisTavad, is daingreoda Sinagani winaaRmdegobebis Sedegad da misi
msxverpli gaimarjvebda priviligirebulze. marqsma ganaxorciela
genialuri sinTezi istoriis hegeliseuli metafizikisa, revoluciis
iakobinuri variantis, pesimisturi Teoriisa da sabazro ekonomikisa,
romelic ganaviTares ingliselma avtorebma. sakmarisi gaxda
marqsistuli proletaruli ideologiis SemoerTeba, raTa daculiyo
franguli revoluciisa da rusuli revoluciis uwyvetoba. magram
sakmarisia Tvalebi gavaxiloT, raTa es iluzia gaqres.
sabazro ekonomika da sruli dagegmareba warmoadgenen modelebs,
romlebic ar awarmoeben realur ekonomikas, iseve rogorc ar
warmoadgenen evoluciis Tanmimdevrul etapebs. ar arsebobs
ucilobeli kavSiri industriuli ganviTarebis fazasa da ama Tu im
modelis upiratesobas Soris. CamorCenili ekonomika ufro uaxlovdeba
dagegmarebis models, vidre ganviTarebuli. Sereuli reJimebi ar arian
monstrebi, romlebsac ara aqvT sicocxlis unari, an gardamavali
formebi raRac wminda tipze, es normaluri mdgomareobaa. gegmian
sistemaSi SeiZleba vipovoT sabazro ekonomikis bevri kategoria met-
naklebad Secvlili saxiT. imisda mixedviT, rogor gaizrdeba
cxovrebis done, da sabWoTa momxmarebels eqneba arCevanis realuri
unari, keTildReoba da siZneleebi, romelic dasavlur mowinave
samyaroSia, maSinve warmoCindebian rkinis fardis meore mxares.
XX saukunis revoluciebi ar aris proletaruli, isini
Cafiqrebulia da marTuli inteleqtualebis mier. maT daamxes
tradiciuli Zalauflebebi, romlebic ar esadagebodnen teqnikuri eris
moTxovnebs. winaswarmetyvelebi varaudobdnen, rom kapitalizmi
daemxoboda revoluciiT, iseTive revoluciiT, romelmac SeZra
safrangeTi XVIII saukunis bolos. araferi msgavsi ar momxdara.
samagierod, iq, sadac mmarTvelma klasebma ver SesZles an ar isurves
swrafi ganaxleba, burJuaziis ukmayofilebam, inteleqtualTa
mouTmenlobam, glexTa mudmivma survilebma gamoiwvies afeTqeba.
117
arc ruseTsa da arc SeerTebul StatebSi srulad ar hqonia
adgili aristokratiisa da burJuaziis Setakebas. carizms surda
gadmoeRo teqnikuri civilizacia demokratiuli ideebis gareSe. mas
Seenacvla xelisufleba, romelmac daamkvidra sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos narevi, sadac administratorebi warmoadgenen erTaderT
priviligirebul klass.
SeerTubulma Statebma ufro kargad gaacnobieres XVIII saukunis
progresistuli ideebis evropuli gamocdileba. maT scades
praqtikulad gamoeyenebinaT es gamocdileba sruliad axal adgilze,
miwaze, romelic dasapyrobi iyo, ara marto indielebisgan, romlebic
sasikvdilod iyvnen ganwirulni Tavisi Temobrivi kulturis
SeusabamobiT emigrantebis kulturasTan, aramed agreTve tyeebsa da
qariSxlebTan brZoliT. arc erTi aristokratia, ar SezRudavda
gonebisa da mrewvelobis aRmavlobas. religia qadagebda moralur
simkacres, Tumca es rwmena ar atarebda eqstremistul orTodoqsul
xasiaTs. aseTi religia xels uwyobda moqnilobas, konformizms, is ar
uerTdeboda saxelmwifos, raTa SeezRuda axali azrovnebis
ganviTareba.
XVIII saukunis optimisturi naazrevi ar iyo amRvreuli aranairi
movleniT, romlis Sedareba SeiZleboda safrangeTis did
revoluciasTan da proletariatis gamoCenasTan.
samoqalaqo omi, totaluri omi, aRWurvilobis omi
interpretirebulia istorikosebis – gamarjvebulTa spikerebis mier
rogorc triumfi: sazogadoeba ar SeiZleba iyos naxevrad mona da
naxevrad Tavisufali. amerikelma muSebma daujeres amerikul ideas da
ar iwames apokalifsis aucilebloba.
SeiaraRebulni doqtriniT, romelic imTaviTve wamgebiani iyo,
bolSevikebma aaSenes industriuli sazogadoeba, romelic aqamde
ucnobi iyo. es aris saxelmwifo, romelmac Tavis Tavze aiRo saerTo
resursebis ganawilebis pasuxismgebloba, qarxnebis marTva,
danazogebis Seqmna, investiciebis zrda. dasavleTis muSaTa klasi XIX
saukuneSi aRsdga mepatroneebis winaaRmdeg da ara uSualod
saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg. aq, mepatrone da saxelmwifo erTmaneTs
emTxveva, amboxeba erTis winaaRmdeg iwvevs disidentobas meoris mimarT.
118
marqsistulma ideologiam gamounaxa mSvenieri gamarTleba saxelmwifo
ekonomikis aucileblobas: proletarebi movaleni iyvnen upirobod
damorCilebuliyvnen maT nebas, gansaxierebuls partiaSi.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
kontrasts, moCvenebiTsa Tu realurs, sawarmoo saSualebebis zrdasa
da xalxis tanjvas Soris unda gamoewvia utopiebi, romlis Tanaxmad,
progresi iqneba ucremlo da didi katastrofebis gareSe.
dabolos, rogori programa SeiZleba daepirispirebinaT
revolucionerebs sabWoTa sinamdvilesTvis? isini moiTxovdnen
politikur Tavisuflebas, muSaTa kontrols, warmoebis iaraRis
individualur apropriacias martooden soflis meurneobaSi.
kapitalisturi reJimis dros masebs SeuZliaT warmoidginon, rom
saxalxo sakuTreba gaajansaRebda an gaanelebda mrewvelobis
xarvezebs, koleqtivisturi reJimis dros maT ar SeuZliaT elodon
kerZo sakuTrebis restavraciis saswauls. ukmayofiloebi ocneboben
leninizmis dabrunebaze, WeSmaritad proletarul saxelmwifoze, sxva
sityvebiT, isini mimarTulni arian iseT instituciebze, romelTa
arseboba ufro kargad gamoxatavs mmarTvel ideologias.
SeerTebul StatebSi proletariati Tavis Tavs ver iazrebs
rogorc aseTs. muSaTa organizaciebi moiTxoven da aRweven bevr
reformas, rasac evropaSi akavSireben Welfare State (keTildReobis
saxelmwifo) an socializmTan: masebis liderebi kmayofilni arian im
adgiliT, romelsac arsebuli reJimi maT miuCens da Tavad masebi ar
miiltvian arc sxva sazogadoebisken da arc sxva Rirebulebebisken.
erTsulovneba `Tavisufali moqmedebis sakiTxSi~, konkurencia,
elitebis monacvleoba aRniSnavs martooden imas, rom amerikuli
sinamdvile ar esadageba am ideebs, iseve rogorc marqsizm-leninizmis
savaldebulo ganaTleba ar uzrunvelyofs rusuli sazogadoebisa da
oficialuri ideologiis Sesabamisobas.
amgvarad, gansxvavebuli gzebiT spontanurad Tu policiis
daxmarebiT orma didma sazogadoebam mospo yvela piroba ideologiuri
debatebisaTvis, gaaerTiana mSromelebi, erTianad moaxvia maT qalaqis
principebi.
119
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garegnuli paradoqsis mixedviT, erTi da igive teqnikuri
civilizaciis gavrceleba mTel planetaze badebs gansakuTrebul
problemebs, rac erTmaneTs upirispirebs sxvadasxva erebs Cvens droSi.
Cveni drois politikuri cnobiereba gayalbebulia misi
Taviseburebebis gauTvaliwineblobiT.
liberaluri, socialisturi, konservatoruli Tu marqsistuli
Cveni ideologiebi warmoadgenen im saukunis memkvidreobas, rodesac
evropam ar icoda civilizaciebis mravalferovneba da ar epareboda
eWvi imaSi, rom misi mowodeba universaluria. dRes qarxnebi,
parlamentebi, skolebi gaCndnen mTel dedamiwaze, masebi moqmedeben,
inteleqtualebi xelSi iReben Zalauflebas. evropas, romelic aRar
ipyrobs teritoriebs da Tavad aris daTrgunuli Tavisi gamarjvebiTa
da monebis amboxiT, uWirs imis aRiareba, rom misma ideebma daipyres
samyaro, magram ver SeinarCunes Tavisi forma, romelic hqondaT
sxvadasxva skolis Setakebisa da debatebisas.
marqsistul-leninuri orTodoqsis tyveebs, aRmosavleTis
inteleqtualebs ara aqvT ufleba aRiaron aSkara faqtebi: industriul
(samrewvelo) civilizacias aqvs mravali modaluroba, romelTa Soris
arc istoria da arc goni ar avaldebulebs radikalur arCevans.
dasavleTis inteleqtualebs zogjer uWirT sapirispiro azris
aRiareba: arCevanis Tavisuflebis, individualuri moRvaweobis, vaWarTa
da mrewvelTa iniciativis suliskveTebis gareSe SeeZlo aseT
civilizacias Camoyalibeba? aris Tu ara aseTi sikeTeebi aucilebeli
da gansaviTarebeli? ucnauri saukune - rodesac SesaZlebelia
dedamiwas Semouaro ormocda rva saaTSi, magram amave dros dramis
ZiriTadi protagonistebi iZulebulni arian, ise rogorc homerosis
gmirebi, Soridan gaugzavnon erTmaneTs wyevla-krulva.
indoeTs ar SeuZlia gadaiRos arc Tanamedrove da arc 1810 wlis
evropis modeli. savaraudoa, rom Semosavali erT sul mosaxleze da
mSromelTa ganawileba indoeTSi 1950 wels iseTive iyo, rogoric es
iyo evropaSi erTnaxevari saukunis win, magram ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis fazebi ar SeiZleba yofiliyo erTgvarovani. indoeTma
gadmoiRo teqnikuri receptebi, imis nacvlad, rom Seeqmna isini, is
120
Rebulobs ideebs, romelic Camoyalibda leiboristul inglisSi, is
iyenebs medicinasa da higienaSi damkvidrebul Tanamedrove
gamocdilebas. mosaxleobis zrda da ekonomika XX saukunis aziaSi ar
aris ise mWidrod urTierTdakavSirebuli, rogorc es iyo XIX saukunis
evropaSi.
Taviseburi, qveynis ekonomikuri da demografiuli asakis gamo,
politika agreTve gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, rogoria TiToeuli
qveynis tradiciebi da kulturis calkeuli sferoebi. yvelgan egreT
wodebul Tavisufal samyaroSi asambleebi sruliad damoukidebelia
qveynis ZiriTadi sferoebisgan. pirvelsave dRidan dasavleTSi maT
gadaeca demokratiuli moRvaweobis prerogativa. parizSi, gasul
saukuneSi legitimurad gamocxadda universaluri arCevnebi,
parlamentis suvereniteti; saxelmwifo ukve gaZlierebuli iyo
monarqiuli saukuneebis periodidan, eri gamowrTobili saukunovani
gamTlianebuli cxovrebiT, inteleqtualTa klasi, gaaqtiurebuli
oratoruli saqmianobiT, miiltvoda Zalauflebis gansaxorcieleblad.
dasavleTis ideologebi ar cdebodnen, rodesac miiCnevdnen, rom maTi
parlamentebi gaivlidnen mTels planetaze imave triumfaluri marSiT,
rogorc avtomobili an eleqtroenergia. isini cdebodnen marto imaSi,
rom aniWebdnen am ideologiebs, romlebmac gaimarjves maT
institutebSi, universalur mniSvnelobas. . . . . . politikuri Tu
ekonomikuri doqtrinebis meTodi samarTliania da gonivruli manamde,
sanam mxedvelobaSi miiReba am meTodis naklovanebebi da sazRvrebi.
Tavisufali samyaro fatalur Secdomas dauSvebs, Tu CaTvlis, rom
misi ideologia iseTive erTaderTia, rogorc marqsistul-leninuri.
stalinisturi meTodi, yovel SemTxvevaSi mis pirvel fazaSi,
gamoyenebadia yvelgan, sadac partia rusuli an erovnuli armiis
wyalobiT ipyrobs saxelmwifos. mcdari doqtrinaa, magram is iwvevs
qmediT Sedegebs, radganac isini ganisazRvreba taqtikuri
mosazrebebiT, romelic efuZneba naxevarsaukunovan gamocdilebas.
am doqtrinis simcdare warmoCindeba bevri qveynis mier am
fsevdo-gaTavisuflebis ukugdebiT. ararusul evropaSi, komunisturi
reJimebi ver damkvidrdeboda da ver SenarCundeboda wiTeli armiis
Zalisxmevis gareSe. droTa ganmavlobaSi erovnuli Taviseburebebi -
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ekonomikuri ganviTarebis baza, tradiciebi - ganmtkicdebian sabWoTa
samyaroSi. komunisturi Zalauflebis eqspansia ar amtkicebs doqtrinis
WeSmaritebas, iseve rogorc muhamedis gamarjvebebi ar asabuTebs
islamis WeSmaritebas.
sabWoTa sazogadoeba ar aris Secdomebis msxverpli. dasavleTia
misi msxverpli. idea diskusiebis, Tanxmobisa da kompromisebis
mmarTvelobis Sesaxeb albaT idealia, arCevnebisa Tu asambleebis
praqtika martooden erT-erTi praqtikaa sxva mravals Soris. Tu
vecdebiT mis danergvas viTarebebis gauTvaliswineblad,
aucileblobiT marcxs vigemebT. demokratiuli praqtikis marcxs ver
damalavs teroristuli organizacia da enTuziazmi, is gancxaddeba
erT mSvenier dRes da Camoyalibdeba despotizmad.
arcerTi inteligencia ar ganicdis universalurobis dakargvas
ise mwared, rogorc franguli inteligencia, aravis ar uWirs uaryos
Tavisi iluziebi ise jiutad, rogorc mas da veravin moigebda
safrangeTis namdvili problemebis aRiarebiT rogorc is.
safrangeTi miekuTvneba arakomunistur msoflios da man rom
moindomos banakis Secvla, katastrofa moxdeba, rasac is erideba
mTeli Zal-RoniT. misi aseTi arCevani srulebiT ar gamoricxavs
memarcxened wodebul zomebs, iqneba es sxvadasxva dawesebulebebis
nacionalizacia Tu CrdiloeT afrikis statusis dadgena.
mTeli rigi amocanebi, romelic daawva safrangeTs XX saukunis
Sua wlebSi, Tavisi mniSvnelobiT scildeba mis sazRvrebs:
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba frangebsa da musulmanebs
Soris Crdilo afrikaSi, dasavleT evropis erebis gaerTianeba, raTa
isini naklebad iyvnen damokidebulni amerikis Zalaze, teqnikuri
CamorCenis daZleva, rac ekonomikas daatyda - am istoriulma saqmeebma
SeiZleba gamoaRviZos naTeli suliskveTeba. arcerTi am qmedebebidan
ar Searyevs adamianTa cxovrebas dedamiwaze, arcerTi ar gaxdis
safrangeTs idealis jariskacad, arcerTi ar mogvwyvets aziis im
patara gojisgan, romelTanac safrangeTi Tavisi bediTaa Sekruli,
arcerTi ar daamarcxebs metafizikur ideebs (Tavisufleba,
Tanasworoba), arcerTi ar daaxloebs mas socialistur Tu
nacionalistur ideologiasTan. vimyofebiT ra Cvens adgilze planetis
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koniunqturaSi, vmoqmedebT ra socialuri mecnierebis gakveTilebis
Sesabamisad, Cven velodebiT erTaderT politikur universalobas,
romelic misaRebia Cveni epoqisTvis. Cven unda mivceT meqanizirebul
civilizacias is forma, romelic Seesatyviseba mis warsulsa da eris
asaks, Cven unda movutanoT warmateba da mSvidoba planetis im zonebs,
sadac vrceldeba Cveni Zala da Cveni naazrevi.
momavlis aseTi perspeqtivebisadmi ganaTlebuli adamianebi,
rogorc Cans, ugrZnobni arian. iseTi grZnobaa, rom isini eZeben
imanentur filosofiaSi dakarguli usasrulobis ekvivalents da
CurCuleben: `ra aris yovelive is, rac aris universaluri?~.
______
nostalgia universalur ideaze da erovnuli ampartavnoba - ai
ra gansazRvravs frangi inteleqtualebis ganwyobas. aseT ganwyobas
gamoxmaureba qveynis gareTac aqvs, rac ar aris martooden mwerlebis
niWis Sedegi. Tu kulturis moRvaweni mTeli guliT aRar iwameben
WeSmaritebas yvelasTvis, xom ar Cavardebian isini gulgrilobaSi?
inteleqtualebis religia, komunizmi ikrebs momxreebs aziisa da
afrikis inteleqtualebs Soris, maSin, rodesac dasavleTis gonivruli
demokratia xSirad imarjvebs Tavisufal arCevnebze, magram ver
poulobs iseT mebrZolebs, romlebic mzad iqnebian wavidnen
yvelaferze maTi saqmis gamarjvebisTvis.
`SevTavazeT ra CineTsa da iaponias Cveni dasavluri
civilizaciis versia, Cven maT miveciT qva, maSin, roca isini
gvTxovdnen purs. amave dros SesTavaza ra maT erTdroulad
komunizmi da teqnika, ruseTma raRac saxiT maT misca puri: Savi
da qviani puri, Tu gnebavT, magram puri; es mainc sakvebia,
romelic akmayofilebs cotaTi sakveb substancias sulieri
cxovrebisaTvis, ris gareSec adamians ar SeuZlia cxovreba~.2
komunizmi warmoadgens dasavluri Setyobinebis degradirebul
versias. is Seicavs pretenzias daTrgunos buneba, gaaumjobesos
RaribTa xvedri, is msxverplad swiravs imas, rac iyo da aris mudmivi
ganviTarebis suli: arCevanis Tavisufleba, sawinaaRmdego azris 2 Arnold Toynbee, Le Mond et l'Occident, Paris 1953. gv. 144.
123
Tavisufleba, moqalaqeTa kenWisyris Tavisufleba. is umorCilebs
ekonomikis ganviTarebas mkacr dagegmvas, socialistur mSeneblobas
saxelmwifos orTodoqsias.
Rirs ki imis Tqma, rom komunisturi versia imarjvebs
inteleqtualuri sisustis gamo? namdvili Teoria ar krZalavs awmyos
cdomilebebs, is gulisxmobs kamaTs partiebs Soris, is neli
progresis imeds iZleva, is ar aTavisuflebs aziis inteleqtualebs
maTi kompleqsebisgan. sekularuli religia inarCunebs prestiJs da
winaswarmetyvelur samociqulo Zalas, is badebs fanatikosTa mcire
ricxvs da es ukanasknelebi, Tavis mxriv, axdenen masebis mobilizebasa
da darazmvas, romlebic moxiblulebi arian ara imdenad momavlis
xedviT, rogorc amboxebulni arian arsebuli ubedurebebis winaaRmdeg.
komunisturi rwmenis arsi ar gansxvavdeba sxva ideologiebis
arsisagan, romelsac iziareben memarcxene inteleqtualebi mTels
plnetaze. am ukanasknelTa umravlesoba imyofeba zRurblze, seqtis
disciplinisadmi amboxebis grZnobiT. umciresoba, vinc gadamwyvet
nabijs akeTebs da axerxebs uxerxulobisa da daurwmuneblobis
gadalaxvas, Sepyrobilia iseTi rwmeniT, romelic `mTebs sZravs~.
liberalebs Tavis Tavze eparebaT eWvi da ganicdian yru da usiamovno
SegrZnebas, rom imyofebian zogjer borotebis banakSi (memarjveneoba,
reaqcia, feodalizmi). dasavluri universitetebis klimatma gaxada
yvela kontinentidan mosuli studentebi mgrZnobiare marqsistul-
leninuri doqtrinis mimarT, romelic aris ara saboloo Sedegi,
aramed dogmaturi gamkacreba progresistuli filosofiisa.
komunizmi, SeiZleba iTqvas, aris pirveli evropis ZiriTadi
rwmenebidan, romelmac warmatebas miaRwia da moaqcia milionobiT
adamiani aziaSi. isini ver moaqcia qristianobam, romelic uaryofda
dampyrobelTa qmedebas da ar egueboda mecnierul azrs, samxedro da
imperialistur principebs. komunizmiT isini moixiblnen ara imitom,
rom is aris qristianuli eresi, aramed imitom, rom mas aqvs
racionaluri da optimisturi filosofiis eqstremistuli forma.
124
daniel beli
ideologiis dasasruli dasavleTSi
adamianTa Secdoma mdgomareobs imaSi,
rom maT ar ician, Tu rodis unda SezRudon Tavisi imedebi.
makiaveli
istoriam cota icis iseTi periodi, rodesac adamianebs egonaT rom
maTi samyaro drois gamocdas gauZlebda, rom is myarad iyo ganfenili,
rogorc qristianul alegoriaSia, qaossa da samoTxes Soris. oTx aTas
wels gadacilebul egviptur papirusSi weria: ”. . . mefobs urcxovoba
. . . qveyana brunavs da brunavs rogoc sameTuneo borbali . . masebi
waagaven mSiSara cxvrebs, romlebsac ar miuZRvis mecxvare. . . is, vinc
guSin iyo mawanwala, dRes gamdidrda, xolo uwin mdidari mas xotbas
asxams.” gilbert miureis aRweriT, elinisturi periodi iyo “simamacis
ukmarisobis” xana, rodesac “izrdeboda pesimizmi, ikargeboda
TviTdajerebuloba, am cxovrebis imedi da normaluri adamianuri
moqmedebis rwmena”. xolo gaiZvera taleirani amtkicebda, rom mxolod
maT, visac 1789 wlamde ucxovria, hqonda SesaZlebloba cxovreba mTeli
misi sitkboTi egema.1
Cvens drosac SeuZlia msgavsi citatebis rigis gavrcoba – miT ufro
mware da winaaRmdegobrivebisa, rom am dros win uZRvoda naTeli
imedebis grZeli xana – 1930 welsa da 1950 wels Soris mdebare im ori
dekadis gamo, romlebic gamirCeoda werilobiT istoriaSi aqamde
lamis arnaxuli intensiobiT: msoflio ekonomikuri depresia da mZafri
klasobrivi brZolebi; faSizmisa da rasobrivi imperializmis zrda
qveyanaSi, romelic sakacobrio kulturis maRal safexurze
imyofeboda; im revoluciuri Taobis tragikuli Tavganwirva, romelic
kacobriobis uwmindes idealebs qadagebda; manamde ucnobi gaqanebisa
da masStabis damangreveli omi; milionebis biurokratizirebuli
mkvleloba sakoncentracio banakebsa da sikvdilis kamerebSi.
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radikaluri inteleqtualebisaTvis, vinc moaxdina winamorbedi saukune
naxevris revoluciuri impulsebis artikulireba, yovelive es niSnavda
qiliasturi imedebis, mileniaristuli, apokalifsuri azrovnebis – da
ideologiis dasasruls. is ideologia, romelic uwin moqmedebis gzas
saxavda, CixSi moiqca.
ganurCevlad imisa, Tu ram warmoSva igi frang filosofebTan,
ideologia, rogorc moqmedebaSi ideebis translirebis gza, yvelaze
mkveTrad iqna formulirebuli memarcxene hegelianelebTan,
foierbaxTan da marqsTan. maTTvis filosofiis funqcia mdgomareobda
kritikaSi, awmyos warsulisgan ganTavisuflebaSi. (marqsi werda: “yvela
warsul TaobaTa tradicia aw mcxovrebTa tvins Ramis koSmariviT
awveba”) foierbaxi, memarcxene hegelianelTagan yvelaze radikaluri,
sakuTar Tavs luTer meores uwodebda. adamianebi Tavisuflebi
iqnebodnen, rom SegvZleboda religiis demiTologizeba. azrovnebis
istoria warmoadgenda mzardi gulgatexilobis istorias; da Tu
sabolood qristianobaSi RmerTi paroqiuli RvTaebisagan universalur
abstraqciad gardaiqmna, kriticizmis funqcia iyo – dapirispirebis an
TviTgaucxoebis radikaluri iaraRis gamoyenebiT - Teologiis
anTropologiiT Canacvleba, RmerTis adgilas adamianis moTavseba.
filosofia unda mimarTuliyo cxovrebaze, adamiani
ganTavisuflebuliyo “abstraqciaTa speqtrisgan” da
gamonTavisuflebuliyo superbunebrivis marwuxebisgan. religias
mxolod “yalbi cnobierebis” Seqmna ZaluZda. filosofias unda
gamoevlina “namdvili cnobiereba”. cnobierebis centrSi RmerTis
adamianiT CanacvlebiT foierbaxs undoda “usasrulos sasrulze”
dayvana.2
Tuki foierbaxi “CauRrmavda samyaros”, marqsi mis gardaqmnas
cdilobda. maSin, roca foierbaxma anTropologias miemxro, marqsma
gadaakeTa hegelis sakvanZo debulebebi da yuradRebis centrSi
istoria da istoriuli konteqsti moaqcia. msoflio ar iyo krebiTi
adamiani, aramed adamianebi, da adamianebi rogorc adamianTa klasebi.
adamianebi gansxvavdebodnen maTi klasobrivi poziciis Sesabamisad.
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xolo WeSmariteba iyo klasobrivi WeSmariteba. amdenad, yvela
WeSmariteba iyo niRabi, an nawilobrivi WeSmariteba, xolo namdvili
WeSmariteba iyo revoluciuri WeSmariteba. da es realuri WeSmariteba
iyo racionaluri.
amdenad, rogorc ideologiis analizSi, aseve axali ideologiis
SeqmnaSi Semotanil iqna dinamika. religiis demiTologizirebam
gamoanTavisufla (RmerTisgan, codvisgan) potenciali adamianSi.
istoriis msvelobaSi gamomJRavnda racionaloba. klasTa brZolaSi
unda gamxdariyo SesaZlebeli yalbis nacvlad WeSmariti TviTSegnebis
miRweva. magram Tu WeSmariteba moqmedebaSia, aucilebelia moqmedeba.
memarcxene hegelianelebi, marqsis TqmiT, mxolod litterateurs Tu iyvnen.
marqsisTvis erTaderTi namdvili qmedeba iyo politika. magram qmedeba,
revoluciuri qmedeba, rogorc is marqss esmoda, ar iyo mxolod
socialuri cvlileba. is iyo, Tavis mxriv, anabaptistebis yvela Zveli
mileniaristuli, qiliasturi ideebis ganaxleba. is iyo, Tavisi axali
TvalsawieriT, axali ideologia.
ideologiis analizi wesiT inteligenciis diskusiebSi xdeba. SeiZleba
iTqvas, rom rac mRvdeli aris religiisTvis, is aris inteligencia
ideologiisaTvis. es TavisTavad gvaZlevs gasaRebs sityvis sazomad da
xsnis mis mravalferovan funqciebs. sityva ideologia gamoigona
frangma filosofosma de tresim meTvramete saukunis bolos.
ganmanaTleblobis xanis sxva filosofosebTan erTad, gansakuTrebiT
iseT materialistebTan, rogorebic iyvnen helveciusi da holbaxi, de
tresi cdilobda ganesazRvra “WeSmaritebis” aRmoCenis iseTi gza,
romelic ar eyrdnoboda rwmenas an Zalauflebas (authority) –
tradiciul sayrdenebs, romlebsac eklesia da saxelmwifo
asazrdoeben. da, amasTan, frensis bekonis gavleniT, isini eZebdnen
raime gzas raTa gaeqarwylebinaT mikerZoebulobis SemTxveviToba,
crurwmenis damaxinjeba, aRzrdiT Seqmnili idiosinkrazia, piradi
interesisa an ubralod darwmunebis survilis SemoWra - romlebic
yvela, rogorc Crdilebi platonis gamoqvabulSi, qmnian WeSmaritebis
iluziebs. maTi mizani iyo ideebis “ganwmenda” raTa miRweul yofiliyo
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“obieqturi” WeSmariteba da “swori” azrovneba. zogierT maTgans,
magaliTad, helveciuss, sjeroda, rom saWiroa ideebis sawyisebTan da
ganviTarebasTan dabruneba, raTa gairkves, Tu rogor moxda maTSi
areuloba. de tresis sjeroda, rom ideebis “gaWeSmariteba”
SesaZlebeli iyo maTi dayvaniT grZnobiT movlenebze - britanuli
empiricizmis dagvianebuli franguli varianti, romelSic igrZnoba
antireligiuri ganwyoba – da ideebis am axal mecnierebas man uwoda
“ideologia”.
cnebis negatiuri konotacia napoleonis dros warmoiqmna. moaxdina ra
sakuTari Zalauflebis konsolidireba, man akrZala moralisa da
politikuri mecnierebis swavleba nacionalur institutSi da
gamoacxada “ideologebi” upasuxismgeblo spekulatorebad, romlebic
amaxinjebdnen moralsa da patriotizms. iyo ra respublikeli,
napoleoni TanaugrZnobda filosofosTa ideebs; xolo rogorc
imperators, mas esmoda religiuri orTodoqsiis mniSvneloba
saxelmwifos SesanarCuneblad.
magram mxolod marqsis dros sityva “ideologiam” ganicada saocrad
gansxvavebuli transmutacia. marqsisTvis, rogorc es mocemulia mis
naSromSi “germanuli ideologia”, ideologia ukavSirdeboda
filosofiur idealizms, anu Sexedulebas, rom ideebi avtonomiurebi
arian, da rom ideebs, damoukideblad, aqvT WeSmaritebisa da
cnobierebis gamovlenis Zala. marqsisTvis, misi materializmis gamo, es
iyo siyalbe, vinaidan “yofiereba gansazRvravs cnobierebas” da ara
piriqiT; nebismier mcdelobas realobis suraTis daxatvisa mxolod
ideebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba moyves mxolod “yalbi cnobiereba”. ase,
magaliTad, foierbaxis kvalobaze – romlisganac marqsma gadmoiRo
ideologiisa da gaucxoebis analizis ZiriTadi elementebi – is
religias yalb cnobierebad miiCnevda: RmerTebi adamianTa gonis
qmnilebaa da maTi arseboba mxolod moCvenebiTadaa damukidebeli da
adamianTa bedis ganmsazRvreli; amdenad religia aris ideologia.
128
magram marqsi erTi nabijiT win wavida. ideologiebi, misi TqmiT, ara
mxolod yalbi ideebia, aramed isini gansakuTrebul interesebs
niRbaven. ideologiebs WeSmaritebis warmoCenis pretenzia aqvT, magram
isini konkretuli jgufebis saWiroebebs asaxaven. Tavis adreul
eseebSi “ebrauli sakiTxis Sesaxeb” - im sul ramodenime naweridan erT-
erTSi, sadac is swored saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis filosofiur
sakiTxebs exeba, marqsi mkveTrad akritikebs “bunebrivi uflebebis”
cnebis im formas, romelic mocemulia franguli revoluciis
adamianTa uflebebis deklaraciaSi da imas, Tu rogor iyo es
uflebebi gansazRvruli pensilvaniisa da niu hempSiris Statebis
konstituciebSi. igulisxmeboda, rom “bunebrivi uflebebi” – sindisis
Tavisufleba an sakuTrebis ufleba – iyo “absoluturi” an
“transcendentuli”; marqsisTvis isini mxolod istoriulad miRweul
“burJuaziul uflebebs” warmoadgendnen, romlebsac hqondaT yalbi
pretenzia universaluri validurobisa. saxelmwifos funqcia,
miuTiTebda marqsi, iyo “saerTo nebis” garkveuli bazisis Seqmna.
“samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi”, romelic Seqmna burJuaziam, saxelmwifo
unda yofiliyo neitraluri an negatiuri. TiToeul adamians unda
ezruna sakuTar interesebze, da unda damkvidrebuliyo socialuri
harmonia. magram realurad, amtkicebda marqsi, saxelmwifo
gamoyenebuli aRmoCnda sfecifiuri jgufis interesebis
gansaxorcieleblad. ase, “bunebrivi uflebebis” moTxovna ubralod
niRbavs burJuaziis saWiroebas gamoiyenon materialuri qoneba sakuTar
interesebSi. marqss sjeroda, rom bunebrivi uflebebis individualizmi
iyo yalbi, vinaidan adamianebs sakuTari Tavis “realizeba” SeuZliaT
mxolod sazogadoebaSi, da namdvili Tavisufleba ar aris sakuTrebisa
an religiis aRsarebis Tavisufleba, aramed Tavisufleba
sakuTrebisgan da religiisgan – mokled, ideologiisgan. amdenad
mcdeloba universalur Rirebulebad gamocxadebuliyo is, rac
arsebiTad klasobriv interess warmoadgenda, iyo ideologia.
marqsi gansxvavdeboda bentamisgan da sxva utilitarianelebisgan imiT,
rom mas esmoda, rom individebis motivacia araa yovelTvis
ganpirobebuli uSualo kerZo interesiT. (rac “vulgarul hedonizms”
129
warmoadgenda). ideologia, misi TqmiT, mniSvnelovan Zalas
warmoadgenda. “Tvramet briumerSi” is werad: “ar unda vifiqroT
ubralod, rom wvril burJuazias surs principSi egoisturi
klasobrivi interesebis ganxorcieleba. mas ufro hgonia, rom misi
emansipaciis specialuri pirobebi aris zogadi pirobebi, mxolod
romelTa meSveobiTac SeiZleba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis gadarCena da
klasobrivi brZolis Tavidan acileba.” amdenad ideologiis “niRbis
axda” warmoadgens ideis miRma mdgomi “obieqturi” interesebis
warmoCenas da im funqciebis danaxvas, romlebsac ideologia
emsaxureba.3
yovelive amisgan gamomdinareobs uSualo daskvnebi. jer erTi,
politikis analizi mxolod racionalistur safuZvelze dayrdnobiT
araadeqvaturia. is, rasac adamianebi maTive TqmiT aRiareben, yovelTvis
ar SeiZleba pirdapiri gagebiT gavigoT da ideebis ukan interesTa
struqtura unda veZeboT. saWiroa davakvirdeT ara ideebis Sinaarss,
aramed maT funqcias. meore, ufro radikaluri daskvna aris is, rom Tu
ideebi niRbaven materialur interesebs, maSin doqtrinis “WeSmaritebis
sazomi” aris is, Tu romel klasobriv interesebs emsaxureba igi.
mokled, WeSmariteba warmoadgens “klasobriv WeSmaritebas”. amdenad,
arsebobs ara obieqturi filosofia, aramed mxolod “burJuaziuli
filosofia” da “proletaruli filosofia”; ara obieqturi
sociologia, aramed mxolod “burJuaziuli sociologia” da
“proletaruli sociologia”. magram marqsizmi ar aris mxolod
relativisturi doqtrina; arsebobs socialuri samyaros “obieqturi”
wesrigi, romelic warmoCindeba istoriis meSveobiT. marqsisTvis, iseve
rogorc hegelisTvis, istoriis mamoZravebelia progresi, romlis
ZaliTac sazogadoeba, adamianis mier bunebaze gabatonebisa da yvela
miTologiisa da crurwmenis dangrevis gziT “Semdgomi stadiebisken”
miiltvis. amdenad doqtrinis “WeSmariteba” unda ganisazRvrebodes
imiT, Tu ramdenad esadageba igi istoriis ganviTarebas; praqtikulad
aRmoCnda, rom “WeSmaritebis” sazomi gaxda misi wvlili (an misi
usargebloba) revoluciis warmatebisTvis.
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“ideebis socialuri determinaciis” Teoria bevr sirTules awydeba.
erT-erTia mecinerebis roli. marqsi ar laparakobs bunebriv
mecnirebebze rogorc ideologiaze. magram bevri marqsisti,
gansakuTrebiT 30-iani wlebis sabWoTa kavSirSi, amtkicebda, rom
arsebobs “burJuaziuli mecniereba” da “burJuaziuli fizika” da
“proletaruli mecniereba” da “proletaruli fizika”. ase, albert
ainStainis fardobiTobis Teoria iyo dagmobili rogorc
“idealisturi”. da Tumca dRevandel sabWoTa kavSirSi aravin
laparakobs “burJuaziul fizikaze”, zigmund froidis Teoriebi
oficialurad uaryofilia rogorc “idealisturi”. magram Tu
mecniereba ar aris klasobrivad ganpirobebuli, exeba Tu ara igive
socialur mecnierebebs? mecnierebis avtonomiurobis idea arasdros
yofila damakmayofileblad warmodgenili marqsistul azrovnebaSi.
meore sirTules warmoadgens deterministuri winaswari ganwyoba,
romlis mixedviTac ideebis erTobliobasa da “klasobriv” saWiroebebs
Soris erTierTze Sesabamisoba arsebobs. es iSviaTad xdeba xolme.
empiricizmi Cveulebrivad asocirebulia liberalur kvlevasTan. Tumca
ki devid iumi, yvelaze radikaluri empiricisti, iyo tori, xolo
edmund berki, romelic yvelaze mtkiced upirispirdeboda axali
sazogadoebis dagegmarebisadmi racionalistur midgomebs, iyo
konservatori. hobsi, erT-erTi yvelaze ganTqmuli materialisti, iyo
roialisti, xolo t.h. grini, didi britaneTis idealisturi
aRorZinebis erT-erTi lideri, iyo liberali.
mesame sirTules warmoadgens klasis ganmarteba. marqsisTvis (Tumca ki
klasi arasdros yofila mkacrad ganmartebuli mis naSromebSi)
sazogadoebis sakvanZo socialur dayofas aCens sakuTrebis ganawileba.
magram politikur-teqnologiur samyaroSi sakuTrebam
mniSvnelovanwilad dakarga Zalauflebis, da zogjer keTildReobisac
ki, determinantis mniSvneloba. TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove
sazogadoebaSi teqnikuri unarebi memkvidreobasTan SedarebiT sul
ufro mniSvnelovnad sazRvraven dasaqmebis perspeqtivebs, da
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politikuri Zalaufleba jabnis ekonomikurs. ra mniSvneloba SeiZleba
mieniWos klass am viTarebaSi?
miuxedavad amisa SeuZlebelia sruliad uarvyoT mtkicebuleba imis
Taobaze rom “azrovnebis stili” ukavSirdeba istoriul klasobriv
jgufebsa da maT interesebs, an rom ideebi Cndeba rogorc
sazogadoebaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva jgufebis gansxvavebuli
Sexedulebebis an msoflmxedvelobebis Sedegi. amocana mdgomareobs
imaSi, Tu rogor unda ganvsazRvroT urTierTkavSiri egzistencialur
bazissa da “gonebriv produqcias” Soris. sociologi maqs veberi,
magaliTad, amtkicebda, rom ideebsa da interesebs Soris arsebobs
“SerCeviTi miziduloba (affinity)”. ideis, an Teoretikosis, an
revolucioneris socialuri fesvebi naklebad mniSvnelovania im
viTarebasTan SedarebiT, rom xdeba zogierTi ideis, ase rom vTqvaT,
“amorCeva” socialuri jgufebis mier, romlebic Tvlian am ideebs
kongenialurad da amdenad emxrobian maT. es iyo “protestantuli
eTikis” Teoriis sawyisi; is amtkicebda, rom kalvinisturi azrovnebis
zogierTi Tviseba da individualobis tipi, romelic amgvari
doqtrinidan momdinareobda, gaxda aucilebeli da ganmapirobebeli
kapitalizmis ganviTarebaSi, miuxedavad am ideebis “saiqio”
safuZvlebisa. . .
. . . yoveldRiur leqsikonSi sityva ideologia rCeba bundovan cnebad,
romelic, rogorc Cans, aRniSnavs msoflmxedvelobas, SexedulebaTa
sistemas an kredos, romelsac iziarebs socialuri jgufi
sazogadoebis socialur mowyobasTan dakavSirebiT, da romelic
moralurad gamarTlebulia im argumentiT, rom is sworia. Sesabamisad
adamianebi msjeloben “patara biznesmenis ideologiaze” an
liberalizmsa an faSizmze ideologiis gagebiT. an zogierTma
mweralma SeiZleba ilaparakos “ideologiis ocnebaTa samyaroze,
(romlis Sesabamisad) amerikelebs warmoudgeniaT Tavisi qveyana im
adgilad, sadac TiToeuli bavSvi ibadeba “SesaZleblobaTa
TanasworobisaTvis”, sadac yoveli adamiani arsebiTad iseTive kargia,
132
rogorc yvela sxva, Tu ara ukeTesi”. am gagebiT ideologia ufro
esadageba miTs, vidre ideebis sistemas.
cxadia, amgvari gamoyeneba, romelic erTmaneTSi bevr sxvadasxva
sakiTxs urevs, qmnis mxolod gaugebrobas. amdenad saWiroa garkveuli
gansxvavebebis dafiqsireba.
Cven, albaT, SegviZlia davesesxoT gansxvavebas manhaims da ganvasxvaoT
is, rasac is eZaxis “ideologiis viwro cnebas” “ideologiis
totaluri cnebisgan”. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ideologiis pirveli gageba
gulisxmobs, rom individebs, romlebsac gaaCniaT garkveuli
Rirebulebebi, aqvT aseve garkveuli interesebi. . . totaluri
ideologia aris kompleqsuri realobis yovlismomcveli sistema, es
aris emociebiT gaJRenTili SexedulebaTa wyeba, romelsac unda
cxovrebis mTeli wesis Secvla. . . am gagebiT, da im gagebiT, rasac Cven
aq vxmarobT, ideologia sekularuli religiis tolfasia.
ideologia aris ideebis sazogadoebriv berketebad gadaqceva. . .
is, rac ideologias mis Zalas aniWebs aris misi mgznebareba.
abstraqtuli filosofiuri kvleva yovelTvis ganixileboda rogorc
grZnobebis da pirovnulobis uarmyofi, yvela ideis racionalizebis
gza. ideologiisTvis WeSmariteba ibadeba moqmedebaSi, xolo
gamocdileba iZens mniSvnelobas “transformirebis momentis”
saSualebiT. is sicocxles iZens ara dakvirvebaSi, aramed “qmedebebSi”.
SeiZleba iTqvas, faqtobrivad, rom ideologiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani
latenturi funqcia aris emociis CarTva. religiis garda (da omisa da
nacionalizmis garda) sul ramdenime formas Tu uarsebia emociuri
energiis marTvisa. . . ideologia axdens am energiis SekavSirebas da
politikaze mimarTvas. . .
sazogadoebriv moZraobas SeuZlia xalxis ayolieba, Tuki mas sami ram
ZaluZs: ideebis gamartiveba, WeSmaritebis gamoxatvaze pretenziis
gamocxadeba da, am oris safuZvelze, moqmedebisaken mowodeba. amdenad,
ideologiebi ara marto gardaqmnis ideebs, isini aseve gardaqmnian
133
adamianebs. mecxramete saukunis ideologiebs, gardauvalobis
xazgasmiTa da Tavis mimdevrebSi emociebis gamowveviT, SeeZloT
religiasTan konkurireba. gardauvalobis progresTan identificirebiT
isini daukavSirdnen mecnierebis pozitiur Rirebulebas. magram rac
ufro mniSvnelovania, es ideologiebi ukavSirdeboda aseve
inteleqtualTa mzard klass, romelic cdilobda sazogadoebaSi
adgilis damkvidrebas.
saWiroa gavigoT gansxvaveba inteleqtualsa da mkvlevars Soris . . .
mkvelvars gaaCnia codnis Semofargluli sfero, tradicia, is eZebs
masSi Tavis adgils imiTi, rom warsulSi akumulirebul Semowmebul
codnas axal codnas amatebs mozaikis principiT. mkvlevari rogorc
mkvlevari naklebadaa dainteresebuli Tavisi “meobiT”. inteleqtuali
iwyebs sakuTari gamocdilebiT, sakuTari individualuri
warmodgenebiT, sakuTari privilegiebiT da uuflebobiT da sjis
samyaros am grZnobebidan gamomdinare. vinaidan mis statuss aqvs
maRali Rirebuleba, sazogadoebis miseuli Sefaseba asaxavs misadmi
damokidebulebas. biznesiT formirebul civilizaciaSi
inteleqtualebi grZnobdnen, rom xdeboda araswori Rirebulebebis
dafaseba da uaryofdnen sazogadoebas. amdenad, arsebobda “CaSenebuli”
iZuleba damoukidebeli inteleqtualebis politizebisa. amdenad im
ideologiebs, romlebic warmoiSva mecxramete saukuneSi, zurgs
umagrebdnen inteleqtualebi. maT aiRes kursi imaze, rasac viliam
jeimsi “rwmenis gzas” uwodebda, romelic, momavlis Tavisi xedviT, ver
asxvavebs SesaZlebels savaraudosgan, xolo am ukanasknels ucilobel
faqtad gardaqmnis.
dResdReobiT am ideologiebma sakuTari Tavi amowures. am
mniSvnelovani sociologiuri cvilebis miRma rTuli da
mravalferovani movlenebi dgas. iseTi ubedurebebi, rogorebic iyo
moskovis sasamarTlo procesebi, nacistur-sabWouri paqti,
koncentraciuli banakebi, ungreli muSebis moZraobis CaxSoba, erT
jaWvs miekuTvneba; iseTi socialuri cvlilebebi, rogorebicaa
kapitalizmis modificireba, sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos
134
zrda, meore jaWvis nawilebia. filosofiaSi SeimCneoda
simplicisturi, racionalisturi Sexedulebebis daknineba da adamianis
axali stoikur-Teologiuri saxis warmoqmna, mag. froidi, tilixi
(Tillich), iaspersi, sxva. . . mTeli am istoriidan warmoiSva erTi faqti:
radikaluri inteligenciisTvis Zvelma ideologiebma dakarges Tavisi
“WeSmariteba” da darwmunebis unari.
cotaa seriozuli moazrovne, visac jer kidev sjera, rom
SesaZlebelia “gegmis monaxazis” gakeTeba da “socialuri inJineriis”
gziT socialuri harmoniis axali utopiis wamoyeneba. amave dros,
ufro Zvelma “kontr-rwmenebma” aseve dakarges Tavisi inteleqtualuri
Zala. cotaa “klasikuri” liberali, visac miaCnia, rom saxelmwifom
aranairi roli ar unda iTamaSos ekonomikaSi, da cotaa seriozuli
konservatori, inglisSi da kontinentze mainc, visac sjera, rom
sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo aris “gza monobisaken”. . .
magram gasaocari faqtia is, rom im dros, rodesac amoiwura Zveli
mecxramete saukunis droindeli ideologiebi da inteleqtualuri
debatebi, aziisa da afrikis mzard saxelmwifoebSi modaSi Semovida
axali ideologiebi, romlebsac aqvT Tavisebuli mimzidveloba
sakuTari xalxebisTvis. es aris ideologiebi industrializaciis,
modernizaciis, pan-arabizmis, rasizmis da nacionalizmis. im sxvaobaSi,
romelic arsebobs ideologiis Zvelsa da axal tips Soris
mdgomareobs meoce saukunis meore naxevris didi politikuri da
socialuri problema. mecxramete saukunis ideologiebi iyo
universalisturi, humanisturi da inteleqtualebis mier formirebuli.
aziisa da afrikis masobrivi ideologiebi aris paroqiuli,
instrumentuli, da Seqmnili politikuri liderebis mier. Zveli
ideologiebis mamoZravebeli Zala iyo socialuri Tanasworoba da,
farTo gagebiT, Tavisufleba. axali ideologiebis impulsia
ekonomikuri ganviTareba da erovnuli Zalaufleba. . .
ideologiis dasasruli ar aris – da ar unda iyos – imavdroulad
utopiis dasasruli. sxva Tu araferi, utopiis Sesaxeb diskusiis
135
ganaxleba SesaZlebelia mxolod ideologiis xafangis mxedvelobaSi
miRebiT. problema imaSia, rom ideologiebi arian “ukiduresi
gamamartiveblebi”. ideologia adamians uqrobs saWiroebas gaumklavdes
sakuTar problemebs individualuri sargeblis misaRebad. is ubralod
mimarTavs ideologiur savaWro avtomats da misgan amodis mza
formula. xolo rodesac es rwmenebi imoseba apokalipsuri
SemarTebiT, ideebi iqceva iaraRad momakvdinebeli SedegebiT.
dResdReobiT arsebobs, ufro metad, vidre odesme adre, utopiis
garkveuli saWiroeba, im gagebiT, rom adamianebs sWirdebaT - rogorc
maT yovelTvis sWirdebodaT – maTi potencialis raRac xedva, raRac
gza grZnobebisa da gonivrulobis Sezavebisa . . . utopiam unda
gansazRvros, sad unda adamians misvla, rogor unda miaRwios, ra
iqneba safasuri da imis gansazRvrac, vin gadaixdis safasurs, da,
Sesabamisad, gamarTlebac.
. . . da Tuki warsulis inteleqtualur istorias gaaCnia raime azri –
da gakveTili – is mdgomareobs jefersonis sibrZnis gaxsenebaSi
(romelic mimarTulia warsulis mkvdari xelis acilebaze, magram
romelic aseve SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc gafrTxileba momavlis mZime
xelis Taobaze) rom “awmyo ekuTvnis mcxovreb adamianebs”. es aris
sibrZne, romelsac revoluciis momxreebi, Zveli da axali, romlebic
mgrZnobiareni arian sakuTari TanamemamuleTa bedisadmi, axlidan
pouloben yovel TaobaSi. “me verasrdros davijereb” ambobs
protagonisti sarkastul dialogSi, romelic dawerilia galanturi
poloneli filosofosis leSek kolakovskis mier, “rom kacobriobis
moraluri da inteleqtualuri cxovreba misdevs ekonomikis kanonebs,
anu dRes dazogviT xval SeiZleba meti movigoT; rom iseTnairad unda
gamoviyenoT dRevandeli sicocxle, rom momavalSi WeSmaritebam
gaimarjvos, an rom unda miviRoT mogeba danaSaulebrivi gziT raTa
keTilSobliebas gavukafoT gza.”
1 karl iaspersma moagrova STambeWdavi koleqcia yvela epoqis filosofosTa Civilebisa, romlebic sakuTar epoqas udgebodnen rogorc krizisis xanas, xolo warsuls – rogorc oqros xanas. es koleqcia, iseve rogorc citata egvipturi papirusidan da taleiranis SeniSvna, SeiZleba naxoT mis naSromSi Man in the Modern Age
136
(rev. ed., London, 1951), II Tavi. gilbert miureis citata mocemulia naSromSi Five Stages of Greek Religion (2d ed.; New York, 1930) Tavi IV. 2 Karl Marx. The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louise Napoleon 3 am gagebiT “ideologiis niRbis axda” garkveulwilad waagavs “racionalizaciis” Teorias freidistul sistemaSi. racionalizacia faravs namdvil motivs. es ar niSnavs rom is aucileblobiT yalbia. faqtobrivad efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis racionalizacia unda iyos “mWidro kavSirSi” realobasTan. Tumca ki faruli motivi aseve arsebobs, da analizi cdilobs mis moZiebas.
137
jon stiuart mili
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb
am esses Tema e.w. nebis Tavisufleba ki ar aris, romelsac esoden
uiRblod upirispirebdnen arasworad saxeldebul filosofiuri
aucileblobis doqtrinas, aramed samoqalaqo, an socialuri
Tavisufleba; Zalauflebis buneba da sazRvrebi, romelsac
sazogadoeba kanonierad axorcielebs individze. es kiTxva iSviaTad
dausvamT da ganuxilavT, zogadad, magram igi Rrma zegavlenas iqoniebs
Cveni saukunis problemebze, maTSi latenturi mocemulobis gamo da
Cans Zalze male iqneba gacnobierebuli rogorc momavlis vitaluri
sakiTxi. igi imdenad Zvelia, rom garkeuli azriT, man kacobriobac ki
dahyo ukve uZvelesi droidan; Tumca progresis im safexurze,
romelsac miaRwies kacobriobis yvelaze civilizebulma nawilebma, es
kiTxva sakuTar Tavs axal pirobebSi warmogvidgens, moiTxovs
gansxvavebul da ufro fundamentur interpretacias.
Tavisuflebasa da xelisuflebas Soris brZola yvelaze
RisrSesaniSnavi movlenaa istoriis garkveul monakveTebSi, romelTac
Cven bavSvobidanac kargad vicnobT, kerZod saberZneTis, romis da
inglisis istoriebidan. magram Zvel droSi es brZola iyo calkeul
individebs an individebis zogierT klasebs da mTavrobas Soris.
Tavisuflebis qveS maSin esmodaT politikur mmarTvelTa tiraniisagan
dacva. Tavad mmarTvelebi aRiqmebodnen (saberZneTis zogierTi
popularuli mTavrobis garda), rogorc maT mier marTuli xalxis
mimarT antagonistur poziciaze mdgomni. isini Seadgenen mmarTvel
erTeuls, mmarTvel toms an kastas, romelTac xelisufleba miiRes an
memkvidreobiT, an ZaladobiT, da, visac, yvela SemTxvevaSi, ar
gamouyenebia es Zalaufleba marTulTa sasargeblod da romelTa
sawinaaRmdegod mosaxleobas ar ganuxorcielebia raime kontrzomebi
da ar surda Cabmulni yofiliyo SejaxebebSi rogori winaswari
zomebic ar unda iyos miRebuli mmarTvelTa Zalmomreobis winaaRmdeg.
138
maTi Zalaufleba miCneuli iyo rogorc aucilebeli, Tumca, amave
dros, rogorc uaRresad saxifaTo, rogorc iaraRi, romelic maT
aranakleb SeuZliaT gamoiyenon qveSevrdomebis winaaRmdeg, vidre
gareSe mteris winaaRmdeg. (...) patriotebis mizani, yovelive amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sazRvrebi dauweson
Zalauflebas, romlis Temze gavrcelebasac dasjerdeboda mmarTveli
_ da es sazRvrebi aris is rac Tavisuflebad iwodeba. igi ori gziT
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes: pirveli, politikuri Tavisuflebebisa da
garkveuli uflebebis xelSeuxeblobis aRiarebiT, romlis darRvevac
mmarTvelis Rirsebis Selaxvad iTvleboda da, rac Tu ki moxdeboda,
amarTlebda gansakuTrebuli saxis winaaRmdegobas, saerTo ajanyebas.
meore da bolo dros ganmtkicebuli konstituciuri meqanizmebis
erToblioba, romlis saSualebiTac, rogorc fiqroben, Temis saerTo
azri an garkveuli politikuri sxeuli, gamoxatavs Tavis interesebs.
amiT iqmneba mmarTveli xelisuflebis bunebis garkvevis TvalsazrisiT
Zalze mniSvnelovani pirobebi. SezRudvis aRniSnuli ori formidan,
rac Seexeba pirvels, evropis qveynebis umravlesobaSi, mmarTveli Zala
iZulebuli gaxda daTmobaze wasuliyo. igive ar iTqmis meoreze; mis
misaRwevad, an Tuki sadme raRac xarisxiT mocemuli iyo is, ufro
srulyofili saxiT mis misaRwevad, igi yvelgan xdeboda Tavisuflebis
moyvarulTa principuli ganxilvis sagani. da imdenad, ramdenadac
kacobrioba kmayofildeboda, erTi mtris meoresTan ganuwyveteli
brZolis pirobebSi, marTuli yofiliyo batonis mier im pirobiT, rom
amave dros met-naklebad daculi yofiliyo misi tiraniisagan, igi ar
zrunavda imaze, rom mieRwia amaze metisaTvis.
cxovrebis ganviTarebam moitana dro, rodesac adamianebi bunebis
aucileblobad aRar miiCnevdnen sakuTari mTavroba damoukidebel da
maTi interesebis sapirispiro Zalad aReqvaT. maT ukeTesad CaTvales
saxelmwifos sxvadasxva saxis legislaturebSi Tanamoqalaqeebi an
delegatebi exilaT, romlebic nebismier momentSi maTi mowonebisda
mixedviT gadayenebadni iqnebodnen. Tvlidnen, rom mxolod am gziT
iqnebodnen isini sruliad daculni imisgan, rom mTavrobis
xelisufleba arasdros iqneboda borotad gamoyenebuli.
TandaTanobiT, arCeviTi da droebiTi mmarTvelebis axali moTxovna
139
xalxis partiis Zalisxmevis TvalsaCino obieqtad iqca yvelgan, sadac
ki aseTi partia arsebobda da saidanac am moTxovnam gamodevna
mmarTvelTa Zalauflebis SezRudvis moTxovna. (...) rac axla surdaT,
is iyo, rom mmarTvelebi identificirebulebi yofiliyvnen xalxTan;
rom maTi interesebi da neba eris neba da interesebi yofiliyo. ers
aRar Wirdeboda dacva misi sakuTari nebisagan. AaRar arsebobda misi
sakuTar Tavze tiraniis ganxorcielebis SiSi. dae mmarTvelebs
miscemodaT neba pasuxismgebelni yofiliyvnen TavianT namoqmedarze, da
yofiliyvnen swrafad gadayenebulni am pasusismgeblobis safuZvelze.
aseT SemTxvevaSi Seiqmneboda pirobebi savsebiT sando yofiliyo maT
xelT arsebuli Zalaufleba. maSin marjved koncentrirebuli maT
xelT arsebuli Zalaufleba, Tavad eris Zalaufleba iqneboda. am
tipis azrovneba an, albaT, ufro grZnoba, saerTo iyo evropeli
liberalebis ukanaskneli TaobisaTvis da aseTad rCeba igi dResac
maTi kontinentaluri nawilisaTvisac. isini, vinc iziarebda
Tvalsazriss, rom unda arsebobdes sazRvrebi imisa, Tu risi gakeTeba
SeuZlia mTavrobas, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac maTi azriT aseT
mTavrobas saerTod ar unda earseba, cnobilni arian rogorc
kontinentis politikur moazrovneTa brwyinvale gamonaklisebi.
Mmsgavsive ganwyobebi iyo gabatonebuli amave periodSi Cvens
qveyanaSiac, vidre ucvleli rCeboda maTi wamaxalisebeli garemoebebi.
Tumca, politikur da filosofiur TeoriebSi, iseve rogorc
calkeul pirovnebebSi, warmatebebma gamoavlines aqamde
dakvirvebebisaTvis ucnobi siZneleebi da aramyari poziciebi.
Tvalsazrisi imis Sesaxeb, rom xalxs ar Wirdeboda maTive
Zalauflebis SezRudva sakuTar Tavze, aqsiomaturad gamoiyureba,
vidre saxalxo mTavroba mxolod ocnebis sagani iyo, an iTvleboda
rom msgavsi ram mxolod odesRac, warsulSi arsebobda. Aamgvari
Tvalsazrisi aucileblobiT ver Sescvala verc imgvarma droebiTma
gadaxrebma, romlebic safrangeTis revolucias mohyva, romlis yvelaze
uaresi Sedegic umciresobis batonobaSi gamoixata da, romelic, yvela
SenTxvevaSi miekuTvneboda ara mudmivad momuSave saxalxo institutebs,
aramed moulodnel da konvulsiur gamosvlebs monarqiuli da
aristokratuli despotizmis winaaRmdeg. mas Semdeg, rac demokratiuli
140
respublika dedamiwis farTo nawilze gabatonda da igrZno, rom erTa
Tanamegobrobis yvelaze ufro Zlieri wevria, arCeviTi da
pasuxismgebeli mTavroba dakvirvebis da kriticizmis sagani Seiqmna.
rogorc axla aRiqvamdnen, “TviT-mmarTveloba” da “xalxis Zalaufleba
sakuTar Tavze” sulac ar gamoxatavda saganTa namdvil arss.
Zalauflebis mqone xalxi yovelTvis rodi emTxveoda im xalxs,
viszedac es Zalaufleba xorcieldeba da, rom “TviT-marTva” razedac
ase xSirad laparakobdnen, ar warmoadgenda TiToeulis mier sakuTari
Tavis marTvas, aramed ufro TiToeulis marTvas yvela danarCenis mier.
Uufro metic, xalxis neba, praqtikulad niSnavda adamianTa ufro meti
raodenobis, an xalxis yvelaze ufro aqtiuri nawilis nebas,
umravlesobas, an imaT nebas, vinc umravlesobad asaRebda Tavs;
Sedegad xalxma SeiZleba isurvos danarCeni nawilis daTrgunva. AaseT
SemTxvevebSi ki Tavis dazRveva aranaklebaa saWiro, vidre
Zalauflebis sxva araswori gamoyenebisas. amitom xelisuflebis
individze Zalauflebis SezRudva sulac ar kargavs aqtualobas arc
maSin, rodesac Zalauflebis matareblad Cveulebriv mTeli Temi, an,
rac igivea, misi uZlieresi nawili iTvleba. aseT Tvalsazrisebs,
yvelaze gonieri moazrovneebis mier gamoTqmulebis eqvivalenturebad
rom iTvlebodnen da amave dros gamoxatavdnen evropuli sazogadoebis
im klasebis miswrafebebs, romelTa realuri, Tu savaraudo interesebi
demokratias upirispirdeboda, sulac ar gasWirvebiaT TviTdamkvidreba.
Ppolitikuri spekulaciebi “umravlesobis tiraniis” Sesaxeb, amieridan
miCneuli iyo im borotebad, romlisagan dacvas saWiroebda
sazogadoeba.
sxva tiraniis msgavsad, umravlesobis tirania, upirveles
yovlisa da savsebiT vulgarulad, SiSis momgvrelad, moqmedebda
saxalxo xelisuflebis mier gamocemuli aqtebis saSualebiT.
dakvirvebuli adamianebi mixvdnen, rom rodesac Tavad sazogadoebaa
tiranuli _ sazogadoeba aRebuli koleqtiurad, rogorc mis
Semadgenel calkeul individebze maRla mdgari _ es niSnavs, rom
tiraniis saSualebebi ar SemoizRudeba aqtebiT, romlebic politikuri
funqcionerebis xeliT aRsruldeba. sazogadoebas SeuZlia da
axorcielebs kidec Tavis sakuTar mandats: da Tu is axorcielebs
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araswor mandats sworis nacvlad, an mandats im movlenebis mimarT,
romlebic ar unda iyvnen gaSualebulni mis mier, maSin is socialur
tiranias eweva gacilebiT ufro mZime formiT, vidre amas akeTebs
aTasnairi saxis politikuri zewola. radgan, miuxedavad imisa, rom
Cveulebrivad ar iTvleba aseTi saxis eqstremaluri sanqciebi, am
sanqciebisagan Tavis daRwevis Zalze cota saSualebebia gadarCenili,
xolo sazogadoeba ufro Rrmad aRwevs cxovrebis detalebSi da
imonebs Tavad suls. Aaqedan cxadia, rom magistratebis tiraniisagan
dacva ar aris sakmarisi; aucilebeli xdeba gabatonebuli
Sexedulebebisa da grZnobebisagan dacvac; dacva sazogadoebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli im tendenciisagan, romelic gulisxmobs samoqalaqo
sajarimo sanqciebisagan gansxvavebuli saSualebebiT, sxvagvarad
moazrovnes Tavs moaxvios misi sakuTari ideebi da praqtikebi rogorc
qcevis sayovelTao wesebi; daimonos da, Tu es SesaZlebelia, saerTod
xeli SeuSalos yovelgvari individualurobis Camoyalibebas, romelic
ki harmoniulad ver ewyoba sazogadoebaSi adaptirebul gzebs;
aiZulos yvela moiqces ise, rogorc es miRebulia am sazogadoebaSi.
arsebobs koleqtiuri Sexedulebis individis damoukideblobaSi
Carevis sazRvari da am sazRvris povna da dacva masSi Carevisagan iseve
mouwyvetelia kargi sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobisagan, rogorc dacva
politikuri despotiisagan.
Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom SemoTavazebuli Tvalsazrisi ar SeiZleba
ganxiluli iyos zogad terminebSi, praqtikuli kiTxva imis Taobaze,
Tu sad movaTavsoT sazRvari _ individualur damoukideblobasa da
socialur kontrols Soris urTierTobebis saWiro daregulireba _
aris sakiTxi, romelic yvelas zrunvis saqmed unda iqces. yvelaferi
is, rac individualur arsebobas Rirebulebas sZens TiToeulisaTvis,
mdgomareobs sxva adamianebis masze zemoqmedebis SezRudvaSi. qcevis
zogierTi wesi, amitom, SeiZleba individzec gavrceldes, jer kanonis,
xolo Semdeg Sexedulebebis zegavleniT im SemTxvevebSi, Tu es qceva
ar eqvemdebareba kanonis moqmedebis sferos. is, Tu rogori unda iyos
es wesebi, adamianur urTierTobaTa principuli sakiTxia; magram Tuki
Cven gamovricxavT ramdenime yvelaze ufro naTel SemTxvevas, es iqneba
problema, romlis gadawyvetaSic yvelaze naklebi progresi
142
ganvicadeT. Arc erT or epoqas da or qveyanas ar gadauwyvetia is
msgavsad; erTi epoqis an qveynis mier sakiTxis gadawyveta gaocebas
iwvevs meoreSi. arsebul wesebs isini TavisTavad cxad da TviT-
gamarTlebulad miiCnevdnen. yovelive es, rac sxva araferia, Tu ara
universaluri iluzia, warmoadgens Cvevis marginaluri zegavlenis
Sedegs, romelic, andazis sapirispirod adamianis meore buneba ki ar
aris, aramed arasworad miCneulia pirvelad. Cvevis Sedegi, qcevis im
araswori wesebis prevenciasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic kacobriobam
erTmaneTs moaxvia Tavs, gansakuTrebiT Zneli SesaTanxmebelia, radgan
es iseT sakiTxTa wyebaa, romlis irgvlivac ar moiZebna raime
aucilebeli Tvalsazrisi, romelsac vinme warudgenda sxvebs an
sakuTar Tavs. xalxs Cvevad aqvs irwmunos raRac da gansakuTrebuli
xalisiT sjera xolme maTi, vinc cdilobs filosofosebs daemsgavsos.
praqtikuli principi, romelsac isini mihyavs Sexedulebamde, romelic
aregulirebs adamianis qcevis standartebs, TiToeuli pirovnebis
gonebaSi arsebuli grZnobebia, romlis mixedviTac yvelas SeuZlia
moiTxovos maTi msgavsi qceva da adamianebi visac maT mimarT simpaTia
aqvT, mibaZaven kidec maT. sinamdvileSi sakuTar Tavsac ki aravin
utydeba, rom msjelobis misi standartebi mxolod misive mosawoni Tu
aris. rac Seexeba Sexedulebebs adamianis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT,
romelic mxardaWerili ar aris Sesabamisi mosazrebebiT, isini
SeiZleba mxolod erTi pirovnebis preferenciebad CaiTvalon. im
SemTxvevaSi, rodesac amgvari mosazrebebi mainc warmodgenilia, magram
ise, rom isini eyrdnobian sxva adamianebis preferenciebs, msgavsi
argumentacia, pirveli SemTxvevisagan gansxvavebiT, erTis magier
mxolod bevris preferencias emyareba. (...)
Aamrigad, sazogadoebisaTvis an misi uZlieresi nawilisaTvis
mosawoni, Tu ar mosawoni ram, im ZiriTad sagans warmoadgens, romelic
safuZvlad edeba dakvirvebad wesebs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,
gansazRvraven sajarimo sanqciebs, kanoni da Sexeduleba rom
amkvidrebs. amasTan, maT vinc sazogadoebis mowinave poziciebze iyvnen,
gansazRvravdnen ra mis azrebsa da grZnobebs, aRniSnul pirobebis
kritikisaTvis mTlianobaSi Tavi ar SeuwuxebiaT, Tumca akritikebdnen
mis calkeul detalebs. isini ufro imis kvleviT iyvnen dakavebulni,
143
Tu ra moswons sazogadoebas da ra ara, nacvlad imisa rom
gamoekvliaT, Tu ra SeiZleba sazogadoebisaTvis am mosawoni da ar
mosawoni sagnebidan qceuliyo kanonad individisaTvis. isini ufro
amjobineben win waiwion kacobriobis grZnobebis Sesacvlelad im
calkeul sakiTxebze, romelTa mimarT Tavad eretikuli azrebi aqvT,
vidre imas, rom warmoadginon zogadi safuZveli Tavisuflebis
dasacavad eretikosebTan erTad. erTaderTi SemTxveva, romlis drosac
warmodgenili iyo ufro maRali donis safuZveli principis saxiT da
gatarebuli iqna mtkiced individebis mier yvelgan, aris Tavad
religiuri rwmena. (...)
inglisSi, sxva evropuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, Cveni
politikuri istoriis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTis gamo, SexedulebaTa
borkilebi albaT ufro mZimea, vidre kanonebi; amasTan arsebobs
angariSgasawevi eWvi imisa, rom sakanonmdeblo an aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba pirdapir ereva individis privatuli qcevis sferoSi, ara
ise umarTebulod rom SezRudos individis damoukidebloba, aramed
ufro gavrcelebuli Cvevis gamo, raTa xelisuflebam gaataros
privatulisagan gansxvavebuli interesebi. umravlesobam aqamde ver
iswavla, rom mTavrobis xelisufleba sakuTar xelisuflebad aRiqvas,
an misi Sexedulebebi Tavis Sexedulebebad CaTvalos. da, rodesac
isini amas axerxeben, maSin individualur Sexedulebebs iseve emuqreba
xelisuflebis mxridan Careva, rogorc sazogadoebis mxridan. Tumca,
am mimarTulebiT dRemde SemorCenilia grZnobebis angariSgasawevi
sfero, romelic mimarTulia kanonis mier individebis kontrolis
winaaRmdeg im sakiTxebSi, raSiac xelisufleba aqamde arasdros
Careula. (...)
am esses sagani Zalze martivi principis mtkicebaa, risTvisac
SegveZlo gvewodebina individTan erTad sazogadoebis moqmedebaTa
absoluturi marTva iZulebisa da kontrolis saSualebiT, sul erTia
amisaTvis gamoiyeneba fizikuri Zala samarTlebrivi sasjelis saxiT,
Tu sazogadoebrivi azris moraluri Zaladoba. es principi ambobs, rom
erTaderTi mizani, rac kacobriobas moqmedebis TavisuflebaSi
Caurevlobis garantias aZlevs, individulaurad Tu koleqtiurad, aris
TviT-dacva. da, rom erTaderTi mizani, romlisaTvisac Zala SeiZleba
144
marTebulad iyos gamoyenebuli civilizebuli sazogadoebis nebismier
wevrze, misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, aris sxvebisaTvis zianis miyenebis
prevencia. misi sakuTari saTnoeba, fizikuri, Tu moraluri, ar
warmoadgens sakmaris garantias. ar SeiZleba adamiani iZulebuli
gavxadoT, Zala davatanoT moiqces ase, mxolod imitom rom es misTvis
umjobesi iqneboda, imitom rom es mas ufro bedniers gaxdida; mxolod
imitom, rom rogorc sxvebs miaCniaT aseTi qceva ufro brZnuli da
marTebulia. amas gacilebiT sjobs vcadoT misi darwmuneba,
vimsjeloT masTan erTad, vubiZgoT moiqces amgvarad, magram ara
vaiZuloT an raime boroteba movwioT mas mxolod imitom, rom
Cveulebriv is sxvagvarad iqceva. imisaTvis rom gavamarTloT
individis qcevis SezRudva, jer unda gamoviTvaloT is, Tu ra zianis
motana SeuZlia mas sxvebisaTvis. nebismieri adamianis qcevis
erTaderTi saxeoba, romlis gamoc is pasuxismgebelia sazogadoebis
winaSe, aris is riTac igi sxva adamianebs exeba. im nawilSi, sadac igi
mxolod sakuTar Tavs exeba, misi damoukidebloba, ra Tqma unda,
absoluturia. sakuTar Tavze, Tavis sxeulze da gonebaze individs
sruli suvereniteti aqvs.
Y
145
edmund berki
berkis werili nacionaluri ansambleis wevrs;
pasuxi safrangeTis movlenebisadmi miZRvnili
misi wignis mimarT gamoTqmul zogierT
SeniSvnaze
ser,
pativi mqonda mimeRo 17 noembris Tqveni werili, romelSic
Tqven, zogoerTi gamonaklisis garda, keTilganwyobilad ganixilavT
Cems wigns safrangeTSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb. mxardaWeris
yovelgvar niSans, Tundac mas axsna ganmartebebi axldes, me yovelTvis
ufro meti siamonebiT viReb, vidre zogadi da gaurkveveli saxis qebas.
am ukanasknels mxolod Cveni pativmoyvareobis dakmayofileba Tu
SeuZlia maSin, rodesac pirveli Sromis STagonebiT, winsvlas
gviiolebs.
zogierTi Secdoma, romelTa Sesaxeb Tqven miuTiTeT Cems
gamoqveynebul werilSi, marTlac arsebobs. maTgan mxolod erTi
mimaCnia arsebiTad. is gasworebulia gamocemaSi romelsac gigzavniT.
rac Seexeba ukmarisobas, romelic Tan axlavs Cemi SeniSvnebis
garkveul nawils, Tqveni saxelmwifo mowyobis gradaciebs rom Seexeba,
isini, rogorc amas Tavadve aRniSnavT zegavlenas ar iqonieben Cemi
argumentebis arsze. rodesac mTeli Skala yalbia, mniSvneloba ara
aqvs kibis calkeul safexurs, romliTac Tqveni mSromelebi adian
adgilobriv tiraniamde, Tu federalur anarqiamde.
me gamovaqveyne Cemi mosazrebebi am saxelmwifo mowyobis
Sesaxeb imitom, rom Cems Tanamemamuleebs saSualeba hqonodaT
SeefasebinaT im gegmebis goniereba, romelic maT waredginaT rogorc
misabaZi magaliTi. vfiqrobdi am gegmebis WeSmariti xasiaTis Sesaxeb
ufro marTebulad vimsjelebdiT im komitetis mixedviT maT
SesamuSaveblad rom Seiqmna. Senobis sqemas ukeT gavigebT
arqiteqtorebis proeqtiT, vidre xuroebis saqmianobaze dakvirvebiT. ar
iqneboda swori Cemi mkiTxvelis yuradReba momecdina SesworebebiT,
romliTac uxeSi praqtika absurduli Teoriis gamosworebas cdilobs.
146
msgavsi gamokvleva usasrulod gagrZeldeboda, radgan warsulis
yoveldRiurma praqtikam ukve miiyvana, xolo amJamindeli kidev miiyvans
am xalxs axal wamowyebebTan, romlebic kidev ufro metad gasakicxi
iqneba vidre Zveli. am xalxis Zalisxmevaze dakvirveba sasargebloa
imdenad, ramdenadac yovel dRes moaqvs axali sabuTi maTi dapirebebis
moCvenebiTobis da maTi yalbi rwmenis Sesaxeb. me rom aRmenusxa mTeli
es cvlilebebi, Cemi werili gadaiqceoda maTi xetialis biuletenad,
erTi Secdomidan meorisaken mimarTuli marSis amsaxvel dRiurad,
marSisa, romelic ar xelmZRvanelobs arc zecis naTeliT, arc raime
gegmiT, romelic gonierebis mowme iqneboda.
mudmivad vrwmundebi imaSi, rom adamianebis mimarT
gamoyenebul nebismier mcdelobas - ra formisac ar unda iyos is -
daTrgunvis, titulebis CamorTmevis, gakotrebis, qonebis rekvizirebis
da didgvarovanTa amoxocvis, Tu mTeli erisaTvis miwis sakuTrebis
CamorTmevis _ araviTari gamarTleba ara aqvs. absoluturad
darwmunebuli var, rom didi imperiis saTemo mmarTvelobad an amgvar
mmarTvelobaTa gaerTianebad gadaqceva, nebismieri formiT da
argumentaciiT absurduli da yovelgvar azrs moklebulia. uryevad
mjera, rom eklesiis damlageblebis, Ramis darajebis an msgavsi rangis
CinovnikebisaTvis umaRlesi xelisuflebis gadacemis sqema, vinc
mosamarTle-advokatebis da ebraeli birJis spekulantebis
gonivrulobiT sargebloben da iTvaliswineben urcxvi da dacemuli
dedakacebis, sastumroebis, tavernebis da saroskipoebis mflobelebis,
xelosnebis TanaSemweebis, klerkebis, fostalionebis, parikmaxerebis,
quCis musikosebis da Teatris mocekvaveebis gemovnebas, _ aucileblad
gamoiwvevs raRac samarcxvinos da damangrevels. ...
aseT saSinel pirobebSi savsebiT mosalodnelia, rom Tqveni
ubedurebis Semoqmedni daaCqareben TavianTi gegmebis cxovrebaSi
gatarebas da angariSs ar gauweven kritikas romelic maTi sistemis
absurdulobis saCvenebladaa mimarTuli da amxels sistemis calkeuli
nawilebis srul SeuTavseblobas amosaval principebTan. piriqiT, unda
velodeT, rom Tqveni batonebi TavianTi sqemebis meti
TanmimdevrulobiT gamarTvas Seecdebian, rac maT kidev ufro
danaSaulebrivad aqcevs. unda momitevoT Cemi gadaWarbebuli siTamame,
147
romelic mxolod imiTaa gamowveuli, rom maSin rodesac kacobriobis
bedi wydeba, mxolod aseT bnel winaswar molodins Tu SeuZlia
aRudges win Cveni Zalebis sakacobrio doneze daZabvas.
Zalis saxeldaxelo demonstracia gaumarTlebelia maSin,
rodesac Sen sinamdvileSi susti xar. aseTi mcdeloba yovelTvis
konfuziT sruldeba, xolo warumatebloba ki gvabnevs da iwvevs ufro
gaazrebuli Zalisxmevis paralizebas. goneba sarisko viTarebebSi unda
gamoviyenoT, Tumca aseT dros arsebobs safrTxe, rom mas daabnevs
sofisturi argumentacia. gonebam xom arc danaklisi icis da arc
sircxvili da amitom, savsebiT SesaZlebelia man xeli ar SeuSalos
politikaSi dasaxuli sasargeblo gegmebis ganxorcielebas. nebismieri
qmedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gaurkvevlobis pirobebSi, qmedebisa,
romelic xorcieldeba adamianisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mTeli
gonivrulobiT, araferia ufro ukeTesi saSualeba siyalbis
winaaRmdeg, vidre masze miTiTeba. Tumca, isec xdeba, rom swored amis
Semdeg eguebian siyalbes da eguebian mas ufro didi moSurneobiT
swored rogorc siyalbes. adamianebi xSirad Rirsebis saqmed Tvlian
ar aRiaron rom isini borotad gamoiyenes da Sedegad isini
amjobineben asobiT axali Secdoma Caidinon, vidre aRiaron erTaderTi
Cadenili.
da mainc, Tu arc Cveni principebi da Cvevebi, arc Cveni
talantebi ar gvaZleven uflebas siyalbes siyalbiT vupasuxoT, maSin
Cven valdebulni varT saukeTeso argumentebi warvudginoT maT, visac
gonier arsebebad miviCnevT da amiT CaverioT saqmis msvlelobaSi. Cven
SegviZlia adamianebis gonebaSi gamefebuli am anomaliebis gamosworeba.
Tumca, sulac ar vfiqrob, rom SesaZlebelia yovelive amis momwyobi
adamianebis gaumjobeseba sityvebis daxmarebiT. isini ar eqvemdebarebian
gonier Segonebebs. magram drodadro, aq da iq, zogierTma maTganma,
vinc dasawyisSi atacebuli iyo dauokebeli saukeTeso survilebiT, mas
Semdeg, rac Zalisxmeva gauneldeba, SesaZloa Tavisi adreuli
Secdomebis gadasinjva daiwyos. mxolod maT (miuxedavad imisa, rom
maTi raodenoba ar iqneba didi) vexmianebiT mciredi imediT.
darwmunebiT, absolutur codnas TiTqmis rom esazRvreba, SemiZlia
ganvacxado, rom arsad araferi _ TviT saxelmwifoebis
148
Camoyalibebamdec ki _ Seqmnila winaswari gegmis gareSe. Nulla nova mihi
res inopinave surgit.1 es isev is xalxi da igive Canafiqrebia, Tumca sxva
samosSi gamowyobili. igive cxovels, Tavdapirvelad rom muxluxas
formiT micocavda, Tqven axla akvirdebiT mzisken mimarTuli frTebiT
haerSi monavardes.
amitom, Tu iseve gavagrZelebT rogorc vapirebdiT, anu Tu
amovalT daSvebidan, rom gonier adamianebs vesaubrebiT, SegviZlia
vikiTxoT: SeiZleba Tu ara ufro meti warmatebiT vamxiloT yalbi
politikuri principebi vidre imiT, rom vaCvenoT, Tu ras warmoadgenen
misi Sedegebi, romlebic sruliad SeuTavsebelia im safuZvlebTan
romlebsac isini emyarebian? Tu am saxis dasabuTeba gvekrZaleba, maSin
gansjis process, deductio ad absurdum-ad rom iwodeba, romelsac gverds
ver uvlis mTeli misi simkacris miuxedavad TviT geometriac ki,
saparlamento debatebSiac ver gamoiyenebdnen. es ki xelidan
gamogvaclida sibriyvis winaaRmdeg mimarTul uZlieres da
uavtoritetules iaraRs. ...
zogjer arsebobs situacia, rodesac adamians rcxvenia ar
iyos motyuebuli. adamianur urTierTobebs Tan unda axldes garkveuli
ndoba, romlis ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, adamianebi gacilebiT ufro
zaraldebian sakuTari undoblobiT, vidre sxvisi veragobiT. margam,
rodesac isini, visi veragoba CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili, wamdauwum
gvatyueben, maSin Cven briyvebze uaresebi varT. mxolod erT
SemTxvevaSi iqneboda sisulele ar dagvejerebina cnobili
crupentelasaTvis _ es is SemTxvevaa, rodesac igi Riad acxadebs Cvens
mimarT mtrul damokidebulebas. ...
maT ar gaaCniaT arc saTnoeba da arc sibrZne, romelsac
daubrundebodnen eSmakobiTa da sicruiT wonis moxveWis warumatebeli
mcdelobisas. isini iZulebulni arian axali iluziebi Segviqmnan mas
Semdeg, rac viTareba sruliad uimedo xdeba. magram, samwuxarod
briyvebis ndoba iseve amouwuravia, rogorc yalbismqmnelTa
gamomgonebloba. isini arasdros arafers aZleven xalxs da mxolod
imas cdiloben, rom mas raimes SeZenis imedi SeunarCunon. Tqveni
saxelmwifo doqtorebi gamudmebiT cdiloben yvelas STaagonon, rom
1 "araferi warmomidgeba moulodnelad"
149
yovelgvari sikeTe maTi Zalisxmevis nayofia da, rom xalxis
mdgomareobis yoveli odnavi gaumjobeseba swored maTi damsaxurebaa.
eri ufro da ufro avaddeba maTi wamlebis wyalobiT. am dros ki
Sarlatanebi mas arwmuneben, rom momxdars ukan veRar daabruneb da mas
Semdeg, rac wamali miRebulia, xalxs isRa darCenia, rom moTminebiT
elodos mis amoqmedebas; wamlis zemoqmedeba, dasawyisSi, ra Tqma unda
arasasiamovnoa, magram Tavad avadmyofobaa mowme imisa, rom dozam ukve
daiwyo moqmedeba; rom saxelmwifo mowyobis revoluciuri gardaqmnebi
yovelTvis mtkivneulia; rom sxeulma unda daiTminos tkivili, raTa
Semdeg igrZnos Sveba; da, rom is vinc wamali gamowera primitiul
gamocdilebaze damyarebuli empirikosi ki ar aris, aramed isaa visi
praqtikac emyareba saeqimo xelovnebis myar codnas, rac warmatebuli
mkurnalobis garantias iZleva.2
Tqven icnobT, ser, nacionaluri asambleis bolo manifests _
am Sarlatanur kanonproeqts. rogorc xedavT Tavxedurma dapirebebma,
miuxedavad mTeli rigi warumateblobebisa, sulac ar iklo. SeadareT
asambleis es ukanaskneli mimarTva da Tqveni dRevendeli mdgomareoba
imas, rasac es mmarTvelebi gpirdebodnen adre, SeadareT im
valdebulebebs, romlebsac isini ara mxolod aRiarebdnen, aramed
sazeimod daifices, rom mxardaWeris SemTxvevaSi TavianT qveyanas
ayvavebul da bednier mxared aqcevdnen. axla Tavadve gansajeT, Tu
SeiZleba vinc msgavs rames wers, an kiTxulobs, misi gonivruli
azrovnebis an moqmedebis gzaze dayeneba.
rac Seexeba mTlianad xalxs, mas Semdeg, rac ubedurma
cxvarma farexis kari gaarRvia da gaTavisuflda me vityodi ara
borkilebisagan, aramed ufro bunebrivi avtoritetis da legitimuri
daqvemdebarebis principebis erTobliobis mfarvelobisagan _ isini
TviTmarqviebis bunebrivi msxverpli gaxdnen. igemes ra erTxel am
matyuarebis pirmoTneoba, isini metad aRar eqvemdebarebian gonebas,
romelic maT mxolod gakicxvad da sayvedurad uCanT. samyaros
dasabamidan mis dasasrulamde, arasdros ar yofila da arc iqneba,
rom yvelaze mware gawbilebas sasargeblo gakveTili Caetarebinos
2 nacionaluri asambleis frangi xalxisadmi bolo Sarlatanur mimarTvaSi naTqvamia, rom maTi Zalisxmeva emyareba ara vulgarul praqtikas, aramed Seucdomel Teorias da a.S.
150
kacobriobisaTvis. adamians Tanabrad abrmavebs rogorc ukiduresad
gamouvali mdgomareoba, aseve gadaWarbebuli keTildReoba. gamouvali
mdgomareoba warmoSobs aragonivrul rCevebs da ganwirul nabijebs.
praqtikulad safrangeTis mTeli xalxi SeeCvia imas, rom gamosavali
SeiZleba daiZebnos yvelgan wesrigis, momWirneobis da
Sromismoyvareobis garda. Tavidan fexebamde SeiaraRebul am xalxs
aCveven irwmunos, rom ptaqtikulad yvelaferi iaraRis ZaliT SeiZleba
gadaiWras. Nihil non arrogant armis.3 ra Tqma unda, aris kacobriobis
warsul cxovrebaSi raRac iseTi, rac gvizidavs. avanturistebis,
azartuli TamaSebis moyvarulebis, boSebis, maTxovrebis da
mZarcvelebis cxovreba rodia moklebuli garkveul xibls. saWiroa
simkacre, raTa win aRvudgeT adamianis miwrafebas msgavsi
cxovrebisaken. SiSis da imedis, gaqcevis da gamodevnebis, safrTxis da
xsnis, SimSilis da qeifis monacvleoba veluris da qurdis
cxovrebaSi, garkveuli xnis Semdeg aucileblad daasvams yovelive amas
moyirWebis, modunebis da mowyenilobis daRs, im yoveldRiur,
gegmazomier SromasTan SedarebiT, romelic Tavis Sedegebs mxolod
bolos aCvenebs xolme. isini, visac Zalauflebam erTxel mainc aubnia
Tavgza da isini, vinc amiT Tundac mxolod erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi
miiRo misi wyalobiT jildo, sakuTari nebiT ukve aRarasodes ityvian
masze uars. Zalauflebis saTaveSi myofebi, isini SeiZleba siZneleebis
winaSe dadgnen, magram gamosavlis ZiebaSi isini yovelTvis isev
Zalauflebas mimarTaven. Tu yofila SemTxveva xelmwife taxtidan
gadamdgariyos sirTuleebis gamo? rogor zemoqmedebas moaxdenda es
maTze, vinc daajeres, rom isini warmoadgenen xalxs, romelSiac yvela
xelmwifea?
mmarTvelobis da naZarcvis gankargvis uflebis xelSi Cagdebis
Semdeg, umdablesi wodebebis yvelaze ufro aqtiuri da meamboxe
nawili gamoiyenebs yvela SesaZleblobas, raTa yovel municipalitetSi
TavianTi momxreebi gaamravlos. es mmarTvelebi da maTi xelisSemwyobni
sakmarisad Zlierni arian saimisod, rom SezRudon ukmayofiloTa is
fena, romelmac ver moaswro nadavlidan Tavisi wilis miTviseba.
albaT, yvelaze nakleb moxerxebulebi, agreTve bandis ufro pasiuri
3 "iaraRs akisreben yvelafris gadaWras"
151
da nakleb radikaluri nawili ufro warumatebeli aRmoCndeba Zarcvis
am yalTabandur latareaSi. da, Tuki gawbilebulebi amboxs gabedaven,
maTive TanamoZme-meamboxeebi maT gauswordebian, rogorc amboxebulebsa
da buntis Tavebs. erTi periodi nadavlis mwiri wiliT nakveb da
raodenobrivad Zalze Semcirebulebs, maT virTxebiviT usaxelo
sikvdili elodebaT TavianT soroebsa da kuTxeebSi.
ar unda vendoT warumatebeli meamboxeebis da aqeT-iqeT
gafantuli qurdebis iZulebiT aRsarebas. Tavad mTavroba, romelic
valdebulia SeaCeros am mZarcvelTagan yvelaze ufro Tavxedi da
moxerxebuli nawili, faqtiurad maTi xelisSemwyobia. misi
aRWurviloba, xazina, yvelaferi rac mTavrobas ekuTvnis, faqtiurad
maT xelTaa. isini Tavad qmnian da manipulireben sasamarTloTi,
romelic valdebulia, upirveles yovlisa, Tavad maT dasaSinebladve
moqmedebdes. me meCveneba, rom araferi ar amZimebs ise Tqvens saSinao
mdgomareobas, rogorc samarTlis es gamouvali mdgomareoba. didi
dro rodi gavida mas Semdeg, rac Cven vixileT adamianebi, romlebic
Tqvenma mmarTvelebma wamoayenes umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifoebrivi
amocanebis gadasaWrelad. adamianebi, romelTac Seunelebeli
konfiskaciisa da ZarcvisaTvis mZime Sroma gaswies. adamianebi,
romelTa profesiaa _ gamoWedon mZarcvelebis, mkvlelebis,
moRalateebis da borotismqnelTa gamamarTlebeli argumentaciis
iaraRi dasacavad. eseni arian adamianebi, visi gonebac mimarTulia im
Teoriebze esoden kargad rom exameba maT praqtikas, isini vinc
yovelTvis dascinoda sakuTrebas da kanonebs, vinc yovelTvis
gamomwvevad eqceoda samarTalwarmoebis bazisur cnebebs. frangi eris,
ufro metic _ yvela eris patiosani warmomadgenelis SesaZrwuneblad
da gasakvirad, maT gasakviradac ki, vinc xedavs, Tu ra xdeba iq, Cven
aRmovaCenT am xalxs, Tqveni awgardacvlili samefos sataxto qalaqSi
TavianTi miznebis ufro srulyofilad aRsasruleblad
samarTlianobis wminda adgilze rom mokalaTebulan. Cven ukve kargad
gvesmis, rom amieridan Tqven gagJleten yvela normisa da wesis dacviT.
axla mSvidoba ki ara, maTi mtruli moqmedebebisaTvis mxolod meti
organizebulobis micemaa damkvidrebuli. maTi tirania Tavis saboloo
wertils samarTalwarmoebaSi poulobs im wesiT, rom mis fonze
152
saxrCobelad gamoyenebuli Ramis ganaTebis boZebi mxolod sanaxevrod
Tu aris Zrwolis momgvreli.
SegveZlo gvevarauda, rom ubralo wesierebis grZnobis karnaxiT
isini mosamarTleebad daginiSnavdnen im pirebs nacionaluri
asambleidan, romlebsac Cvevad ar hqondaT kanonisa da samarTlianobis
xelyofa. mosalodneli iyo, rom mosamarTleebad, visac Tqveni
sicocxle da qoneba abaria, im adamianebs daginiSnavdnen, vinc
neitraluria, an Tundac moCvenebiTad aris neitraluri.
kromveli, rodesac is cdilobda sakuTari xelisuflebis
dakanonebas da dapyrobil qveyanaSi wesrigis damyarebas, samarTlis
warmoeba ar miabara im xalxs, vinc misi xelmZRvanelobiT
monawileobda xelisuflebis xelSi CagdebaSi. piriqiT, is didi
mzrunvelobiT da sicxadiT eZebda mosamarTleebs TviT im partiis
wevrebs Soris, vinc yvelaze Seurigebeli iyo misi Canafiqrebis mimarT.
eZebda adamianebs, romlebic gamoirCeodnen Seuryeveli reputaciiT,
vinc ar dasvrila im periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ZaladobiT,
monawileoba ar miuRia konfiskaciebsa da siwmindeebis SebRalvaSi.
swored am principebze dayrdnobiT SearCia man heili umaRles
mosamarTled, miuxedavad imisa, rom am ukanasknelma gadaWriT uari
sTqva samoqalaqo ficze da imaze rac ama Tu im firmiT aRiarebda
kromvelis xelisuflebis kanonierebas. am did iurists kromvelma
uTxra, rom ramdenadac igi mas ar aRiarebda kanonier mmarTvelad,
erTaderTi rasac misgan moiTxoven aris samarTlis, ris gareSe
adamianTa sazogadoebas arseboba ar SeuZlia, warmoeba mis amaRlebul
grZnobebTan da unaklo cxovrebis wesTan srul SesabamisobaSi da, rom
mas Txoven mxolod sazogadoebrivi wesrigis mxardaWeras da ara
kromvelis konkretuli mTavrobis mxardaWeras.
kromveli erTmaneTSi ar urevda dawesebulebebs, romlebic mas
gamoadgeboda xelisuflebis dapyrobaSi da Tavis qveyanaSi samarTlis
warmoebis sistemas. kromveli iyo adamiani, romelSiac
pativmoyvareobam srulad ver daTrguna, aramed mxolod moaduna misi
religiuri grZnobebi da miswrafeba imisken (ramdenadac es SeTavsebadi
iyo mis ganzraxvebTan), rom keTilSobili da patiosani adamianis
reputacia hqonoda. ...
153
bunebrivi iqneboda gvevarauda, rom samarTliani da aucilebeli
revoluciis Semdeg, Tqveni batonebi misabaZ magaliTad gaixdidnen maT
politikas, vinc xelmZRvanelobda aseTive revoluciebs. berneti
mogviTxrobs, rom araferma ar Seuwyo xeli ingliseli eris Serigebas
mefe uiliamis mTavrobasTan ise, rogorc mefis zrunvam episkoposebis
vakantur adgilebze moxvedriliyvnen gamorCeuli ganswavlulobis,
maxvilsityvaobis, keTilSobilebis mqone da upirveles yovlisa iseTi
adamianebi, vinc cnobilni iyvnen saxelmwifosTan momrigebeli
saqmianobiT. Tqven ki, vin daniSneT Tqven ganmwmendi revoluciis
procesSi eklesiis mmarTvelad? batoni mirabo _ kargi oratori, kargi
mwerali da kargi, Zalian kargi adamiani; magram damerwmuneT, rom Cven
aq yvela Zalze gakvirvebulni davrCiT, rodesac igi Tqveni eklesiis
saqmeebis umaRlesi mmarTvelis postze aRmovaCineT.
Tqveni asamblea safrangeTs mimarTavs manifestiT, romelSiac
misi wevrebi Seuracmyofeli ironiiT acxadeben, rom maT eklesia
pirvelyofil mdgomareobas daubrunes. es gancxadeba mxolod erTi
TvalsazrisiTaa marTebuli, radgan maT eklesia, marTlac, devniT
gamaTxovrebamde miiyvanes. risi imedi SeiZleba viqonioT amis Semdeg?
iqneb swored amis gamo _ axali molodinebis da eklesiis axali
mmarTvelis moRvaweobis talRaze _ dainiSnen episkoposebad adamianebi
(Tuki isini saerTod imsaxureben am saxels), romlebic aTeistebis
iaraRs ufro warmoadgendnen da ZaRlebs kvebavdnen bavSvebisaTvis
warTmeuli puriT? iqneb mflangvelebis, wvrilvaWrebis da moxetiale
ebraelebis mTeli am xrovis muclis amosayorad aSimSilebdnen
TavianTi qristianuli samwysos Raribebs? gana ar dainiSnen es xalxi
episkoposebad taZrebSi, sadac eklesiis morige valdebulia
xeluxleblad Seinaxos sakurTxeveli da ar gadasces ziarebis fiala
siwmindeebis SembRalvel xelebs _ ebraelebs, romlebic asignaciebze
(qaRaldis fulze), romelic gamagrebulia eklesiisaTvis warTmeuli
miwebiT, yiduloben isev eklesiebidan moparul vercxls?
me macnobes, rom episkoposebad dainiSnen swored am ebraeli
spekulantebis Svilebi _ adamianebi, romelTac ver davwamebT
qristianul crumorwmunoebas, xdebian otenis uwmindesi prelatis
TanamSromlebi. Cven viciT vin gandevna taZridan vaWrebi. da Cven viciT
154
isini, vinc es vaWrebi ukan daabruna. CvenTan londonSi cxovroben
ebraeli eris Rirseuli warmomadgenlebi da maT Cven davitovebT.
magram CvenTan am eris sul sxva saxis warmomadgenlebic arian -
qurdebi, moparulis Semsyidvelebi, yalbi fulis mWrelebi da yvela
isini Zalze bevrni arian saimisod, rom yvela CamovaxrCoT. maT
safrangeTisaTvis SemovinaxavT episkoposebis kaTedrebis Sesavsebad. es
xalxi daficebaSi gamowvrTnilia da uyoymanoT fics dadeben yvela
imis winaSe, rasac ki gamoigonebs Tqveni reformatorebis nayofieri
genia. ...
mesmis, rom safrangeTis mefe Tanabrad aris rogorc politikis,
aseve TanagrZnobis obieqti, rogorc Tavisi provinciebis Grand
Seignor-i. me ara mgonia, rom safrangeTis sruli ganadgureba (Tuki
aseTi ram SesaZlebelia saerTod) evropisaTvis da Tundac Cemi,
safrangeTTan metoqe, qveynisaTvis iyos sasargeblo. Sors mWvreteli
patriotebi romisaTvis sasargeblod ar miiCneven karTagenis srul
ganadgurebas. msgavsadve, berZnebs Soris swored is iyo yvelaze brZeni
da mamaci sparteli-dampyrobeli, visac saberZneTis saerTo interesebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, ar surda aTenis dangreviT calTvalad eqcia
saberZneTi. ...
me sulac ar vSiSob (Tqven msgavsad), rom safrangeTis mefeze da
samefoze Ria saubriT xels wavaSveleb maT mtrebs ganaxorcielon
moRalaturi gegmebi maT mimarT. ... me mxolod imis Cveneba mwads, rom
amgvari postis arseboba maTi respublikuri sistemis aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebaSi umaRleswilad absurdulia. Tumca, amis CvenebiT, me
araviTari aRmoCena ar gamikeTebia, yovel SemTxvevaSi maTTvis. maT
SeinarCunes mefis wodeba rogorc satyuara im frangebisaTvis, vinc
jer kidev pativiT epyroba mefis saxels. isini fxizlad adevneben
Tvalyurs amgvar ganwyobebs da, rogorc ki darwmundebian, rom msgavsi
ganwyobebi praqtikulad aRar asebobs, swrafad ipovnian sababs raTa
moispos saxeli imisa, vinc ukve xelT hyavT. ... mizezebi iSviaTad
WirdebaT tiranebs. sicrue _ usamarTlobis msaxuria, romelic
yovelTvis xelTa aqvT da vidre yalbi ganzraxvebis da sofisturi
dasabuTebebis "qaRaldis fuli" uzrunvelyofda maTi ganzraxvebis
aRsrulebas, maT azradac ki ar mosdiodaT, rom me isini uzrunvelmeyo
155
"naRdi monetiT". magram axla sababebi da sofizmebi warsuls Cabarda;
maT TavianTi saqme gaakeTes. uzurpacia metad aRar eZebs jerovan
sababs. is mTlianad Zalazea damyarebuli.
araferi iqedan, rac me vTqvi an rac SegiZliaT TqvaT Tqven, erTi
saaTiTac ki ar moaaxloebs maTi didi xnis ocnebis aRsrulebas.
sazeimo deklaraciebis, yalbi mimarTvebisa da mravalricxovani ficis
miuxedavad, romelic Tavadac dades da sxvac aiZules daedo, isini
moklaven mefes maSinve, rogorc ki gaqreba maTi gegmebisaTvis mefis
saxelis saWiroeba. SeiZleba ufro adre dedofalic moklan maSinve,
rogorc ki msgavs safrTxeze bunebrivi reaqcia daekargeba mis
moyvarul meuRles. amJamad ki sargebeli, romelsac isini naxuloben
dedoflis sicocxlis yoveldRiurad safrTxeSi CagdebiT, misi
sicocxlis SenarCunebis erTaderTi garantiaa.
isini cocxals toveben monarqs imisaTvis, rom veluri mxeciviT
bazris moedanze saCveneblad gamoiyvanon ise, TiTqos galiaSi baiazeTi
hyavdeT. maT gadawyvites xalxSi monarqiisadmi siZulvili aRagznon
imiT, rom TavianTi mefeebidan yvelaze ufro keTilSobili,
sayovelTao dacinvis obieqtad aqcies.
maTi Tavxedoba me ufro met sibinZured mimaCnia, vidre maTi
danaSaulebani. 5 da 6 oqtombris saSinelebani naklebad sazizRari iyo,
vidre 14 ivlisis dResaswauli.4 arsebobs garemoebani, rodesac
saukeTesos adamianebs Soris, sibnelesa da aurzaurSi, ureven yvelaze
uaresSi. qaosisa da areulobis dros maTi garCeva yovelTvis ioli
rodia. am ambebs albaT daiviwyebdnen, Tuki damnaSaveni amjobinebdnen
ar gaexsenebinaT is da Tavisi ukanono moqmedebebis mudmivi mogonebiT
Tavi ar SeemzadebinaT axali ukanonobisaTvis. adamianebis namdvili
xasiaTi swored Znelbedobis Semcirebis Jams, maSin vlindeba, rodesac
keTildReobisas guli ixsneba da msubuqdeba mxiarulebisa da
tkbobisaTvis. Tuki adamianebs raime sikeTe gaaCniaT, is swored aseT
Jams vlindeba. TviT mxecebi xdebian uxifaTo mas Semdeg, rac nadavls
miirTmeven. ...
4 parizis revoluciurad ganwyobilma brbom 1789 wlis 14 ivliss xelSi Caigdo bastiliis cixe da Caqola cixis mcvelebi, romelic ZiriTadad invalidebisagan Sedgeboda. igive 1789 wlis 5-6 oqtombris Rames parizeli mdabiorebi daiZrnen versalisaken da datyvevebuli mefe lui XVI da dedofali maria-antuaneta ZaliT daabrunes parizSi.
156
Tqveni mousvenari despotizmis moqmedebis wesSi arsebobs aSkara
niSnebi imisa, rom isini ar cdiloben ZiriTadi miznebis Secvlas. me
mxedvelobaSi maqvs mozardi Taobis aRzrdis zogadi sqema, principebi
da simpaTiebi, romlebic surT, rom STaunergon axalgazrdobas im
periodSi, rodesac isini yvelaze ufro amyolebi arian.
nacvlad imisa, rom axalgazrdobis gonebrivi wyoba Camoayalibon
im morCilebisa dazomierebis grZnobis mixedviT, romelic
axalgazrdobis graciozulobas da momxibvlelobas Seadgens da
zizRiT ganimsWvaleba yvelaferi imis mimarT rasac axasiaTebs
ampartavneba, TavSeukavebloba da TviTmotyueba, isini Segnebulad
axdenen msgavsi cudi Tvisebebis provocirebas da axalgazrdebis maTi
karnaxiT moqmedebas. amaSi gvarwmunebs im wignebis xasiaTi, romlebic
oficialuradaa rekomendirebuli. asTi rekomendaciiT, isini
ayalibeben epoqis suls.
saxelmwifo moxele, vinc pativs scems sityvis Tavisuflebas,
ormagad pasuxismgebelia imaze, Tu romeli mwerlebis publikaciis neba
SeiZleba gaices. Sesabamisad rekomendirebuli SeiZleba iyos is
literatura, romelic sazogadoebis mowonebas da mxardaWeras
iqoniebs. is Zalze frTxili unda iyos, rodesac saqme Seexeba
moraluri TvalsazrisiT orazrovan da bundovani sentenciebis
avtorebs. is unda ufrTxodes axalgazrdobis xelSi ar moxvdnen is
avtorebi, gadaWarbebiT rom afaseben sakuTari xasiaTis zogierT
Tviebebs, raTa moswavleebma mecnierebis mtkice safuZvlebis nacvlad
TavianTi profesoris ganwyobebi ar Seiswavlon. gansakuTrebiT
mosafrTxilebelia defeqturi gansjis avtorebis rekomendireba,
radgan ar arsebobs namdvili saTnoeba saRi gonebis gareSe, xolo
ugnureba ki yovelTvis naklovani da zianis momtania.
nacionaluri asamblea sruliad sapirispiro Tvalsazrisidan
gamodis. igi axalgazrdobas urCevs Seiswavlon moralis sferoSi
TavaSvebuli eqsperimentatorebi. kargadaa cnobili, rom deputatebs
Soris cxare kamaTia imis Taobaze, Tu romeli Camohgavs rusos.
simarTle iTqvas _ isini yvelani mas hgvanan. maT rusos sisxli
gadaisxes. mxolod mas Seiswavlian, mxolod masze msjeloben, mas
erTs eZRvneba is Tavisufali dro uweso Ramis deboSebs rom paraven.
157
ruso aris maTi wminda werili. misi sicocxle polikletes
kanonad miuCanT. mTlianobaSi aRebuli, is aris usrulyofilesi saxe
misabaZad. am adamianisa da mwerlis biustis Camosxmis uflebas _
rogorc sxva avtorebisa da saerTod frangebisaTvis misabaZi nimuSis _
erTmaneTs ecileba parizis yvela saamqro, romlebic saamisod ar
indoben arc TavianTi Raribebis qvababs da arc eklesiebis zarebs.am
avtors Tuki raime aqvs dawerili genialuri geometris sadari, maSin
misi moraluri Sexedulebebis da praqtikuli yofis ukiduresi
mankierebis gaTvaliswinebiT, safiqrebelia, rom misi biustis
Camomsxmelebi masSi mxolod geometrs afaseben. magram ruso _ an
moralistia, an araferi. amitom, viTarebebis mTeli erTianobis
gaTvaliswinebiT, Zalze Znelia SevcdeT mis ganzraxvebSi, rodesac
saqme exeba avtors vis Seswavlasac pirvel rigSi uweven rekomendacias.
maTi mTavari problemaa ipovnon im principebis Semcvleli,
romliTac aqamde imarTeboda adamianis neba da qcevebi. isini eZeben
adamianis sulSi iseTi Zalis midrekilebebs, romlebic gamodgebodnen
_ da gacilebiT ukeT, vidre Zveli morali _ maTi saxelmwifos
miznebisaTvis da, amasTan iqnebodnen gaumjobesebadni maTi
Zalauflebis ganmtkicebisa da maTi mtrebis Sesamusravad. swored
amitom maT SearCies TavisTavis moyvaruli, mexotbe, macduri da
TvalsaCino mankierebani ubralo valdebulebebis nacvlad. WeSmariti
qedis modreka _ qristianobis sayrdeni _ Cumi, magram Rrma da saimedo
safuZvelia yvela danarCeni saTnoebisa. magram is maT Tavidan
moiciles, rogorc yoveldRiur cxovrebisaTvis sruliad uvargisi da
garegnulad nakleb momxiblavi ram. maTi mizania SeaerTon yvela
bunebrivi da socialuri grZnoba usazRvro pativmoyvareobaSi.
es didi profesori da pativmoyvareobis filiosofosi namyofia
CvenTan, inglisSi. ramdenadac mqonda praqtikuli SesaZlebloba
yoveldRe masTan urToerTobisa, me iotis odena eWvic aRar damrCa
imis Taobaze, rom erTaderTi principi, romelic mis gulze
zemoqmedebda da ganagebda mis gansjas, pativmoyvareoba iyo. am
mankierebiT is TiTqmis gonebis dakargvamde iyo daavadebuli.
swored misma eqscentrulma pativmoyvareobis grZnobam ubiZga
nacionaluri krebis am SeSlil sokrates gamoeqveynebina misi SeSlili
158
cdomilebebis SeSlili aRsareba da ecada saxeli moepovebina imiT,
rom dRis sinaTleze gamoetana faruli da bilwi mankierebani,
romlebic, rogorc CvenTvis kargadaa cnobili, zogjer Tanaarseboben
mniSvnelovan talantebTan. mas ver Seucvnia pativmoyvareoba, visac ar
esmis, rom is yovlismomcveli da momspobi iseTi ramaa, rac adamians
zogjer aiZulebs isaubros Tavis gzasacdenilobasa da mankierebebze,
miT ufro Tu amgvari Txroba aucileblad miiqcevs yuradRebas, uares
SemTxvevaSi ki gasaRdeba gulwrfelobad da Riaobad. swored aseTma
pativmoyvareobam ukarnaxa rusos gamoeqveynebina sakuTari cxovrebis
aRwera iseTi saxiT, rom masSi sruliad ar Cans Tundac erTi saTnoeba,
Tundac erTi saTno qceva. es biografia sxva araferia, Tu ara
Semoqmedis mZvinvare da Tavxeduri gamowveva, romelsac igi mxolod
imdenad aRiarebs, ramdenedac Tavisi simamacis gamovlena surs. Tqvenma
asambleam, romelsac kargad esmis, Tu ramdenad ufro Zlier moqmedebs
adamianze konkretuli magaliTi, vidre abstrqtuli gaazrebani, es
adamiani SearCia modelad. ...
ruso sinaziT pasuxobs mxolod maT, visac saerTod ar icnobs
da Semdeg ise, rom erTi ZarRvic ki ar auTamaSdeba saxeze, Tavidan
icilebs misi sazizRari sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlebis nayofs,
upatrono bavSvebis priutSi gzavnis sakuTar Svilebs. daTvic ki
efereba da zrdis Tavis Svils, Tumca, daTvi xom filosofosi ar
aris. pativmoyvareoba aq imaSi poulobs gamarTlebas, rom sruliad
amaxinjebs adamianuri grZnobebis Cveulebriv rigs. aTasobiT frangi
ixris qeds am sentimetaluri mwerlis winaSe, magram isin ar icnoben
erT moyvarul mamas maTi Temidan. pativmoyvareobis eTikis
maswavleblis xelmZRvanelobiT maT scades ganexorcielebinaT
safrangeTSi zogadad adamianis sruli moraluri saxecvlileba.
Tqvenma praqtikosma filosofosebma, vinc sistematikosia
detalebamde, sworad SearCia yvelafris pirvelwyaro. ramdenadac
urTierToba mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris Seadgens Cveulebrivi,
bunebrivi zneobis pirvelsafuZvels, maT Zegli daudges velur, mkacr,
gulmxec mamas, romelsac zogadi saxis amaRlebuli grZnobebi gaaCnia
_ uyvars adamianis modgma, magram amave dros axloblebis moZulea.
Tqveni batonebi uaryofen Cveulebriv adamianTSorisi urTierTobebis
159
valdebulebebs im motiviT, rom Turme isini ewinaaRmdegebian
Tavisuflebas, ar arian damyarebulni sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze
da rogorc adamianis uflebebTan SeuTavsebeli ram, ar atareben raime
valdebulebas. marTlac es urTierTobebi ar warmoadgenen Tavisufali
arCevanis Sedegs: arasdros _ Svilebis mxridan da ara yovelTvis _
mSoblebis mxridan.
adamianTSorisi urTierTobis Semdegi saxe, romelic rusos
Zeglebis daxmarebiT, aseve radikalur cvlilebas eqvemdebareba is
gaxlavT, romelic Tavisi wminda xasiaTiT mamaSvilur urTierTobebs
mosdevs. ... isini mouwodeben safrangeTis mzard Taobas simpaTiiT
ganimsWvalon iseTi cxovrebis wesis mimarT, romlebic
Tavgadasavlebisa da moulodneli warmatebebisagan Sedgeba. isini
cdiloben axalgazrdebi im maswavleblebis sasargeblod ganawyon,
vinc ojaxis wminda saZirkvlebs angrevs da ryvnis Tavis
aRsazrdelebs. isini aCveven xalxs, rom maTi qalwulebis mSoblebis
cxvirwin macduneblebs ara mxolod maTi ojaxebis mSvidi binadari
SeuZliaT iyvnen, aramed savsebiT gamosadegni arian maTi qmrebis
Rirsebis damcvelebad, romelsac literatorebma iseTi funqcia
daakisres, romlisaTvisac arc kanonia saWiro da arc sindisi.
ase iolad uswordebian isini ojaxur urTierTobebs mSoblebsa
da Svilebs Soris, colebsa da qmrebs Soris. amis Semdeg isini
gemovnebis SelanZRvas cdiloben igive mwerlis daxmarebiT, romelic
maT daexmara xalxis zneobis gaxrwnaSi. marTalia gemovnebasa da
eleganturobas moralur TvisebebSi meorexarisxovani adgili uWiravs,
mainc did rols TamaSobs yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. moralur
gemovnebas ar SeuZlia gadaaqcios mankiereba saTnoebad. samagierod is
saTnoebas mimzidvelobas aniWebs, xolo mankierebas nakleb sazianos
xdis.
ruso, didi Zalis da cxoveli weris maneris mqone mwerali
absoluturad ugemovnoa nebismieri azriT. Tqveni batonebi, romlebic
moswavleebad miebarnen mas, Tvlian rom yovelgvari daxvewiloba
aristokratizmis gamovlinebaa. am saukunis miwuruls dauZlurda
Tqveni bunebrivi midrekilebebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli momxibvleloba
160
da keTilSobileba. Tqveni batonebi rusos daxmarebiT mxolod imas
cdiloben, rom daangrion es aristokratuli crurwmenebi. ...
me absoluturad darwmunebuli var imaSi, ra saxis samarcxvino
borotebasTan miiyvana sazogadoeba rusos nawerebma. xSirad mikvirda,
rom misiT ufro metia aRfrTovanebuli da mas gacilebiT meti
mimdevari hyavs kontinentze, vidre CvenTan. SesaZloa es aixsnas enis
idumali xibliT. Cven, ra Tqma unda, SevigrZnobT am mwerlis cocxal
da aRmgzneb stils, Tumca amave dros misi Txzulebebi, kompoziciis
TvalsazrisiT, uxeSad, fragmentalurad da ugemovnod migvaCnia. yvela
misi personaJi erTnairadaa warmodgenili da ar eqvemdebareba Txrobis
nawilebis mimdinareobis dinamikas. Cven sulac ar varT rmelime mis
Txzulebaze uzomoT Seyvarebulni, Tumca TiToeulSi moiZebneba
dakvirvebebi, romlebic dro da dro avlenen adamianis bunebis
siRrmeebis naTel Wvretas.. magram misi moZRvreba imdenad Sors aris
realuri cxovrebidan da realuri manerebidan, rom aq aravis mosvlia
TavSi, maTgan aeRo sakanonmdeblo an qcevis wesebi, iseve rogorc
Tavisi Sexedulebebis gasamyareblad CvenSi aravin axdens misi
nawerebis citirebas. ...
gamovtydebi, me ufro nakleb maRelvebs Tavad mwerali, vidre
nacionaluri asamblea., romelic misi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT
sistematurad cdilobs moralis dangrevas. sasowarkveTilebamde
mivyavar imis Segnebas, rom sruliad uimedoa maTi mimdevrebis sulze
gonebis, Rirsebis an sindisis daxmarebiT zemoqmedebis mcdeloba.
Tqveni tiranebis grandiozul amocanas safrangeTis keTilSobili
wodebis ganadgureba warmoadgens. am mizniT isini yovelmxriv
cdiloben im urTierTobaTa mospobas, rac am wodebas Zalas an,
Tundac usafrTxoebas SesZenda. am wesrigis dasangrevad, maT
mankierebiT daasneules mTeli sazogadoeba. ...
Tqven msayvedurobT, rom Tqveni katastrofuli situaciis
aRwerisas, gankurnebis araviTar gegmebs ar gTavazobT. samwuxarod,
ser, gegmebis SeTavazeba viTarebebis gauTvaliswineblad, Tqveni
ubedurebebis mTavari mizezia. ...
gegmebi adamianebisaTvis unda Sedges. tyuili imedi gveqneba imisa,
rom Cven movaxerxebT adamianebisa da bunebis Cveni ganzraxvebisaTvis
161
morgebas. gverdidan macqerali yovelTvis Secdeba adamianebze
msjelobisas. uaxloesi ganxilvisas, isini yovelTvis sxva aRmoCndeba,
vidre Cven Soridan gvegona. icvleba perspeqtiva da maT imis
sapirispirod warmogvidgens, vidre isini Soridan gamoiyurebodnen.
Cveni msjelobebi, Sori manZilidan, romlebic ganusazRvrelia
adamianebTan dakavSirebiT, unda amodiodes uaresi daSvebebidan,
romlebic Semdgom RrublebiviT gaifanteba. ... Tavad aRiareba imisa,
rom mTavroba saWiroebs garkveuli saxis gardaqmnas, rac
Seamsubuqebda sayovelTao ukmayofilebas, pirdapir migviyvans
mTavrobis reputaciis sanaxevrod dakargvamde, radgan mTavrobis Zala
mis reputaciaSi mdgomareobs. swored amitom, pirvel rigSi,
aucilebeli iyo Tavad mTavrobis usafrTxoebaze zrunva, romelmac
Tavadve aRiara iseTi operaciis aucilebloba, rogoricaa sayovelTao
reforma. ...
me mTlianad viziareb im princips, rom saxelmwifos
reformirebisas, xelT arsebuli masalidan unda gamovideT. amitom,
mimaCnia, rom calke saxiT warmodgenili sasuliero wodeba is
instituti
iyo, romelsac gacilebiT ufro mWidro kavSiri hqonda yvela sxva
wodebebTan; is savsebiT vargisi iyo maT gasaerTianeblad, rac
damaxasiaTebelia yvela gonivrulad mowyobili monarqiuli
saxelmwifosaTvis. me xSirad vaxsenebT Tqvens pirvel konstitucias,
radgan mimaCnia, rom igi marTlac gonivrulia da amis gancxadebisas,
sulac ar vcdilob raime gamonagoniT gagarToT. inteleqtis
arazomiereba Cveni drois avadmyofoba da danarCeni avadmyofobebis
wyaroa. yovelmxriv vcdilob Tavi davaRwio mas. Tqveni arqiteqtorebi
fundamentis gareSe aSeneben. me mzad var xeli SevaSvelo zednaSens,
rogorc ki amgvari ram aRimarTeba _ magram, upirveles yovlisa,
getyodiT: Tavadve uSveleT sakuTar Tavs.
162
robert nisbeti
konservatizmi: ocneba da realoba
konservatizmi erT-erTia bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi
dasavleTSi sam yvelaze gavrcelebul ideologias Soris. danarCeni
ori, konservatizmis garda, aris liberalizmi da socializmi. me vici,
rom zogierTi avtori Tavs aridebs sityva “ideologiis” gamoyenebas
konservatizmis aRsaniSnavad, ZiriTadad im mosazrebiT, rom am
filosofias, misi bunebidan gamomdinare, aklia aqtivizmi da
midrekileba reformebisaken, rac savaraudod namdvili
ideologiisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
magram es aris sityva “ideologiis” viwro da mcire mniSvneloba.
gverdiT rom gadavdoT am sityvis istoriuli mniSvnelobebi,
saxeldobr isini, romlebic eyrdnobian damamcirebeli daxasiaTebebis
mTel klass napoleonis epoqaSi rom gavrcelda da agreTve marqsis
mier terminis garkveuli socialuri klasis koleqtiuri cnobierebis
aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebas, “ideologiis” mniSvneloba Cvens saukuneSi
savsebiT naTeli da, amasTanave, sasargebloa. mokled, rom avRniSnoT,
ideologia aris moraluri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli
ideebis koherentuli sistema, romelsac gaaCnia soliduri da kargad
cnobili mimarTeba politikasTan da politikur ZalasTan. ufro
konkretulad, am Zalis amocana aRniSnuli ideebis ganxorcielebis
uzrunvelyofaSi mdgomareobs. ideologia, gardamavali Sexedulebebis
sapirispirod, cocxlobs drois angariSgasawevi periodis
ganmavlobaSi, hyavs damcvelebi da adamianebi, romlebic xsnian da
ganmartaven mas, gaaCnia institucionalizaciis mniSvnelovani
elementebi. rogorc konservatul, aseve liberalur da socialistur
ideologiebs hyavda iseTi qarizmatuli liderebi istoriaSi,
rogorebic iyvnen berki, dizraeli, CerCili da sxv.
yoveli ideologia cdilobs asociaciebis praqtikul
politikisaTan dakavSirebas _ politikosebis, politikuri partiebis,
163
manifestebis da kanonebis sferosTan _ iseve, rogorc wignebTan,
statiebTan da leqciebTan dakavSirebas. erTi SexedviT, Cven pirveli
sferosaken ufro unda miviwevdeT vidre meore sferosaken; unda
vamjobinebdeT kampaniebis, arCevnebis, xelisuflebis mqone
mTavrobebisa da oficialuri moxsenebebisaken svlas. magram amgvari
ram SecdomaSi Semyvani da arasandoc ki aris. Cveulebriv arsebobs
mimarTeba praqtikul politikasa da ideologias Soris, magram am
mimarTebas simyare aklia, arafri aqcevs yvelaze kargi disciplinis
mqone partias da mis liders romelime ideologiis mudmiv
mxardamWerad. usafrTxoebis mosazrebebi, SemTxveviTi movlenebi,
taqtikuri gadawyvetilebebi SeiZleba da sinamdvileSi iwveven kidec
doqtrinaluri xasiaTis gadaxvevas. ramdenadac amgvar SemTxvevebSi
xSiri gameoradoba normaluria rogorc individis, aseve partiisaTvis,
is ar iwvevs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas. bolos da bolos, arsebobs
politikuri partiis erTi mTavari amocana _ gamarjveba. igive iTqmis
individualuri politikosis mimarTac.
mxolod didi politikosebis gadawyvetilebebidan da
moqmedebebidan ideologiis gamoyvanis mcdeloba umeteswilad
SecdomaSi Semyvania. ara imitom, rom ideologiebi ucvleli da
SeuRwevelia maTze adamianebis da movlenebis zegavlenisagan. magram,
meore mxriv, arc erTi politikosi ar cxovrobs mxolod ideologiiT;
yovelive erTdroulad ufro didia da mcirec, vidre ideologiaSia
warmodgenili. anTeosis msgavsad, politikosi ideologiasTan
garkveuli sababis safuZvelze unda mivides, Tumca arc gadaWarbebuli
Sefaseba varga xelisufebis mopovebis ltolvisa, opoziciis liderad
gaxdomis survilisa an, dro da dro wamoWrili SurisZiebis impulsisa.
linkolnis mier emansipaciis gamocxadeba, bismarkis mier
umuSevarTaTvis dazRvevis daweseba, dizraeilis mier 1870 wlis kanonis
reforma, CerCilis liberalebTan daaxloeba 1900 wels da misive
kanoni aristokratiis winaaRmdeg, sasmelis gadaWarbebuli miReba an,
bolos de golis mier misive alJiruli politikis radikaluri
cvlileba, yvela es Tamami nabiji damaxasiaTebelia xangrZlivi
sicocxlis mqone konservatizmisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, imis
mcdeloba, rom TiToeuli es politikuri nabiji dayvanili iyos
164
gabatonebul konservatiul ideologiaze, absurdulia. es iqneboda
aSkara ver danaxva yoveli didi politikosis mier kargad dawerili
piesisa, politikosisa, visTvisac ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba aqvs mis
sakuTar survilebs, an qveynis imperativebs.
amasTan dakavSirebiT, dizraeli ambobs:
"WeSmariteba, jentlmenebo is gaxlavT, rom saxelmwifo
moRvawe
misi epoqis mier aris Semnili, is garemoebaTa Svilia,
misi
drois qmnilebaa. saxelmwifo moRvawis xasiaTi
arsebiTad praq-
tikulia. da rodesac mas sTavazoben daikavos posti, is
rodi
iZiebs sxvadasxva Sexedulebebs ama Tu im konkretul
sakiTxze;
misTvis mniSvnelovania mxolod saWiro da mosaxmari da
yvelaze
Sesrulebadi ram, is rac ganxorcielebadia."
CerCili werda, rom WeSmariti patriotizmi zogjer moiTxovs
imis sapirispiros keTebas garkveuli drois manZilze, rasac
Cveulebriv ar gavakeTebdiT. ar unda gamogvrCes mxedvelobidan arc
pirovnebis WeSmariti mamoZravebeli Zala, rogorc ityvian, egoizmi.
yovelTvis amarTlebs is, rac biverbrukma Tqva loid jorjze: "mas
sulac ar aRelvebs xolme, Tu romeli mimarTulebiT midis mas Semdeg
rac mmarTveloba igdebs xelT". robespieri "koloniebis kvdomas
amjobinebda principebis Ralats". magram, arc erT WeSmarit politikur
liders, arc kromvels, linkolns, de gols an sxvas arasodes uTqvams
aseTi sisulele.
maS sadamde mivdivarT ideologiis arsis Ziebisas. ocdaaTi wlis
win T.s. eliotma Tavis leqciaSi literaturisa da politikis Sesaxeb,
warmogvidgina, rogorc me meCveneba, sakmarisi pasuxi rogorc
konservatizmis, aseve nebismieri sxva ideologiis bunebis gasagebad.
elioti ambobda, rom praqtikuli politikis bunebis gasagebad unda
gadavinacvloT resursebis gansxvavebuli fenisaken, fenisaken,
romelsac elioti, misi megobris, v.a.demantis kvalad "pre-politikurs
uwodebda". es, eliotis mixedviT aris fena, sadamdec fesvi unda iyos
165
gadgmuli da saidanac unda ikvebebodes yovelgvari politikuri
azrovneba. es aris fena, romelic Seiqmna xangrZlivi periodis
ganmavlobaSi sxva da sxva adamianis, socialuri kritikosis,
politikis filosofosis, eseistis da Tavad uaRresad praqtikosi
politikosebis mier. is, rac yvela maTgans saerTo aqvs, aris
politikuri amocanebis farTo speqtri, romlis sxvadasxva saxeobebi
dasavleTSi yvelaze ukeT warmodgenilia konservatizmis,
liberalizmis da socializmis mier. elioti gvarwmunebda, rom
arsebobs "tipebis gradacia azrebsa da moqmedebebs Soris". erT
ukidures mxares aris politikuris gonebrivi ganWvreta, meore mxares
politikis rigiTi mebrZolebi; "pre-politikuri" am or ukidures
mxares Soris Zevs.
Cemi kvlevis sagani am wignSi "pre-politikuria", Tumca amiT
absoluturad rodia uaryofili politikuri. me Sevexebi politikuri
azrovnebis umetes nawils edmund berkidan dawyebuli, iseTi
Tanamedrove avtorebiT dasrulebuli, rogoricaa rasel kirki, maikl
oukSoti da bertran de Juvenli. es, ra Tqma unda, aris politikuri
azrovnebis sxvadasxva warmomadgenelTa saerTo ideebi da
Rirebulebebi, wesebi da dogmebi romlebic umeteswilad am tipis
wignebSia Tavmoyrili da ara imdenad pirovnebebi da maTi xasiaTebis
garemomcveli garemoebebi. es wigni ar aris Sroma konservatizmis
istoriaSi, aramed ufro ideologiis anatomia an, rogorc me vuwode
me-2 TavSi, dogmatika. Cemi miznebisaTvis mniSvnelovania gamokveTili
perspeqtivebi, arsobrivi dakvirvebebi, propoziciebi da konservatuli
azrovnebis inteleqtualuri WeSmaritebebi, romlebic dasavleTSi
arsebobs bolo 200 welia.
me miznad davisaxe konservatizmis im elementebis naTelyofa,
romlebic ara mxolod mniSvnelovania, aramed yvelaze ufro
gamorCeulic im fonze, romelsac sxva ideologiebi ayalibeben.
SeiZleboda konservatizmisaTvis "Tavisuflebis politika" an
"politikuri Rirsebis Zieba" gvewodebina, rogorc bolo dros
gavrcelebuli daxasiaTebebi gveubnebian, Tumca isini me
aradamakmayofilebeli mgonia, radgan msgavs daxasiaTebebze SeiZleba
aranaklebi pretenzia hqondeT liberalizmsa da socializms. swored
166
amitom me Sevexebi Temebs, romlebic konservatizms, jer erTi
sxvebisagan gamoarCevs da meore, isini arseboben bolo 200 wlis
ganmavlobaSi. (...)
konservatizmis wyaroebi
daaxloebiT 1830 wlamde konservatizms ingliselebis
politikuri leqsikoni saerTod ar icnobda. Tumca misi filosofiuri
mxare ukve Seqmnili hqonda 1790 wels edmund berks mis “gaazrebebSi
safrangeTis revoluciis Sesaxeb”. azrovnebis istoriaSi iSviaTad
yofila ideebis mTeli korpusi esoden damokidebuli erT kacsa da
erT movlenaze ise, rogorc Tanamedrove konservatizmia damokidebuli
edmund berkze da mis cecxlovan reaqciaze safrangeTis revoluciis
mimarT. mniSvnelovanwilad konservatizmis centraluri Tematika bolo
ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi mxolod damatebas warmoadgens im Temebze,
rac gamokveTa edmund berkma safrangeTis reviluciaze specifikur
komentarebSi.
is Tavad naTlad acnobierebda, rom safrangeTis revolucia
evropuli revoluciebis fskers warmoadgenda, magram amis WeSmariti
warmoCineba detaluri argumentaciisaTvis elodeboda iseTi mgznebare
tradicionalistis kalams, rogoric iyo bonaldi, de mestri da
tokvili. berkisa da maT nawerebSi Cven vxvdebiT istoriis filosofiis
monaxazs, romelic diametralurad upirispideboda vigebs an
progresul filosofias da, amasTanave, feodalizmis da istoriulad
Camoyalibebuli iseTi struqturebis mniSvnelobis araorazrovan
gamarTlebas, rogoricaa patriarqaluri ojaxi, Temi, eklesia, gildia
da kuTxe, romlebic maindividualizirebeli da centralizebadi
bunebiTi samarTlis filosofiis zegavlenis wyalobiT saerTod gaqra
meCvidmete- meTvramete saukuneebis politikuri azrovnebidan. hobsis,
lokis da rusos nawerebSi tradiciuli sazogadoeba da misi
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli jgufebi da tradiciebi saukeTeso
SemTxvevaSi Zlivs da isic yovelTvis mtrulad iyo SemCneuli.
167
centralur sakiTxad ganixileboda individi; SedarebiT naklebad
institutebi.
berkma, yvela sxvisagan gansxvavebiT ganze mdgarma moazrovnem,
Secvala mTeli es individualisturi perspeqtiva. misma "gaazrebebma"
erTdroulad rogorc revoluciis, aseve revolucionerebisaTvis
gzisgamkvalavi bunebiTi samarTlis Teoretikosebis uaryofiT, iTamaSa
gadamwyveti roli meTvramete saukunidan mecxramete saukuneze
gardamavali evropis xedvis velis SemobrunebaSi. niSandoblivia, rom
"gaazrebebis" gamoqveynebis Semdeg mTeli Taobebi muSaobdnen
"ganmartebebze", romelTa birTvs sxva araferi warmoadgenda, Tu ara
anti-ganmanaTlebloba. iseTi avtorebi, rogoricaa bonaldi, de mestri
da Satobriani safrangeTSi, kolriji da souti inglisSi, haleri,
savini da hegeli germanul azrovnebaSi, donoso i kortesi da balmesi
espaneTidan aqtiurad ganixilavdnen Sesabamis problemebs mTel
dasavleTSi. evropis msgavsad amerikaSi sakuTari gafrTxilebani da
winadadebebi gamoTqves jon adamsma, aleqsandre hamiltonma da
rendolfma. yvela es evropeli da amerikeli avtori erTxmad
aRiarebda da winaswarmetyvelad saxavda edmund berks.
imisaTvis rom srulyofilad gaviazroT is zegavlena, romelic
uSualod iqonia evropul gonebaze berkis "gaazrebebma", frTxili
SeniSvna unda gavakeToT tradicionalizmis, rogorc principis
mamoZravebeli ZarRvis Sesaxeb iseve, rogorc im emociebis Taobaze,
romlebic izrdebodnen evropaSi mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi. Tu
gavagrZelebT Cvevad qceuli upiratesobis miniWebas volteris,
didros, holbaxis ufro metad ganTqmuli ganmanaTlebluri
mentalitetis mimarT, gagviWirdeba SevamCnioT uaRresad racionaluri
da individualisturi ganmanaTleblobis sawinaaRmdego Zalebi. Tumca,
aq yvelaferi igivea, anu aris produqti erTsa da imave dros eklesiisa
da filosofosebis da Teologebis jer kidev angariSgasawevi
raodenobisa, romlebic nacvlad bunebiTi religiisa da eTikisa,
romelic, Tavis mxriv warmoiSva meCvidmete saukunis bunebiTi
samarTlis momxre moZraobisagan, orTodoqsias uWerdnen mxars. isini
ufro metni iyvnen, vidre filosofiebi, romlebic bunebiTi uflebebis
ganmanaTleblobas qadagebdnen. iyvnen amave dros Zalze bevri
168
universitetis swavluli filosofosebi da istorikosebi - ra Tqma
unda yvelani religiurad orientirebulni - romlebic mxars uWerdnen
tradicias, romelmac ukve myarad moikida evropaSi fexi.
elesias unda davumatoT istoriuli qalaqebi da gildiebi,
romlebic iseve intensiurad izrdebodnen mTels evropaSi, rogorc
kosmopolituri ganmanaTlebloba, magram romelTac hqondaT sakuTari
istoriebi, tradiciebi, wmindanebi, gmirebi, mTavrobebi da xelosnoba.
arsebobdnen poetebi, kompozitorebi, msaxiobebi, mxatvrebi, xelosnebi,
mkvlevarebi da JamTaRmwerlebi, romelTa interesi ZiriTadad TavianTi
Temis irgvliv trialebda nacvlad imisa, rom evropis dedaqalaqebi
SemoevloT bedisa da saxelis saZieblad. adgilobrivi dialeqtebis,
xalxuri literaturis, didi xnis ganmavlobaSi ignorirebuli
xelovnebis nimuSebis, Soreuli warsulis samxedro gmirebis kvleva-
Zieba da yovelive amis urTierTSedareba srulad gaiSala meTvramet
saukunis germaniaSi. Sua saukuneebiT aRfrTovaneba, riTac esoden
bevri iyo daavadebuli inglissa da safrangeTSi mecxramete saukuneSi,
meTvramete saukuneSi Cveulebrivi movlena iyo germaniasa da
aRmosavleT evropaSi. germaniaSi ar arsebobda arc erTi qalaqi,
romelic parizis da londonis msgavsad Tavis inteleqtualur Zalas
da gavlenas gaavrcelebda mTel erze. tradicionalizmi sruliad
gadaulaxavi iyo lokalizmiT savse sulisaTvis, riTac gaJRenTili
iyo germania da rac arc inglissa da safrangeTis bevr regionSi iyo
ignorirebuli.
safrangeTis revoluciamde didi xniT adre, berki Tavis "wliur
registrSi" _ wignebis mimoxilvaSi, romelsac is Tavad werda _ da
sxvadasxva werilebSi, is naTlad amJRavnebda gaRizianebas franguli
ganmanaTleblobis tipiuri racionaluri gonebiT ara nakleb, vidre
rusoTi, vis talantsac berki aRiarebda, magram sruliad miuReblad
sTvlida mis moralur da politikur Sexedulebebs. berks ar uyvarda
londonis, farizis iseve, rogorc sxva qalaqebis, niu-iorkis da
bostonis CaTvliT, quCis mentaliteti. samagierod, inglisSi Tavisi
karieris dasawyisSi is mxars uWerda, rogorc Tavad uwodebda, "did
tradicias" britaneTis politikur istoriaSi.
169
amrigad, rogorc Tavad berkSi, seve inglissa da dasavleT
evropaSi arsebobda saWiro foni im saxis filosofiisaTvis, rogoric
berkma warmoadgina "gaazrebebSi". Zalze cota, Tuki saerTod vinme
Seedreba berks im sityvis damajereblobaSi, romliTac is utevda
iakobinelebs da maT kanonSemoqmedebas safrangeTSi, magram 1789
wlisaTvis evropelebis soliduri raodenobis gonebisaTvis Tanmdevi
arsebiTi konservatizmi Rrmad iyo Secvlili revoluciis mier.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sityvebi "konservatuli" da "konservatizmi"
dasavleTSi aravis gamouyenebia politikaSi 1830 wlamde, Tavad
movlenebis msvlelobam didi xniT gauswro sityvebs. (...)
berks Zviri daujda mTel evropaSi tradicionalistebisadmi
antirevoluciuri mowodebebi. mas aTasgvari brali dasdes rogorc
sazRvargareT, aseve Sin, misi im principebis SezRudvel RalatSi,
romlebic gamovlinda safrangeTis revoluciis mimarT misi poziciis
gamomuSavebisas. rogor moxda, gamudmebiT ekiTxebodnen mas, rom igi
mxars uWerda kolonistebs da sxva tiranebs mTels msoflioSi da
axla gadainacvla safrangeTisaken, romelic monarqiuli
despotizmisagan gaTavisuflebas cdilobs? vigebma inglisSi, Zveli
megobris, Carlz foqsis CaTvliT, revoluciisadmi misi
damokidebulebis gamo kavSiri gawyvites masTan. Tumca, aq adgili araa
am sakiTxebis detaluri angariSis warmosadgenad; unda mokled
SavajamoT berkis precendenti. safrangeTSi is icavda igive bazisur
principebs, ramac aqtualuri gaxada mis mier amerikelebis, indielebis
da irlandielebis daecva britaneTis mTavrobis “sakamaTo
xelisuflebis” sawinaaRmdegod. TiToeul SemTxvevaSi, is icavda
adgilobriv, xalxis istoriul tradicias ucxo Zalis Semotevisagan.
SeuZlebelia racionaluri msjeloba amerikelebis Tavisuflebis
Sesaxeb _ bolos da bolos, isini warmoSobiT sazRvargareT myofi
ingliselebi iyvnen, romlebic igive wesebiT da konvenciebiT
cxovrobdnen, riTac britaneTi imarTeboda _ amerikelTa
SesaZleblobebis bunebrivi ganviTarebis sakmarisi avtonomiisaTvis
wanamZRvrebis gareSe. igive marTebulia irlandiis da indoeTis mimarT,
rodesac TiToeul SemTxvevaS Tavs esxmian adgilobriv mcxovrebTa
morals.
170
safrangeTSi tradiciul xelisuflebaze da moralze Tavdasxma
frangebis patara jgufebis, iakobinelebis mier xorcieldeboda, Tumca,
rogorc berki amtkicebda, saqmis arsebiTi mxareebi sruliad
ganusxvavebuli iyo mis mier amerikeli kolonistebis dacvisagan.
Sedegi iyo Tavisufleba maSin da igivea axlac; Tavisuflebaze
ZaladobisaTvis mniSvneloba ar hqonda imas, rom umciresobis
mmarTvelebs franguli sisxli hqondaT. berkis mixedviT iakobinelebi
safrangeTis istoriis mimarT iseTive agresorebi iyvnen, rogoric iyo
indoelTa kulturis mimarT vest indoeTis kompania. iakobinelTa qveS
myofi safrangeTi Zalze Camohgavda dapyrobil qveyanas. ufro metic,
dampyroblebiviT qcevisas, iakobinelebi iseve iyenebdnen Zalas,
rogorc amas izavda SemoWrili armia.
berkis TvalSi iakobinelebis saqmianoba srutis miRma imis
sapirispirod gamoiyureboda, rac amerikelma kolonistebma
ganaxorcieles. es ufro iyo gaTanabreba Tanasworobis saxeliT,
nihilizmi Tanasworobis saxeliT; Zalauflebis, absoluturi da
totaluri Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba xalxis saxeliT. amerikuli
revolucia ganixilavda Tavisuflebas namdvili,cocxali adamianebis,
maTi Cvevebis da Cveulebebisadmi mimarTul raimed. amisagan
gansxvavebiT, franguli revolucia gacilebiT naklebad interesdeboda
namdviliTa da sicocxlisunarianiT _ glexebiT, burJuaziiT,
samRvdeloebiT, keTilSobili wodebiT da a. S. _ vidre im adamianebiT,
romlebic revoluciis liderebis meoxebiT Camoyalibdnen ganaTlebis,
Segonebebis da roca saWiro iyo, ZaliTa da teroriT. reformaciis
Semdeg, fiqrobda berki, amboxebas RmerTis saxeliT evropaSi, aqamde ar
mouwyvia iseTi revolucia, romelic adamians da mis sulierebas
imgvarad koncentrirebuli saxiT daimonebda, rogorc es safrangeTis
revoluciam moaxerxa. msgavsad anabaptistebisa, visac surda
daedanaSaulebina yvela, vinc ki Caereoda maT mier axali qristiani
adamianis SeqmnaSi, aseve surdaT iakobinelebs daengriaT yvela
instituti, romelic ki Caereoda axali revoluciuri adamianis
SeqmnaSi. swored amitom SeniSnavda berki, rom “yovelive amis
gaTvaliswinebiT, safrangeTis revilucia aris yvelaze gasaocari ram,
rac ki aqamde momxdara msoflioSi”. ...
171
exmaureba ra berks, tokvili wers, rom werilobiTi istoriis
manZilze, Cven ver vxvdebiT moxseniebas raime politikuri istoriisa,
romelic am formiT muSaobdes, anu muSaobdes fraguli revoluciis
formiT. warsulis religiur afeTqebas tokvilic franguli
revoluciis uaxloes winamorbedad ganixilavda. amasTan is aRniSnavda
politikuri inteleqtualebis aqtiur rols revoluciaSi _ amerikul
revoluciasTan TvalsaCino kontrastSi. maT berki “mwerlebs”
uwodebda. tokvilic analogiur frazas iyenebs. “arasdros aqamde,
ambobs tokvili berkis sityvebis Zalze ironiuli gamoyenebiT, (frangi
xalxis ) politikuri ganaTleba ar yofila esoden damokidebuli
“mwerlebze”.
kidev erTi mniSvnelovani TvalsazrisiT iyo tokvili berkis
memkvidre; es aris safrangeTis revoluciis trans-galiuri,
zogadevropuli mniSvnelobis aRiareba. berki werda “gaazrebebSi”:
evropis bevr nawilSi areulobaa. sxva adgilebSi ki jer-jerobiT
mxolod xmebi dadis. igrZnoba mosalodneli areuloba, rac imuqreba
didi miwisZvrebiT politikur samyaroSi”. tokvilma gansakuTrebiT
aRniSna mis “Zvel reJimsa da frangul revoluciaSi” , rom es unda
yofiliyo pirveli naSromi tomebis mTeli seriidan saxelwodebiT
“evropuli revoluciebi”. (...)
berkma ruso revoluciis mTavar avtorad gamoacxada. tokvilma,
ufro TavSekavebulad, braldeba moxsna rusos imiT, rom
revoluciisaTvis pasuxismgebloba “mwerlebs” daakisra, vinc
revoluciamde aTiode wliT adre xalxs STaagones Tavisuflebis,
Tanasworobis da absoluturi samarTlianobis gaumarTlebeli
fantaziebi. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom tokvili ver acnobierebda rusos
mniSvnelobas. sxva vin, Tu ara ruso, amtkicebda xalxisaTvis aseTi
grZnobiTa da mWermetyvelebiT, rom maT yofaSi RvTaebrivi xeli
urevia, rakiRa maTi borkilebi daimsxvra, amtkicebda yvela
istoriulad Camoyalibebuli institutebis usamarTlobas da
“kanonmdeblis” absolutur saWiroebas, vinc xalxis saxeliT, ufro
siRrmiseulad da Zlierad SeanjRrevda adamianebis cnobierebas. berki
am SemTxvevaSi ufro uxeSi iyo: “me kargad mesmis, rom rusos Sromebs
pirdapir mivyavarT am saxis samarcxvino borotebisaken”. rac CvenTvis
172
cnobilia gaxlavT is faqti, rom iakobinelebi robespieri da sen-
Jiusti, revoluciis mwvervalze yofnis periodSi, agznebiTa da
gamudmebiT kiTxulobdnen rusos. maTi ltolva gaiziares, rogorc
Tanamedroveebi gvarwmuneben, frangi moqalaqeebis angariSgasawevma
raodenobam, romlebsac xSirad dainaxavdiT quCebis gzajvaredinebze
xmamaRla rom kiTxulobdnen da kamaTobdnen rusos “socialuri
kontraqtis” calkeul pasaJebze, romelsac dRemde rusos Sromebs
Soris yvelaze nakleb kiTxuloben.
ruso wyevlida tradiciul jgufebs _ gildiebs, monastrebs da
yvela sxva saxis korporaciebs imisaTvis, rom miRweuli yofiliyo
wminda saerTo neba da individis piradi avtonomia. yvela isini unda
momspariyo an daqvemdebareboda ers. aristokratias, ra Tqma unda,
gadaSenebas uwinaswarmetyvelebdnen. Tumca, es mxolod dasawyisi iyo.
1791 wels yvela gildia gauqmda _ mizani, TavSesaqcevia misi gaxseneba,
maSindeli safrangeTis “RvTaebrivi uflebis mqone”, “absoluturi”
monarqiisagan Tavis daRweva iyo. “qveynis SigniT aRar arsebobs raime
korporacia _ acxadebda le Sapelies kanoni _ aramed mxolod
calkeuli individebis interesebi da saerTo interesi”.
revoluciis zegavlenas ver gascda verc patriarqaluri ojaxi.
filosofosebis saerTo rwmeniT, tradiciuli sanaTesao struqturebi
“mimarTuli iyo bunebis winaaRmdeg da upirispirdeboda gonebas”. am
Tvalsazriss aSkarad iziarebda bevri iakobineli mmarTveli. 1792 wels
qorwinebam samoqalaqo kontraqtis saxe SeiZina da gacilebiT gaiolda
ganqorwineba (1794 wels ganqorwinebebis raodenobam gacilebiT
gadaaWarba qorwinebaTa raodenobas). pirdapiri SezRudvebi dauweses
mamis avtoritets, maT Soris, xazgasasmelia yovelgvari avtoritetis
dakargva, rogorc ki vaJiSvilebi miaRwevdnen srulyofil asaks.
pirveli vaJis tradicili uflebebi, aqedan gamomodinare SedegebiT,
maT Soris sakuTrebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebuli wesebiT iseve, rogorc
zogadad ojaxiT, samudamod mieca daviwyebas.
Tavis mxriv, sakuTrebasac specialuri kanonmdebloba Seexo.
ZiriTadi damTrgunveli mizani iyo yovelgvari kavSiris morRveva
sakuTrebaze pretenziasa da iseT korporaciul organizaciebs Soris,
rogoricaa ojaxi, eklesia, gildia da monasteri, romlebic xangrZlivi
173
drois ganmavlobaSi sakuTrebis esoden didi wilis mflobelebi iyvnen
safrangeTSi iseve, rogorc mTel evropaSi. swored am mizniT
ganxorcielda SesaZleblobis farglebSi sakuTrebaze uflebis
individualizacia, rac ufro farTo miznis, mTeli sazogadoebis
individuaciis erTi Semadgeneli nawili iyo. ufro metic,
aristokratiis parazituli cxovrebis wesis morRvevis misiam
aucileblobiT moiTxova maT xelT arsebuli uZravi qonebis miTviseba
an atomizacia. gasaqani mieca sakuTrebis gacilebiT ufro moZrav,
dinamiur da fulis Semomtan formebs, rogorc revoluciis erT-erT
produqts, ramac aamaRla mTeli axali klasis ekonomikuri Zala.
Znelad Tu ipovnis adamiani konservatiuli tradiciisaTvis ufro
miuRebel sakiTxs, vidre revoluciis damokidebulebaa sakuTrebisadmi.
aq adgili ar aris im zegavlenis detaluri angariSisaTvis,
romelic revoluciurma mTavrobam iqonia tradiciul frangul
sazogadoebaze. zogadad, nacionaluri asambleis, nacionaluri
konventis da sazogadoebrivi xsnis komitetis mTeli Zalisxmeva
mimarTuli iyo iqeT, rom erTsa da imave dros, ganexorcielebinaT
sazogadoebis individualizacia da yvelafris racionalizacia
dawyebuli wvrili fulis moWridan, sasworebidan da sakuTrebis
zomebidan, dasrulebuli ganaTlebiT, religiiT da marTvis sxvadasxva
saSualebebiT. religia mainc xelisuflebis gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis qveS aRmoCnda. sxvadasxva dros mTavrobam gaauqma yvela
samonastro da sxva religiuri wesebi, moaxdina eklesiis
nacionalizacia, saxelmwifo xelfasi dauwesa samRvdeloebas imis da
mixedviT, iZleoda Tu ara is revoluciisadmi loialobis fics da,
bolos, 1793 wels miiRo safrangeTis sruli deqristianizaciis
sulisSemZvreli gegma, raTa RvTismosavurad SeevsoT vakuumi gonebisa
da Rirsebisadmi miZRvnili sxva religiebiT. axali religiebisa da
adamianis gonebis moTxovnilebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, detalurad
damuSavda ritualebi, liturgia, romelic iTvaliswinebda axali
religiis moTxovnilebebs iseve, rogorc SemoRebuli iqna axali
kalendari aseve Rrma gonebrivi transformaciis aRsaniSnavad. drois,
warsulis da misi saxeebis kontroli Zalze mniSvnelovania, rogorc
amas aRniSnavda orueli “1984”-Si, safrangeTis revolucionerebma mas
174
gauswres. Semotanil axal kalendars unda Seemko warsulis axali
istoria, unda amoZirkvaT da moespoT didi xnis manZilze
gabatonebuli miTiuri da tiranuli personaJebi da SeecvalaT isini
axali, iakobinelebisaTvis mosawoni gmirebiT. sazogadoebrivi xsnis
komitetma pirdapir gamoxata es: “Tqven mTlianad unda gadaakeToT
xalxi, vinc gindaT rom Tavisuflebi gaxadoT, unda daungrioT
crurwmenebi, SecvaloT maTi Cvevebi, SezRudoT maTi moTxovnilebebi,
amoZirkvoT uzneoba, ganwmindoT maTi survilebi. robert palmeri
werda: “1792 wels revolucia TavisTavad sagnad gadaiqca. igi iqca
arakontrolirebad Zalad, romelic sakuTari kanonebiT viTardeboda
da romlis warmarTva da gaZRola aravis SeeZlo”. palmeris mier
citirebuli robespieri ki Semdegs ambobda: “Tu saxalxo
mTavrobisaTvis safuZvels mSvidobianobis Jams Rirseba qmnis,
revoluciis Jams saxalxo mTavrobis safuZvelia Rirseba da terori;
Rirseba teroris gareSe Zalasmoklebulia; terori Rirsebis gareSe
mkvlelobaa”.
es iyo terori, ramac Searyia evropa. margam berki iyo erTi
maTgani, vinc teroris danaxvis gareSec masSi dainaxa gacilebiT
nakleb veragi ram, vidre kanonmdebloba, romelic miRebuli iyo
revoluciuri asambleis mier.swored aq Canda yvelaze ukeT
revoluciis WeSmariti da aRviraxsnili saxe. berki fiqrobda, rom
kanonebi romlebic anadgurebdnen an azianebdnen tradiciul
socialur wesrigs da imavdroulad avsebdnen saxelisuflebo vakuums,
warmoadgenda saxelmwifos axal iaraRs.
ugro momakvdinebeli iyo, rogorc berki amtkicebs, manifesti
romelic iakobinel liderebs surdaT gaevrcelebinaT mTel evropaSi
da, saboloo jamSi, mTel msoflioSic. aq berki mxurvaled da
ganmeorebiT amarTlebs kontr-revolucias, romelsac dauyovnebliv
unda mimarTon evropis saxelmwifoebma. is werda: “Tu marTebulad
SevafasebT, es ar aris omi safrangeTTan, aramed iakobinizmTan., Cven
omis mdgomareobaSi vimyofebiT principebTan ... da is sulac ar aris
gamoketili cixe-simagreSi”.
175
es iyo damokidebuleba romelic konservatorebma SeinarCunes 1917
wels, rodesac bolSevikebma daamxes caristuli reJimi ruseTSi.
leninizmma Secvala iakobinizmi.
arsebobda meore revoluciac, romelmac warmoSva konservatizmi
da romantizmi. me mxedvelobaSi maqvs industriuli revolucia
pirvelad rom ewvia evropas da mis mier gaCenili orTqlis Zrava,
saqsovi dazga da rogorc maTi swrafi Sedegi mtroba meqanikuri
monstrebis mimarT, romlebic xmauris demonuri simfoniis, garegnobis
da sunis imitirebas axdendnen, romelic aqamde ucnobi iyo inglisis
mTa-barisaTvis. safiqrebelia, rom dasawyisSi xalxi ufro amgvarad
aRiqvamda am axal fabrikebs, romlebic saocar ritmSi muSaobdnen dRe
da Rame, weliwadis droebis ganmavlobaSi, mSral da wvimian amindSi,
sicxesa da siciveSi. albaT isini fiqrobdnen gaTavisuflebas
adamianisaTvis misjili xangrZlivi, mZime Sromisagan.
dasawyisidanve mxatvrebisa da mwerlebis didi jgufi
daupirispirda inglisis meqanizacias da proletarizacias. “rwmena
meqanizmisadmi _ werda karlaili _ fizikuri sagnebis uaRresad didi
mniSvnelobis mimarT, yovel epoqaSi aris saerTo tyve sisustisa da
brma daukmayofileblobisa”. Tavis “warsulsa da awmyoSi” Cvens winaSe,
arc pirvelad da arc ukanasknelad, warmodgenilia TvalsaCino
kontrasti Sua saukuneebis Temisa da karlailis mier momavlis
wesrigis da uwesrigobis Wvreta, romelSiac igi Tanamedroveobis
avadmyofobas xedavda. kolriji, souti da bleiki kidev sami avtoria,
vinc SiSiT aRiqvamda imas, rasac bleiki “Sav, satanur fabrikebs
uwodebda”, xolo kolriji “komerciis katexizmos”.
ra Tqma unda, inglisSi arsebobda sakmarisi materialuri
cvlilebebi, romlebic amarTleben msgavs reaqcias. Znelad Tu darCa
institucionaluri cxovrebis romelime fena an sfero, romelsac ar
Seexo erTdroulad meqanikuri da ekonomikuri revolucia. am dromde
manufaqturuli warmoeba Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo muSaTa ojaxebSi
ise, rom mSvenivrad erwymoda saojaxo meurneobis gaZRolis
ekonomikas. magram axla, axal fabrikebSi, muSebi individualurad
Sediodnen mTel agregatebSi da erTmaneTTan ar iyvnen dakavSirebulni
arafriT, garda Tavad manufaqturuli procesisa.
176
ra Tqma unda, aman Secvala inglisis demografiuli mdgomareoba.
mcired dasaxlebuli raionebi axla mosaxleobiT gadaitvirTa
niadagis marginaluri ganoyierebis gamo _ muSebi fabrikebis mier
SeTavazebuli samuSaosken moiltvodnen, rac xSirad SesaZlebeli
xdeboda im saxsrebiT, rac axlomdebare qvanaxSiris safuZvelze
miRebuli depozitebi iZleoda. rogori unda yofiliyo proporcia
miwasa da radikalurad Secvlil mosaxleobas Soris mas Semdeg, rac
gaimarjva axalma warmoebam.
moxda individualizmis axali formebis da intensivobis
materializeba, romlis drosac rogorc dacema, aseve warmateba
Sesabamisad aisaxa socialur Skalaze: muSebma soflebidan dabebis
jurRmulebSi gadainacvles; esec im SesaZleblobebis farglebSi, rac
SeTavazebuli iyo fabrikebis mier ama Tu im zedamxedvelze, an sulac
menejerze damokidebulebiT. tradiciul statusis sistemaze
ganxorcielebuli efeqti Zalze Rrma iyo. manufaqturis mflobelebma,
fabrikebis bosebma, vaWrebma, kontraqtorebma, damxmare
profesionalebma Secvales sofluri sazogadoebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli Zveli da gacilebiT ufro martivi ierarqiuli
sistema. axalma gemovnebebma da axalma ambiciebma didi zegavlena
moaxdines saSualo klasis sazogadoebaze, romelic aqamde
monotonuri da uferuli iyo. ostrogorskis mier “Zveli sazogadoebis
msxvrevis” aRwera ufro nakleb dramatuli, magram amisda miuxedavad,
saukunis sami meoTxedis Semdegac uaRresad STambeWdavi rCeba:
“kapitalis axali aristokratiis wevrebi, romelTa
simdidre
metoqeobda da xSirad aWarbebda Zvel gvaris
aristokratias,
SeSfoTebuli iyo ukanasknelTan aRreviT. napoleoniis
omebis
epoqasTan axlo droSi, rodesac Seicvala bevris bedi,
adgili
hqonda did dapirispirebas. bevrma axalma adamianma
TavisiT
gaikvala gza sazogadoebaSi da mTlianad ariv-daria
rangebis
177
Zveli sistema. sruliad uSedego iyo Zveli sazogadoebis
mcdeloba daecva sakuTari Tavi aristokratuli
gamorCeulobis
barierebiT”.
(...) konservatorTa reaqcia jer inglisSi mimdinare industriul
cvlilebebze da Semdeg kontinentze mimdinare omTan dakavSirebiT
Zalze swrafi iyo da Cven konservatorTa ideologiaze bevr rames
swored maTi ekonomikur da politikur cvlilebebTan
dapirispirebidan vigebT. dizraelim Tavis TxzulebebSi gamorCeulad,
Tumca ara xazgasmiT, msxverplebis mimarT humanuri damokidebulebiT,
gadmogvca, bevri ram masze, rasac is socialur ubedurebas an Wirs
uwodebda. inglisis mefeze is fiqrobda zustad im modelis mixedviT,
rogorc berki fiqrobda safrangeTis mefeze: romelic, rogorc
suvereni, liberaluri reformebis wyalobiT izolirebuli aRmoCnda
Tavisi xalxisagan. cvlileba, romelic bumerangiviT daubrunda
sazogadoebas. “me ver vxedav sxva wamals _ acxadebda dizraeli _
klasebsa da Sexedulebebs Soris omis pirobebSi, romelsac axla Cven
Tavs gvaxveven da romliTac gvemuqrebian, Tu ara gulwrfel
ukandabrunebas sistemisaken, romelic SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc
saxalxo uflebebisa da socialuri midrekilebebisadmi loialoba da
pativiscema.
saukunis ori sxva didi moZraoba, romelTac gansazRvres
konservatorebis cudi winaTgrZnobebi, iyo pirveli _ religiuri,
meore _ filosofiuri. pirveli warmoiSva diadi jon veslis Sromis
safuZvelze. veslianizmi, rogorc mas Tavidan uwodebdnen, meTodizmi,
rogorc is mokle saxelwodebiT gaxdeba cnobili. evropuli
reformaciis bolo amofrqvevam,rogorc konservatorebi fiqrobdnen,
warmoSva safrTxe, arsebuli anglikanuri eklesiisaTvis britaneTSi da
SedarebiT naklebi safrTxe samoqalaqo keTildReobisa da socialuri
struqturebisaTvis. xSirad amboben, rom veslianelebi warmoadgendnen
gamajansaRebel Zalas meTvramete da mecxramete saukuneebis
inglisisaTvis, muSaTa klasisaTvis, TavianTi ararevoluciuri
qadagebebiT, ramac am klasebs Tavidan aacila revolucia. imisgan
damoukideblad, Tu ramdenad marTebulia es dakvirvebebi, ar iqneboda
swori imis gancxadeba, rom veslianelebi yvelani Tavisufalni arian
178
revoluciuri impulsebisa da zegavlenebisagan, romelTac safuZvlad
edoT religiuri da ara politikuri motivebi. revoluciuri
potenciali, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo adreul xanaSi puritanuli
moZraobisaTvis, aseve mocemuli iyo veslianelebisaTvisac.
vesli Tavis moZraobas ganixilavda rogorc pirdapir
gagrZelebas, marTlac gacocxlebas puritanuli TavSekavebulobisa.
isic amCnevda eklesiis korumpirebulobas misi formalizmiT da
rZmenis siwmindis araswori gamoyenebiT; da amCnevda agreTve, rom
arsebuli eklesiis gverdis avliT, mTeli socialuri organizacia
gaucxovda WeSmariti qristianuli idealebisagan da miswarfebebisagan.
misi motivebi da moZraoba wminda spiritualisturi da ara
politikuri iyo, riTac sulac ar mcirdeba veslianizmis zegavlena
ojaxze, Temze da samoqalaqo wesrigze. rodesac religiur moRvaweebs
uCndebaT rwmena, rom maTi principebi unda gavrceldes kerZo, sulier
da moralur cxovrebaze iseve, rogorc, ramdenadac es SesaZlebelia,
isini unda gavrceldes mTeli qveynis moqalaqeebis cxovrebaze, xdeba
raRac Zalze msgavsi revoluciisa. me ukve SevniSne, rom iakobinelebs
Tavis droze sjerodaT, TiTqos maTi saqmianoba emTxveoda pirdapir im
xazs, romelsac inglisSi samoqalaqo omis periodSi atarebdnen
puritanebi.
179
karl marqsiK
1884 wlis ekonomikur-filosofiuri
xelnawerebi
[gaucxoebuli Sroma]
politikuri ekonomia gamodis kerZo sakuTrebis faqtidan. mis axsnas
igi ar iZleva. im materialur process, romelsac gadis sinamdvileSi
kerZo sakuTreba, is aTavsebs zogadad, abstraqtul formulebSi,
romlebic SemdgomSi iReben kanonis mniSvnelobas. am kanonebs is ar
iazrebs, anu ar ganmartavs, Tu rogor gamomdinareoben isini kerZo
sakuTrebis arsidan. politikuri ekonomia ar gvaZlevs gasaRebs Sromis
gasamijnad kapitalisagan da miwis kapitalisagan. ase magaliTad,
rodesac is gansazRvravs kavSirs xelfassa da kapitalidan mogebas
Soris, misTvis ukanasknel mizezs warmoadgens kapitalistebis
interesi; sxva sityvebiT, is gulisxmobs rogorc mocemuls imas, rac
unda yofiliyo dadgenili analizis Sedegad. zustad aseve yvelgan
erTveba konkurencia. mis axsnas cdiloben gare movlenebiT. amasTan,
politikuri ekonomia arafers ambobs imaze, Tu ramdenad es
garegnulad SemTxveviTi garemoebebi warmoadgenen martooden erTgvari
aucilebeli ganviTarebis gamoxatulebas.
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Cven ar gavimeorebT politekonomiis magaliTs, romelic gadadis mis
mier gamogonil pirvelyofil mdgomareobaSi, rodesac cdilobs raimes
axsnas. aseTi pirvelyofili mdgomareoba arafers ar ganmartavs.
rodesac politekonomisti axsenebs pirvelyofil mdgomareobas, is am
sakiTxs axvevs nacrisfer Soreul gaugebrobaSi. is movlenis faqtis
formis qveS gulisxmobs imas, rac unda iyos deducirebuli mis mier,
kerZod ki _ aucilebel urTierTdamokidebulebas or movlenas Soris,
magaliTad, Sromis ganawilebas da gacvlas Soris. zustad aseve
Teologi xsnis borotebas pirveli codviT, anu is rogorc faqts
uSvebs istoriuli movlenis formiT imas, rac man unda axsnas.
180
Cvens amosaval wertilad Cven viRebT Tanamedrove ekonomikur faqts.
muSa xdeba miT ufro Raribi, rac met simdidres awarmoebs, rac
metad izrdeba im produqciis simZlavre da moculoba romelsac is
awarmoebs. muSa xdeba miT ufro iafi saqoneli, ra met saqonels qmnis.
nivTTa (saganTa) Rirebulebebis zrdis pirdapirproporciulad
izrdeba adamianis Sromis gaufasureba. Sroma awarmoebs ara marto
saqonels: is awarmoebs Tavis Tavs da muSas, rogorc saqonels,
amasTan, zustad iseTive proporciiT, rogorc is awarmoebs zogadad
saqonels.
es faqti niSnavs martooden Semdegs: SromiT warmoebuli sagani
(nivTi), misi produqti upirispirdeba Sromas, rogorc erTgvari ucxo
arseba, rogorc Zala, romelic ar aris damokidebuli mwarmoebelze.
Sromis produqti aris Sroma, Cadebuli raRac nivTSi (saganSi),
ganivTebuli masSi, es aris ganivTebuli Sroma. Sromis ganxorcieleba
warmoadgens mis ganivTebas. im wesebis pirobebSi, romelic igulisxmeba
politikur ekonomiaSi, Sromis es ganxorcieleba, misi es gansaxiereba
sinamdvileSi gamodis, rogorc muSis gamoTiSva sinamdvilidan,
ganivTeba gamodis, rogorc sagnis dakargva da damoneba sagniT, sagnis
aTviseba _ rogorc gaucxoeba.
Sromis gaucxoeba Tavs iCens rogorc sinamdvilidan gaTiSva im
zomamde, rom muSa SeiZleba sinamdvilidan gamoTiSvis gamo SimSiliT
mokvdes. ganivTeba Tavs iCens rogorc sagnis dakargva im zomamde, rom
muSas arTmeven yvelaze aucilebel sagnebs, romelic aucilebelia ara
marto sicocxlisaTvis, aramed SromisTvisac ki. Tavad Sromac
gadaiqceva iseT sagnad, romlis flobas man SeiZleba miaRwios Zalebis
ukiduresi daZabviT da metad araregularuli wyvetiT. sagnis floba
Tavs iCens rogorc gaucxoeba im zomamde, rom rac met sagans
awarmoebs muSa, miT naklebi raodenobis sagnis floba SeuZlia mas da
miT ufro eqceva is Tavis produqtis, kapitalis tyveobaSi.
yvela es Sedegi ukve mocemulia im gansazRvrebaSi, rom muSa eqceva
Tavisi Sromis produqts rogorc ucxo sagans. vinaidan aseTi
daSvebidan naTelia: rac metad ixarjeba muSa samsaxurSi, miT ufro
Zlieri xdeba misTvis ucxo sagnebis samyaro, romelsac is Tavad qmnis
181
Tavisi Tavis sawinaaRmdegod, miT ufro Raribi xdeba is, misi Sinagani
samyaro, miT nakleb qonebas flobs. zustad asevea religiaSi. rac mets
awers adamiani RmerTs, miT naklebi rCeba masze damokidebuli. muSa
saganSi aqsovs mTeli Tavis cxovrebas da amieridan misi sicocxle
ekuTvnis ara mas, aramed sagans. amgvarad, rac metia misi aseTi
moRvaweoba, miT ufro usagnoa muSa. is, rac Caido misi Sromis
produqtSi, masSi aRar aris. amitom, rac metia es produqti, miT
naklebia Tavad is. muSis gaucxoebas mis produqtSi aqvs ara marto is
mniSvneloba, rom misi Sroma xdeba sagani, Rebulobs gare arsebobas,
aramed is mniSvnelobac, rom misi Sroma arsebobs mis gareT, misgan
damoukideblad, rac misTvis raRac ucxoa da es Sroma upirispirdeba
mas, rogorc damoukidebeli Zala, sicocxle, romelic man misca sagans
gamodis mis winaaRmdeg, rogorc mtruli da ucxo.
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muSas arafris Seqmna ar SeuZlia bunebis, gare grZnobieri samyaros
gareSe. es is masalaa, romlidanac xorcieldeba misi Sroma, romelSic
iSleba misi SromiTi miRvaweoba, romlidanac da romlis meSveobiTac
Sroma awarmoebs Tavis produqtebs.
magram imis msgavsad, rogorc buneba aZlevs Sromas sicocxlisTvis
aucilebel saSualebebs, im azriT, rom sagnebis gareSe, romelic
SromiT iqmneba, SeuZlebelia sicocxle, aseve meores mxriv, bunebave
iZleva sicocxlis saSualebebs ufro viwro mniSvnelobiT, anu Tavad
muSis fizikuri arsebobis saSualebebs.
amgvarad, muSa rac metad iTvisebs Tavisi Sromis meSveobiT gare
samyaros, grZnobier bunebas, miT ufro ukargavs Tavis Tavs sicocxlis
saSualebebs ori mniSvnelobiT: pirveli, grZnobieri gare samyaro sul
ufro da ufro naklebad rCeba is sagani, romelic aucileblad
miekuTvneboda mis Sromas, aRar aris misi Sromis sasicocxlo
saSualeba; meore, es gare samyaro sul ufro naklebad aZlevs mas
sicocxlis saSualebebs pirdapiri azriT _ muSis fizikuri arsebobis
saSualebebs.
amgvarad, muSa xdeba Tavisi sagnis mona ormxriv: pirveli, is
Rebulobs sagans SromisTvis anu samuSaos; meore, is Rebulobs
arsebobis saSualebebs. marto es sagani aZlevs mas SesaZleblobebs
182
iarsebos jer rogorc muSam da mere rogorc fizikurma subieqtma. am
monobis gvirgvini imaSia, rom mas amieridan martooden rogorc muSas
SeuZlia SeinarCunos Tavisi rogorc fizikuri subieqtis arseboba da
rom amieridan is warmoadgens muSas martooden rogorc fizikuri
subieqti.
(politikuri ekonomiis kanonebis Tanaxmad, muSis gaucxoeba mis
saganSi gamoixateba imaSi, rom, rac ufro mets awarmoebs muSa, miT
naklebis moxmareba SeuZlia; rac met Rirebulebas qmnis is, miT metad
xdeba misi gaufasureba da Rirsebis dakargva; rac ufro kargadaa
gaformebuli misi produqti, miT metadaa damaxinjebuli muSa; rac
ufro kulturulia mis mier Seqmnili nivTi, miT metad hgavs TviTon
muSa barbaross; rac ufro mZlavria Sroma, miT ufro sustia, umweo
muSa. rac ufro mravalferovania, daxvewili mis mier Sesrulebuli
Sroma, miT ufro met gonebriv dacarielebas da miT met daCagvras
ganicdis TviT muSa bunebis mxridan).
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aqamde Cven vixilavdiT muSis gaucxoebas martooden erTi mxridan,
kerZod ki, misi damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT misi Sromis
produqtebis mimarT. magram gaucxoeba vlindeba ara marto saboloo
SedegSi, aramed TviT warmoebis aqtSic, TviT warmoebiT urTierTobaSi.
SeZlebda muSa dapirispirebas Tavisi moRvaweobis produqtTan, rogorc
raRac ucxosTan, Tu is ar gaucxovdeboda Tavisi Tavisagan TviT
warmoebis aqtis dros? produqti warmoadgens martooden moRvaweobis,
warmoebis Sedegs. amgvarad, Tu Sromis produqti gaucxoebaa, maSin
TviT warmoebac unda iyos moRvaweobiTi gaucxoeba, moqmedebis
gaucxoeba, gaucxoeba qmedebiT. Sromis sagnis gaucxoebaSi xdeba im
gaucxoebis Sejameba, romelic xdeba TviT SromiT moqmedebaSi. maS
raSi mdgomareobs Sromis gaucxoeba?
upirveles yovlisa, imaSi, rom Sroma warmoadgens muSisTvis raRac
garedan mosuls, rac mis arss ekuTvnis, imaSi, rom is Tavisi SromiT
ver mtkicdeba Tavis TavSi, aramed uaryofs Tavs, Tavs grZnobs ara
bednierad, ubedurad, ar aviTarebs Tavisuflad Tavis fizikur da
sulier energias, piriqiT, amwirebs Tavis fizikur bunebas da
anadgurebs Tavis sulier Zalebs. amitom muSa marto Sromis gareT
183
grZnobs Tavis TviTobas, xolo Sromis procesSi is Tavs ganicdis
Tavis Tavisgan mowyvetilad. Tavis TavTan is maSinaa, rodesac ar
muSaobs, xolo rodesac muSaobs is Tavis TavSi aRar aris. amis gamo
misi Sroma ar aris nebayoflobiTi, aramed is iZulebiTia; es
iZulebiTi Sromaa. es ar aris SromiTi moTxovnilebis dakmayofileba,
es martooden saSualebaa yvela sxva moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebisa
da ara SromiTi moTxovnilebisa. Sromis gaucxoeba naTlad aisaxeba
imaSi, rom rodesac wydeba fizikuri an sxva saxis SromiTi iZuleba,
Sromisgan garbian, rogorc Savi Wirisgan. gare Sroma, Sroma, romlis
drosac adamiani ucxovdeba, warmoadgens Tavis msxverplad Sewirvas,
TviTwamebas. da bolos, Sromis gare xasiaTi muSisTvis Tavs iCens
imaSi, rom es Sroma mas ki ar ekuTvnis, aramed ekuTvnis sxvas da
TviTonac Sromis procesSi ekuTvnis ara Tavis Tavs, aramed sxvas.
iseve, rogorc religiaSi adamianis fantaziis, adamianis tvinisa da
adamianis gulis TviTSemoqmedeba zemoqmedebs individze misgan
damoukideblad, anu raRac ucxo moqmedebis saxiT, RvTiuris Tu
eSmiseulis, aseve muSis moRvaweoba ar aris misi TviTSemoqmedeba. is
ekuTvnis sxvas, es warmoadgens muSis mier Tavisi Tavis dakargvas.
amis Sedegad gvaqvs aseTi viTareba: adamiani (muSa) Tavs Tavisuflad
grZnobs marto maSin, rodesac Tavis cxovelur funqciebs asrulebs _
Wamisas, smisas, sqesobrivi aqtisas da ukeTes SemTxvevaSi Tavis
sacovrebelSi yofnisas, Tavis morTvisas da a.S. _ xolo Tavisi
adamianuri funqciebis Sesrulebisas, is Tavs martooden cxovelad
ganicdis. is rac axasiaTebs cxovels, xdeba adamianis xvedri, xolo
adamianuri gadaiqceva iseT ramed, rac cxovelisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.
Tumca, Wama, sma, sqesobrivi aqti da a.S. agreTve WeSmaritad
adamianuri funqciebia. magram abstraqciaSi, romelic wyvets maT sxva
danarCeni adamianuri saqmianobisgan da gadaaqcevs maT ukanasknel da
erTaderT miznad, isini atareben cxovelur xasiaTs.
Cven ganvixileT praqtikuli adamianuri qcevis, Sromis gaucxoebis
aqti ori mxridan: pirveli, muSis damokidebuleba (mimarTeba) Sromis
produqtebisadmi, rogorc ucxo sagnisadmi, romelic masze batonobs.
es damokidebuleba (mimarTeba) amasTan erTad warmoadgens
184
damokidebulebas (mimarTebas) gare samyarosadmi, bunebis sagnebisadmi,
rogorc samyarosadmi, romelic ucxoa da mtrulad upirispirdeba.
meore, Sromis mimarTeba warmoebis aqtisadmi TviT Sromis procesSi. es
mimarTeba warmoadgens muSis mimarTebas sakuTari moRvaweobisadmi
rogorc raRac ucxosadmi, rac mas ar ekuTvnis. moqmedeba aq gamodis
rogorc tanjva, Zala _ rogorc ususuroba, Casaxva _ rogorc
gasaWuriseba, muSis sakuTari fizikuri da sulieri energia, misi
piradi cxovreba (winaaRmdeg ra aris cxovreba, Tu ara moRvaweoba!) _
rogorc mobrunebuli TviT mis winaaRmdeg, misgan damoukidebeli, mis
sakuTrebaSi armyofi moRvaweoba. es aris TviTgaucxoeba, maSin, roca
zemoT saqme exeboda sagnis gaucxoebas.
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adamiani saxeobrivi arsebaa ara marto im azriT, rom
praqtikuladac da Teoriuladac is aqcevs Tavis sagnad saxeobas _
rogorc sakuTars, ise sxva nebismieri sagnisa, aramed im azriTac, rom
_ da es warmoadgens igive mosazrebis sxva gamoxatulebas _ misi
mimarTeba Tavisi Tavisadmi iseTia, rogoric arsebuli cocxali
saxeobisadmi, is Tavs ganixilavs rogorc universalur arsebas da
amdenad Tavisufal arsebas.
rogorc adamianis, ise cxovelis saxeobrivi cxovreba fizikurad
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom adamiani (iseve, rogorc cxoveli) cxovrobs
araorganuli bunebiT, da rac ufro universaluria cxovelTan
sedarebiT, miT ufro universaluria im araorganuli bunebis sfero,
romliTac is cxovrobs. iseve, rogorc Teoriuli TvalsazrisiT,
mcenareebi, cxovelebi, qvebi, haeri, sinaTle da a.S. warmoadgens
adamianis cnobierebis nawils, nawilobriv rogorc bunebismetyvelebis
obieqtebi, nawilobriv rogorc xelovnebis obieqtebi warmoadgens mis
sulier araorganul bunebas, sulier sakvebs, romelic man winaswar
unda moamzados, raTa SeiZlebodes misi gasinjva da moneleba, _ aseve
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT, isini Seadgenen adamianis cxovrebisa da
moRvaweobis nawils. fizikurad adamiani cxovrobs martooden bunebis
am produqtebiT, iqneba is sakvebis, gaTbobis, tansacmlis,
sacxovreblis Tu sxva formiT. praqtikulad adamianis universaloba
Tavs iCens swored im universalurobaSi, romelic mTel bunebas
185
gadaaqcevs mis araorganul sxeulad, vinaidan is emsaxureba, pirvel
rigSi rogorc adamianis uSualo sasicocxlo saSualeba da meore,
rogorc materia, misi cxovelqmedebis sagani da iaraRi. buneba aris
adamianis araorganuli sxeuli, saxeldobr, buneba im zomiT, ra
zomiTac TviT is ar aris adamianis sxeuli. adamiani cxovrobs bunebiT.
es niSnavs, rom buneba misi sxeulia, romelTanac adamiani unda
rCebodes mudmivi urTierTobis procesSi, raTa ar mokvdes. is, rom
adamianis fizikuri da sulieri cxovreba ganuyrelad dakavSirebulia
bunebasTan, niSnavs sxva arafers, Tu ara imas, rom buneba ganuyrelad
dakavSirebulia Tavis TavTan, radganac adamiani bunebis nawilia.
adamianis gaucxoebuli Sroma, aucxovebs ra misgan 1) bunebas,
2)TviTon mas, mis sakuTar samoqmedo funqcias, mis cxovrebas, amiT
aucxovebs adamianisgan mis saxeobas; monur cxovrebas is gadaaqcevs
adamianisTvis saSualebad, romelic aucilebelia individualuri
cxovrebis SenarCunebisTvis. upirveles yovlisa, is aucxovebs
saxeobriv cxovrebas individualuri cxovrebidan, meore mxriv,
gadaaqcevs individualur cxovrebas, aRebuls misi abstraqtuli
formiT saxeobrivi cxovrebis miznad, agreTve misi abstraqtuli da
gaucxoebuli formiT.
saqme imaSia, rom erTi mxriv, TviT Sroma, TviT cxovelmoqmedeba,
TviT sawarmoo cxovreba xdeba adamianisTvis martooden saSualebad
misi erTaderTi moTxovnilebis, fizikuri moTxovnilebis
dasakmayofileblad. sawarmoo cxovreba warmoadgens kidec saxeobriv
cxovrebas. es aris cxovreba, qmnadi cxovreba. cxovelmoqmedebis
xasiaTSi mdgomareobs mocemuli saxeobis xasiaTi, misi saxeobrivi
xasiaTi, xolo Tavisufali cnobieri moRvaweoba warmoadgens swored
adamianis saxeobriv xasiaTs. TviTon cxovreba xdeba martooden
cxovrebis saSualeba.
cxoveli pirdapir igivuria Tavisi cxovelqmedebis. is ar asxvavebs
Tavis Tavs cxovelqmedebisgan. is aris es cxovelqmedeba. adamiani
Tavis cxovelmoqmedebas xdis Tavisi nebisa da cnobierebis sagnad. misi
cxovelqmedeba _ cnobieria. es ar aris iseTi gansazRvruloba,
romelsac is erwymis. cnobieri cxovelqmedeba asxvavebs adamians
cxoveluri cxovelqmedebisgan. swored amis (ZaliT) wyalobiT is
186
warmoadgens Tavisi saxeobis arsebas. SeiZleba asedac iTqvas: is aris
cnobieri arseba anu misi sakuTari cxovreba warmoadgens misTvis
sagans martooden imitom, rom is aris gvarovnuli arseba. da
martooden amis ZaliT misi moqmedeba aris Tavisufali moqmedeba.
gaucxoebuli Sroma am urTierTmimarTebas Semoabrunebs iseTnairad,
rom adamiani, swored imitom, rom is aris cnobieri arseba, gadaaqcevs
Tavis cxovelqmedebas, Tavis arss martooden saSualebad Tavisi
arsebobis SesanarCuneblad.
sagnobrivi samyaros praqtikuli qmnadoba, araorganuli bunebis
gadamuSaveba warmoadgens adamianis, rogorc cnobieri – saxeobrivi
arsebis TviTdamtkicebas, anu iseTi arsebisa, romlis mimarTeba
gvarTan iseTivea, rogorc Tavis sakuTar arsTan, an mimarTeba Tavis
TavTan iseTivea, rogorc saxeobriv arsebasTan. marTalia, cxovelis
awarmoebs. is aSenebs budes an sacxovrebels, rogorc amas akeTebs
futkari, Txunela, WianWvela da sxva. magram cxoveli awarmoebs marto
imas, rac uSualod sWirdeba mas an mis Svils; is calmxrivad
awarmoebs, maSin roca adamiani awarmoebs maSinac ki, rodesac
Tavisufalia fizikuri moTxovnilebelisagan da am sityvis namdvili
mniSvnelobiT, marto maSin awarmoebs kidec, rodesac misgan
Tavisufalia. cxoveli awarmoebs marto Tavis Tavs, maSin roca
adamiani axdens mTeli bunebis aRwarmoebas; cxovelis produqti
uSualod dakavSirebulia mis fizikur organizmTan, maSin, roca
adamiani Tavisuflad upirispirdeba Tavis produqts. cxoveli aSenebs
martooden im saxeobis sazomisa da moTxovnilebis mixedviT, romelsac
is miekuTvneba, maSin, roca adamians SeuZlia awarmoos nebismieri
saxeobis sazomiT da yvelgan mas ZaluZs miuyenos sagans Sesabamisi
sazomi; amis gamo adamiani aSenebs agreTve silamazis kanonebiTac.
amitom, swored sagnobrivi samyaros gadamuSavebisas adamiani
pirvelad amkvidrebs Tavs, rogorc saxeobrivi arseba. am warmoebas
Seadgens misi SemoqmedebiTi saxeobis warmomadgenlis cxovreba. am
warmoebis wyalobiT, buneba xdeba misi nawarmoebi da misi sinamdvile.
Sromis sagani amitom aris adamianis gasagnebuli gvarovnuli cxovreba:
adamiani iormagebs Tavs ara marto inteleqtualurad, rogorc amas
adgili aqvs cnobierebaSi, aramed realurad, qmediTad da Tavs
187
Sehyurebs mis mier Seqmnil samyaroSi. amitom gaucxoebuli Sroma,
arTmevs ra adamians misi warmoebis sagans, amiT arTmevs mas saxeobriv
cxovrebas, mis namdvil saxeobriv sagnobriobas, xolo im
upiratesobas, romelic adamians aqvs cxovelTan SedarebiT, gadaaqcevs
misTvis uaryofiT raobad, vinaidan adamians arTmeven mis araorganul
sxeuls, bunebas.
zustad aseTive gaucxoebuli Sroma, akninebs ra TviTSemoqmedebas,
Tavisufal qmedebas, ubralo saSualebamde, amiT gadaaqcevs adamianis
gvarovnul cxovrebas saSualebad, romelic aucilebelia misi
fizikuri arsebobis SesanarCuneblad.
adamianisTvis damaxasiaTebeli cnobiereba gvarovnuli arsisa saxes
icvlis gaucxoebis Sedegad ise, rom gvarovnuli cxovreba gadaiqceva
misTvis saSualebad.
amgvarad, Sromis gaucxoeba iwvevs Semdeg Sedegebs:
3) adamianis saxeobrivi arsi _ rogorc buneba, aseve misi sulieri
gvarovnuli monapovari _ gadaiqceva misTvis ucxo arsad, saSualebad
misi individualuri arsebobis SesanarCuneblad. gaucxoebuli Sroma
aucxoebs adamianisgan mis sakuTar sxeuls, iseve, rogorc mis gare
bunebas, iseve, rogorc mis sulier arss, mis adamianur arss.
4) uSualo Sedegs imisa, rom adamiani gaucxoebulia Tavisi Sromis
produqtisgan, Tavisi cxovelqmedebisgan, Tavisi gvarovnuli arsisgan,
warmoadgens adamianis gaucxoeba adamianisgan. roca adamiani
upirispirdeba Tavis Tavs, mas upirispirdeba sxva adamiani. is, rac
SeiZleba iTqvas adamianis mimarTebaze Tavisi Sromisadmi, Tavisi
Sromis produqtisa da Tavisi Tavisadmi, igive SeiZleba gameordes
adamianis mimarTebaze sxva adamianisadmi, iseve, rogorc Sromisa da
sxva adamianis Sromis Sedegisadmi.
sazogadod, debuleba imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianisgan gaucxoebulia
misi gvarovnuli arsi, niSnavs, rom erTi adamiani gaucxoebulia
meorisgan da TiToeuli gaucxoebulia adamianuri arsisgan.
188
devid istoni
politikuri sistemebis analizi
1. politikuri mecnierebis zogierTi niSan-
Tviseba
erT adrindel naSromSi me xazs vusvam saerTo, empiriulad
orientirebuli Teoriis ganviTarebis aucileblobas, rogorc yvelaze
ekonomiur gzas politikuri cxovrebis gagebis grZel gzaze. aq me
vaxden Tvalsazrisis miTiTebis SemoTavazebas, romelic tramplinad
mainc SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iyos alternatiuli midgomebis Sesaxeb
diskusiisaTvis, da yvelaze metad, iyos erTi patara nabiji saerTo
politikuri Teoriis mimarTulebiT. minda xazi gavusva, rom is, rac
saTqmeli maqvs, ubralod orientaciia Teoriis problemisaken;
ekonomikis da, SesaZloa, fsiqologiis farglebs gareT,
TviTdajerebulobis gamovlena iqneboda socialur mecnierebaSi
`Teoriis~ xSiri xseneba, am terminis zusti mniSvnelobiT.
amas garda, me Cemi Tvalsazrisis mxolod nimuSis (Gestalt)
SemoTavazebas movaxden, ise rom SesaZlebeli gaxdeba mis Suqze im
nawilebis Sefaseba, romlebzedac yuradReba unda gavamaxvilo. vici,
rom amis gakeTebisas SeiZleba Seviqmna imis garkveuli riski, rom am
Tvalsazrisis mniSvneloba da implikaciebi urTierTkavSirSi mxolod
xelovnurad iyos; magram es is riskia, romelic unda gavwio,
ramdenadac ar vici, Tu rogor unda avarido mas Tavi.
politikis Seswavla exeba imis gagebas, Tu rogor miiReba da
xorcieldeba avtoritaruli gadawyvetilebebi sazogadoebisaTvis. Cven
SegviZlia SevecadoT politikuri cxovrebis gagebas misi TiToeuli
aspeqtis calke ganxilviT. Cven SeiZleba davakvirdeT iseTi
institutebis qmedebebs, rogoricaa politikuri partiebi, interesTa
jgufebi, mTavroba da arCevnebi. Cven SegviZlia SeviswavloT am
politikuri praqtikebis buneba da Sedegebi, rogoricaa manipulacia,
propaganda da Zaladoba; Cven SegviZlia SevecadoT gavarkvioT
189
struqtura, romelSic es praqtikebi xorcieldeba. Sedegebis
kombinirebiT, Cven SegviZlia miviRoT imis uxeSi suraTi, Tu ra xdeba
nebismier TviTkmar politikur erTobaSi.
am Sedegebis kombinirebisas, miuxedavad amisa, ukve implicituria
cneba, rom farTo politikuri suraTis TiToeuli nawili ar dgas
gancalkevebiT da kavSirSia TiToeul sxva nawilTan; an, pozitiurad
rom gadmovceT, arc erTi nawilis qmedeba ar SeiZleba srulad iyos
gagebuli im gzis gareSe, romliTac is TavisTavad moqmedebs. Cems
wignSi, politikuri sistema3, azrs gamovTqvam, rom Rirebulia am
implicituri varaudis gamoyeneba, rogorc mkafio wanamZRvrisa
kvlevisaTvis da, politikuri cxovrebis aRqma urTierTkavSirSi myof
saqmianobaTa sistemad. es saqmianobebi maT urTierTkavSirs an sistemur
bmebs iReben im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom isini yvelani met-naklebad
gavlenas axdenen im gzaze, romliTac avtoritaruli gadawyvetilebebi
formulirebuli da ganxorcielebulia sazogadoebisaTvis.
daviwyeT ra saubari politikur cxovrebaze, rogorc
saqmianobis sistemaze, amas zogierTi Sedegi mohyveba im gzisaTvis,
romliTac Cven SegviZlia SevudgeT sistemis muSaobis analizs.
sakuTriv sistemis idea gulisxmobs, rom Cven SegviZlia gamovyoT
politikuri cxovreba danarCeni socialuri saqmianobisagan, yovel
SemTxvevaSi analitikuri miznebisaTvis da gamovikvlioT is, TiTqos
mocemuli momentisaTvis iyos TviTkmari erToba, romelic
garSemortymulia, magram mkafiod aRqmadia, garemoTi an garemomcveli
pirobebiT, romelSic is moqmedebs. didwilad igive gziT, astronomebi
miiCneven mzis sistemas movlenaTa kompleqsad, romelic izolirebulia
garkveuli mizezebis gamo danarCeni samyarosagan.
miuxedavad amisa, Tu Cven miviCnevT politikuri qmedebebis
sistemas, rogorc erTobas Cveni gonebis Tvalsawieris winaSe,
SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom is, rac uzrunvelyofs sistemis moqmedebas,
sxvadasxva saxis informaciuli Senatania. sistemaSi mimdinare
procesebiT xdeba am sawindrebis gardaqmna gamomdinare Sedegebad, da
am ukanasknelT, Tavis mxriv Sedegebi moaqvs rogorc sistemisaTvis, ise
im garemosaTvis, romelSic sistema arsebobs. aq formula metad 3 wyaro: David Easton, “An Approach to the Anaysis of the Political Systems”, World Politics 9, no. 3 (April
1957), pp. 383-400.
190
martivia, magram, da amis Cvenebas vimedovneb, aseve metad mkafioa:
sawindrebi – politikuri sistema an procesebi – Sedegebi. es
urTierTkavSiri diagramis saxiT naCvenebia suraTze 1. es diagrama
warmoadgens metad `primitiul~ models – rom is gavakeTilSobiloT
moduri saxeliT politikuri cxovrebis Seswavlis midgomisaTvis.
politikur sistemebs gaaCniaT garkveuli Tvisebebi, radganac
isini sistemebia. am midgomis yovlismomcveli Tvalsazrisis
warmodgenisaTvis, ufleba momeciT, movaxdino umTavresi niSan-
Tvisebebis identifikacia, vTqva oriode sityva TiToeuli maTganis
Sesaxeb.
1. identifikaciis Tvisebebi. imisaTvis, rom ganvasxvavoT
politikuri sistema sxva socialuri sistemebisgan, Cven unda gvqondes
unari misi identificirebisa misi fundamenturi erTobebis aRweriT da
im sazRvrebis dadgeniT, romelic mas gamoyofs sistemis gareT
arsebuli erTobebisgan.
a) politikuri sistemis erTobebi. erTobebi warmoadgenen
elementebs, romlebiTac, rogorc Cven vambobT, Sedgenilia sistema.
politikuri sistemis SemTxvevaSi es aris politikuri qmedebebi.
Cveulebriv sasargebloa maTi ganxilva im saxiT, romliTac isini
sakuTari Tavis struqturirebas axdenen politikur rolebsa da
politikur jgufebSi.
b) sazRvrebi. zogierT yvelaze mniSvnelovan kiTxvas, romlebic
exeba politikuri sistemebis funqcionirebas, SeiZleba pasuxi gaeces
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki gvemaxsovreba ueWveli faqti, rom sistema
ar arsebobs vakuumSi. is yovelTvis CarTulia specifikur pirobebSi an
garemoSi. gza, romliTac sistema muSaobs, nawilobriv SeiZleba iyos
funqcia misi pasuxisa totalur socialur, biologiur da fizikur
garemoze. specialuri problema, romelsac Cven vawydebiT, aris is, Tu
rogor unda gatardes gansxvaveba sistemurad politikur sistemasa da
mis garemomcvel pirobebs Soris. aqvs garkveuli mniSvneloba imis
Tqmas, rom politikur sistemas aqvs sazRvari, romelic mas gamoyofs
misi garemomcveli pirobebisgan? Tuki asea, maSin rogor unda
movaxerxoT sademarkacio xazis identifikacia?
191
garemo
gadawyvetilebebi anu
moTxovna politikis keTeba
Senatani politikuri sistema Sedegi
mxardaWera
ukugeba
suraTi 1
sakiTxis ganxilvis Sewyvetis gareSe, minda azri gamovTqva, rom
sasargebloa politikuri sistemis aRqma, rogorc sazRvris mqonisa
igive mniSvnelobiT, rogoriTac es gaaCnia fizikur sistemas.
politikuri sistemis sazRvrebi yvela im qmedebiT ganisazRvreba,
romlebic met-naklebad pirdapir kavSirSia sazogadoebis Sekvrisaken
mimarTuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebasTan; nebismieri socialuri
qmedeba, romelic ar pasuxobs am maxasiaTebels, unda gamoiricxos
sistemidan da aqedan gamomdinare, avtomaturad ganxiluli unda iyos
garemoSi garegan cvladad.
2. Senatani da monagari. savaraudod, Tuki Cven avirCevT
politikur sistemebs specialuri SeswavlisaTvis, Cven amas vakeTebT im
mizeziT, rom maT gaaCniaT sazogadoebisaTvis saxasiaTod
mniSvnelovani Sedegebi, kerZod, avtoritaruli gadawyvetilebebi. am
Sedegebs me vuwodebdi monagars. Tuki CavTvliT, rom politikur
sistemebs ar moaqvT mniSvnelovani monagari sazogadoebisaTvis, Cven
albaT saerTod ar unda davinteresdeT am sistemebiT.
yovel SemTxvevaSi sistema aris miaxloeba entropiis
mdgomareobasTan – da Cven SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom es simarTles ar
Seefereba politikuri sistemebis umravlesobisaTvis – mas unda
hqondes mudmivi Senatanebi misi qmediTunarianobis SesanarCuneblad.
Senatanebis gareSe sistemam SeiZleba ar imuSavos; monagarebis gareSe
Cven ar SegviZlia sistemis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos identifikacia.
amasTan dakavSirebiT specifikuri kvleviTi amocanebi unda gaxdes
192
Senatanebis da im Zalebis identifikacia, romlebic saxavs da cvlis
maT, im procesebis gamosaxva, romelTa saSualebiTac isini
gardaiqmnebian monagarad, zogadi pirobebis aRwera, romelTa drosac
SesaZlebelia am procesebis arsebobis SenarCuneba da
kavSirurTierTobis damyareba Senatansa da sistemaSi maT momyol
monagars Soris.
am TvalsazrisiT, politikuri sistemis moqmedebas ufro meti
sinaTle SeiZleba moefinos, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom
umravlesi, rac xdeba sistemaSi, saTaves iRebs sistemis wevrebis
Zalisxmevisgan gaejibron cvalebad garemos. Cven unda saTanadod
SevafasoT es amosavali wertili, Tuki ganvixilavT iseT nacnob
biologiur sistemas, rogoricaa adamianis organizmi. mudmivi
daZabuloba momdinareobs misi garemomcveli pirobebisgan, romelSic
man adaptireba unda moaxdinos raime gziT, raTa mTlianad ar
ganadgurdes. nawilobriv, ra Tqma unda, is gza, romliTac sxeuli
`muSaobs~, warmoadgens pasuxs im moTxovnilebebze, romelsac qmnis
misi anatomiis organizacia da funqciebi; magram didwilad, sxeulis
rogorc struqturis, ise muSaobis gasagebad, Cven metad mgrZnobiare
unda viyoT garemodan momdinare Senatanebis mimarT.
imave gziT, yoveli politikuri sistemis qceva garkveulwilad
Tavsmoxveulia im sistemis saxeobiT, romelsac is warmoadgens, misi
sakuTari struqturiT da Sinagani moTxovnilebebiT. magram misi qceva
aseve asaxavs im Tvisebebs, romlebic gamowveulia specifiuri
garemomcveli pirobebiT, romelSic sistema moqmedebs. SeiZleba imis
mtkiceba, rom politikuri sistemis SigniT mniSvnelovan cvlilebaTa
umravlesoba saTaves iRebs garegan cvladebs Soris monacvleobebidan.
ramdenadac me unda mivuZRvna am statiis umetesi nawili zogierTi
problemis garkvevas, romlebic ukavSirdeba gacvlebs politikur
sistemebs da maT garemos Soris, me momiwevs politikuri sistemebis
sxva Tvisebebis aRwera.
3. diferenciacia sistemis SigniT. rogorc Cven davinaxavT sul
male, garemodan momdinareobs rogorc energia sistemis
aqtivizaciisaTvis, ise informacia, romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac sistema
gamoiyenebs am energias. am gziT sistema qmediTunarianobas iZens. mas
193
gaaCnia monagaris garkveuli saxe, ganxvavebuli Senatanisagan, romelic
momdinareobs garemodan. Cven SegviZlia miviRoT sasargeblo hipoTezis
saxiT, rom Tuki politikuri sistema aris garkveuli samuSaos
Sesruleba arafrisagan drois SezRudul monakveTSi, mis struqturaSi
SeiZleba ganxorcildes diferenciaciis minimaluri raodenoba.
faqtobrivad, empiriulad SeuZlebelia mniSvnelovani politikuri
sistemis moZieba, romelSic yvela erTi da igive erToba asrulebs
erTi da igive saqmianobas erTdroulad. sistemis wevrebi, yvelaze
mcire, CarTulni arian Sromis minimalur danawilebaSi, romelic
uzrunvelyofs struqturis arsebobas, romlis SigniTac qmedeba
xorcieldeba.
4. sistemis integracia. diferenciaciis es faqti xsnis ZiebisaTvis
farTo vels politikur sistemebTan dakavSirebiT. struqturul
diferenciacias moZraobaSi mohyavs Zalebi, romlebic potenciurad
dezintegraciulia sistemisaTvis motanili maTi Sedegebis mixedviT.
Tuki ori an meti erToba asrulebs saqmianobis sxvadasxva saxes
erTdroulad, rogor unda davides es saqmianobebi artikulaciis
minimalur doneze, Tu sistemis wevrebi ar emxrobian daskvnas sruli
dezorganizaciis Sesaxeb CvenTvis saintereso monagaris wyaroebis
Sesaxeb? Cven SegviZlia gamovTqvaT varaudi, rom Tu struqturirebuli
sistema TviTon inarCunebs sakuTar arsebobas, man unda Seqmnas
meqanizmebi, romlebiTac misi wevrebi integrirebulni arian, an xeli
Seuwyos maT kooperirebas Tundac minimalur doneze, rom maT
SeimuSavon avtoritaruli gadawyvetilebebi.
II . Senatanebi: moTxovnebi
axla, rodesac me ukve vaxsene politikuri sistemebis zogierTi
niSan-Tviseba, romelTa mimarTac gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis
gamaxvilebas moviTxov, Tuki gvsurs CamovayaliboT ganzogadoebuli
midgoma, me minda ufro detalurad ganvixilo is gza, romliTac
dakvirveba Senatanebze da gamomdinare Sedegebze garkveul sinaTles
mohfens am sistemebis funqcionirebas.
194
politikuri sistemis sawindrebs Soris ori sabaziso saxeobaa:
moTxovnebi da mxardaWera. es sawindrebi aniWebs politikur sistemas
mis dinamiur xasiaTs. isini mas amarageben rogorc pirveladi masaliT
an informaciiT, romelic sistemam unda moimsaxuros procesisaTvis,
ise energiiT, romelmac is moZraobaSi unda moiyvanos.
mizezi, Tu ratom Cndeba politikuri sistema sazogadoebaSi,
igivea, ratomac erTveba adamiani politikur saqmianobaSi – es aris
pirovnebebis an jgufebis moTxovnebi sazogadoebaSi, rac ar SeiZleba
mTlianad dakmayofildes. yovel sazogadoebaSi erTi faqti dominirebs
politikur cxovrebaze: nakluloba prevalirebs yvela Rirebul
saganTan dakavSirebiT. zogierTi moTxovna am SedarebiT iSviaT
sagnebTan dakavSirebiT verasdros moiZiebs sakuTar gzas politikur
sistemaSi, magram dakmayofileba xdeba kerZo molaparakebebis an
SeTanxmebebis safuZvelze maTSi CarTuli pirovnebebis mier.
moTxovnebi prestiJTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba dakmayofildes
sazogadoebis statusuri urTierTobebis gziT; moTxovnebi
keTildReobisa nawilobriv kmayofildeba ekonomikuri sistemiT;
Zalauflebis survili gamoxatulebas poulobs saganmanaTleblo,
samegobro, SromiT da sxva msgavs kerZo organizaciebSi. mxolod maSin,
rodesac survilebi moiTxovs garkveul specialur organizebul
Zalisxmevas sazogadoebis mxridan maTi avtoritaruli gziT
gadawyvetisaTvis, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom isini gaxdnen politikuri
sistemis sawindrebi.
sistemuri kvleva Segviqmnis saWiroebas sakuTar Tavs davusvaT
zogierTi fuZemdebluri kiTxva am moTxovnebTan dakavSirebiT:
1. rogor wamoiqmneba moTxovnebi da rogorc amyareben isini Tavis
gansakuTrebul xasiaTs sazogadoebaSi?am kiTxvaze pasuxis gasacemad
Cven SegviZlia mivaniSnoT, rom moTxovnebi warmoiqmneba gamocdilebis
or seqtorSi: an sistemis garemomcvelobaSi an sakuTriv sistemaSi.
amas Cven mivaniWebT Sesabamisad garegani da Sinagani moTxovnebis
saxelebs.
pirvel rigSi davakvirdeT garegan moTxovnebs. sasargeblod
meCveneba garemos danaxva ara movlenebis aradiferencirebul masad,
aramed ufro sistemebad, romlebic mkafiod gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan
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da politikuri sistemisgan. garemoSi Cven gvaqvs iseTi sistemebi,
rogoricaa ekologia, ekonomika, kultura, pirovnuloba, socialuri
struqtura da demografia. TiToeuli maTgani Seadgens cvladTa
mniSvnelovan rigs garemoSi, rac saSualebas iZleva gamikveTos
moTxovnaTa saxe, rac Sedis politikur sistemaSi. imis
ilustrirebisaTvis, Tu ras vgulisxmob, ramdenime sityva unda vTqva
kulturis Sesaxeb.
nebismieri sazogadoebis wevrebi moqmedeben arsebuli kulturis
CarCoebSi, romelic gamokveTs maT saerTo miznebs, specifiur
samizneebs da procedurebs, romlebsac wevrebi grZnoben, rom
gamoyenebuli unda iyos. nebismieri kultura warmoSobs sakuTari
unikaluri Tvisebis nawils im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom is
gamoxatavs erT an met specialur aspeqts qcevisa da es strategiuli
gamoxatuleba emsaxureba mis diferencirebas sxva kulturebisgan im
moTxovnebis pativiscemiT, romelsac is gamoimuSavebs. ramdenadac saqme
exeba saxalxo masebs, zogierTi kultura, rogoricaa magaliTad Cveni,
sakmaod didi wonisaa ekonomikuri survilebis, warmatebis,
privatulobis, dasvenebis, racionaluri efeqturobis gverdiT. sxvebi,
rogorica magaliTad foqsis tomis indielebisa, cdilobs harmoniis
SenarCunebas, Tundac rom am procesSi msxverplad iqnes gaRebuli
efeqturobisa da racionalurobis miznebi. sxvebi kvlavindeburad,
magaliTad kaCinebi birmis mTianeTSi, iRwvian Zalauflebisa da
prestiJis mosapoveblad. kultura ganasaxierebs Rirebulebis
standartebs sazogadoebaSi da aqedan gamomdinare, kveTs potenciuri
konfliqtis sferoebs, Tuki Rirebuli sagnebi moTxovnasTan SedarebiT
mcirea. tipuri moTxovnebi, romlebmac gza SeiZleba monaxon
politikur procesebSi, Seexeba konfliqtis sagnebs, romlebsac
mniSvneloba aqvT miniWebuli kulturis mier. am mizeziT Cven ar
SegviZlia imedi viqonioT, rom gavigebT moTxovnebis bunebas, romlebic
sakuTar Tavs warmoaCenen politikuri mowesrigebisaTvis, Tuki ar
viqnebiT mzad sistematurad da intensiurad vikvlioT maTi kavSiri
kulturasTan. ai, es mqonda saTqmeli kulturis damatebebis Sesaxeb,
Sesaferisi modifikaciebiT, politikuri sistemis garemos sxva
nawilebisadmi.
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magram yvela moTxovna rodi iRebs saTaves an gaaCnia sakuTari
mTavari adgilmdebareoba garemoSi. mniSvnelovani tipebi yalibdeba
sakuTriv politikuri sistemis SigniT momxdari situaciebidan.
tipurad, nebismier gangrZobad sistemaSi moTxovnebi SeiZleba
warmoiqnas sakuTriv wevrebis politikuri urTierTobebis
cvalebadobisgan, rogorc Sedegi daukmayofileblobisa, romelic
yalibdeba am urTierTobebis Sedegad. magaliTad, politikur
sistemaSi, romelic warmomadgenlobiTobas efuZneba, romelSic
Tanabari warmomadgenloba mniSvnelovani politikuri normaa,
moTxovnebi SeiZleba gaCndes saqalaqo da sasoflo saarCevno
adgilebis warmomadgenlobis gaTanabrebasTan dakavSirebiT. msgavsad,
moTxovnebi formaluri politikuri liderebis rekrutirebis procesis
cvlilebebisa, im gzis modificirebisa, romliTac konstuticiebi
umjobesdeba da sxva mravali msgavsi, SeiZleba iyos Sinaganad
ganpirobebuli moTxovnebi.
me sasargeblod da aucileblad vTvli maT gamosxvavebas
garegani moTxovnebisgan, vinaidan isini warmoadgens, sizuste rom
davicvaT, ara Senatanebs, aramed raRacas, romelsac SeiZleba vuwodoT
`Tanmxlebi Senatanebi~, Tu Cven miviRebT am damabrkolebel
neologizms da vinaidan maTi Sedegebi politikuri sistemis
xasiaTisaTvis ufro pirdapiria, vidre garegani moTxovnebis
SemTxvevaSi. amas garda, Tuki Cven ar gvecodineba moTxovnaTa am
klasebis gansxvavebis Sesaxeb, Cveni Zieba amao iqneba Sinagani
moTxovnebis rigis warmoqmnis axsnisa, Tuki Cven SemovtrialdebiT
mxolod garemosaken.
2. rogor gardaiqmneba moTxovnebi Sedegebad? ra gansazRvravs,
Tu rodis xdeba moTxovna seriozuli politikuri diskusiis sagani an
rCeba raRacad, romelic unda gadawydes privatulad sazogadoebis
wevrebs Soris? moTxovnis SemTxveva, iqneba is garegani Tu Sinagani,
aqedan gamomdinare, sulac ar gardaqmnis mas avtomaturad politikur
Sedegad. mravali moTxovna CanasaxSive kvdeba anda arafrismomatanad
arsebobs sazogadoebis mniSvnelobas moklebuli nawilis mxardaWeriT
da arasodes aRwevs SesaZlebeli politikuri gadawyvetilebis dones.
sxvebi gardaiqneba monagarad, Sedegad, romelic moTxovnaa, romelsac
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politikuri sistemis wevrebi amzadeben morigebisaTvis, rogorc
mniSvnelovan dRis wesrigis sakiTxs diskusiisaTvis sistemaSi arsebul
aRiarebul arxebSi.
gansxvaveba moTxovnebsa da Sedegebs Soris warmoSobs mTel rig
kiTxvebs, romelTa Sesaxebac Cven gvesaWiroeba monacemebi Tuki unda
gavigoT procesebi, romelTa gziTac moTxovnebi tipurad
transformirdeba Sedegebad. magaliTad, Cven unda gvindodes raimes
codna moTxovnasa da misi iniciatorebis an mxardamWerebis adgils
Soris sazogadoebis Zalauflebis struqturebSi, gasaidumloebis
mniSvneloba, rogorc Sedarebuli warmodgenili moTxovnebis
reklamirebasTan, moTxovnaTa Sesrulebis drois sakiTxi, politikuri
ostatobis an know-how-s floba, komunikaciebis arxebTan daSvebuloba,
SesaZlebeli wreebis ganwyobebi da gonebrivi mdgomareoba da
moTxovnebis iniciatorTa mier Seqmnili imijebi, konkretul
politikur sistemaSi Tu rogor unda moxdes maTi ganxorcieleba.
amgvar sakiTxebze pasuxis gacema SesaZloa gamoimuSavebs konversiul
indeqss, romelic asaxavs im moTxovnaTa rigis albaTobas, romelic
gardaisaxeba mimdinare politikur cxovrebaSi.
Tu Cven CavTvliT, rom politikuri mecniereba pirvel rigSi
dakavSirebulia gzasTan, romliTac avtoritaruli gadawyvetilebebi
miiReba sazogadoebisaTvis,maSin moTxovnebi imsaxurebs gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas, rogorc politikuri sistemebis Senatanis umTavresi tipi.
me azri gamovTqvi, rom moTxovnebi gavlenas axdens sistemis qcevaze
araerTi gziT. isini qmnian masalis mniSvnelovan nawils, romliTac
sistema moqmedebs. isini aseve warmoadgenen erT-erT wyaros
cvlilebisa politikur sistemebSi, ramdenadac garemos meryeobani
qmnis moTxovna-sawindrebis axal tipebs sistemisaTvis. Sesabamisad, am
yuradRebis gamaxvilebis gareSe moTxovnaTa warmomavlobasa da
determinantebze yovelgvari danakargis gareSe mkacrad ganvixiloT
ara mxolod sistemis operireba drois mocemul momentSi, aramed aseve
misi cvlileba specifiur intervalSi. politikuri sistemis rogorc
statikuri, ise istoriuli dinamika damokidebulia moTxovnebis
detalur gacnobierebaze, kerZod, maTi garemomcveli pirobebis
koliziaze.
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III . Senatanebi: mxardaWera
moTxovnaTa sawindrebi calke aRebuli araa unaris mqone
aamoqmedos sistema. isini warmoadgens mxolod pirvelad masalas,
romlebidanac produqcia, gadawyvetilebebad wodebuli, warmoebulia.
energia qmedebaTa an orientaciaTa formiT, rac xels uwyobs an
ewinaaRmdegeba politikur sistemas, masSi warmoqmnili moTxovnebi, da
misgan gamomdinare gadawyvetilebebi aseve unda Sevides sistemaSi mis
asamoZraveblad. am Senatans me vuwodebdi mxardaWeras. mxardaWeris
gareSe, moTxovnebi ar SeiZleba dakmayofildes an iqces konfliqtis
gamomwvevi miznebad. Tu moTxovnebze zemoqmedeba xdeba, sistemis
wevrebi, romlis movaleobacaa moTxovnaTa pilotireba maTi
transfomirebis gziT savaldebulo gadawyvetilebebSi da isini, vinc
miznad isaxavs gavlena moaxdinos Sesabamis procesebze nebismieri
gziT, unaris mqone unda iyos imedis damyarebisa sistemaSi sxvebisgan
mxardaWeraze. swored is, Tu ra donisaa mxardaWera, ramdenisgan da
politikuri sistemis romeli wevrebisgan, aris calkeuli da
mniSvnelovani kiTxvebi, romlebsac mokled Sevexebi.
ras vgulisxmobT mxardaWeraSi? SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom A mxars
uWers B-s, rodesac A moqmedebs misi saxeliT, anda rodesac is sakuTar
Tavs B-s miznebisadmi sasargeblod ganawyobs. mxardamWeri qceva aqedan
gamomdinare ori saxis SeiZleba iyos. is SeiZleba Sedgebodes
qmedebebisgan, romelic xels uwyobs sxva pirovnebis miznebs,
interesebsa da qmedebebs. Cven SegviZlia xma mivceT politikur
kandidats an davicvaT gadawyvetileba qveynis uzenaes sasamarTloSi,
am SemTxvevebSi mxardaWera gamoxatulebas poulobs Ria qmedebiT.
meore mxriv, mxardamWeri qceva SeiZleba Seicavdes ara garegan
aRqmad faqtebs, aramed qcevis im Sinagan formebs, rasac vuwodebT
ganwyobaTa orientaciebs; rogorc me viyeneb frazas, mxardamWeri
ganwyoba aris Rrmad fesvgamdgari damokidebulebaTa an
winaswarganwyobaTa rigi, an warmoadgens mzadyofnas qmedebisaTvis sxva
pirovnebis sasargeblod. is arsebobs, rodesac Cven vambobT, rom
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adamiani erTgulia Tavisi partiisa, erTgulia demokratiisa an
gansmWvalulia patriotizmiT. is, rac am frazebs aqvT saerTo, aris,
rom isini Seexeba pirovnebis grZnobaTa mdgomareobas. aranairi Ria
qmedeba araa CarTuli aRweris am doneze, magram CarTva is aris, rom
individma SeiZleba ganaxorcielos qmedebebi, romlebic Seesatyviseba
mis damokidebulebebs. rodesac CarTuli qmedeba ar momdinareobs Cveni
ganwyobis aRqmisgan, Cven vadasturebT, rom Cven sakmarisad Rrmad ar
SevWrilvarT pirovnebis WeSmarit grZnobebSi, aramed mxolod Tvali
gadavavleT mis zedapirul ganwyobebs.
mxardamWer ganwyobebs sasicocxlo sawindrebi aqvs politikuri
sitemis funqcionirebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis. magaliTad, xSiradD
iTqmis, rom brZola saerTaSoriso sferoSi warmoadgens daxelovnebas
adamianis gonebis zemoT. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, es WeSmaritebas
Seesabameba. Tu politikuri sistemis wevrebi myarad arian mijaWvulni
sistemas an idealebs, maTi monawileobis albaToba, rogorc saSinao,
ise sagareo politikaSi im gziT, romliTac Ziri eTxreba sistemas,
Semcirebulia didi faqtoriT. savaraudod, Tundac mniSvnelovani
provokaciis winaSe, fesvebgadgmuli mxardamWeri grZnobebi an
erTguleba SeiZleba prevalirebulad CaiTvalos.
Cven unda dagvWirdes tipuri meqanizmebis identifikacia,
romelTa saSualebiTac mxardamWeri damokidebulebebi
fesvebgadgmulia da gangrZobiTad gaZlierebulia politikuri sistemis
SigniT. magram Cveni upirvelesi amocana aris politikuri miznebis
gansazRvra da maTze dakvirveba imasTan kavSirSi, riTac mxardaWera
vrceldeba.
1. mxardaWeris sfero
mxardaWera sazrdoobs politikur sistemaSi sam obieqtTan
urTierTobaSi: sazogadoeba, reJimi da mTavroba. aq unda iyos rogorc
damokidebulebis da Tvalsazrisis daaxloeba, ise garkveuli
mondomeba qmedebisa TiToeul am sam obieqtTan dakavSirebiT.
ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani TanmimdevrobiT:
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1. politikuri sazogadoeba. arc erT politikur sistemas ar
SeuZlia ganagrZos arseboba, Tu mis wevrebs ar surT mxari dauWiron
jgufis arsebobas, romelic miznad isaxavs moawesrigos gansxvavebebi
an gamoitanos gadawyvetilebebi mTlianobaSi mSvidobiani qmedebiT. es
Tezisi imdenad aSkaraa – saqmis qona Cveulebrivad erovnuli erTobis
aRmavlobis faqtTan – rom is SeiZleba mxolod zedapirulad iyos
mimoxiluli; da is jer kidev warmoadgens pirobas, romelzec
damokidebulia nebismieri politikuri sistemis gangrZobadoba. am
fenomenTan dakavSirebiT Cven SegviZlia vilaparakoT politikur
sazogadoebaze. mxardaWeris am doneze Cven ar gvexeba sakiTxi, Tu
ramdenad arsebobs mTavroba da erTguleba konstituciuri
wesrigisadmi. am SemTxvevaSi Cven mxolod is sakiTxi gvainteresebs, Tu
ramdenad sakmarisad arian gansaxilveli jgufis wevrebi erTmaneTis
mimarT orientirebulni rom surdeT gaaerTianon koleqtiuri energia
maTi cvladi moTxovnebis mSvidobiani gadawyvetisaTvis...
2. reJimi. politikuri sistemis meore mniSvnelovani nawilis
mxardaWera energiis miwodebis saSualebas iZleva sistemis
moqmedebisaTvis. sistemis am aspeqts me vuwodebdi reJims. is Seicavs
yvela im mowesrigebas, romelic aregulirebs gzas, romliTac
sistemaSi CarTuli moTxovnebi gadawyvetilia da gzas, romliTac
gadawyvetilebebi efeqturi xdeba. arsebobs e.w. TamaSis wesebi, romlis
Suqzec sistemis wevrTa qmedebebi legitimizebulia da miRebulia
wevrebis didi raodenobis mier, rogorc avtoritaruli. Tuki arsebobs
Tundac minimumi poziciebis daaxloebisa am fuZemdebluri wesebis
mxardaWeris TvalsazrisiT – konstituciuri principebi, rogorc Cven
maT vuwodebT dasavlur sazogadoebaSi, sakmarisi harmonia ar
iarsebebs sistemis wevrTa qmedebebSi gadaitanon problemebi,
romlebic gamomuSavebulia politikuri sazogadoebisadmi maTi
mxardaWeris Sedegad. moTxovnebis mowesrigeba mTlianobaSi niSnavs,
rom cnobili unda iyos im gzis marTvis principebi, romelSic adgili
aqvs moTxovnebs Soris gansxvavebebis gadawyvetas.
3. mTavroba. Tuki politikuri sistema mzadaa gamoavlinos masSi
Cadebuli konfliqturi moTxovnebis gadawyvetis unari, ara marto
sistemis wevrebi unda iyvnen mzad moawesrigon konfliqtebi
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mTlianobaSi da miaRwion garkveul konsensuss mowesrigebis formis
marTvis wesebis Sesaxeb; isini aseve mzad unda iyvnen mxari dauWiron
mTavrobas, Tuki is ikisrebs konkretuli amocanebis Sesrulebas,
romlebic CarTulia molaparakebebsa da mowesrigebebSi. rodesac Cven
mivdivarT sistemis Sedegebamde, Cven unda davinaxoT jildo, romelic
mTavrobis gankargulebaSia mxardaWeris mobilizaciisaTvis. am
TvalsazrisiT, me mxolod is msurs, rom yuradReba gavamaxvilo am
saWiroebaze mTavrobisaTvis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, Tu is mzad
aris gamoavlinos gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis unari moTxovnebTan
dakavSirebiT. ra Tqma unda mTavrobas SeuZlia gamoiwvios mxardaWera
mravali gziT: da, daTmobiT an manipulaciiT. man aseve SeiZleba Tavs
moaxvios moTxovnaTa aramxardaWerili mowesrigebebi Zalis muqariT.
magram politikur mecnierebis Cveulebriv aqsiomas warmoadgens, rom
mxolod Zalaze damyarebul mTavrobas amqveynad didi xnis arseboba
ar uweria; unda arsebobdes misi poziciisaTvis sayrdeni sasurveli
ganwyobebis SetaniT mis subieqtebSi samarTliani an arawesieri
saSualebebiT.
faqti, rom politikuri sistemisadmi mimarTuli mxardaWera
SeiZleba konceptualurad daiyos sam elementad – mxardaWera
sazogadoebisaTvis, reJimisaTvis da mTavrobisaTvis – ar niSnavs, ra
Tqma unda, rom konkretul SemTxvevaSi mxardaWera TiToeuli am sami
obieqtisadmi damoukidebelia. sinamdvileSi, Cven unda SegveZlos da
normalur viTarebaSi SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom mxardaWeris samive
saxeoba mWidrodaa erTmaneTSi gadaxlarTuli, imdenad, rom erT-erTi
arseboba TavisTavad ganapirobebs erT-erTis an orive danarCenis
arsebobas...
2. raodenoba da mxardaWeris are
ramdenad esaWiroeba mxardaWeras, rom CarTuli iyos sistemaSi
da ramden mis wevrs esaWiroeba xeli Seuwyos am mxardaWeras, Tuki
sistemas aqvs unari Seasrulos Tavisi saqme moTxovnebis gardaqmnisa
gadawyvetilebebad? aranairi mza pasuxi ar arsebobs. arsebulma
situaciam nebismier mocemul SemTxvevaSi unda gansazRvros saWiro
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raodenoba da are. Tumca Cven SegviZlia vizualurad warmovidginoT
situaciebis garkveuli raodenoba, romlebic sasargeblo iqneba Cveni
yuradRebisaTvis SesaZlebeli ganzogadoebebisaTvis mimarTulebis
micemaSi.
zogierT garemoebebSi metad mcire raodenobis wevrebs
esaWiroebaT sistemis mxardaWera nebismier doneze. wevrebi SeiZleba
iyvnen zarmaci an apaTiuri, indiferentuli sistemis saerTo qmedebebis,
misi progresisa da gadawyvetilebebis mimarT. iseT mWidrod
SekavSirebul sistemaSi, rogoric indoeTs hqonda, es SeiZleba iyos
wevrebis udidesi segmentis ganwyoba. im faqtidan gamomdinare, rom maT
ar exebaT nacionalur doneze gadawyvetilebebi an rom isini ver
grZnoben, rom maT es gadawyvetilebebi exebaT. maT SeiZleba mxolod
mcire mniSvneloba hqondeT arsebul reJimTan an mTavrobasTan amas
garda moTxovnaTa sawindrebTan identifikaciisaTvis da, sistemas ki
SeuZlia unaris mqoned iyos dasavleTze orientirebuli cnobili
politikosebisa da inteleqtualebis 3 procentis mxardaWeris
safuZvelze, romlebic politikurad aqtiurni arian. sxva sityvebiT,
Cven winaSe SeiZleba iyos patara umciresoba, romelic raodenobrivad
sakmaris mxardamWer energias debs, sistemam rom imuSaos. miuxedavad
amisa, Cven SegviZlia gavwioT hipoTezis riski, romlis Tanaxmadac
sistemis wevrebi CarTulni arian mraval moTxovnaSi da arsebobs didi
albaToba imisa, rom isini aqtiurad dauWeren mxars an
SeewinaaRmdegebian sistemis samidan erT-erT doneze, rac
damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra donezea es moTxovnebi ganxorcielebuli
aTvisebuli gadawyvetilebebiT.
alternatiuli gziT, Cven SegviZlia davinaxoT, rom sistemis
yvela wevri CarTulia mxardaWeris procesSi, magram raodenoba
imdenad mcire SeiZleba iyos, rom sistemis erTi an yvela aspeqti
safrTxeSi Cavardes. Tanamedrove safrangeTi SesaZloa amis klasikuri
ilustraciaa. mxardaWeris Senatani politikuri sazogadoebis doneze
SesaZloa adekvaturia safrangeTis SenarCunebisaTvis erovnul
politikur erTobad. magram mravalferovani istoriuli da
Tanamedrove mizezebis gamo, arsebobs safuZvliani eWvi imisa, rom
franguli politikuri sistemis wevrebi araferSi an mxolod mcired
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arian CarTulni, reJimis an nebismieri kerZo mTavrobis mxardaWeraSi.
mxardaWeris es dabali done, Tundac rom moicavdes mosaxleobis
SedarebiT farTo segments, frangul politikur sistemas ufro
naklebad usafrTxo safuZvlebiT tovebs, vidre es iyo indoeTis
SemTxvevaSi. am ukanasknelSi mxardaWera naklebad gavrcelebulia,
magram ufro aqtiuria, raodenobrivad didia umciresobis mxridan.
rogorc es magaliTi aCvenebs, mxardaWeris odenoba araa aucileblad
proporciuli misi gavrcelebis arealisa.
SeiZleba zemoTmoyvanili diskusiidan gamoCndes, rom politikur
sistemaSi ar aqvs mniSvneloba wevrebi mxars uWeren Tu Tavs ikaveben,
rom es aCvenebs mtrul ganwyobas an apaTias. faqtobrivad, wevrebs
SeuZliaT, da normalurad asec unda gaakeTon, erTdroulad CarTulni
iyvnen mxardamWer da mowinaaRmdege saqmianobaSi. is, rac aq Cven
gvainteresebs, aris mxardaWeris sufTa balansi.
IV. mxardaWeris meqanizmebi
am TvalsazrisiT, me gamovTqvam azrs, rom arc erT politikur
sistemas ar SeuZlia gamoiRos mniSvnelovani Sedegebi, romelTac Cven
vuwodebT avtoritarul gadawyvetilebebs, Tu ki moTxovnebis
damatebiT mxardaWera ar gamonaxavs gzas sistemaSi. me ganvixile
SesaZlebeli obieqti, romliskenac SeiZleba mimarTuli iyos
mxardaWera da zogierTi problema mxardaWeris sferosTan,
raodenobasa da aresTan dakavSirebiT. amjerad Cven mzad varT
SemovtrialdeT mTavari kiTxvisaken, romelic warmoiSva Cven
yuradRebis gamaxvilebidan mxardaWeraze, rogorc gadamwyvet
sawindarze; tipurad rogor axerxebs sistema mxardaWeris mudmivi
nakadis SenarCunebas? mis gareSe sistema ver miiRebda sakmaris
energias Tavisi wevrebisagan, raTa unari hqonoda gardaeqmna
moTxovnebi gadawyvetilebebad.
TeoriaSi, SeiZleba arsebobdes saSualebaTa dausrulebeli
mravalsaxeoba, romlebiTac wevrebi SeiZleba midrekilni iyon sistemis
mxardaWerisken; praqtikaSi, meqanizmebis zogierTi kargad gamocdili
saxe gamoiyeneba. kvlevas am sferoSi esaWiroeba iyos mimarTuli im
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zusti gzis aRmoCenisaken, romelzec konkretuli sistema iyenebs am
meqanizmebs da Cveni warmodgenebis daxvewa im gzis Sesaxeb, romelzec
isini xels uwyoben avtoritaruli politikis ganxorcielebas.
sazogadoeba mxardaWeras gamoimuSavebs politikuri
sistemisaTvis ori gziT: Sedegebis gziT, romlebic emTxveva
sazogadoebis wevrebis moTxovnebs da politizaciis procesebis
saSualebiT. pirvel rigSi ganvixiloT Sedegebi.
1. Sedegebi, rogorc mxardaWeris meqanizmi
unda gavixsenoT, rom politikuri sistemis monagari SeiZleba
iyos politikuri gadawyvetileba an politikis gatareba. erT-erTi
mTavari gza wevrebis maT sistemasTan kavSiris gaZlierebisa aris im
gadawyvetilebebis miReba, romlebic avlens tendencias misi wevrebis
yoveldRiuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebisa. fundamenturad simarTles
Seefereba erT aforizmSi motanili sicrue, romlis Tanaxmadac mavans
SeuZlia moatyuos mavani xalxidan garkveuli drois manZilze, magram
ara yvela dausruleblad. moTxovnaTa garkveuli minimaluri
dakmayofilebis gareSe, yvelasi, yvelaze fanatikuri patriotis
enTuziazmic ki, SeiZleba Caiferflos. Sedegebi, romlebic emTxveva
politikur gadawyvetilebebs, qmnis specifiuri stimulebis erTobas
sistemis wevrebisaTvis, raTa maT mxari dauWiron sistemas.
am saxis stimulebi SeiZleba iyos pozitiuri an negatiuri.
negatiuri saxiT, isini Seexeba sistemis wevrebs sanqciebis sxvadasxva
saxiT, dawyebuli fuladi jarimidan fizikur dakavebamde,
ostrakizmamde da sicocxlis xelyofiT damTavrebuli, rogorc Cven
sistemaSia kanoniT gansazRruli Ralatis mimarT. nebismier sistemaSi
mxardaWera energias iRebs sanqciebis an iZulebis SiSisgan;
avtokratiul sistemebSi iZulebiTi mxaradaWeris proporcia maqsimums
aRwevs. sivrcis moTxovnis Sesabamisad, me sakuTar Tavs mivandob im
SemTxvevebs, romlebSic pozitiuri stimulebi ufro farTo zomisaa.
ramdenadac sistemis specifiuri Sedegebia politikis
ganxorcielebis gadawyvetilebebi, mTavrobas ekisreba pasuximgebloba
gazardos Sedegebi an moaxdinos maTi balansireba moTxovnis
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sawindrebis winaaRmdeg. magram naTelia, rom sistemis wevrebis
mxardaWeris mosapoveblad pozitiuri stimulebiT, mTavrobas ar
esaWiroeba yvela moTxovnis dakmayofileba, Tundac misi yvelaze
gavleniani da Tavgadakluli momxreebisa. mTavrobaTa umravlesoba, an
jgufebisa, rogoricaa politikuri partiebi, romlebic miznad isaxaven
mTavrobaTa kontrols, erTmaneTs enacvlebian mxardaWeris rezervis
SeqmnaSi. es rezervi mTavrobas win waiyvans Tundac misi mimdevrebis
survilis sawinaaRmdegod, imdeni xnis manZilze sanam gagrZelebuli
mcire drois manZilze es mimdevrebi aRiqvamen kerZo mTavrobas im
raRacad, rac saerTo jamSi pasuxobs maT interesebs. erTi forma,
romelsac es sarezervo mxardaWera iRebs dasavleTis sazogadoebaSi
aris partiuli erTguleba, ramdenadac partia warmoadgens masobrivi
industriuli sazogadoebis tipur instruments mobilizaciisa da
mTavrobis mxardaWeris SenarCunebisaTvis. miuxedavad amisa, specifiuri
jildoebis aRmavali nakleboba politikis ganxorcielebis
gadawyvetilebebidan gamomdinare ganuxrelad iwvevs safrTxes, rom
yvelaze Rrma partiuli erTgulebac SeiZleba Seiryas.
aqedan gamomdinare, sistemas ar esaWiroeba daakmayofilos misi
wevrebis yvela moTxovna imdenad, ramdenad xangrZlivadac man moaxdina
mxardaWeris rezervireba mravali wlisaTvis. mas aseve ar esaWiroeba
Tundac misi yvela wevris zogierTi moTxovnis dakmayofileba. mxolod
maTi moTxovnebi, romelTa dakmayofilebac sistemam miznad unda
daisaxos, maTi moTxovnebis raodenoba da dro da pirobebi aris
sakiTxebi specialuri kvlevisaTvis. Cven winaswar SegviZlia vTqvaT,
rom yvela gavleniani wevrebis moTxovnebi mainc moiTxovs
dakmayofilebas. magram es Cven gveubneba mxolod mcires, Tu Cven ar
viciT, Tu rogor unda aRmovaCinoT gavlenis mqoneni politikur
sistemaSi da Tu rogor aRwevs wevrTa axali rigi gavlenis poziciebs.
mTavrobaTa gadawyvetilebebis kritikuli mniSvneloba sistemis
sxva ori aspeqtis mxardaWerisaTvis – kerZod politikuri
sazogadoebisa da reJimisaTvis – naTelia iqedan gamomdinare, rac
zemoT vTqvi. mxardaWeris yvela am ukandaxevas mTavrobisgan Sedegebi
moaqvs reJimis an sazogadoebis warmatebisa Tu warumateblobisaTvis.
magram mTavrobis myari uunaroba gamoiwvios damakmayofilebeli
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Sedegebi SeiZleba Tavisuflad gaxdes reJimis Secvlis an politikuri
sazogadoebis daSlis moTxovnebis mizezi. swored am mizeziTaa, rom
sawindari-Sedegis balansi sasicocxlo meqanizms warmoadgens
politikuri sistemis cxovrebaSi.
2. mxardaWeris meqanizmis politizacia
mcdari iqneboda imi miCneva, rom sistemis gankargulebaSi
arsebuli mxardaWeris done eqskluziurad gamomdinareobaTa funqcias
warmoadgens sanqciebis an jildoebis formiT. Tu Cven amgvarad
davaskvniT, Cven gaWirvebiT Tu gamovalT mravali politikuri sistemis
SenarCunebis mxardamWerad, romlebSic moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba
TvalsaCinod dabalia, sadac sazogadoebrivi iZuleba SezRudulia da
Sesabamisad, is gamyarebulia epoqaTa ganmavlobaSi. damatebiT, rTuli
iqneboda imis axsna, Tu rogor SeuZliaT politikur sistemebs
gamyareba da Sesabamisad marTva gadaudebeli moTxovnebisaTvis
arafrad Cagdebis an xelis SeSlisa, aqedan gamomdinare sakmarisad
aqcion quid pro quo mxardaWeris sawindrisaTvis. faqts is warmoadgens,
rom rogorc ar unda moxdes mxadaWeris maragis akumulireba
warsulis gadawyvetilebebiT, is gazrdili da gamyarebulia rTuli
meTodis mudmivad warmoebuli mxardaWeriT, romelsac unda vuwodo
politizaciis procesi. es mouxerxebeli terminia, magram miuxedavad
amisa gamocdil aRwerilobiT termins warmoadgens.
rogorc TiToeuli pirovneba izrdeba sazogadoebaSi
jildoebisa da sasjelebis erTobis saSualebiT, ise sazogadoebis
sxva wevrebi kavSirSi arian masTan da masSi deben sxvadasxva
institucionalur miznebs da am sazogadoebis normebs. es kargadaa
cnobili socialur kvlevaSi, rogorc socializaciis procesi. misi
moqmedebiT pirovneba swavlobs Tavis sxvadasxva socialuri rolebis
TamaSs. am miznebisa da normebis nawili kavSirSia imasTan, rasac
sazogadoeba sasurvelad Tvlis politikur cxovrebaSi. gza,
romliTac es politikuri modelebi Seiswavleba sazogadoebis
wevrebis mier, qnis imas, rasac me vuwodeb politizaciis process. misi
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saSualebiT pirovneba swavlobs sakuTari politikuri rolebis
TamaSs, romelic Seicavs saxasiaTo politikuri poziciebis SeTvisebas.
ufro axlodan davakvideT imas, rac xdeba politizaciis
procesis dros. ramdenadac sazogadoebis wevrebi izrdebian da
mwifdebian, maT unda SeiTvison sxvadasxva orientaciebi politikuri
sakiTxebis mimarT, romelTagan erTic miCneulia am sazogadoebaSi
arsebulad. Tu sazogadoebis wevrebis Sexedulebebi arCeul gzasTan
dakavSirebiT gansxvavebulia specifiur politikur situaciebSi
garkveul doneze, SeuZlebeli iqneboda erToblivi moqmedeba
savaldebulo gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. mowesrigebuli politikuri
sistemis sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis arsebiTia Sexedulebebis
garkveuli saerTo safuZveli im standartebTan dakavSirebiT,
romlebic gamoyenebulia politikuri SefasebebisaTvis, gzis Sesaxeb,
romelsac xalxma unda misdios sxvadasxva politikur sakiTxebTan
dakavSirebiT da gzis Sesaxeb, romliTac sistemis wevrebma unda
aRiqvan politikuri fenomeni da misi interpretireba moaxdinon.
meqanizmi, romliTac es swavla xdeba, TvalsaCino mniSvnelobisaa imis
gagebisaTvis, Tu rogor gamoimuSavebs da axdens akumulirebas
politikuri sistema mxardaWeris Zlieri maragisa. miuxedavad imisa,
rom, Cven ar SegviZlia CaveZioT detalebs, SeiZleba vaxsenoT mcire
nawili kavSirSi myofi ganzomilebebisa. pirvel adgilze, ra Tqma
unda, dgas is, rom politizaciis procesis swavla ar wydeba
individisTvis nebismier calke aRebul periodSi; is iwyeba bavSviT da
swavlebis Cveni codnis Suqze, SeiZleba hqondes Rrma Sedegebi ukve
siymawvilis xanaSi...
meore adgilze, politizaciis Tanamedrove procesi mis yvelaze
zogad doneze rTavs moqmedebaSi jilodoebis da sasjelebis
kompleqsur qsels. swori politikuri damokidebulebebis
aTvisebisaTvis da swori politikuri qmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad,
politikuri miznebis zogadad gaziarebuli interpretaciebis
SesabamisobisTvis da mocemuli sistemis wevris
institucionalizebuli movaleobebis Sesasruleblad, Cven sxvadasxva
gzebiT viRebT jildoebs an sasjelebs. SesabamisobisaTvis Cven Tavs
unda vgrZnobdeT Rirseulad, survilis mqoned, pativcemulad da
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xSirad miviRoT materialuri sargebeli, rogoricaa simdidre, gavlena,
SesaZleblobebi. dasaSvebi zRvaris qvemoT aRmoCenisas, Cven unda
vgrZnobdeT Tavs pativayrilad, uaryofilad, Rirseba Selaxulad da
xSirad vitanjebodeT materiluri danakargebis gamo...
mesame adgilze, saSualebebi, romlebic gamoiyeneba miznebisa da
normebis sxvebTan dakavSirebisaTvis avlens tendencias, rom
ganmeorebadi iyos yvela sazogadoebaSi. sxvadasxva politikuri miTebi,
doqtrinebi da filosofiebi gadascemen yovel Taobas miznebisa da
normebis gansakuTrebul interpretacias. transmisiis an jaWvSi
gadamwyveti damakavSirebeli rgolebia mSoblebi, da-Zma, Tanatolebi,
maswavleblebi, organizaciebi da socialuri liderebi, ise rogorc
fizikuri simboloebi, rogoricaa droSebi an totemebi, ceremoniebi da
ritualebi, datvirTuli politikuri mniSvnelobiT.
es procesebi, romelTa saSualebiTac kuTvnileba politikuri
sistemisadmi yalibdeba sazogadoebis momwifebuli wevris gonebaSi, me
avurie erTad politizaciis rubrikis qveS...
rodesac sabaziso politikuri kuTvnilebebi Rrmad
fesvegamjdari an institucionalizebuli xdeba, Cven vambobT, rom
sistema miRebulia, rogorc legitimuri. aqedan gamomdinare
politizacia efeqturad ajamebs im gzas, romliTac legitimacia
iqmneba da gadaicema politikur sistemaSi. da es empiriuli
dakvirvebaa, rom im instanciebSi, sadac politikuri sistema yvelaze
xangrZlivad inarCunebs arsebobas, mxardaWera sazrdoobs gazrdili
rwmeniT Sesabamisi mTavrobebisa da reJimebis legitimurobisa.
is, ris SemoTavazebasac aq vaxden, aris, rom mxardaWera, rCeba ra
mTavrobis legitimurobis mniSvnelobiT, reJimisaTvis gamoimuSavebs
aucilebel rezervs, Tu sistema ganicdis xSir qariSxlebs, rodesac
yvelaze TvalsaCino gamomdinareobebi sistemisa Cans, rom iwvevs ufro
did siZneleebs, vidre jildoebs. pasuxebi kiTxvebze, romlebic Seexeba
formirebas, SenarCunebas, transmisias da legitimurobis standartebis
Secvlas zogadad xels Seuwyobs im gzis gacnobierebas, romliTac
mxardaWera sakmarisad institucionalizebulia da amdenad sistemas
SeuZlia regularulad da Zalisxmevis zedmeti danaxarjis gareSe
moTxovnis sawindrebi gardaqmnas gadawyvetilebis Sedegebad.
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amgvarad, aq TvalsaCinod Cans politikuri cxovrebis
SeswavlisaTvis zogadi Teoriis aucilebloba. erTaderTi kiTxvaa, Tu
rogor unda ganxorcieldes es saukeTeso gziT. ar arsebobs
erTaderTi `samefo~ gza, romelzec SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze
swori an saukeTesoa. arsebobs mxolod sakiTxi, Tu ra aris xelT
arsebuli codnis mocemul doneze gamovlenilidan yvelaze
gamosadegi. am stadiaze Cans, rom sistemebis Teoria misi
mgrZnobelobiT Senatani-Sedegis gacvlebis mimarT sistemasa da mis
garemomcvel pirobebs Soris nayofier midgomas iZleva. es ekonomiuri
gzaa amJamad kavSirgawyvetili politikuri monacemebis
oraganizebisaTvis da iZleva saintereso dividendebis dapirebas.
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mankur olsoni
koleqtiuri moqmedebis logika
“eqskluziuri” da “inkluziuri” jgufebi
[avtori iwyebs jgufSi Sesvlisa da misgan gamosvlis sakiTxebis
ganxilvas]. es aris mniSvnelovani momenti; ekonomikis dargSi momuSave
firmebi, anu sabazro jgufebi, fundamenturad gansxvavdeba arasabazro
jgufebisgan Tavisi damokidebulebiT jgufSi Sesvlisa da misgan
gamosvlis sakiTxebze. dargSi momuSave firmas urCevnia ar dauSvas
axali firmebis imave bazarze Semosvla da unda, rom rac SeiZleba
metma amave dargSi momuSave firmam datovos igi. misi survilia dargSi
momuSave firmaTa jgufi maqsimalurad Semcirdes - sasurvelia jgufSi
mxolod erTi firma darCes: misi idealia monopolia. amdenad, mocemul
bazarze firmebi arian konkurentebi an mopaeqreebi. koleqtiuri
sikeTis (produqtis, good) maZiebel arasabazro jgufebSi an
organizaciebSi ki sapirispiro viTarebaa. Cveulebriv, rac meti
monawilis CarTvaa SesaZlebeli danaxarjebisa da mogebis gaziarebaSi,
miT ukeTesi. jgufis zomis zrda ar iwvevs vinmesadmi konkurenciis
gaCenas, magram man SeiZleba moitanos ufro dabali fasebi maTTvis,
vinc ukve jgufSia. am xedvis WeSmariteba aSkaraa yoveldRiuri
dakvirvebebidan. im dros, rodesac dargSi momuSave firmebi dastirian
konkurenciis yovelgvar zrdas, asociaciebi, romlebic awarmoeben
koleqtiur sikeTeebs arasabazro viTarebaSi, rogorc wesi,
miesalmebian axali wevrebis Semosvlas. amgvari organizaciebi zogjer
cdiloben gaxadon maTi wevroba savaldebuloc ki.
. . . [rogorc wina TavSi iyo naCvenebi sabazro da arasabazro jgufebi
saocrad hgvanan erTmaneTs] Tuki bazarze momuSave biznesmenica da
lobisturi organizaciis wevric waagaven erTmaneTs imiT, rom orives
azriT jgufis miznebis misaRwevad gaweuli nebismieri Zalisxmevis
Sedegi ZiriTadad jgufis danarCen wevrebs adgeba, maSin ratom
gansxvavdebian isini amdenad, rodesac saqme jgufSi Sesvlasa da misgan
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gamosvlas exeba? pasuxi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sabazro viTarebaSi
“koleqtiuri sikeTe” – ufro maRali fasi [firmebis mier warmoebul
produqciaze – red.] – iseTi bunebisaa, rom Tu erTi firma met
produqcias yidis am fasad, sxvebma unda gayidon naklebi, amdenad
sargebeli, romelsac is iZleva, gansazRvrulia miwodebiT; xolo
arasabazro viTarebaSi koleqtiuri sikeTisgan miRebuli sargebeli ar
aris gansazRvruli miwodebiT. fasis dagdebis gareSe mocemul
bazarze SeiZleba gaiyidos produqtis mxolod SezRuduli raodenoba;
sapirispirod, adamianTa nebismier raodenobas SeuZlia lobisturi
organizaciis wevroba imis gareSe, rom Semcirdes sxvebis mier
miRebuli sargebeli. sabazro viTarebaSi imas, rasac iRebs erTi firma,
Cveulebriv sxva veRar miiRebs. rogorc wesi arasabazro viTarebaSi is,
rasac moixmars erTi, SeiZleba moixmaros sxvamac. Tu sabazro
viTarebaSi firma yvavis, is xdeba ufro Zlieri metoqe; magram Tu
arasabazro jgufis wevria ayvavebuli, mas SeiZleba gauCndes stimuli
gadaixados koleqtiuri sikeTis Rirebulebis ufro didi nawili.
imis gamo, rom sargebeli, romelic sabazro viTarebaSi “koleqtiuri
sikeTisgan” - ufro maRali fasisgan – SeiZleba iqnas miRebuli,
gansazRvrulia, da, amdenad, SezRuduli, – rac sabazro jgufis
wevrebs ubiZgebs ecadon Seamciron jgufis sidide - am tipis
koleqtiur sikeTes aq davarqmevT “eqskluziur koleqtiur sikeTes”.
vinaidan koleqtiuri sikeTeebis miwodeba arasabazro viTarebaSi, amis
sapirispirod, avtomaturad izrdeba rodesac jgufi izrdeba, am tipis
sazogadoebriv sikeTes unda davarqvaT “inkluziuri koleqtiuri
sikeTe”.
amdenad, aris Tu ara jgufis qceva inkluziuri Tu eqskluziuri,
damokidebulia im miznis bunebaze, romelsac misdevs jgufi, da ara
misi wevrobis raime maxasiaTebelze. sinamdvileSi firmebisa an
individebis erTi da igive erToba SeiZleba iyos eqskluziuri jgufi
erT konteqstSi da inkluziuri jgufi meoreSi. dargSi moqmedi
firmebi qmnian eqskluziur jgufs, rodesac isini iswrafvian gazardon
fasebi dargSi warmoebis SezRudviT, magram isini qmnian inkluziur
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jgufs, da izidaven nebismier mxardaWeras, rasac gaswvdebian, rodesac
maT undaT gadasaxadebis an tarifebis Semcireba, an mTavrobis
politikis nebismieri sxva cvlileba. is, rom jgufis inkluziuroba
Tu eqskluziuroba damokidebulia konkretul mizanze, da ara
wevrobis raime mowyobaze, mniSvnelovania, vinaidan bevri organizacia
muSaobs rogorc bazarze (raTa aswios fasebi warmoebis SemcirebiT),
aseve politikur da socialur sistemebSi sxva saerTo interesebis
dasacavad. . .
Semdgomi gansxvaveba inkluziur da eqskluziur jgufebs Soris cxadi
xdeba maSin, rodesac dagegmilia formalurad organizebuli, an
Tundac araformalurad koordinirebuli moqmedeba. Tuki organizebul
an koordinirebul moqmedebas adgili eqneba inkluziur jgufSi, am
saqmianobaSi CarTuli iqneba imdeni monawile, ramdenis saSvelad
mozidva gaxdeba SesaZlebeli. Tumca ar iqneba aucilebeli (garda
marginaluri SemTxvevebisa, rodesac koleqtiuri sikeTe daaxloebiT
tolia masze danaxarjebis) rom jgufis yvela monawile CaerTos
organizaciaSi an SeTanxmebaSi. arsebiTad es xdeba imitom, rom imaT,
vinc monawileobs, aramonawilis gamo ar akldeba inkluziuri sikeTis
mogeba. inkluziuri koleqtiuri sikeTe ganmartebiT aris imdagvari,
rom mogeba, romelsac iRebs aramonawile ar iwvevs wagebas imaTTvis,
vinc monawileobs.
rodesac jgufi mimarTulia eqskluziuri saerTo sikeTis miRebaze
bazarze moqmedi firmebisa an organizaciebis SeTanxmebis gziT, anu Tu
adgili aqvs cxad an Tundac farul SeTanxmebas bazarze – viTareba
didwilad sxvaa. aseT SemTxvevaSi Tumca ki sasurvelia, rom dargSi
momuSave firmebis raodenoba iyos rac SeiZleba naklebi, TiTqmis
yovelTvis arsebiTia, paradoqsulad, rom iyos 100-procentiani
monawileoba imaTi, vinc rCeba jgufSi. arsebiTad es xdeba imitom, rom
Tundac erT aramonawiles SeuZlia miiTvisos mTeli mogeba, romelic
moyveba firmebis farul SeTanxmebas. Tuki aramonawile firmis xarjebi
ar izrdeba zedmetad swrafad misi warmoebis zrdasTan erTad, mas
SeuZlia zardos da zardos warmoeba raTa gamoiyenos upiratesoba,
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romelsac qmnis faruli SeTanxmebiT dadgenili maRali fasebi, manam,
sanam SeTanxmebuli firmebi, Tuki isini sulelurad SeinarCuneben
maRal fass, ar Seamcireben Tavis warmoebas nulamde aramonawile
firmis sasargeblod. aramonawile firmas SeuZlia waarTvas farulad
SeTanxmebul firmebs maTi SeTanxmebiT miRweuli yvela upiratesoba,
vinaidan mogeba, romelic moaqvs nebismier mocemul superkonkurentul
(konkurentulze ufro maRal – red.) fass aris gansazRvruli
moculobis; ase rom rasac is miiRebs, imas SeTanxmebuli firmebi
waageben. amdenad eqskluziur jgufebs axasiaTebT yvela-an-aravin
Tviseba, anu an unda iyos firmebis 100- procentiani monawileoba, an
SeTanxmeba ver Sedgeba. 100 procentis monawileobis es saWiroeba
warmoebaSi imave Sedegebis momtania, rac kenWisyris sistemisTvis aqvs
konstituciur normas imis Taobaze, rom yvela gadawyvetileba unda
iyos erTsulovani. rodesac moTxovnilia erTsulovani monawileoba,
nebismier erTeulovan “gajiutebuls” aqvs eqstraordinaruli gavlena
savaWrod; man SeiZleba miaRwios SesaZleblobas moiTxovos TavisTvis
udidesi nawili im mogebisa, romelic SeiZleba warmoqmnas nebismierma
jgufurma qmedebam. metic, jgufSi nebismier wevrs SeuZlia iswrafvos,
rom is “gajiutdes” da moiTxovos meti wili misi (aucilebeli)
mxardaWeris sanacvlod. “sijiutis” am stimulis gamo nebismieri
jgufuri qmedeba xdeba naklebad savaraudo, vidre is sxva viTarebaSi
iqneboda. is aseve gulisxmobs, rom TiToeul wevrs aqvs Zlieri
stimuli CaerTos vaWrobaSi; warmatebuli vaWrobiT mas yvelafris
mogeba SeuZlia, xolo warumatebliT – yvelafris wageba. es imas
niSnavs, rom bevrad meti vaWrobaa mosalodneli nebismier viTarebaSi,
romelSiac moiTxoveba 100-procentiani monawileoba, vidre imaSi,
rodesac raime sxva naklebma procentma SeiZleba miiRos monawileoba
jgufur moqmedebaSi.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom urTierTobebi individebs Soris
inkluziur da eqskluziur jgufebSi aris metad gansxvavebuli,
maSinac ki, rodesac jgufebi imdenad pataraa, rom erTi wevris
moqmedebas aqvs sagrZnobi gavlena nebismier sxva wevrze, da, amdenad,
pirovnul urTierTobebs aqvs mniSvneloba. eqskluziuri jgufis
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firmebs undaT, rom jgufSi iyos rac SeiZleba naklebi sxva wevri, da
amitom fxizlad akvirdebian sxva firmebs imis SiSiT, rom isini
Seecdebian mis amogdebas dargidan. TiToeulma firmam unda gaTvalos,
nebismieri moqmedebis warmarTvamde, xom ar gamoiwvevs is “fasebis oms”
an “mkvlelebis konkurencias”. es niSnavs, rom eqskluziur jgufSi
Semavali yvela firma mgrZnobiare unda iyos jgufSi Semavali sxva
firmebis mimarT, da mxedvelobaSi unda iRebdes maT SesaZlo reaqciebs
mis moqmedebaze. amave dros nebismieri jgufuri moqmedeba eqskluziur
jgufSi Cveulebrivad moiTxovs 100 procentian monawileobas. amdenad
dargSi CarTuli yvela firma aris ara mxolod mopaeqre danarCeni
firmebis, aramed aucilebeli partniori nebismier farul SeTanxmebaSi.
amdenad, Tuki dgeba nebismieri, ragind faqizi SeTanxmebis sakiTxi,
nebismieri firma dargSi SeiZleba monawileobdes vaWrobaSi an
“jiutobdes” ufro didi wilis misaRebad. firmas, romelsac sxvebze
ukeT SeeZleba gamocnoba, Tu ra reaqcia eqnebaT sxva firmebs mis
nebismier moZraobaze, miiRebs am vaWrobaSi mniSvnelovan upiratesobas.
. . . sxva sityvebiT, orive – jgufis sididis Semcirebis survili da
Cveulebrivi moTxovna nebismier farul SeTanxmebaSi 100 precentis
monawileobisa, zrdis oligopoluri reaqciebis intensiobasa da
sirTules. daskvna imis Taobaze, rom dargebi, romlebSiac firmebis
mcire raodenobaa CarTuli, iqneba oligopoluri erTmaneTze
damokidebuli firmebiT, rasakvirvelia nacnobia yvela
ekonomistisTvis.
aRsaniSnavia, rom ar aris kargad gagebuli, rom inkluziur jgufSi,
Tundac pataraSi, vaWroba an strateguli urTierToba bevrad
naklebadaa gavrcelebuli da mniSvnelovani. es nawilobriv imitom
xdeba, rom ar arsebobs vinmes inkluziuri jgufidan gagdebis
survili. aseve nawilobriv imitom, rom Cveulebriv araa moTxovnili
erTsulovani monawileobis msgavsi ram, amdenad inkluziur jgufSi
CarTul monawileebs ar axasiaTebT mcdeloba daikavon “jiutis”
pozicia, raTa miiRon mogebis ufro didi wili. es amcirebs vaWrobis
sixSires (da ufro savaraudos xdis jgufur moqmedebas). Tumca ki,
problema metad rTulia da ar arsebobs xerxebi zustad
215
ganvsazRvroT, Tu rogori intensivobis vaWrobaa mosalodneli ama Tu
im viTarebaSi, mainc metad sarwmuno Cans mtkiceba, rom inkluziur
jgufebSi bevrad naklebia strategiuli interaqcia, da damoukidebeli
qcevis hipoTeza xSirad aRwers am jgufis wevrebs sakmaod kargad.
216
maqs veberi
meurneoba da sazogadoeba
legitimurobis safuZveli
aqtorebma socialur wesrigs legitimuroba SeiZleba miaweron
Semdeg safuZvelze:
1) tradiciis: Zalis mqonea is, rac yovelTvis iyo;
2) afeqturi, gansakuTrebiT emociuri rwmenis: Zalis mqonea is,
rac axlaxans gacxadda an samagaliToa;
3) Rirebulebriv-racionaluri rwmenis: Zalis mqonea is, rac
deduqciis gziT gamoyvanilia absolutad;
4) pozitiuri dakanonebis, rac legaluradaa miCneuli;
5) aseTi legaluroba SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes, rogorc
legitimuri Semdegi mizezebis gamo:
a) is warmodgeba dainteresebul mxareTa nebayoflobiTi
SeTanxmebidan;
b) is dadgenilia xelisuflebis mier, romelic legitimuradaa
miCneuli da amitom mas emorCilebian.
1. Tu sazogadoebrivi wesrigis validuroba ganpirobebulia
tradiciis xelSeuxebeli siwmindiT, es legitimurobis
uZvelesi da yvelaze universaluri tipia. SiSi magiuri
ubedurebebis winaSe ganamtkicebs fsiqologiur TavSekavebas
adaTwesismieri qmedebis yovelgvari cvlilebisagan. amave
dros, mravalferovani interesTa jgufebi, romlebic
dadgenili wesrigis morCilebis aRiarebisaken ixrebian,
xels uwyoben mis samaradisod SenarCunebas...
2. axali wesrigis Seqmnisas Segnebulad tradiciidan amosvla,
Tavdapirvelad TiTqmis mTlianad ganpirobebuli iyo
winaswarmetyvelebis wminda WeSmaritebebiT, an, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, gancxadebebiT, romlebic winaswarmetyvelurad
iyo Seracxuli da siwminded aRiarebuli. es exeba berZnuli
217
aisymnetai-s principebsac. amdenad, morCilebas ganapirobebda
winaswarmetyvelebis legitimurobis rwmena. mkacri
tradicionalizmis xanaSi axali wesrigi, ufro zustad
wesrigi, romelic aseTad aRiqmeboda, SeuZlebeli iyo
xilvis gareSe, vidre ar gamocxaddeboda, rom es wesrigi
mudam WeSmariti, magram aqamde Seucnobeli iyo, an, rom is
droebiT miCqmaluli iyo, axla ki aRdgenili kuTvnil
adgilze.
3. Rirebulebriv-racionalurobaze dafuZnebuli legitimurobis
yvelaze sufTa tipi bunebiTi samarTalia. misi logikurad
gamoyvanili debulebebis gavlena realur qmedebebze
mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba mis idealur moTxovnebs, Tumca ar
SeiZleba imis uaryofa, rom maT mainc hqondaT garkveuli
gavlena. bunebiTi samarTlis debulebebi unda ganvasxvavoT
zevidan movlenili, dadgenili da tradiciuli samarTlis
normebisgan.
4. dRes legitimurobis yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli forma
legalurobis rwmenaa, dadgenili wesebis morCileba,
romlebic formalurad sworia da Seqmnilia Cveuli formiT.
am mxriv, gansxvaveba nebayoflobiT SeTanxmebaze dafuZnebul
wesrigsa da zemodan dadgenils Soris mxolod SefardebiTia.
imdenad, ramdenadac SeTanxmeba, romelic safuZvlad udevs
wesrigs, ar aris erTsulovani ise, rogorc es adre miaCndaT
saWirod sruli legitimurobisaTvis, wesrigi faqtobrivad
Tavs moxveulia umciresobisaTvis. am sakmaod gavcelebul
SemTxvevaSi wesrigi mocemuli jgufis SigniT damokidebulia
imaT damTmoblobaze, vinc gansxvavebuli azrisaa. meore
mxriv, umciresobisaTvis Zalze Cveulia ZaliT, an sxva, ufro
ulmobeli da windaxeduli meTodebiT wesrigis damkvidreba,
romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi legitimurad ganixileba maT
mier, vinc Tavidan mas ewinaaRmdegeboda. imdenad, ramdenadac
kenWisyra gamoiyeneba gamoiyeneba wesrigis Secvlis legalur
xerxad, umciresobisaTvis metad damaxasiaTebelia formaluri
umravlesobis mopovebis neba, xolo umravlesobisaTvis –
218
damorCilebis survili. am SemTxvevaSi umravlesobis
mmarTveloba sruli iluziaa. wesrigis, rogorc
nebayoflobiTi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze Seqmnilis,
legalurobis rwmena SedarebiT Zvelia da drodadro
gvxvdeba e.w. primitiul xalxebSi. magram mocemul SemTxvevaSi
am rwmenas TiTqmis yovelTvis emateba winaswarmetyvelebaTa
avtoriteti.
5. imdenad, ramdenadac erTi adamianis an mcire jgufis mier
dadgenili wesrigis morCilebis survili mxolod SiSisa da
mizanSewonilobis motivebidan ar gamomdinareobs, is
yovelTvis gulisxmobs wesrigis damdgeni wyaros
Zalauflebis legitimurobis rwmenas. (...)
6. ama Tu im wesrigisadmi morCileba TiTqmis yovelTvis
ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva interesebiTa da tradiciis mkacri
mimdevrobisa da legalurobis rwmenis najvariT, im
SemTxvevis garda, roca saqme gvaqvs sruliad axal
regulirebasTan. uamrav SemTxvevaSi, raRa Tqma unda, verc ki
dgindeba, Tu ramdenad aris damokidebuli aqtorTa wesrigs
daqvemdebareba adaT-wesebze, SeTanxmebaze Tu samarTalze.
aseT SemTxvevaSi sociologi unda ecados Camoayalibos
validurobis tipuri safuZveli.
219
bernard manini
warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis principebi
Tavi VI - warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis
metamorfozebi
zogjer amboben, rom dasavleTis qveynebSi warmomadgenlobiTi
mmarTveloba ganicdis kriziss. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda, rom
warmomadgenloba efuZneboda mZlavr da stabilur urTierTobas (ndobaze
damyarebul urTierTobas) amomrCevlebsa da politikur partiebs Soris;
didi umravlesoba amomrCevlebisa sakuTari Tavis identificirebas axdenda
partiebTan, da rCeboda loialuri calkeuli, konkretuli partiisa. magram
dRes, sul ufro meti da meti adamiani icvlis arCevans erTi arCevnebidan
meoremde, da sazogadoebrivi azris, Sexedulebis Seswavla aCvenebs mzard
raodenobas iseTi xalxisa, romelnic uaryofen identurobas romelime
arsebul partiasTan. partiebs Soris gansxvavebebi maTi warmoSobisas iyo
refleqsia socialuri dayofisa. Cvens droSi, piriqiT, iseTi STabeWdileba
iqmneba, rom swored partiebi iwveven (gansazRvraven) dayofebs (gayofebs,
danawevrebas) sazogadoebaSi, iseT dayofebs, romlebsac damkvirveblebi
miiCneven "xelovnurad". yoveli partia sTavazobda eleqtorats detalur
programas RonisZiebebisa, romelTa ganxorcielebasac pirdeboda
xelisuflebaSi mosvlis SemTxvevaSi. dRes partiebisa da kandidatebis
eleqtoraluri strategia dafuZnebulia nacvlad bundovani imijis
konstruqciebisa, gamokveTil Tvisebebze liderTa pirovnebebisa.
sabolood, Sedegad, isini, vinc dRes modian politikur wreebSi
gansxvavdebian danarCeni mosaxleobisagan Tavisi saqmianobiT, kulturiTa
da cxovrebis wesiT. sajaro scena aris aRmatebulad (sul ufro metad)
dominirebuli mediis specialistebiT, arCevnebis eqspertebiTa da
JurnalistebiT, romlebSic Znelia dainaxo sazogadoebis tipiuri,
adeqvaturi refleqsia. politikosebi Cveulebriv aRweven Zalauflebas maTi
media-talantebis gamo, da ara Tavis amomrCevlebTan socialuri msgavsebis,
an maTTan siaxlovis gamo.
ukanaskneli ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki XIXs-is II
naxevarSi, warmomadgenlobiTma mmarTvelobam ganicada mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebi. yvelaze aSkara maTgan (cvlilebaTagan), romelzec
koncentrirebulia warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis istoriaTa
umravlesoba, exeba xmis micemis, anu saarCevno uflebebs: sakuTreba da
kulturuli cenzi aRar iyo aucilebeli da xmis micema, kenWisyraSi
monawileoba ki gafarTovda. es cvlileba xdeboda kidev erT cvlilebasTan
220
erTad, paralelurad: masebze dafuZnebuli (masiuri) partiebis rolis
zrdasTan erTad. modernuli (Tanamedrove - igulisxmeba moderni - XVII-
XVIII ss-idan) warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba Camoyalibda organizebuli
politikuri partiebis gareSe. metic, bevri fuZemdebeli
warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobisa partiebs an "fraqciebs" ganixilavda,
rogorc saSiSroebas, xifaTs im sistemisaTvis, romelic maT Camoayalibes.
magram XIX saukunis meore naxevridan arsebobas iwyebs politikuri
partiebi, organizebulni eleqtoratis miswrafebebis safuZvelze, rogorc
konstituciuri, Semqmneli elementi warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobisa.
kidev meti, rogorc Cven ukve vnaxeT, damfuZnebeli mamebi uaryofiTad
ekidebodnen imperatiul mandats da warmomadgenelTa "instruqtirebis"
praqtikas, da maT hqondaT Rrma undobloba eleqtoraluri dapirebebis
mimarT, Tundac "ara-Semkvreli" (non-binding) tipisa - dapirebebisa. masiurma
partiebma, sapirispirod, aqcies politikuri platforma mTavar instumentad
eleqtoraluri Sejibrisa.
masiuri partiebisa da politikuri programebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis
zrdam, Cans, Secvales Tavad "warmomadgenloba" - misi gageba:
"warmomadgenloba" gaigeboda rogorc damakavSirebeli rgoli ori
punqtisa - erTdroulad - rogorc Tvisobrivi urTierToba
warmomadgenlebsa da warmomdgenebs Soris, da rogorc
urTierTdamokidebuleba marTulTa survilebsa da mmarTvelTa
gadawyvetilebebs Soris. amgvari gagebisas pirvelyovlisa,
warmomadgenlobiTi personali, nacvlad imisa, rom yofiliyvnen
warmoSobilni - gamorCeulni niWierTa da mdidarTa elitebidan, rogorc
es surdaT damfuZnebel mamebs, unda Sedgebodes principulad Cveulebriv
moqalaqeTagan, romelTac miaRwies Tavisi partiebis saTaveebs mebrZoli
aqtivobebis meSveobiT da saqmisadmi, miznisadmi erTgulebiT. metic,
warmomadgenlebi, ukve arCeulni, rCebodnen partiuli menejerebisa da
aqtivistebis kontrolis qveS, partiis Sida disciplinis Sedegad, da amdenad
warmomadgenelTa avtonomia, romliTac isini adre sargeblobdnen, Tavisi
mandatis periodis ganmavlobaSi, ganicdida zewolas. da polikuri
platformebi warmoCindeboda, rogorc damatebiTi Semdgomi SezRudva
warmomadgenelTa moqmedebis Tavisuflebisa.
swored es aris is, ris gamoc gviani XIX s-is damkvirveblebi axdendnen
axali rolis, romelsac partiebi da platformebi asrulebdnen,
interpretacias, rogorc dadasturebas, gamovlenas warmomadgenlobis
krizisisa. Sedegad, aqedan moyolebuli, warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba
identificirebuli iyo, rogorc "parlamentarizmi", an "liberaluri
parlamentarizmi". inglisuri sistema, rogorc is funqcionirebda 1870
221
wlamde ganixileboda, rogorc yvelaze ufro srulyofili forma
warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobisa. XX s-is dasawyisisTvis refleqsiebi
"parlamentarizmis krizisze" mravldeba. magram, TandaTanobiT xdeba
naTeli, rom Tu masiurma partiebma namdvilad moitanes "parlamentarizmis"
dacema da Sesusteba, warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba ar iqna dangreuli
da mospobili am procesSi. misi Semqmneli, fuZemdebluri makonstruirebeli
principebi, maT Soris warmomadgenelTa nawilobrivi avtonomia, jer kidev
agrZelebda arsebobas.
Semdeg damkvirveblebi mividnen im azramde, rom warmoiSva
warmomadgenlobis axali da sicocxlisunariani forma. is ar iyo
konceptualizebuli ise aSkarad da araorazrovnad, rogorc iyo
parlamentarizmi, magram misi identifikacia, rogorc Sinagadan Semqmnelisa
(makonstruirebelisa) da SedarebiT (relatiurad) stabiluri fenomenisa,
gamovlinda (iseTi axali terminebis CamoyalibebiT, SeqmniT, rogoric iyo
"partiuli mmarTveloba" anglo-amerikul TeoretikosebTan da
"Parteiendemokratie" (partiuli demokratia) germanel avtorebTan. yoveli am
terminTagani gamiznuli iyo imisTvis, rom gaeerTianebina erTi saTauris,
saxelwodebis qveS maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic ganasxvavebdnen
warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis axal formas parlamentarizmisgan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom zogierTi avtori Tavdapirvelad wuxda, Cioda
parlamentarizmis dacemis gamo, warmomadgenlobis axali forma sabolood
aRiarebul iqna progresad. is gansazRvrulad, mtkiced aRqmul iqna, rogorc
winsvla demokratiis mimarTulebiT, ara mxolod gafarToebuli
eleqtoratis, aramed im axali gzebis da saSualebebis gamoc, romlebiTac
warmomadgenlebi iyvnen dakavSirebulni eleqtoratTan. partiebma
moaxdines warmomadgenelTa miaxloeba miwierebasTan, dabal fenebTan,
gaxades ra SesaZlebeli nominireba kandidatebisa, romelTa socialuri
poziciebi, cxovrebis gza da saqmianoba iyo miaxloebuli maT (dabali
fenebis) CarCoebTan (formebTan). es cvlilebebi interpretirebul iqna,
rogorc progresi meti demokratiuli identurobisa da marTulTa da
mmarTvelTa Sesabamisobis (msgavsebis) mimarTulebiT. ufro metic,
ramdenadac saarCevno platformebi SesaZleblobas aZlevda amomrCevlebs
aerCiaT mTavrobis mimarTuleba, da ramdenadac, kidev meti, partiuli
organizaciebi axorcielebdnen gangrZobiT kontrols Tavis wevrebze
parlamentSi, CaiTvala, rom "partiulma demokratiam" gaaZliera roli
saxalxo nebisa sajaro saqmeebis warmarTvaSi. rodesac gaxda naTeli, rom
masiuri partiebi ar uTxridnen Zirs warmomadgenlobiT institutebs,
cvlilebebi, romelnic Tavdapirvelad saxifaTod Canda
warmomadgenlobisaTvis, reinterpretirebul iqna, rogorc xelSemwyobi
misi (warmomadgenlobis) gademokratiulobisaTvis. ise Canda, rom
222
warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba miemarTeboda (moZraobda)
warmomadgnlebisa da warmomdgenTa identurobis mimarTulebiT. uaryofil
iqna ra dawvrilebiTi SeCereba yuradRebisa imaze, Tu ramdenad Sors iyo
sistema wasuli, komentatorebi ufro metad iyurebodnen momavlisaken.
warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba, SeiZleba, ar iyo demokratiuli Tavidan
(dasawyisidan), magram axla (im dros) Canda, rom is aseTi xdeboda.
demokratia iyo horizontze. es progresi demokratiis mimarTulebiT
interpretirebul iqna, rogorc gavrcoba (gafarToeba) vigebis (Whig) istoriisa, an tokviliseburad, rogorc nabiji gardauvali winsvlisaken
Tanasworobisa da saxalxo mmarTvelobis mimarTulebiT, romelic mxolod
nawilobriv da arasrulad iyo implementirebuli liberaluri
parlamentarizmis mier.
ase rom, saintereso kuriozuli simetria warmoiSoba erTis mxriv
dRevandel, xolo meore mxriv XIX s-is bolosa da XX s-is dasawyisis
viTarebas Soris. axla, rogorc maSin, poulobs gavrcelebas idea, rom
warmomadgenloba aris krizisis viTarebaSi. es paraleli gvkarnaxobs
hipoTezas, rom Cven dRes mowmeni varT, albaT ufro naklebad politikuri
warmomadgenlobiTobis krizisisa sazogadod, aramed, ufro metad
warmomadgenlobis im kerZo, gansakuTrebuli formisa, romelic
Camoyalibda masiuri partiebis kilvaterSi. SesaZlebelia vifiqroT, rom
ganviTarebis tendenciebi, romelnic zemoqmedeben warmomadgenlobiTobaze
dRes, mianiSneben warmoSobas warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis mesame
formisa, iseTisa, romelic flobs iseTive zomis Sinagan erTianobas
(koherentulobas, Tanmimdevrulobas), rogorsac parlamentarizmi da
partiuli demokratia?
kidev ufro sainteresoa da kuriozulia, rom gamocxadebuli an
dadasturebuli krizisi warmomadgenlobiTobisa miewereba erozias bevri
maxasiaTeblisa (Tvisebisa), romelnic ganasxvaveben partiul demokratias
parlamenterizmisagan. es aris Tvisebebi, romlebic TiTqosda aaxloebda
warmomadgenlobiT mmarTvelobas saxalxo mmarTvelobasTan, kerZod,
amomrCevelTa identificirebas calkeul partiebTan da maT
warmomadgenlebTan parlamentSi, da warmomadgenelTa arCevas
platformebis safuZvelze. iTvleboda, rom tipi warmomadgenlobisa,
romelic iyo Semqmneli (makonstituirebeli) warmomadgenlobiTi
mmarTvelobisa misi warmoSobisas, samudamod iyo gadalaxuli (Secvlili).
masiuri partiebisa da platformebis roli Canda, rom iyo Sedegi
kenWisyris uflebis gafarToebisa, da ramdenadac ar iyo mosalodneli, rom
sayovelTao kenWisyra eWvis qveS dadgeboda (safrTxe daemuqreboda)
momavalSi, iTvleboda, rom warmomadgenlobis buneba daubruneblad
sabolood Seicvala. mimdinare ganviTareba gavfiqrebinebs, rom aseTi
223
prognozi SeiZleba iyos arakoreqtuli. masiuri partiebis mier motanili,
an maTi gavleniT momxdari cvlilebebi iyo albaT naklebad fundamenturi,
vidre iTvleboda. Cven ufro dakvirvebiT unda SevxedoT, davakvirdeT
bruns (cvlilebas, Semotrialebas), romelic asocirebulia partiul
demokratiasTan da SevadaroT is cvlilebebs, romelic xdeba dRes.
warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis istoria warmogvidgens, albaT,
Tanmimdevrobas, rigs, Sedegs or Stod gayofili sami formisa.
224
janfranko poji
saxelmwifo
misi buneba, ganviTareba da perspeqtivebi
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos buneba
organizacia, romelic akontrolebs garkveul teritoriaze mcxovreb
mosaxleobas, aris saxelmwifo, Tuki is: 1. gamocalkevebulia sxva
organizaciebisgan, romlebic moqmedeben imave teritoriaze; 2 aris
avtonomiuri; 3 aris centralizebuli; 4 misi qvedanayofebi
formalurad koordinirebulia erTimeoresTan.1
[Semdgom avtori komentars ukeTebs saxelmwifos am ganmartebas,
romelic Carlz tilis ekuTvnis, da, garda amisa, damatebiT ixilavs
saxelmwifos damaxasiaTebel im Tvisebebs, romlebic am ganmartebaSi
naxsenebi ar aris, da romlebic saxelmwifos ganviTarebis SedarebiT
gviandel etapze gaCnda]
1.
organizacia
. . . imisaTvis, rom politikuri Zalaufleba saxelmwifod iqnas
formirebuli, mas unda flobdes da axorcielebdes am miznisTvis
Camoyalibebul warmonaqmnTa erToblioba – wesebis erToba, rolTa
rigi, resursebis nakrebi – romelic mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli,
gamaerTianebeli da gaerTianebuli interesebisa da miznebis miRwevas
emsaxureba . . .
Tanamedrove saxelmwifos Camoyalibebamde politikuri Zalauflebis
floba qristianul dasavleTSi iyo xolme sxva tipis socialuri
Zalauflebis atributi; misi ganxorcieleba iyo privilegirebuli
adamianebis prerogativa . . . rac maTi maRali socialuri statusis
225
erT-erT gansaxierebas warmoadgenda. imave mizeziT erTguleba,
romelic mas unda warmoeqmna, danarCen adamianTa socialuri
damokidebulobis saerTo mdgomareobis ganuyofeli nawili iyo.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifo, warmoadgens ra organizacias, Tavs uyris
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis politikur aspeqtebs, asxvavebs, acalkevebs
maT sxva aspeqtebisgan da abarebs maT TvalnaTlivad Camoyalibebul
specializebul warmonaqmns. . .
diferenciacia
diferenciaciis cneba aracxadad warmodgenilia organizaciis cnebiT
– is maqsimalurad xorcieldeba maSin, rodesac mocemuli organizacia
asrulebs uklebliv yvela politikur funqcias da Tanac mxolod maT.
istoriulad, diferenciaciis yvelaze TvalnaTlivi da yvelaze didi
kamaTebis gamomwvevi magaliTi sekularuli saxelmwifos warmoqmna iyo.
saxelmwifo sekularulia . . . maSin, Tuki is icilebs nebismier
pasuxismgeblobas Tavis qveSevrdomTa/ moqalaqeTa sulieri cxovrebis
problemebis mogvarebaze da religiuri dawesebulebebis
keTildReobaze, xolo moqalaqeTa religiur rwmenasa da konfesiur
mikuTvnebulobas eqceva rogorc Tavisi saqmianobis mimarT
irelevanturs.
“saxelmwifosa da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis gamijvna” aris sxva, ufro
farTo xedva saxelmwifos organizaciuli diferencirebulobis
Camoyalibebisa, romelic ukavSirdeba mis dasavleTevropul
ganviTarebas meTvramete da mecxramete saukuneebSi. masSi
gansaxierebulia saxelmwifos mxridan aRiareba imisa, rom mis
Zalauflebas daqvemdebarebul qveSevrdomebs, aseve, SeiZleba hqondeT
arapolitikuri xasiaTis unarebi da interesebi, romelTa gamoxatva da
miRweva maT avtonomiurad SeuZliaT, da saxelmwifos mzadyofnas
areguliros da warmarTos Sesabamisi kerZo aqtivoba mxolod zogadi
da abstraqtuli gziT. pirvel rigSi es exeba moqalaqeTa ekonomikur
aqtivobas, vinaidan dovlaTis warmoeba da ganawileba metwilad kerZo
sakuTrebis institutis, kontraqtuli urTierTobebisa da bazris
226
prerogativaa, romlebTanac mimarTebaSi saxelmwifo funqcionirebs
ufro rogorc gare garanti, vidre rogorc dainteresebuli mxare.
kontroli iZulebis gziT
. . . saxelmwifos mier mosaxleobis kontroli, rogorc wesi, efuZneba
iZulebas. . . vinc da rac ar unda iyos CarTuli mosaxleobis
kontrolirebaSi saxelmwifos garda, saxelmwifo flobs saboloo
kontrolis uflebas, romelic potenciurad gavlenas axdens
individebis im interesebze, romlebic ukavSirdeba
keTilsindisierobas, usafrTxoebas, tkivilisgan da fizikuri
SezRudvebisgan Tavisuflebas TavisTvis da Tavisi axloblebisTvis. . .
suvereniteti
. . . saxelmwifo acxadebs da, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, mzadaa
daamtkicos, rom igi Tavis kontrols mocemul mosaxleobaze
axorcielebs sakuTari, da ara sxva romelime Zalauflebis meSveobiT.
is aranairi sxva organizaciis winaSe ar aris angariSvaldebuli am
kontrolis xasiaTisa da Sedegebis Taobaze. is axorcielebs am
kontrols Tavisi saxeliT, sakuTari resursebiT, upirobod. . . es
kontroli ar SeiZleba SeizRudos an Semcirdes samarTlebriv wesebze
apelirebiT, vinaidan amgvari wesebi Tavad warmoadgenen saxelmwifos
makontrolebeli saqmianobis aspeqts da mis suverenobas ganasaxiereben.
realuri ganxorcielebisTvis, saxelmwifos ufleba gaakontrolos
Tavisi mosaxleoba da teritoria SeiZleba SeizRudos mxolod misTvis
am kontrolis unaris de facto warTmeviT. anu, rodesac yvelaferi
naTqvamia da gakeTebuli, nebismieri SezRudva unda iRebdes
SeiaraRebuli konfrontaciis, Zalismieri Setakebis formas.
teritoria
. . . saxelmwifos mimarTeba sakuTar teritoriasTan orgvaria Tavisi
bunebiT. mas gaaCnia “materialuri” mxare: kerZod, teritorias tipiurad
unda gaaCndes geografiulad gamokveTili, fiqsirebuli, uwyveti
sazRvari, da iyos dacvadi samxedro ZaliT. magram mas aseve
“aramaterialuri“ mxarec axasiaTebs: dedamiwis zedapiris Sesabamisi
227
nawili xSirad idealizirebulad warmodgenilia “samSoblod” da
moiazreba saxelmwifos dedaazrad da mosaxleobis akvnad da
mSobliur saxlad. Tanamedrove saxelwifos ganviTarebis procesSi am
ukanasknelma mimarTebam dakarga sakuTrebis flobis Sinaarsobrivi
datvirTva: rogorc italiel iuristebs miaCniaT, saxelmwifos ar
gaaCnia teritoria, is Tavad warmoadgens teritorias.
rogorc wesi, saxelmwifos teritoria aris uwyveti, ar gaaCnia
anklavebi da aris SedarebiT farTo. evropaSi Tanamedrove
saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis yvelaze TvalnaTlivi aspeqti iyo
kontinentis politikuri ruqis mkveTri gamartiveba; 1500 wels is
Sedgeboda daaxloebiT 150 damoukidebeli politikuri erTobisgan,
xolo 1900 wlisTvis daaxloebiT 25 –gan.
[centralizacia, nawilebis formaluri koordinireba, saxelmwifoTa
sistema]
saxelmwifos “modernuloba”
. . . rodesac laparakia “Tanamedrove (modernul) saxelmwifoze”
zedsarTavi “modernuli” (Tanamedrove) arsebiTad zedmetia, vinaidan
saxelmwifos zemoTCamoTvlili maxasiaTeblebi ar moiZebneba arc erT
sxva farTomasStabian politikur erTobaSi, garda im erTobebisa,
romelTa formireba daiwyo evropis istoriis adreuli
Tanamedroveobis (modernis) xanaSi.
winamorbed farTomasStabian politikur warmonaqmnebSi politikuri
Zalaufleba sxvagvarad, da Tanac naklebad mkafiod iyo
institucionalizebuli. es warmonaqmnebi umTavresad gamoxatavdnen da
icavdnen ama Tu im mmarTvelebisa Tu dinastiebis konkretul
Zalauflebasa da interesebs. maTSi politikuri prerogativebi
warmoadgendnen privilegirebuli socialuri statusis ganuyofel
nawils. rogorc wesi, es warmonaqmnebi iyo struqturirebuli
Zlevamosili pirovnebebisa da maT mimdevarTa da momxreTa jgufebis
aramyar konfederaciebad, romlebsac hqondaT gaurkveveli an
228
cvalebadi sivrciTi sazRvrebi. Sesabamisad, politikur saqmianobas
aklda intensiobis, uwyvetobisa da miznobriobis is maxasiaTeblebi,
romlebic momdinareobs am saqmianobis miniWebisgan mkafiod
Camoyalibebuli, konkretuli teritoriisadmi mibmuli
organizaciisadmi.
garda amgvari warmonaqmnebisa arsebobdnen rTuli, organizaciulad
ganviTarebuli warmonaqmnebic, romlebic asrulebdnen politikur
prerogativebs SedarebiT mkafiod gansazRvrul teritoriebze. magram
eseni mowyobili iyvnen “imperiis”2 yaidaze, anu, rogorc aseTebi, ar
ganixilavdnen sakuTar Tavs sxva amgvarive warmonaqmnebis gverdigverd
arsebulad. . . amasTan, politikuri saqmianoba, romelsac aseTi
warmonaqmni misdevda, mxolod samxedro da fiskaluri miznebiT
Semoifargleboda,… . . da ar warmarTavda sazogadoebriv cxovrebas im
mizandasaxulobiTa da intensiobiT, rogorc amas Tanamedrove
saxelmwifo akeTebs.
[samSoblo. demokratiuli legitimuroba. moqalaqeobrioba]
saxelmwifo da kanoni
pirvel rigSi (magram ara marto) dasavlur sazogadoebebSi meTvramete
da mecxramete saukuneebSi saxelmwifos institucionaluri ganviTareba
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aniWebda saxelmwifosa da kanonis
urTierTmimarTebas. es iyo mravalmxrivi movlena, romelic
aerTianebda or aSkarad sapirispiro aspeqts. erTis mxriv, kanoni [or
SedarebiT Cveul socialur funqciasTan erTad iRebs mesame funqcias]
– organizebas ukeTebs politikur Zalauflebas da awesebs misi
ganxorcielebis gzebs3. meores mxriv, saxelmwifo, romelic didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi kanonis dacvaSi gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda, sul ufro
srulad da eqskluziurad iTvisebs kanonis Seqmnis prerogativas.
amdenad, im dros rodesac kanoni iwyebs monawileobas mniSvnelovani
politikuri procesebis formirebaSi, is imavdroulad kargavs Tavis
damoukideblobas mmarTvelebisgan, romelic adre gaaCnda rogorc im
229
wesTa da normaTa erTobas, romlis Sinaarsi da validuroba
momdinareobs religiidan, tradiciidan da korporatiuli jgufebis
spontanurad ganviTarebuli praqtikidan; is Riad xdeba politikis
keTebis produqti (da uciloblad instrumentic).
balansi, ase rom vTqvaT, politikis samarTlebriv kalapotSi Casmasa
da kanonis politizirebas Soris aris arastabiluri da cvalebadi; . .
. am ori movlenis, politikis da kanonis urTierTSerwyma sul ufro
Rrmavdeba (gansakuTrebiT mecxramete saukuneSi) da mniSvnelovan
gavlenas axdens am ori fenomenis bunebaze. amis maniSnebelia, sxvasTan
erTad, iseTi gamonaTqvamebis ideologiuri datvirTva, rogorebicaa
kanonis mmarTveloba, Rechtsstaat, samarTlebrivi pozitivizmi. (es
ukanaskneli gansakuTrebiT cdilobs gaaqarwylos sapirispiro, Zveli
droidan momdinare xedva kanonis bunebasa da sawyisebze, romelsac
qmnis “bunebiTi samarTlis” Teoria. unda gasces ra pasuxi saukunovan
kiTxvas imis Taobaze, Tu saidan momdinareobs kanonis (jus) validuroba
– imisgan, rom is aris samarTliani (jus quia justum), Tu imisgan rom is
aris gabatonebuli (jus quia jussum) is mkveTrad meore variants emxroba).
. . . rogorc Sedegi, gansakuTrebiT mecxramete saukunisa da meoce
saukunis dasawyisis kontinenturi evropis srulyofilad
ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi, saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
gadawyvetilebis miRebis mravali procesi xorcieldeba
maRalganviTarebul samarTlebriv ritorikaze dayrdnobiT; es
ritorika aseve xdeba instrumenti sajaro kamaTisa saxelmwifos
saqmianobis bunebis, masStabis, da zogadi an specifiuri miznebis
Taobaze. swored amitom xedavda maqs veberi Tanamedrove saxelmwifoSi
par excellence imis gansaxierebas, rasac is “samarTlebriv-racionalur
batonobas” uwodebda. saxelmwifos erT-erT yvelaze grZel
ganmartebaSi, romelic mas ekuTvnis, pirvel rigSi man Semdegi
maxasiaTebeli daasaxela: “mas [saxelmwifos] gaaCnia administraciuli
da samarTlebrivi wesrigi, romelic SeiZleba Seicvalos
kanonmdeblobiT, da romelzedac orientirebulia aseve
230
samarTlebrivad kontrolirebuli administraciuli aparatis
organizebuli saqmiqnoba.”4
biurokratia
. . . [organizaciis biurokratiul modelSi] nebismieri Tanamdebobis
dasakaveblad aucilebel ZiriTad kvalifikacias warmoadgens
Sesabamisi direqtivebis codna da aseve im inteleqtualuri
teqnologiebis floba, romlebic Svelis am direqtivebis
interpretirebas, naklebad zogad direqtivebad konkretizebas, im
viTarebis formirebas, romlebsac isini unda eyrdnobodnen, da,
sabolood, maT ganxorcielebas. igulisxmeba, rom TanamdebobaTa
sistemis ierarqiuli mowyoba SesabamisobaSia amgvari codnisa da
teqnikuri unarebis flobis ierarqiasTan. igulisxmeba, rom orive aris
Seswavladi, swavlebadi da Semowmebadi.
mravali evropuli saxelmwifos ganviTarebis msvlelobaSi arsebobda
warmodgena, rom saxelmwifos administraciuli saqmianobis
gansaxorcieleblad yvelaze saWiro codna iyo samarTlebrivi codna.
amgvari warmodgenis arseboba nairnairi mizezebiT SeiZleba aixsnas:
sistematizebis maRali done, romelsac samarTlebriv codnas
universitetebi aniWeben; samarTlebrivi codnis inteleqtualuri
daxvewiloba da kulturuli prestiJi . . .Sinagani kavSiri, romelsac
pouloben politikur saqmianobasa da kanonis fenomens Soris.
Tumca, ar unda gadavafasoT kanonis mniSvneloba administraciuli
saqmianobis warmarTvaSi. jer erTi, inglisurenovan qveynebSi mas
arasdros hqonia iseTi gavlena, rogorc sxva dasavlur qveynebSi.
metic, am qveynebSic ki, gansakuTrebiT ki meoce saukuneSi, mas mouwia
konkurireba codnis arasamarTlebriv formebTan. . . ase, saxelmwifos
ganviTarebis SedarebiT adreul stadiebze calkeuli saxelmwifoebi
cdilobdnen SeegrovebinaT monacemebi demografiul da ekonomikur
mdgomareobaze . . . da yofiliyvnen saqmis kursSi warmoebis
materialuri da organizaciuli teqnologiis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. . .
231
liberaluri demokratiebi meoce saukuneSi
saxelmwifos saqmianobis gafarToeba
[meoce saukunis industrializebul sazogadoebebSi saxelmwifoTa
saqmianobis tipisa da struqturuli dizainis modificireba]:
saxelmwifos Semadgenel institutTa zomisa da mravalferovnebis
zrda da maTi aqtiuri monawileoba uzomod gafarToebul da
diferencirebul sazogadoebriv aqtivobaTa rigSi. . .
ganvixiloT, magaliTad, indikatorebi, romlebic asabuTeben
egreTwodebul vagneris kanons; am kanonis Tanaxmad saxelmwifos
xarjebs aqvT tendencia ufro swrafad gaizardon, vidre izrdeba
mTlianobaSi erovnuli ekonomika. did britaneTSi mTavrobis xarjebi
wlebis mixedviT mTliani Sida produqtis Semdeg procentul wilebs
Seadgenda:
1890 – 8,9%
1920 – 20,2%
1938 – 30,0%
1960 – 36,4%
1970 – 43,0%
1981 – 50,3%
1983 – 53,3%
an, Tu SevxedavT aSS-s, aq 1926 wlidan 1979 wlamde periodSi TiTqmis
gasammagda saxelmwifo xarjebis (federaluri, Statis da
adgilobrivi) wili mTlian erovnul prodiuqtSi.
1953 wlidan 1973 wlamde euTos wevr qveyanaTa mTavrobebis xarjebis
Tanafardoba erovnul warmoebasTan saSualod 34 procentidan 49
procentamde gaizarda.5
232
aseve arsebobs indikatorebi, romlebic asaxaven saxelmwifo
samsaxurSi dasaqmebulTa raodenobas. . . [wyaro: riCard rouzi]
tabula 1. saxelmwifo seqtorSi dasaqmebuli samuSao Zalis procenti
qveyana TariRi
1914 wlamde 1939 wlamde 1951 1981
didi
britaneTi
7.1 10.8 26.6 31.4
safrangeTi 7.1 8.9 16.0 32.6
germania 10.6 12.9 11.9 25.8
italia 4.7 7.8 11.4 24.4
aSS 1.5 7.7 11.8 18.3
R.Rouse, “The significance of public employment”, in Public employment in Western Europe, ed. R.Rose
(Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1987).
saxelmwifos saqmianobis diferencireba
saxelmwifos Sinagani diferenciaciis da misi saqmianobis
mravalferovnebis zrdis dasaxasiaTeblad Tavidan moviyvan
klasifikacias, romelic SemuSavebulia germaneli sociologebis mier.
renat menicis (Mayntz) Tanaxmad amocanebi, romlebsac saxelmwifos
saqmianoba pasuxobs, Semdeg xuT ZiriTad kategorias SeiZleba
mivakuTvnoT:
1. mocemul erovnul sazogadoebasa da sxva sazogadoebebs Soris
urTierTobaTa regulireba;
2. sazogadoebis SigniT calkeul an koleqtiur subieqtebs Soris
urTierTobebis regulireba;
3. politikur-administraciuli sistemis resursebiT uzrunvelyofa;
4. im momsaxurebis uzrunvelyofa, romelic SesabamisobaSia
koleqtiur saWiroebebTan, magram ar Sedis pirvel or
kategoriaSi;
5. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis warmarTva gansazRvruli miznebis
misaRwevad, rogorebicaa erovnuli integraciis zrda,
sazogadoebrivi Tanasworoba, ekonomikis zrda, jandacvisa da
ganaTlebis gaumjobeseba;6
233
saqmianobis pirveli sami sfero gansazRvravs saxelmwifos, rogorc
aseTs; evropul saxelmwifoTa “klasikuri” saministroebi Camoyalibda
swored am amocanebis sistematuri ganxorcielebisTvis. ase, samxedro
da sagareo saqmeTa saministroebs saqme hqondaT pirveli klasisadmi
mikuTvnebul amocanebTan, iusticiisa da Sinagan saqmeTa saministroebs
– meoresTan, xolo finansTa saministros mesamesTan.
aRsaniSnavia, rom udidesi nawili momsaxure TanamSromelTa da
danaxarjebis im zrdisa, romelsac mecxramete saukunis bolosa da
meoce saukunis dasawyisSi hqonda adgili, da aseve saministroTa da
maT qvedanayofTa Semdgomi ganviTareba, Sedegia saxelmwifos CarTvisa
momdevno ori sferos problemebSi, romlebsac manamde is ar
iTavisebda. sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos cneba, farTo
gagebiT. . . Seicavs bevr im saqmianobas, romelic am or klasterSi
vardeba. . .
safrTxe, romelic emuqreba erTobas da racionalobis
adgilis cvlileba
rogorc me avRniSne, saxelmwifos mWidro mimarTeba omTan da
garkveul teritoriasTan Sinaganad Seesabameba sakuTriv misi, rogorc
politikuri warmonaqmnis, arss. am mxriv SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
dResdReobiT ganviTarebuli movlenebi safrTxes uqmnian misi
instituciuri identurobis “myar” aspeqtebs. sxva movlenebi, SeiZleba
iTqvas, exeba mis zogierT “rbil” aspeqts, anu im - ufro kulturulad
ganpirobebul – da ufro Tanamedrove – gzebs, romlebiTac
saxelmwifo sazRvravs da amarTlebs sakuTar Tavs. . .
Tanamedrove viTarebis ramdenime aspeqtma saZirkveli gamoacala
saxelmwifos or maxasiaTebels, romlebmac adre ganapirobes misi
gansakuTrebuloba - da uzenaesoba – rogorc politikuri
Zalauflebis institucionalizebuli centrisa: esenia erToba da
racionaloba7. am or cnebas Soris arsebobs mniSvnelovani
konceptualuri gadakveTa da bevri konkretuli movlena, romelic
234
exeba erTs, mJRavndeba aseve meoreSic. magram isini aseve im zomamde
gansxvavdebian erTimeoresgan rom imsaxurebdnen cal-calke ganxilvas .
. .
erToba umTavresad axasiaTebs saxelmwifos struqturas, romelic
Camoyalibebulia mocemul teritoriaze politikur saqmianobaSi
CarTuli yvela sazogadoebrivi erTeulis erTaderT centrTan
sistemuri dakavSirebisTvis. am konfiguraciaSi centri flobs uzenaes
politikur iniciativas, aaqtiurebs da akontrolebs yvela am sxva
erTeuls, rogorc politikuri samuSao Zalis rTuli danawilebis
komponentebs, romlebsac igi erTianad marTavs da akontrolebs.
racionaloba umTavresad axasiaTebs saxelmwifos saqmianobis wess.
arbitrium da tradiciaze apelireba, rac saxelmwifoSi xangrZlivi
periodis ganmavlobaSi mmarTvelTa saqmianobis mTavar orientirsa da
sazoms warmoadgenda, unda Seicvalos moqmedebis racionalurad
awonil alternativaTa Soris gamiznuli, refleqsurad
artikulirebuli arCevanis gakeTebiT.
rac Seexeba erTobas – da aq Cven mxolod liberalur-demokratiuli
saxelmwifoebiT SemovifarglebiT – SeiZleba davinaxoT, rom meoce
saukunis ramdenime siaxlem seriozuli kiTxvis qveS daayena
saxelmwifos es nagulisxmevi Tviseba da upiratesoba. . . kerZod,
sruliad ararealisturi gaxda saxelmwifos warmodgena organizaciad.
. . maSinac ki, rodesac mxolod saxelmwifos administraciul aparats
vixilavT, masSi unda vigulismoT farTo, mravalferovani, kompleqsuri
organizaciuli garemo8. misi erTeulebi TavisTavad aris diskretuli,
didwilad avtonomiuri organizaciebi. . .
saxelmwifos struqturaSi Semaval administraciul komponentebs
Soris erTobis es rRveva gamowveulia ara marto maTi raodenobrivi
zrdiT da diversifikaciiT, . . is aseve momdinareobs im faqtidan, rom
bevri administraciuli erTeuli mWidro privilegirebul kavSirebs
amyarebs organizebul sazogadoebriv interesebTan, an TviT eseni,
235
Tavis mxriv, cdiloben gamoiyenon administraciuli erTeulebi
rogorc sakuTari placdarmi saxelmwifo aparatis SigniT.
es ori movlena, romlebic xSirad erTad Cndeba, sawyisebs qmnis
egreTwodebuli neo-korporativizmisTvis – termini, romelic farulad
miuTiTebs Tanamedrove saxelmwifo struqturebis tendenciaze ukan
daixion iseTi politikuri mowyobisken, romelic waagavs saxelmwifos
warmoSobamde an daxvewamde arsebul modelebs. Suasaukunovani da
Zveli reJimebis korporativizmis arsi xom yovelTvis mimarTuli iyo
politikuri Zalauflebis gadanawilebaze Zalauflebis metnaklebad
avtonomiur centrebze, gamoxatavda da icavda ra mosaxleobis
sxvadasxva seqciebis gansakuTrebul da winaaRmdegobriv interesebs.
igive gageba gamosWvivis, ufro gamokveTiladac ki, feodaluri
terminologiis gaTanamedrovebul moSveliebaSi. . . romelic
miuTiTebs, erTis mxriv, imaze, Tu ra zomamde gaxdnen saxelmwifo
institutebi erTimeoresgan izolirebuli da erTmaneTTan
konkurenciaSi myofi, xolo meores mxriv, imaze, rom sazogadoebrivi
prerogativebi uzurpirebulia kerZo (gansakuTrebiT, ekonomikuri)
Zalauflebis centrebis mier.
TiTqmis yvela liberaluri demokratiis originaluri konstituciuri
mowyoba gulisxmobs, rom sakanonmdeblo warmomadgenlobiTi organo
(xSirad ori palatisgan Semdgari) upirispirdeba administraciuli
aparatis am feodalur tendenciebs saxelmwifos yvela moqmedebis
warmarTvis, avtorizebisa da monitoringis gziT. magram am mowyobam . .
. ar gaamarTla.
. . . saxelmwifo aseve Cafiqrebuli iyo rogorc sazogadoebrivi
procesebis racionalizatori; politikuri funqciebis
ganxorcielebaSi, rac misi eqskluziuri prerogativa gaxda, misgan
moelodnen Sinaganad validuri kriteriumebis SeTvisebasa da
midevnebas. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom didi evropuli debatebi ratio status
(raison d’etat)-is Sesaxeb Tanadrouli iyo termini “saxelmwifos” da misi
eqvivalentebis difuziisa sxvadasxva evropul enebSi. magram am
236
debatebis samizne metad viwro iyo: arsebiTad igi daiyvaneboda
negatiur daskvanze imis Taobaze, rom mmarTvelma ar unda miiRos
mxedvelobaSi religiuri da moraluri mosazrebebi rodesac zrunavs
sivrcis sidiadeze da usafrTxoebaze; pozitiurad igi am saqmianobis
racionalobis sawyisebs xedavda umTavresad mmarTvelis pirovnul
TvisebebSi (mis virtu-Si, makiavelis terminologias Tu moviSveliebT).
politikuri Zalauflebis sul ufro mtkice institucionalizebis
kvalobaze, politikuri saqmianobis mravalferovnebisa da uwyvetobis
zrdasTan erTad, racionalobas, romelsac unda waremarTa igi, unda
moeZebna sxva wyaro, naklebad personificirebuli, ufro sajaro, ufro
miswavdomi saxelmwifos sxvadasxva agentebisTvis da sistemuri
saqmianobisadmi ufro mgrZnobiare. Cemi SexedulebiT, Ziebam – Tu ra
sawyisebs unda dafuZneboda saxelmwifos saqmianobis
racionalizebisTvis saWiro kriteriumebi - oTxi erTmaneTis
miyolebiTi gadawyveta hpova; es pasuxebi iyo miyolebiTi, vinaidan
Tumca ki TiToeuli pasuxi garkveulwilad gamoCnda saxelmwifos
Senebis procesis specifiur, mniSvnelovan aspeqtebsa da fazebSi,
TiToeuli maTgani droTa ganmavlobaSi gaxda naklebad misaRebi da
win wamoiwia Semdgomis moZiebis problema.
pirveli wyaros moZebna asocirebuli iyo umTavresad absolutizmis
xanasTan; gansakuTrebiT srulyofili artikulireba man hpova
germanul teritoriebze: is ixilavda kanons saxelmwifos
racionalobis ZiriTad wyarod. kanonebis codna da samarTlebrivi
meTodebis floba iyo is ZiriTadi xelobebi, romlebic yvela donis
saxelmwifo agentebs aZlevdnen saSualebas CamoeyalibebinaT da
gamoeyenebinaT swori pasuxebi im kiTxvaTa umravlesobaze, romlebic
politikur praqtikaSi Cndeboda. kanonebis formireba unda yofiliyo
suverenobis upirvelesi niSani, xolo maTi sawyisi unda yofiliyo
racionaluri samarTlebrivi principebi, romlebic RmerTis da/an
bunebis diqtatiT iyo ganpirobebuli. mocemul saxelmwifoSi moqmed
kanonTa erToblioba qmnida erTian koherentul sistemas, da, rogorc
aseTi, Tavis mxriv saxelmwifos erTianobas uzrunvelyofda.
237
kanonis am xedvam da masze dayrdnobam saxelmwifos saqmianobis
racionalizebis uzrunvelsayofad TandaTan diskreditacia ganicada
misi warmoqmnis drois Semdgom periodSi. amJamad CvenTvis imis
warmodgenac ki Znelia, Tu ra donemde ganasaxierebda kanoni
meTvramete saukunis evropel inteleqtualTa da saxelmwifo
moRvaweTa ramdenime Taobis TvalSi universalurad validur codnas
par excellence. saxelmwifoebi kvlavac ayalibeben da iyeneben kanonebs,
magram iuristebic ki aRar ityueben Tavs imiT, rom es kanonebi qmnian,
am sityvis raime gonivruli mniSvnelobiT, sistemas. sazogadoebis
TvalSi, kanonTa umravlesoba ar gamoiyureba raime Sinagani
racionalobis Semcvelad, aramed erT seqtorul interess gamoxataven,
romelmac sxvebze upiratesoba wmindad Tavisi gavlenisa da zewolis
ukeTesi Tvisebebis meSveobiT moipova.
im droisaTvis, rodesac gaqra kanonis, rogorc Sinaganad racionaluri
sistemis, rwmena, kanonze apelireba kvlavac SeiZleba gamoiyurebodes
saxelmwifos yoveldRiuri saqmianobis racionalizebis gzad (piradad
me mas kvlavac am miznisaTvis farTod gamosadegad vixilav), Tuki
mxedvelobidan ar gavuSvebT imas, rom is ver pasuxobs winmswreb
problemas imis Taobaze, Tu ranairi kanoni unda Camoyalibdes da,
ufro farTod, ra politika unda gatardes saxelmwifos mier. ra tipis
racionaloba unda daedos safuZvlad am gadawyvetilebebs? am kiTxvaze
pasuxis gacema ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos formirebis liberalur fazas
da misTvis es gadawyvetilebebi arian formirebuli SexedulebebiT, da
ara damkvidrebuli codniT; magram arCevanis gakeTebas moqiSpe
Sexedulebebs Soris igi andobs diskusiis Ria process, sxvadasxva
Sexedulebis mqone mxareTa diskursiul konfrontacias.9
racionalurad moqmedi saxelmwifos Seqmnis gasaRebi aris
ganaTlebuli, informirebuli, moazrovne sazogadoeba, romlis
TiToeuli wevri Tavisufalia mimarTos sxvebs raTa Camoayalibos
sakuTari Sexeduleba da moaxdinos gavlena sxvebze. es procesi,
gansakuTrebiT rodesac igi gvirgvindeba ufro farTo sazogadoebis
xmebis mopovebaze mimarTuli sxvadasxva SexedulebaTa sistemebis
238
konkurenciiT, sabolood qmnis - arCeul warmomadgenelTa aqedan
gamomdinare gadawyvetilebaTa gziT – racionalur Senatans politikis
formirebaSi, da, rogorc ki politika formirebulia, iqmneba
samarTlebrivi racionaloba.
kidev erTxel avRniSnav, rom es iyo istoriulad mniSvnelovani pasuxi,
magram es samudamod ar gagrZelebula. mas safuZvlad edo warmodgena,
rom racionaluri politikuri diskursi SeiZleba warmarTuliyo
mxolod qveynis zrdasruli mamrakacebis umciresobaSi, romelic
iqmneboda qonebisa da ganaTlebis parametrebiT – warmodgena, romelic,
jer erTi, iyo qedmaRluri, xolo SemdgomSi nebismier SemTxvevaSi
gaxda irelevanturi - politikaSi masebis CarTvis gamo da
organizebuli partiebis Tanmdevi ganviTarebis mizeziT, ramac
saparlamento procesze Tavisi zegavlena moaxdina.
metic, dResdReobiT, debuleba, romlis mixedviTac sapirispiro
politikuri Sexedulebebis Ria diskursul konfrontacias
uciloblad moyveba racionaluri arCevanis gakeTeba Sesabamis
politikur gadawyvetilebaTa Soris, iseTive aradamajerebeli gaxda,
rogorc racionaluri, erTiani samarTlebrivi sistemis cneba. rogorc
ukve avRniSne, masobrivi sazogadoebis informirebis, garTobisa da
dajerebis urTierTdakavSirebuli saqmianobebi gaxda didi biznesis
sagani, xolo sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis procesze gabatondnen
organizebuli interesebi da manipulirebaSi daspecializebuli maTi
saagentoebi. zedmetad xSirad, saarCevno kampaniis konteqstSic ki,
politiis winaSe mdgari mniSvnelovani problemebi arc ki moixsenieba,
aramc Tu xdeba sakmarisad mkafio msjelobis sagani, romelic
SesaZleoblobas miscemda sazogadoebas maTze sakuTari erToblivi
Sexeduleba SeemuSavebina. sanacvlod, kampaniebis yuradRebis centrSi
liderebis e.w personaliebi imyofeba.
mesame midgoma imisadmi, Tu ranairad unda moxerxdes saxelmwifos
saqmianobis racionalizeba, SesaZloa davinaxoT demokratizaciis
procesis garkveul konstruqciaSi, romelsac SeiZleba kibernetikuli
239
vuwodoT10. am procesis arsi dakavSirebulia imasTan, Tu ra zomiT
ixsneba saxelmwifo yvela doneze sazogadoebis mxridan moTxovnisa da
mxardaWerisaTvis ise, rom misma saqmianobam upasuxos mosaxleobis
mravalferovan, nairnair interesebsa da arCevanebs . . . am Sexedulebis
Tanaxmad, saxelmwifos saqmianobis racionalizebas axdens ufro misi
unari upasuxos socialur saWiroebebs, vidre misi angariSvaldebuleba
sazogadoebrivi azris winaSe . . .[es Sexeduleba] safuZvlad daedo
sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifos. . .
meoTxe pasuxs Cvens problemaze aqvs SedarebiT adrindeli fesvebi
sazogadoebis saqmianobaze ganmanaTlebluri azrovnebis garkveul
aspeqtebSi, romlebic periodulad aqtualuri xdeboda xolme momdevno
periodSic da gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda meore msoflio omis
Semdeg. am midgomis mixedviT, romelsac SeiZleba teqnokratuli
vuwodoT, mxolod mecnierebas SeuZlia politikis keTebis procesSi
racionaluri sawyisebis Setana.11
rawams am procesis dominanturi mizani identificirdeba ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis xelSewyobasTan, am miznis saukeTesod miRwevis, Tanmdevi
socialuri da garemos dacviTi daZabulobebis minimizirebis, misi
upiratesobebisa da movaleobebis gadanawilebis, misi xelSewyobis
warmarTvis sakiTxebis gadawyveta SesaZlebeli xdeba eqspert -
konsultantebis Statis mier. es eqspertebi iyeneben ekonomikuri
gegmarebis, socialuri aRricxvisa da prognozirebis, politikis
analitikuri keTebis da a.S. axal teqnologiebs da Tavisi
gamokvlevebis Sedegebs miawodeben im saagentoebs, romlebisTvisac
isini muSaoben. politikosTa amocana xdeba im politikuri kursis
irgvliv konsesusis konsolidireba, romlis Sedegebi
identificirebulia rogorc optimaluri, da romlis midevneba,
amdenad, Sinaganad racionaluria imisda miuxedavad, esmis Tu ara
sazogadoebas Tu rogor (ris safuZvelze) ganisazRvra es kursi.
. . . teqnologiuri midgoma dainerga Tanamedrove liberalur -
demokratiuli saxelmwifos struqturisa da saqmianobis mniSvnelovan
240
aspeqtebSi. ase magaliTad, . . man gaawonaswora Tavdapirveli
uklebrivi mindoba kanonze codnis sxva wyaroebisa da sazogadoebrivi
saqmianobis viTarebebis, miznebisa da Sedegebis Taobaze msjelobis
sxva formebis sapirispirod. man Seqmna ufro cocxali kavSiri
mecnierebis samyarosa da politikis sferos Soris da Seamcira
politikosTa mindoba partiul Sexedulebebze an moZvelebul
ideologiur diskursebze.
miuxedavad amisa, kvlavac saeWvoa, rom saxelmwifos radikaluri
racionalizacia momdinareobs am da amdagvari teqnologiuri
ganviTarebisgan. arsebiTad, Cveni mecnieruli codna socialuri
garemosi da sxva garemoebTan (gansakuTrebiT bunebisa da
fsiqologiurTan) misi urTierTqmedebisa ubralod jer ar aris
sakmarisad ganviTarebuli, ase rom politikosebs is ver uqmnis
saqmianobis sando safuZvels. . . .
metic, maSinac ki, rodesac gadawyvetilebebis mimRebebsa da maT
mrCevelebs marTlac gaaCniaT mniSvnelovani codna politikuri
strategiis SesamuSaveblad, es codna xSirad Sinaganad emsaxureba
ubralo moqalaqeTa saTqmelis gaqarwylebas . . . amdenad . . .
teqnologiur racionalizaciaze mindoba xdeba is faqtori, romelic
erTimeores aSorebs politikuri strategiis SemuSavebasa da
demokratiul politikas12. . .
1 C.Tilly, “Reflections on the history of European state-making”, in The formation of nation sates in Western Europe ed. C., Tilly (Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1975), 70 2 am warmonaqmnebze ix. S.Breuer, Imperien der Alten Welt (Kohlhammer, Stuttgart, 1982) 3 G.Tarello, “Organizzazione giuridica e società moderna”, mis Cultura giuridica e politica del diritto (Mulino, Bologna, 1988), 143-72 4 Weber, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft, 30 (Economy and Society, 56) 5 John Burton, Why not cuts? (Institute of Economic Affairs, London, 1985), 26 6 R.Mayntz, Sociologia dell’amministrazione pubblica (Mulino, Bologna, 1982), 62-3 7 ix. R.Ruffilli, “Introduzione”, in Crisi dello stato e storiografia contemporanea, ed. R.Ruffilli (Mulino, Bologna, 1979), 7ff 8 R.Mayntz, Sociologia dell’amministrazione pubblica (Mulino, Bologna, 1982), 103ff 9 ix. J.Habermas, Strukturwandel der Offentlichkeit (Luchterhand, Neuwied, 1962) 10 es midgoma iyo moxazuli – rasakvirvelia, termini “kibernetikulis” xsenebis gareSe – diurkhaimis mier mis leqciebSi sociologiaze. ix. E.Durkheim. Professional ethics and civic morals, (Routledge, London, 1958) 11 teqnokratiis sakiTxebze ix. W.Schluchter, Aspekte burokratischer Herrschaft Suhrkamp, Frankfurt, 1984) 12 S.Wolin, Politics and vision (Little, Brown, Boston, Mass., 1960) ch.10
241
karl marqsi
komunisturi partiis manifesti
burJuebi da proletarebi
dRemde arsebuli yvela sazogadoebis istoria aris klasTa
brZolis istoria.
Tavisufali da mona, patrici da plebei, batoni da yma, ostati
da qargali, mokled _ mCagvreli da daCagruli mudmiv antagonizmSi
iyvnen erTmaneTTan., eweodnen Seuwyvetel _ xan malul, xan aSkara
brZolas, _ brZolas, romelic yovelTvis Tavdeboda mTeli
sazogadoebis revoluciuri gardaqmniT an mebrZol klasTa saerTo
daRupviT.
istoriis winandel epoqebSi Cven TiTqmis yvelgan vpoulobT
sazogadoebis srul danawilebas sxvadasxva wodebebad, sazogadoebriv
mdgomareobaTa mTel wyebas. Zvel romSi Cven vxedavT patriciebs,
mxedrebs, plebeebs, monebs; Sua saukuneebSi _ feodalur batonebs,
vasalebs, amqris ostatebs, qarglebs, ymebs da masTan erTad TiTqmis
TviTeul am klasSi kidev gansakuTrebul safexurebs.
Tanamedrove burJuaziul sazogadoebas, romelic daRupuli
feodaluri sazogadoebis wiaRidan gamovida, rodi mouspia klasobrivi
winaaRmdegobani. man Zvelis alagas mxolod axali klasebi, Cagvris
axali formebi Seqmna.
magram Cveni epoqa, burJuaziis epoqa, imiT gansxvavdeba, rom man
gaamartiva klasobrivi winaaRmdegobani. mTeli sazogadoeba sul ufro
da ufro iyofa or mtrul banakad. or did, erTimeorisadmi uSualod
dapirispirebul klasad _ burJuaziad da proletariatad. ...
mrewvelobis manamde arsebul feodalur an amqrul warmoebis
wess ukve aRar SeeZlo daekmayofilebina moTxovna, romelic axal
bazrebTan erTad izrdeboda. misi adgili manufaqturam daiWira. amqris
ostatebi gandevnil iqnen mrewveli saSualo wodebis mier; Sromis
242
danawileba sxvadasxva korporaciebs Soris gaqra, man adgili dauTmo
Sromis danawilebas TviT calkeul saxelosnoSi.
magram bazrebi ganuwyvetliv farTovdebodnen, moTxovna sul
izrdeboda, manufaqturac ukve aRar kmaroda, maSin orTqlma da
manqanam moaxdines revolucia samrewvelo warmoebaSi. manufaqturis
adgili daiWira Tanamedrove msxvilma mrewvelobam, mrewveli saSualo
wodebis adgili _ miliioner-mrewvelebma, mTeli samrewvelo armiebis
winamZRolebma, Tanamedrove burJuebma.
msxvilma mrewvelobam Seqmna msoflio bazari, romelsac niadagi
moumzada amerikis aRmoCenam. msoflio bazarma uaRresad ganaviTara
vaWroba, naosnoba da saxmeleTo mimosvlis saSualebebi. aman, Tavis
mxriv, gavlena iqonia mrewvelobis gafarToebaze da, imdenad,
ramdenadac izrdeboda mrewveloba, vaWroba, naosnoba, rkonigzebi,
viTardeboda burJuaziac. igi adidebda Tavis kapitalebs da ukana
rigSi erekeboda Sua saukuneebidan gadmosul yvela klass.
Cven vxadavT, amrigad, rom Tanamedrove burJuazia TviTon aris
nayofi ganviTarebis xangrZlivi msvlelobisa, warmoebis da aReb
mocemobis wesSi momxdari mTeli rigi gadatrialebisa.
burJuaziis ganviTarebis TiToeul am safexurs Tan axlda
Sesaferi politikuri warmateba. burJuaziam, romelic warmoadgenda
daCagrul wodebas feodalTa batonobis dros, SeiaraRebul da
TviTmmarTvel asociacias komunaSi, aq damoukidebel qalaqis
respublikas, iq monarqiis moxarke mesame wodebas, Semdeg, manufaqturis
dros, Tavadaznaurobis winaaRmdeg sapirwone Zalas wodebrivs an
absolutur monarqiaSi da saerTod didi monarqiebis mTavar safuZvels
_ am burJuaziam, bolos, msxvili mrewvelobisa da msoflio bazris
damyarebis Semdeg, Tanamedrove warmomadgenlobiT saxelmwifoSi
brZoliT moipova TavisTvis gansakuTrebuli politikuri batonoba.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifo xelisufleba martooden komitetia, romelic
mTeli burJuaziuli klasis saerTo saqmeebs ganagebs.
burJuaziam uaRresad revoluciuri roli Seasrula istoriaSi.
sadac ki burJuaziam batonobas miaRwia, yvelgan daangria yvela
feodaluri, patriarqaluri, idiliuri urTierTobani. man
Seubraleblad daamsxvria is sxvadasxvanairi feodaluri jaWvi,
243
romliTac adamiani mibmuli iyo mis "bunebriv mbrZanebelze" da ar
datova araviTari sxva kavSiri adamiansa da adamians Soris, garda
gaSiSvlebuli interesisa, garda usulgulo "naRdi gadasaxadisa".
egoisturi angariSis yinulovan wyalSi CaaRrCo man saRmrTo
Jruanteli religiuri artkinebisa, rainduli aRfrTovanebisa,
meSCanuri grZnobierebisa. man piradi Rirseba sacvlel Rirebulebad
gadaaqcia da uTvalav naboZvar da keTilSenaZen TavisuflebaTa
adgggilas daamyara erTaderTi usindiso Tavisufleba vaWrobisa. erTi
sityviT, religiuri da politikuri iluziebiT miCqmaluli
eqsploataciis adgilas man daamyara aSkara, usircxvilo, pirdapiri,
tlanqi eqsploatacia.
burJuaziam wmindanobis Saravandedi axada yvela im moqmedebas,
romelsac dRemde sapatiod Tvlidnen da mowiwebis grZnobiT
ucqerodnen. eqimi, iuristi, mRvdeli, poeti, mecnieri man sasyidliT
momuSave Tavis daqiravebul muSebad gadaaqcia.
burJuaziam ojaxur urTierTobas misi mgZnobier-sentimentaluri
saburveli Camoafxriwa da igi martooden fulad urTierTobad aqcia.
burJuaziam cxadhyo, rom Zalis uxeSi gamovlineba Sua sakuneebSi,
rasac esoden aRtacebaSi mohyavs reaqcionerebi, Tavis bunebriv
damatebas ukidures sizanteSi poulobda. pirvelad man gviCvena, Tu
risi Sesruleba SeuZlia adamianis moqmedebas. man Seqmna sul sxvagvari
sakvirvelebani xelovnebisa, vidre egviptis piramidebi, romis
wyalsadenebi da goTikuri taZrebi, nam Caatara sul sxvanairi
laSqrobani, vidre xalxTa didi gadasaxlebani da jvarosnuli omebi.
burJuazias arseboba ar SeuZlia, Tu ar gamoiwvia ganuwyveteli
revoluciuri gardaqmna warmoebis iaraRebisa., maSasadame _ warmoebiTi
urTierTobebisa, maSasadame _ mTeli sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa.
piriqiT, warmoebis Zveli wesis ucvlelad SenarCuneba arsebobis
pirveli piroba iyo yvela winandeli mrewveli klasisaTvis.
ganuwyveteli gadatrialeba warmoebaSi, ganuwyveteli ryeva yvela
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebisa, mudmivi meryeoba da moZraoba
ganasxvavebs burJuaziul epoqas yvela winandeli epoqisgan. yvela
gaqvavebuli, Jangmokidebuli urTierToba da misi Tanmyoli, ZvelTagan
sapatiod miCneuli warmodgenebi da Sexedulebebi ingreva, yvela axlad
244
aRmocenebuli Zveldeba, vidre gaqvavebas moaswrebdes. yovelive
wodebrivi da uZravi qreba, yovelive wminda Semwikvluli xdeba da
adamianebi, bolos iZulebulni xdebian fxizeli TvaliT Sexedon
TavianTi cxovrebis mdgomareobas da TavianT
urTierTdamokidebulebas.
is moTxovnileba, rom rac SeiZleba meti produqti gaasaRos,
aiZulebs burJuazias mTeli dedamiwis zurgs moedos. man yvelgan unda
moikidos fexi, yvelgan moikalaTos, yvelgan kavSirurTierToba
daamyaros.
msoflio bazris eqsploataciis gziT burJuaziam kosmopolituri
gaxada yvela qveynis warmoeba da moxmareba. reaqcionerebisaTvis didad
samwuxarod, man mrewvelobas nacionaluri niadagi gamoacala.
nacionaluri mrewvelobisaTvis ZvelisZveli dargebi moispo da
dRiTidRe ispoba kidev. maT aZeveben mrewvelobis axali dargebi,
romelTa SemoReba sasicocxlo sakiTxad xdeba yvela civilizebuli
erisaTvis _ dargebi, romelnic ukve ara adgilobrivi nedleulis,
aramed dedamiwis uSoresi kuTxeebidan motanili nedleulis
damuSavebas ewevian da romelTa fabrikatebi ara marto TviTon im
qveyanaSi, aramed amave dros msoflios yvela nawilSi moixmareba. Zvel
moTxovnilebaTa adgilas, rasac samSoblo qveynis produqtebi
akmayofilebdnen, Cndeba axali moTxovnilebebi, romelTa
dasakmayofileblad uSoresi qveynebisa da sul sxvadasxva havis
produqtebia saWiro. Zveli kuTxuri da erovnuli karCaketilobisa da
sakuTari warmoebis produqtebiT dakmayofilebis nacvlad warmoiSoba
erebis yovelmxrivi kavSirurTierToba da yovelmxrivi damokidebuleba
erTmaneTisagan. da asea rogorc materialur, ise gonebriv warmoebaSic.
calkeuli eris gonebrivi nawarmoebi saerTo kuTvnileba xdeba.
erovnuli calmxrivoba da SezRuduloba sul ufro da ufro
SeuZlebeli xdeba, da mravali erovnuli da adgilobrivi
literaturidan erTi msoflio literatura iqmneba.
burJuazia warmoebis yvela iaraRis swrafi gaumjobesebiT da
usasrulod gaadvilebuli mimosvlis SemweobiT civilizaciisaken
miaqanebs yvela ers, TviT uaRresad barbarosulsac ki. misi saqonlis
siiafe _ ai, is mZime artileria, romliTac is Zirianad angrevs yvela
245
Cinur kedels da iaraRs ayrevinebs barbarosTa ujiutes mZulvarebas
ucxoelebisadmi. igi aiZulebs yvela ers warmoebis burJuaziuli wesi
SeiTvison, Tu ar undaT ganadgurdnen; igi aiZulebs maT SemoiRon
egreTwodebuli civilizacia, e.i. iqcnen burJuebad. erTi sityviT, igi
Tavis xatad da msgavsad qmnis mTel qveyanas.
burJuaziam sofeli qalaqis batonobas daumorCila. man Seqmna
uzarmazari qalaqebi, uaRresad gaamravla qalaqis mosaxleobis ricxvi
soflis mosaxleobasTan SedarebiT da amgvarad mosaxleobis
mniSvnelovani nawili gamoglija sofluri cxovrebis idiotizms.
rogorc sofeli qalaqisagan, iseve damokidebuli gaxada man
barbarosuli da naxevrad barbarosuli qveynebi civilizirebuli
qveynebisagan, glexi-xalxi burJuaziuli xalxisgan, aRmosavleTi
dasavleTisagan. ...
iaraRi, romliTac burJuaziam feodalizmi daamxo, axla TviT
burJuaziis winaaRmdeg miimarTeba..
magram burJuaziam ara marto gamoWeda is iaraRi, romelic mas
sicocxles gamoasalmebs;Mman is adamianebic warmoSva, romelnic am
iaraRs mimarTaven mis winaaRmdeg _ e.i. Tanamedrove muSebi,
proletariati.
imave zomiT, ra zomiTac burJuazia, e.i. kapitali viTardeba,
viTardeba proletariatic., klasi Tanamedrove muSebisa, romelTac
mxolod manamde SeuZliaT arseboba, vidre samuSaos pouloben da
romlebic mxolod manamde Souloben samuSaos, vidre maTi Sroma
kapitals adidebs. es muSebi, romelnic iZulebulni arian calobiT
yidon TavianTi Tavi, iseTsave saqonels warmoadgenen, rogoricaa
vaWrobis yovelive sxva sagani da, amitom Tanabrad ganicdian
konkurenciis yvela cvalebadobas, bazris yvela ryevas.
proletariati gadis ganviTarebis sxva da sxva safexurs.
proletariatis brZola burJuaziis winaaRmdeg proletariatis
arsebobis dRidanve iwyeba.
Tavdapirvelad brZolas ewevian calkeuli muSebi, mere erTi
fabrikis muSebi, Semdeg Sromis erTi dargis muSebi erT calkeul
adgilas calkeuli burJuas winaaRmdeg, romelic maT uSualod uwevs
eqspluatacias. isini Setevas awarmoeben ara marto burJuaziul
246
warmoebiT urTierTobebis winaaRmdeg, aramed Tavad warmoebis
iaraRebis winaaRmdegac: spoben ucxour saqonels, romelic maT
konkurencias uwevs, amtvreven manqanebs, cecxls ukideben fabrikebs,
cdiloben aRadginon Sua saukuneebis muSis dakarguli mdgomareoba.
am safexurze muSebi warmoadgenen mTel qveynebSi gafantul da
konkurenciis gamo daqucmacebul masas. muSaTa masobrivi SemWidroeba
jer kidev ar aris Sedegi maTi sakuTari gaerTianebisa., aramed Sedegia
burJuaziis gaerTianebisa.: burJuaziam sakuTari politikuri miznebis
misaRwevad mTeli proletariati moZraobaSi unda moiyvanos da amas is
droebiT axerxebs kidec. maSasadame, am safexurze proletarebi
ebrZvian ara TavianT mtrebs, aramed TavianTi mtrebis mtrebs,
absoluturi monarqiis naSTebs, miwaTmflobelebs, aramrewvel
burJuebs, wvril burJuebs. amrigad, mTeli istoriuli moZraoba
burJuaziis xelSia Tavmoyrili; yoveli gamarjveba, aseT pirobebSi
miRweuli, burJuaziis gamarjvebas warmoadgens.
magram mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan erTad ara marto
ricxobrivad matulobs proletariati; igi ufro did masad
mWidrovdeba, misi Zala izrdeba da am Zalas is ufro da ufro
grZnobs. interesebi da cxovrebis pirobebi proletariats SigniT
ufro da ufro gaTanabrebuli xdeba, ramdenadac manqana ufro da
ufro aqarwylebs Sromis sxvadasxvaobas da TiTqmis yvelgan
erTnairad dabal doneze Camoyavs xelfasi. mzardi konkurencia
burJuebisa erTmaneTs Soris da aqedan warmomdgari savaWro krizisebi
ufro da ufro meryevs xdian muSebis xelfass; sul ufro swrafi
ganviTarebiT mimavali gaumjobeseba manqanebisa sul ufro nakleb
uzrunvelyofils xdis muSebis mTel saarsebo mdgomareobas;
Sejaxebani calkeul muSasa da calkeul burJuas Soris sul ufro da
ufro iRebs ori klasis Sejaxebis xasiaTs. muSebi iwyeben imiT, rom
koaliciebs adgenen burJuebis winaaRmdeg, erTiandebian TavianTi
xelfasis dasacavad. isini mudmiv asociaciebsac ki aarseben imisaTvis,
rom saxsrebiT uzrunvelyon TavianTi Tavi SesaZlebel SetakebaTa
SemTxvevaSi. alag-alag brZola aSkara ajanyebad iqceva.
muSebi drodadro imarjveben, magram es gamarjvebebi mxolod
warmavalia. maTi brZolis namdvil Sedegs warmoadgens ara uSualo
247
warmateba, aramed muSebis gaerTianeba, romelic sul ufro farTod
vrceldeba. amas xels uwyoben sul ufro da ufro mzardi mimosvlis
saSualebani, romelTac msxvili mrewveloba qmnis da romelnic
erTmaneTTan akavSireben sxvadasxva adgilis muSebs. mxolod es
dakavSirebaa saWiro, rom mravali adgilobrivi brZola, romelsac
yvelgan erTnairi xasiaTi aqvs, centralizebul iqnas erT erovnul,
erT klasobriv brZolad. xolo yoveli klasobrivi brZola
politikuri brZolaa da im gaerTianebas, romlisTvisac Sua
saukuneebis moqalaqeebs, maTi sasoflo gzebis arsebobisas, saukuneebi
WirdebodaT, Tanamedrove proletarebi, rkinigzebis meoxebiT,
ramdensame weliwadSi axorcieleben.
proletariatis es organizacia klasad da amiT _ politikur
partiad, yovel wuTs kvlav irRveva TviT muSebs Soris arsebuli
konkurenciiT. magram igi isev aRmocendeba xolme, yovelTvis ufro
Zlierad, ufro mtkiced, ufro Zalumad. igi sargeblobs burJuaziis
SigniT arsebuli ganxeTqilebiT da aiZulebs, rom kanonmdeblobis
wesiT aRiarebuli iqnas muSaTa calkeuli interesebi. ase warmoiSva,
magaliTad, aTsaaTiani samuSao dRis kanoni inglisSi. ...
dasasrul, im periodebSi, rodesac klasTa brZola gadamwyvet
moments uaxlovdeba, daSlis procesi gabatonebul klass SigniT,
mTeli Zveli sazogadoebis SigniT, iseT mZafr, iseT mwvave xasiaTs
Rebulobs, rom gabatonebuli klasis mcire nawili eTiSeba am klass
da uerTdeba revoluciur klass, im klass, romelsac momavali
ekuTvnis. amitom, rogorc winaT Tavadaznaurobis nawili burJuaziis
mxares gadadioda, iseve dRes burJuaziis nawili proletariatis
mxareze gadadis, saxeldobr im burJua-ideologebis nawili, romelnic
mTeli istoriuli moZraobis Teoriul gagebamde amaRldnen.
yvela im klasidan, romelic amJamad burJuazias upirispirdeba,
mxolod proletariatia namdvilad revoluciuri klasi. danarCeni
klasebi uZlurdebian da ispobian msxvili mrewvelobis
ganviTarebasTan erTad, proletariati ki am mrewvelobis sakuTari
produqtia. ...
Zveli sazogadebis saarsebo pirobebi ukve mospobilia
proletariatis saarsebo pirobebSi. proletari moklebulia
248
sakuTrebas; mis urTierTobas colTan da SvilebTan aRaraferi aqvs
saerTo burJuaziul ojaxur urTierTobebTan; Tanamedrove
samrewvelo Sromam, Tanamedrove damonebam kapitalis mier, damonebam,
romelic erTnairia rogorc inglisSi, ise safrangeTSi, rogorc
amerikaSi, ise germaniaSi, moacila proletars yovelive erovnuli
xasiaTi. kanonebi, morali, sarwmunoeba misTvis aseve mxolod
burJuaziuli cruazrebia, romelTa ukan burJuaziuli interesebi
imaleba.
yvela winandeli klasi, roca batonobas daeufleboda,
cdilobda ukve mopovebuli saarsebo mdgomareoba imiT uzrunvelyo,
rom mTel sazogadoebas uqvemdebarebda Tavis SeZena-gamdidrebis
pirobebs. proletarebs ki mxolod maSin SeuZliaT sazogadoebrivi
mwarmoebluri Zalebis dapyroba, rodesac isini mospoben sakuTar,
aqamde arsebul misakuTrebis wess da amiT mospoben mTel misakuTrebis
aqamde asebul wessac. proletarebs TavianTi araferi gaaCniaT, rac
maT unda daicvan. maT unda daangrion yvelaferi, rac dRemde icavda
da uzrunvelyofda kerZo sakuTrebas.
aqamde arsebuli yvela moZraoba iyo moZraoba umciresobisa an
umciresobis sasargeblod. proletaruli moZraoba aris TavisTavadi
moZraoba didZali umravlesobisa didZali umravlesobis sasargeblod.
proletariati, Tanamedrove sazogadoebis yvelaze dabali fena, ver
wamodgeba, ver gaimarTeba welSi uimisod, Tu amasTanave
gacamtverebuli ar iqna im fenebis mTeli zednaSeni, romelnic
oficialur sazogadoebas Seadgenen.
Tu SinaarsiT ara, formis mixedviT mainc proletariatis brZola
burJuaziis winaaRmdeg uwinares yovlisa, erovnuli brZolaa.
TviTeuli qveynis proletariatma, rasakvirvelia, pirvelad Tavis
sakuTar burJuazias unda mouRos bolo.
rodesac proletariatis ganviTarebis yvelaze zogad fazebs
avRniSnavdiT, Cven kvaldakval mivyvebodiT met-naklebad farul
samoqalaqo oms arsebuli sazogadoebis SigniT, im momentamde,
rodesac igi aSkara revoluciad ifeTqebs da rodesac burJuaziis
ZadatanebiTi damxobis gziT proletariati Tavis batonobas daamyarebs.
249
proleterebi da komunistebi
ra damokidebuleba aqvT komunistebs proletarebTan saerTod?
komunistebi ar warmoadgenen raime gansakuTrebul parias,
romelic upirispirdeba sxva muSaTa partiebs.
maT ara aqvT araviTari iseTi interesebi, romlebic
gancalkevebula mTeli proletariatis interesebisagan.
isini ar ayeneben araviTar gansakuTrebul principebs, romelTa
Tanaxmdac maT proletaruli moZraobis Camoyalibeba surdeT.
komunistebi mxolod imiT ganirCevian danarCeni proletaruli
partiebisagan, rom erTi mxriv, proletarebis sxvadasxva erovnul
brZolebSi isini win ayeneben da icaven mTeli proletariatis saerTo,
erovnebisgan damoukidebel, interesebs da, meore mxriv, imiT, rom
ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safexurze, romlebsac gaivlis brZola
proletarebsa da burJuazias Soris, isini mudam erToblivi moZraobis
interesebs icaven.
maSasadame, praqtikulad komunistebi warmoadgenen yvela qveynis
muSaTa partiebis yvelaze gambedav, mudam win wambiZgvel nawils; xolo
Teoriulad maT is upiratesoba aqvT proletariatis danarCen masasTan
SedarebiT, rom esmiT proletaruli moZraobis pirobebi, msvleloba
da saerTo Sedegebi.
komunistebis uaxloesi mizani igivea, rac yvela danarCeni
proletaruli partiisa: proletariatis Camoyalibeba klasad,
burJuaziis batonobis damxoba, politikuri Zalauflebis dapyroba
proletariatis mier.
komunistebis Teoriuli debulebani sruliadac ar emyarebian
iseT ideebs, principebs, romlebic gaugonia, Tu aRmouCenia msoflios
ama Tu im reformators.
isini mxolod arsebuli klasobrivi brZolis faqtiuri
viTarebis, Cvens Tvalwin warmoebuli istoriuli moZraobis
sayovelTao gamoxatulebas warmoadgenen. sakuTrebis dRemde arsebul
urTierTobaTa mospoba sruliadac ar Seadgens komunizmis
damaxasiaTebel niSans. ... komunizmis ganmasxvavebel niSans Seadgens
250
ara saerTod sakuTrebis mospoba, aramed burJuaziuli sakuTrebis
mospoba.
magram Tanamedrove burJuaziuli kerZo sakuTreba aris
ukanaskneli da usrulesi gamoxatuleba produqtTa iseTi warmoebis
da misakuTrebisa, romelic damyarebulia klasobriv winaaRmdegobaze,
erTis mier meoris eqsploataciaze.
am azriT komunistebs SeuZliaT TavianTi Teoria erTi
debulebiT gamosaxon: kerZo sakuTrebis mospoba. ...
ojaxis mospoba! TviT ukiduresi radikalebic ki aRSfoTebulni
arian komunistebis am sazizRari ganzraxvis gamo.
razea damyarebuli Tnamedrove, burJuaziuli ojaxi? kapitalze,
kerZo SenaZenze. savsebiT ganviTarebuli saxiT igi mxolod
burJuaziisaTvis arsebobs; magram igi Tavis damatebas poulobs
proletarTa iZulebiTs uojaxobaSi da sajaro prostituciaSi.
burJuas ojaxi bunebrivad ispoba misi am damatebis mospobasTan
erTad da oriveni gaqrebian kapitalis gaqrobasTan erTad.
an imas xom ar gvsayvedurobT, rom gvsurs movspoT bavSvebis
eqsploatacia mSoblebis mier? Cven vaRiarebT am danaSauls.
magram Tqven amtkicebT, rom Cven vspobT adamianisaTvis
uZvirfases urTierTobas, rodesac Sinauri aRzrdis adgilas vamyarebT
sazogadoebriv aRzrdas.
magram gana Tqveneburi aRzrda ki ar aris sazogadoebis mier
gansazRvruli? gana igi araa gansazRvruli im sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobiT, romelSic Tqven zrdiT, araa gansazRvruli
sazogadoebis pirdapiri an arapirdapiri CareviT, skolis meSveobiT da
a.S.? komunistebi rodi Txzaven sazogadoebis gavlenas aRzrdaze, isini
mxolod cvlian am aRzrdis xasiaTs, aclian mas gabatonebuli klasis
gavlenas. ...
magram Tqven, komunistebs xom saerTo colebis SemoReba gsurT _
erTxmad mogvyviris mTeli burJuazia.
burJua Tavis cols ucqeris rogorc warmoebis ubralo iaraRs.
mas esmis, rom warmoebis iaraRebi saerTo gamoyenebis sagani unda
gaxdes, da, rasakvirvelia, sxvarairad ar SeuZlia ifiqros, Tu es
erToba aseve qalebis xvedradac ar warmoidgina.
251
mas azradac ar mosdis, rom laparakia swored qalis iseTi
mdgomareobis mospobaze, rodesac igi warmoebis ubralo iaraRs
warmoadgens. ...
muSebs ara aqvT sabSoblo. maT ar SiZleba waarTvaT is, rac ara
aqvT. radgan proletariatma uwinares yovlisa unda daipyros
politikuri batonoba, amaRldes erovnuli klasis mdgomareobamde,
Camoyalibdes erad, Tumca TviT igi jer kidev erovnulia, magram ara
im azriT, rogorc es burJuazias esmis.
xalxTa erovnuli gankerZoeba da dapirispirebani ufro da ufro
qrebian, rac ufro viTardeba burJuazia. iqmneba vaWrobis Tavisufleba,
msoflio bazari, samrewvelo warmoebis erTianiba da misi Sesaferi
cxovrebis pirobebi.
proletariatis batonoba kidev ufro daaCqarebs maT gaqrobas.
SeerTebuli moqmedeba, civilizebuli qveynebisa mainc, proletariatis
gaTavisuflebis erT-erTi pirveli pirobaa.
imdenad, ramdenadac moispoba erTi individumis batonoba
meoreze, moispoba erTi eris eqsploatacia meoris mier.
eris SigniT klasTa winaaRmdegobis mospobasTan erTad moispoba
erovnebaTa mtruli damkidebuleba erTmaneTs Soris.
is baraldebani, romlebic wamoyenebulia komunizmis winaaRmdeg,
rac wamoyenebulia religiuri, filosofiuri da saerTod
ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT, ufro dawvrilebiTi ganxilvis Rirsni ar
arian. ...
Cven ukve vnaxeT zemoT, rom pirvel nabijs muSaTa revoluciaSi
warmoadgens proletariatis gadaqceva gabatonebul klasad,
demokratiis mopoveba brZoliT.
proletariati Tavis politikur batonobas imisaTvis gamoiyenebs,
rom TandaTan gamoglijos burJuazias mTeli kapitali, moaxdinos
warmoebis yvela iaraRis centralizacia saxelmwifos, e.i.
gabatonebuli klasis xelSi da rac SeiZleba swrafad gaamravlos
mwarmoeblur ZalTa jami.
pirvelad, ra Tqma unda, es SeiZleba moxdes mxolod despoturi
CareviT sakuTrebis uflebasa da burJuaziul warmoebiT
urTierTobaSi, maSasadame iseTi RonisZiebiT, romlebic ekonomikuri
252
TvalsazrisiT arasakmarisad da gamousadegarad gveCvenebian, magram
moZraobis msvlelobaSi TavianT Tavs gascildebian da aucilebeli
arian rogorc saSualeba warmoebis mTel wesSi gadatrialebis
mosaxdenad.
ra Tqma unda es RonisZiebebi sxvadasxva qveynis mixedviT
sxvadasxvanairi iqneba.
magram yvelaze mowinave qveynebSi SesaZloa, TiTqmis yvelgan,
gamoyenebuli iqnas Semdegi RonisZiebebi:
1. miwis sakuTrebis eqspropriacia da miwis rentis gamoyeneba
saxelmwifo xarjebis dasafaravad.
2. maRali progresuli gadasaxadi.
3. memkvidreobiTobis uflebis gauqmeba.
4. yvela emigrantisa da damkvidrebuli wyobis winaaRmdeg
meamboxis sakuTrebis konfiskacia.
5. kreditis centralizacia saxelmwifos xelSi saxelmwifo
kapitalisa da gansakuTrebuli monopoliis mqone
nacionaluri bankis meSveobiT.
6. mTeli transportis centralizacia saxelmwifos xelSi
7. saxelmwifo fabrikebis, warmoebis iaraRis gamravleba,
yamirebis gatexa da miwebis gaumjobeseba saerTo gegmis
Tanaxmad.
8. erTnairad savaldebulo Sroma yvelasaTvis, samrewvelo
armiebis Seqmna, gansakuTrebiT miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis.
9. miwaTmoqmedebis SeerTeba mrewvelobasTan, xelisSewyoba
qalaqisa da soflis dapirispirebis TandaTanobiT
mospobisaTvis.
yvela bavSvis sazogadoebrivi da usasyidlo aRzrda. bavSvTa
safabriko Sromis axlandeli formis mospoba. aRzrdis SeerTeba
materialur warmoebasTan da a.S. da a.S.
253
robert mixelsi
oligarqiis rkinis kanoni
demokratia da aristokratia
Tanamedrove partiul cxovrebaSi aristokratia siamovnebiT
warmoaCens Tavs demokratiuli saxiT, amave dros, Tavad demokratiis
arsi gaJRenTilia aristokratiuli elementebiT. erTis mxriv, Cven
gvaqvs aristokratia demokratiuli formiT, meores mxriv, demokratia
aristokratiuli SinaarsiT.
garegnuli demokratiuli forma, riTac xasiaTdeba politikuri
partiebis cxovreba, advilad SeiZleba daimalos zedapiruli
damkvirveblisgan. sakuTari midrekileba aristokratiisaken, an ufro
zustad, oligarqiisaken Sinaganad damaxasiaTebelia yvela partiuli
organizaciisaTvis. Tu gvsurs naTeli movfinoT am tendencias, maSin
dakvirvebisaTvis saukeTeso sferoa demokratiuli partiebis Sinagani
struqtura, maT Soris socialisturi da revoluciuri muSaTa
partiebisac. konservatul partiebSi, arCevnebis periodis garda,
oligarqiisaken midrekileba Tavs iCens im spontanuri ZaliTa da
sicxadiT, romelic Seesabameba am partiaTa arsebiTad oligarqiul
xasiaTs. magram partiebi, romelTa mizanic ngrevaa, aranakleb mkafiod
amJRavneben msgavs fenomens. partiul cxovrebaSi oligarqiulobis
gamovlinebaTa Seswavla yvelaze metad Rirebuli da damajerebeli
Sedegebis mqonea, Tuki kvlevis obieqti revoluciuri partiebia, imis
gamo, rom es partiebi, maTi warmoSobisa da programebis TvalsazrisiT,
nebismieri msgavsi tendenciis uaryofis gansaxierebaa da amasTanave
opoziciidan warmodgebian. amdenad, oligarqiuli fenomenis gamoCena
revoluciuri partiebis wiaRSi, Sinagani oligarqiuli tendenciis
arsebobis damajerebeli dadasturebaa adamianebis nebismieri saxis
organizaciaSi, romelic iRwvis gansazRvruli miznebis misaRwevad.
254
organizaciis saWiroeba
demokratia warmoudgenelia organizaciis gareSe. amis
demonstrirebisaTvis oriode sityvac ikmarebs.
klasi, romelic sazogadoebis winaSe garkveuli mkafiod
Camoyalibebuli moTxovnebis droSas afrialebs da romelic cdilobs
iyos im idealuri miznebis kompleqsis realizatori, romlebic
gamomdinareobs im ekonomikuri funqciebidan, romelsac es klasi
asrulebs, organizacias saWiroebs ganurCevlad imisa, iqneba es
ekonomikuri Tu politikuri moTxovnebi, organizacia warmoCndeba
koleqtiuri nebis Camoyalibebis erTaderT saSualebad. organizacia,
dafuZnebuli TavisTavad minimaluri danaxarjebis principze, anu
energiis maqsimalurad SesaZlebel ekonomiaze, warmoadgens sustis
iaraRs ZlierTan brZolaSi.
nebismier brZolaSi warmatebis Sansi damokidebuli iqneba imaze,
Tu ramdenad warmoebs brZola identuri interesebis mqone individTa
solidarobis safuZvelze. amitom individualisti anarqistebis
Teoriebis sapirispirod imis mtkicebiT, rom araferi ise ar aamebT
damqiraveblebs, rogorc mSromelTa Zalebis daqsaqsuloba,
socialistebi, organizaciis ideis mimdevarTa Soris yvelaze didi
fanatikosebi, ayalibeben arguments, romelic savsebiT Seesabameba
partiebis bunebis samecniero kvlevis Sedegebs.
Cven vcxovrobT droSi, romelSic TanamSromlobis idea ise
mtkicedaa Camoyalibebuli, rom milionerebic ki acnobiereben
erToblivi moqmedebis saWiroebas. amdenad, savsebiT gasagebia, rom
organizacia mSromelTa klasis sasicocxlo principad iqca, radgan
mis gareSe warmatebis miRweva a priori SeuZlebelia. muSis uars
koleqtiur cxovrebaSi monawileobaze aucileblad mohyveba
katastrofuli Sedegebi. kulturuli da ekonomikuri, fizikuri da
fsiqologiuri mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT, proletari Cveni
sazogadoebis yvelaze susti elementia. sinamdvileSi, mSromelTa
klasebis izolirebuli wevri daucvelia ekonomikurad ufro ZlierTa
xelSi. mxolod struqturuli erTobis Sesaqmnelad SekavSirebiT Tu
SeuZliaT proletarebs SeiZinon politikuri winaaRmdegobis unari da
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moipovon socialuri statusi. mSromelTa klasis mniSvneloba da
gavlena pirdapirproporciulia misi raodenobrivi siZlieris, magram
am ricxobrivi siZlieris warmodgenisaTvis aucilebelia organizacia
da koordinacia. organizaciis principi absoluturad arsebiTi
pirobaa masebis politikuri brZolisTvis.
magram organizaciis politikurad aucilebel principi,
romliTac daiZleva mowinaaRmdegisaTvis sasargeblo ZalTa
dezorganizacia, amave dros sxva safrTxis matarebelicaa. Cven Tavi
davaRwieT scilas mxolod imitom, rom Tavi CavigdoT xaribdas xelSi.
faqtobrivad, organizacia aris wyaro, saidanac moedineba
konservatuli nakadebi demokratiis velze, romlebic iwveven
katastroful wyaldidobas da srulad ucvlian saxes vels...
nuTu SeuZlebelia demokratiuli partiisaTvis demokratiuli
politikis gatareba, revoluciuri partiisTvis ki revoluciuri
politikis mimdevroba? unda vifiqroT, rom ara Tu mxolod
socializmi, aramed socialisturi politikac utopiuria?
garkveul viwro farglebSi, demokratiul partias, oligarqiul
kontrols daqvemdebarebulsac ki, udavod SeuZlia imoqmedos
saxelmwifoze demokratiuli azriT. sazogadoebis Zveli politikuri
kasta, da upirveles yovlisa, Tavad `saxelmwifo~, iZulebulni arian
moaxdinon RirebulebaTa mniSvnelovani nawilis gadafaseba, rogorc
idealuri, ise praqtikuli. masebis mniSvneloba izrdeba, maSinac ki,
roca liderebi demagogebi arian. sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba eCveva daTmobaze wasvlas, ara mxolod zemodan
momdinare moTxovnebis winaSe. praqtikaSi aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios
metad uxerxuli mdgomareoba, rasac Cven vxedavT axlo warsulSi
saparlamento reJimis yvela saxelmwifoSi. magram Teoriulad, saqmis
es axali viTareba niSnavs ganuzomel progress samoqalaqo uflebebis
TvalsazrisiT, romlebic am gziT ufro metad modian SesabamisobaSi
socialuri samarTlianobis principebTan. magram evoluciis es procesi
wydeba im momentSi, rogorc ki mmarTveli klasebi warmatebiT
SesZleben maTi ukiduresi memarcxene metoqeebis mozidvas samTavrobo
orbitaSi, im mizniT, rom aqcion isini kolaboracionistebad.
politikur organizacias mivyavarT xelisuflebamde, magram
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xelisufleba yovelTvis konservatulia. yovel SemTxvevaSi, gavlenas,
romelsac mmarTvelobis manqanaze axdens energiuli opoziciuri
partia aucileblad xSirad eqmneba dabrkolebebi da yovelTvis
izRudeba oligarqiis bunebiT...
organizaciis sididis zrdasTan erTad SeuZlebeli xdeba maRali
principebisTvis brZola. unda aRiniSnos, rom dRevandel demokratiul
partiebSi Tvalsazrisebs Soris didi konfliqtebi warmoebs
yvelafris gaufasurebis donemde ideaTa sferoSi da wminda Teoriuli
iaraRiT, imdenad, rom amis gamo partiebi sul ufro metad eSvebian
piradi kamaTisa da urTierTTavdasxmebis donemde, imisaTvis, rom
bolos SeTanxmdnen wminda zedapiriuli xasiaTis mosazrebebze.
Sinagani uTanxmoebebis keTilSobili samoseliT SeniRbvis mcdeloba
biurokratiul principebze dafuZnebuli organizaciis gardauvali
Sedegia, imitom, rom vinaidan am organizaciis meTauris mizani, wevrTa
rac SeiZleba didi raodenobis mozidvaa, organizaciis farglebSi
ideebis gamo yovelgvari kamaTi ganixileba, rogorc dabrkoleba misi
miznebis ganxorcilebisaTvis da amdenad, dabrkoleba, romelic
nebismieri SesaZlo xerxiT unda gadailaxos. am tendencias aZlierebs
politikuri partiis saparlamento xasiaTi. `partiuli organizacia~
wevrTa umravlesobisaTvis sawadel obieqts warmoadgens.
`parlamentarizmi~ amomrCevelTa umravlesobis wadilis gansaxierebaa.
partiis aqtivobis mTavari sfero eleqtoraluri agitacia da axal
wevrTa mosazidad pirdapiri agitaciaa. ras warmoadgens sinamdvileSi
Tanamedrove politikuri partia? is amomrCevelTa masis meToduri
organizaciaa. socialisturi partia, rogorc politikuri gaerTianeba,
romelic cdilobs Tanadroulad wevrebisa da xmebis mozidvas, amaSi
xedavs sasicocxlo interess. amdenad, wevrTa ricxvis yovegvari
Semcireba da amomrCevelTa xmebis dakargva amcirebs mis politikur
prestiJs. Sesabamisad, didi yuradReba unda mieqces ara mxolod axal
wevrebs, aramed aseve potenciur mxardamWerT, maT, visac germaniaSi
uwodeben `Mitläufer~, italiaSi `simpatizzanti~, holandiaSi - `gestverwarden~,
xolo inglisSi `sympathizers~. rom ar daafrTxon is individebi, vinc
jer kidev socializmisa Tu demokratiis idealuri samyaros miRma
rCeba, eridebian sworxazovan principebze dafuZnebuli politikis
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gatarebas, maSin, roca ignorirebulia azri. amasTanave, ar fiqrdebian
imaze, xom ar moipoveba organizaciis am gziT miRweuli ricxobrivi
simravle misi xarisxis xarjze...
oligarqiis rkinis kanoni
partia, ganxiluli rogorc erTeuli, meqanizmis nawili,
aucileblad rodi unda gavaigivoT mis wevrTa erTobliobasTan da
ufro naklebad klasTan, romelsac es ukanaskneli ganekuTvneba. partia
Seqmnilia, rogorc xerxi miznis misaRwevad. magram, iqca ra TavisTavad
miznad, sakuTari miswrafebebiTa da interesebiT, partia,
teleologiuri TvalsazrisiT, emijneba im klass, romelsac is
warmoadgens. sulac ar aris cxadi, rom partiaSi masebis interesebi,
romlebic gaerTiandnen partiis Sesaqmnelad, daemTxveva
biourokratiis interesebs, romelSic xdeba partiis personificireba.
damqiravebelTa korpusis interesebi yovelTvis konservatulia da
mocemul politikur situaciaSi am interesebiT SeiZleba iyos
nakarnaxevi TavdacviTi an reaqciuli politikac ki, roca mSromelTa
klasis interesebi moiTxoven Seupovar da agresiul politikas. sxva
SemTxvevebSi, rac iSviaTad xdeba, rolebi SeiZleba Seicvalos.
universaluri socialuri kanoniT, koleqtivis yoveli organo,
Seqmnili Sromis danawilebis aucileblobidan gamomdinare, rogorc ki
konsolidirebuli xdeba, ayalibebs TavisTvis gansakuTrebul, mxolod
misTvis damaxasiaTebel interesebs. am gansakuTrebuli interesebis
arsebobs iwvevs gardauvlad konfliqts koleqtivis interesebTan.
metic, socialur fenebs, romlebic gansakuTrebul funqciebs
asruleben, didi Sansi aqvT izolaciaSi aRmoCenisa; aseve, isini
midrekilni arian Seqmnan organoebi, vargisi sakuTari gansakuTrebuli
interesebis dasacavad. droTa ganmavlobaSi isini avlenen garkveul
klasad transformirebis tendencias,
sociologiuri fenomeni, romlis zogadi maxasiaTeblebic
ganxiluli iqna am da aseve winamorbed TavebSi, bevr sust wertils
sTavazobs demokratiis mecnierul oponenetebs. es fenomeni, rogorc
Cans, msjelobis gareSe adasturebs, rom sazogadoebas ar SeuZlia
258
arseboba `dominanti~ an `politikuri~ klasis gareSe da rom
mmarTveli klasi, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi elementebi xSiri
partiuli ganaxlebis obieqtia, mainc kacobriobis ganviTarebis
istoriaSi mniSvnelovnad myari qmedebis Zalis erTaderT faqtors
warmoadgens.
am TvalTaxedvis Tanaxmad, mTavroba, an, Tu gnebavT, saxelmwifo,
sxva araferi SeiZleba iyos, Tu ara umciresobis organizacia. am
umciresobis mizania dauwesos sazogadoebis danarCen nawils
`kanonieri wesrigi~, rac batonobis aucileblobis da mmarTveli
umciresobis mier monaTa masis eqspluataciis Sedegia da romelic
verasdros iqneba umravlesobis WeSmariti warmomadgenloba. amdenad,
umravlesoba mudam TviTmmarTvelobis uunaroa. maSinac ki, roca
masebis ukmayofileba sruldeba burJuaziisaTvis Zalauflebis
CamorTmevis warmatebuli mcdelobiT. es, saboloo jamSi, moskas
(Mosca) mtkicebiT, xorcieldeba mxolod da mxolod, yovelTvis da
aucileblad masebidan warmomadgari axali organizebuli umciresobis
gamoCenis SemTxvevaSi, romelsac Tavi mmarTveli klasis rangSi ahyavs.
amdenad, mudmivi meurveobis qveS myofi adamianTa umravlesobis
bedisweraa tragikuli aucilebloba, daemorCilon umciresobis
batonobas da dasjerdnen oligarqiis kvarcxlbekis rols...
amdenad, socialuri revolucia ar iwvevs masebis Sinagani
struqturis raime realur modifikacias. SeiZleba gaimarjvon rogorc
socialistebma, magram ara socializmma, romelic daiRupeba mis
mimdevarTa triumfis momentSi. Zalauneburad Cven vsaubrobT am
procesze, rogorc tragikomediaze, romelSic masebi Tanaxmani arian
daxarjon mTeli maTi energia, imisaTvis, rom Seicvalos batoni.
erTaderTi, rac mSromelebs ergebaT, aris pativi iyvnen `samTavrobo
rekrutirebis monawileni~. Sedegi ubadrukad gamoiyureba,
gansakuTrebiT Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT fsiqologiur faqts, rom
TviT yvelaze wminda idealistsac ki, vinc ramdenime wliT
xelisuflebaSi moxvdeba, ar ZaluZs Tavi aaridos korufcias,
romelic Zalauflebis ganxorcielebis Tanmdevia. safrangeTSi muSaTa
wreebSi moaruli frazaa homme élu, homme foutu (arCeuli kaci, daRupuli
kaci). socialuri revolucia, iseve rogorc politikuri, im operaciis
259
ekvivalenturia, romlis drosac, rogorc amas italiuri andaza
gamoxatavs: `Si cambia il maestro di capella, ma la musica è sampre quella~
(`kapelmaisteri axalia, musika ki igive~).
rogorc Cans, istoria gvaswavlis, rom arc erT saxalxo
moZraobas, raoden energiuli da mZlavric ar unda iyos, ar Seswevs
unari Seitanos Zireuli da mudmivi cvlilebebi civilizebuli
samyaros socialur organizmSi. moZraobis upiratesi elementebi,
adamianebi, vinc warmarTavs da asazrdoebs mas, asruleben masebisgan
TandaTanobiT gandgomiT da erTvebian `politikuri klasis~ orbitaSi.
isini, SesaZloa, aZleven im klass ramdenime `axal ideals~, magram
isini aseve amdidreben mas meti SemoqmedebiTi energiiTa da praqtikuli
gonierebiT, riTac aniWeben mmarTvel klass mudmivad ganaxlebad
axalgazrdobas. `politikur klass~ (isev moskas Sesaferis frazas Tu
moviSveliebT) udavod gaaCnia sakuTari SesaZleblobebisa da
Tavdacvis saSualebebis ukiduresad zusti SegrZneba. is avlens
mizidulobis sagulisxmo Zalasa da STanTqmis mZlavr unars, rac
iSviaTad Tu ar moqmedebs TviT yvelaze metad gaafTrebul,
gamwarebul da Seurigebel mowinaaRmdegeebzec ki. istoriuli
TvalTaxedviT, antiromantikosebi savsebiT marTlebi arian, roca
sakuTar skepticizms iseT mware frazebSi ajameben, rogoricaa: `ra
aris revolucia? adamianebi, romlebic erTmaneTs esvrian quCaSi, rac
amtvrevs uamaravi fanjris minas mxolod da mxolod meSuSeebis
sasargeblod. qari gafantavs bols...~ an iqneb vTqvaT ise, rogorc
simReraSia madam argodan: `Ce n'est pas la peine de changer de gouvernement~ (`ra
unda mTavrobis Secvlas~). safrangeTSi, socialuri Teoriebisa da
eqsperimenetebis klasikur qveyanaSi, amgvarma pesimizmma Rrmad gaidga
fesvebi.
saboloo mosazrebebi
Cven vixrebiT daskvnisaken, rom demokratiul partiebSi
oligarqiis arsebobis mizezi moiZebneba liderobis teqnikur
aucileblobaSi.
260
procesi, dawyebuli partiaSi funqciaTa diferenciaciidan
gamomdinare, sruldeba TvisebaTa kompleqsiT, romlebsac liderebi
iZenen masebisgan maTi daSorebis Sedegad. Tavidan liderebi
warmodgebian spontanurad, maTi funqciebi damxmare da
nebayoflobiTia, magram male isini profesional liderebad iqcevian
da ganviTarebis am meore stadiaze isini stabilurni da uZravni arian.
aqedan gamomdinare, oligarqiis fenomenis axsna, nawilobriv
fsiqologiuria. oligarqia warmodgeba, ase vTqvaT, fsiqologiuri
transformaciidan, romelsac partiis wamyvani pirovnebebi ganicdian
maTi cxovrebis manZilze. magram aseve, da ufro metadac ki, oligarqia
damokidebulia imaze, rasac SeiZleba ewodos Tavad organizaciis
fsiqologia, anu taqtikur da teqnikur aucileblobaze, romelic
Sedegad mohyveba yvela disciplinirebuli politikuri erTobis
Sekvras. mis viwro gamoxatulebamde dayvanili, politikuri partiebis
fundamenturi sociologiuri kanoni (termini `politikuri~ aq naxmaria
misi yvelaze farTo mniSvnelobiT) SeiZleba Camoyalibdes
Semdegnairad: `es aris organizacia, romelic Sobs arCeulTa
batonobas mandatis mimniWeblebze, delegatebisa delagatorebze.
vaxsenebT organizacias, vgulisxmobT oligarqias~.
yvela partiuli organizacia warmoadgens oligarqiul
Zalauflebas, dafuZnebuls demokratiul safuZvelze. Cven yvelgan
vxvdebiT amomrCevlebsa da arCeulebs. aseve yvelgan vawydebiT imas,
rom arCeul liderTa Zalaufleba amomrCevelTa masaze TiTqmis
SeuzRudavia. Senobis oligarqiuli struqtura axSobs mTavar
demokratiul principebs. is, rac aris, Trgunavs imas, rac unda iyos.
masebisaTvis realobasa da ideals Soris es arsebiTi gansxvaveba
saidumlod rCeba. socialistebs xSirad gulwrfelad swamT, rom
politikosTa axali elita ufro erTguli iqneba mrwamsisa, vidre
Zveli. xalxis interesebis warmomadgenlobis idea, romelsac ase
ganuxrelad da didi ndobiT misdevs demokratTa umravlesoba,
gansakuTrebiT ki germanulenovani qveynebis muSaTa klasis masa,
mxolod iluziaa warmoqmnili araswori ganaTebiT, miraJia. alfons
dode, Tanamedrove donkixotobis miseuli analizis erT-erT yvelaze
momxibvlel furclebze gviCvenebs, Tu rogor arwmunebs TandaTanobiT
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sakuTar Tavs samxreTis mcxunvare mziT STagonebuli `mamaci meTauri~
bravida, romelsac fexi ar moucvlia taraskonidan, rom iyo SanxaiSi
da Tavs yovelgvari sagmiro Tavgadasavali gadaxda. amis msgavsad,
Tanamedrove proletariati, romelic xangrZlivad imyofeboda masebze
inteleqtualurad maRla mdgom mWermetyvel pirovnebaTa gavlenis qveS,
ijerebs, rom misi arCevnebSi monawileobiTa da sakuTari socialuri
da ekonomikuri problemebis delegatisaTvis mindobiT, garantirebuli
iqneba misi uSualo monawileoba xelisuflebaSi.
demokratiis sxvadasxva formebis wiaRSi oligarqiebis formireba
organuli aucileblobis Sedegia da Sesabamisad exeba nebismier
organizacias, ganurCevlad imisa, socialisturia is, Tu Tundac
anarqistuli... socialuri cxovrebis yvela formaSi dominirebisa da
daqvemdebarebulobis urTierTkavSiri Tavad bunebis qmnilebaa.
liderebis uzenaesoba demokratiul da revoluciur partiebSi
mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli yovel istoriul situaciaSi,
rogorc awmyo, ise momaval, sulac rom mxolod ramdenime da
gansakuTrebuli gonierebiT gamorCeuli adamiani acnobierebdes amis
arsebobas. masebi versadros marTaven, garda in abstracto. Sesabamisad,
sakiTxi, romelic unda ganvixiloT, aris ara is, Tu ramdenad
ganxorcielebadia idealuri demokratia, aramed is, Tu ramdenad
sawadelia, SesaZlebeli da realizebadia demokratia mocemul
momentSi...
masis obieqturi umwifroba ar aris ubralod warmavali
fenomeni, romelic gaqreba demokratizaciis progresTan erTad au
lendemain du socialisme (socializmis damyarebis momdevno dRes). piriqiT,
is momdinareobs masis arsebiTi bunebidan. amdenad masas,
organizebulsac ki, mis winaSe mdgomi sxvadasxva problemis gadaWris
ukurnebeli uunaroba stanjavs, radgan masa, per se amorfulia da
amitom saWiroebs Sromis danawilebas, specializaciasa da gaZRolas.
`L'espèce humaine veut être gouverneé: elle le sera. J'ai honte de mon espèce~ (`adamianTa
modgmas surs iyos marTuli. is amgvari iqneba. me mrcxvenia Cemi
modgmisa~), moiwera prudonma cixidan 1850 wels. adamians, rogorc
individs, bunebiT uweria iyos marTuli, gansakuTrebiT ki marTuli
imisda Sesabamisad, Tu ra dayofas da qvedayofas ganicdis
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cxovrebiseuli funqciebi. Seudareblad ufro metad aris saWiro
marTuloba socialuri jgufebisaTvis...
mwerals ar surs imis uaryofa, rom mSromelTa klasis yovel
revoluciur moZraobas, gulwrfelad inspirirebuls demokratiuli
suliskveTebiT, SeiZleba gaaCndes garkveuli Rirebuleba, rogorc
wvlils, Setanils oligarqiuli tendenciebis SesustebaSi. arakis
personaJi glexi sikvdilis win andobs Tavis vaJiSvilebs, rom ganZi
mindorSia damarxuli. moxucis gardacvalebis Semdeg Svilebi Txrian
yvelgan ganZis aRmosaCenad, magram ver pouloben. magram maTi
dauRalavi Sroma aumjobesebs niadags da uzrunvelyofs maT met-
naklebi keTildReobiT. ganZi arakSi savsebiT gamodgeba demokratiis
simbolod. demokratia ganZia, romelsac veravin verasdros aRmoaCens,
ganzrax rom eZios. magram uwyveti Ziebis procesSi, dauRalavi SromiT
aRmouCenilis aRmosaCenad, Cven gavwevT samuSaos, romelic nayofier
Sedegs gamoiRebs demokratiis TvalsazrisiT. Cven davinaxeT, rom
marTlac, muSaTa klasis demokratiuli partiis wiaRSi aRmocendeba
tendenciebi, romelTa dasaZlevadac iqmneba es partia. partiis
elementebis nairgvarobisa da araTanabari Rirebulebis wyalobiT, es
tendenciebi xSirad gadadis gamovlinebebSi, romlebic tiranis
zRvarzea. Cven davinaxeT, rom xelisuflebis tradiciuli
legitimizmis Secvla bonapartist avantiuristTa brutaluri
plebiscituri wesebiT, ar aniWebs am tendenciebs moralur da
esTetikur upiratesobas. istoriuli evolucia aufasurebs yvela
profilaqtikur zomas, romelic miRebuli iyo oligarqiisagan Tavis
dasazRvevad. Tu kanonebi miiReba liderTa batonobis
gasakontroleblad, maSin TandaTanobiT sustdeba kanonebi da ara
liderebi...
masebis mudmiv uunarobasTan dakavSirebiT, Cven unda
gavacnobieroT ori maregulirebeli principis arseboba:
1. demokratiis ideologiuri midrekileba kritikisa da
kontrolisaken.
2. demokratiis efeqturi kontrtendencia Seqmnas sul ufro
rTuli da diferencirebuli partiebi, anu partiebi, romlebic sul
ufro metad efuZneba erTeulebis unars.
263
idealistisaTvis Tanamedrove demokratiis formebis analizi ar
SeiZleba ar iyos mware imedgacruebisa da Rrma sasowarkveTilebis
wyaro. albaT, mxolod maT SeswevT unari samarTlianad gansajon
demokratia, vinc diletantur sentimentalizSi Cavardnis gareSe
acnobierebs, rom yvela samecniero Tu humanuri idealis Rirebulebebi
relatiuria. Tu Cven gvinda ganvsazRvroT demokratiis Rirebuleba,
Cven es unda gavakeToT misi sawinaaRmdegosTan – wminda
aristokratiasTan Sedarebis gziT. demokratiis Sinagani defeqtebi
aSkaraa. simarTles ar aris moklebuli is, rom socialuri cxovrebis
formad demokratia Cven unda avirCioT, rogorc naklebi boroteba.
idealuri mTavroba udavod maRalzneobrivi da amave dros, teqnikurad
efeqturi pirovnebebis aristokratiisagan Semdgari mTavroba iqneboda,
magram sad vipovoT aseTi aristokratia? zogjer, Tumca Zalze
iSviaTad, Cven SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT masis gulmodgine seleqciis
Sedegad, magram Cven verasdros mivagnebT mas iq, sadac SemorCenilia
memkvidreobiTi principi. amdenad, monarqia, xeluxlebeli wminda saxiT,
unda ganvixiloT, rogorc arasrulyofilebis inkarnacia, yvelaze
ukurnebeli seni, moraluri TvalsazrisiT is TviT yvelaze sazizRar
demagogiur diqtatorebze dabla dgas, radgan ukanasknelis
korumpirebuli organizmi jansaR princips mainc Seicavs, romlis
muSaobazec Cven SegviZlia ganvagrZoT sazogadoebis gajansaRebis
imedis damyareba. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom rac ufro meti
adamiani acnobierebs demokratiis, Tundac arasrulyofili,
upiratesobas, saukeTeso aristokratiazec ki, miT ufro naklebadaa
mosalodneli, rom demokratiis defeqtebis Secnobam gamoiwvios
aristokratiisaken dabruneba. garkveuli formaluri gansxvavebebisa da
im Tvisebebis garda, romelTa SeZenac mxolod da mxolod kargi
ganaTlebis meSveobiT da memkvidreobiT SeiZleba (Tvisebebi, romelTa
mxrivac, aristokratias yovelTvis eqneba upiratesoba demokratiis
mimarT, Tvisebebi, romlebsac demokratia an sruliad ugulebeyofs, an
maTi imitirebis mcdelobisas, amaxinjebs maT karikaturul donemde),
demokratiis defeqtebi miCneulia, rom ganuyofeli nawilia misi
uunarobisa Tavi daaRwios Tavis aristokratiul nadebs. meore mxriv,
sxva araferi, Tu ara demokratiis oligarqiuli safrTxis
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auRelvebeli da miukerZoebeli gamokvleva SegvaZlebinebs am
saSiSroebis Semcirebas, magram miuxedavad amisa, is verasdros iqneba
mTlianad Tavidan acilebuli.
istoriis demokratiuli dinebebi waagavs erTmaneTis mimdevar
talRebs. isini yovelTvis ganaxlebulia. es xangrZlivi sanaxaoba
erTdroulad gamamxnevebelicaa da depresiis momgvrelic. rodesac
demokratiebi miaRweven ganviTarebis garkveul stadias, isini
TandaTanobiT transformacias ganicdian, iReben aristokratiul
suliskveTebas da xSir SemTxvevaSi aristokratiul formebsac, ris
winaaRmdegac isini Tavdapirvelad ase gamalebiT ibrZodnen. amis
Semdeg Cndebian axali bralmdeblebi, imisaTvis, rom gakicxon
moRalateebi, saxelovani brZolebisa da saxelgatexili xelisuflebis
epoqis gardasvlis Semdeg isini asruleben imiT, rom erwymian
gabatonebul klass, ris Semdegac, isini, Tavis mxriv, xdebian axali
oponentebis Tavdasxmis obieqtebi, oponenetebis, vinc moqmedebs
demokratiis saxeliT. rogorc Cans, es saSineli TamaSi usasrulod
grZeldeba.
265
moris diuverJe
politikuri partiebi
politikuri partiebis kvlevis didi nawili dakavSirebulia
partiaTa doqtrinebis analizTan. aseTi orientacia gamomdinareobs
liberaluri warmodgenidan partiaze, rodesac partia ganixileboda
rogorc ideologiuri gaerTianeba. 1806 wels benJamen konstani werda _
`partia warmoadgens iseT adamianTa erTobliobas, romelnic sajarod
iziareben erTsa da imave politikur doqtrinas~. am koncefciam
dasabami misca mraval saintereso gamokvlevas, romelSic ufro
politikuri ideebis istoriaa, vidre partiebis sociologiuri analizi
– partiebis SedarebiTi analizis CarCoebSi Cveulebriv
Semoifarglebian partiebis struqturaze doqtrinebis gavlenis
aRweriT, rac naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre fiqroben. david iumma
Tavis naSromSi `cdebi partiebSi~ kargad SeniSna (1760), rom partiis
programa ZiriTad rols TamaSobs dawyebiT stadiebze, rodesac is
gamijnuli individebis gaerTianebas emsaxureba, SemdgomSi wina planze
gamodis organizacia da partiis platforma ki martooden aqsesuarad
iqceva _ ukeTesad verc ityvi! es SeniSvna amasTan srulad ar exeba
zogierT Tanamedrove politikur partias, sadac doqtrinam SeiZina
WeSmariti religiuri xasiaTi, rac maT totalur uflebas aniWebs maTi
wevrebis cxovrebaze.
bolo wlebSi partia _ klasis marqsistulma koncefciam,
romelmac Secvala partia _ doqtrinis liberaluri koncefcia,
mimarTa mecnieruli kvlevebi sxva mimarTulebiT. iswavleboda kavSiri
cxovrebis donesa, profesias, aRzrdasa da politikur
mikuTvnebulobas Soris. es kvlevebi arsebiTia da amitom avtori
xSirad mimarTavs partiis socialuri Semadgenlobis daxasiaTebis
mkacr meTodebs. is agreTve xSirad iyenebs ZiriTad marqsistul
dapirispirebas _ gagebuls farTo azriT _ burJuaziasa da muSaTa
klasisa (`proletariati~, `masebi~ da a.S.). cxadia, aRniSnuli
dapirispireba Zalian pirobiTia da marqsistma sociologebma ician es
aranakleb, vidre maTma mowinaaRmdegeebma. socialuri ratifikacia
266
metismetad rTulia da mdidaria sxvadasxva elferiT, raTa gadavardes
vulgarul maniqeizmSi. miuxedavad amisa, aseTi sqemac Seicavs
WeSmaritebis marcvals: SesaZloa burJuazia da proletariati ar
qmnian or klass, romelic ganisazRvreba mkacr ekonomikur terminebSi,
magram isini axasiaTeben or mentalitets, or socialur mdgomareobas,
cxovrebis or stils, romelTa mkveTri gansxvaveba naTels hfens
problemas, romelic exeba partiis struqturas.
es miT ufro gamarTlebulia, rom arc doqtrina da arc partiis
socialuri Semadgenloba ar warmoadgens Cveni kvlevis ZiriTad
obieqts, romelic ZiriTadad orientirebulia partiul institutebsa
da maT rolze saxelmwifoSi. vinaidan Tanamedrove politikuri
partiebis organizaciis bunebaSi ixsneba maTi arsi gacilebiT ufro
srulad, vidre maT programebSi an klasobriv SemadgenlobaSi: partia
warmoadgens gaerTianebas ufro gansazRvruli specifiuri struqturis
safuZvelze. Tanamedrove partiebi xasiaTdeba upirveles yovlisa
Tavisi anatomiiT: wina epoqebis protozavrebs Seenacvla XX saukunis
partiebis rTuli diferencirebuli organizmi. es evolucia enaSic
gamokrTis. amerikelebi amboben `manqana~, raTa moniSnon zogierTi
forma, romelsac zogjer Rebuloben maTi partiebi; komunistebi Tavisi
partiis ierarqiul struqturas uwodeben `aparats~ da Cveulebriv
aRniSnaven mas metyveli terminiT `organizacia~. (simptomaturia, rom am
sityvas didi asoTi weren).
partiebis warmoSoba
partiebis struqtura xasiaTdeba mravalferovnebiT. erTi da
igive cneba moicavs sam an oTx sociologiur tips, romlebic
gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisgan sabaziso elementebiT, gansazRvrul
erTobliobaSi maTi integraciis TaviseburebiT, Sinagani kavSirebiT da
mmarTveli institutebiT. pirveli maTgani Seesabameba XIX saukunis
"burJuaziul" partiebs, romlebic axlac arseboben konservatoruli
da liberaluri partiebis saxiT. aSS-Si isini mTlianad ikaveben
politikur asparezs (amasTan amerikuli partiebi gamoirCevian sakmaod
267
originaluri niSnebiT). isini efuZnebian patara komitetebs, romlebic
sakmaod damoukidebelni arian da, rogorc wesi, decentralizebuli;
isini ar miiltvian wevrebis raodenobis gazrdisken, iseve rogorc ar
cdiloben miizidon farTo masebi - isini pirovnebebis gaerTianebas
cdiloben. maTi moqmedeba mTlianad mimarTulia arCevnebze da
saparlamento kombinaciebze da am mxriv inarCuneben sanaxevrod
sezonur xasiaTs; maTi administraciuli struqtura embrionalur
mdgomareobaSia; xelmZRvaneloba aq gafantulia deputatebs Soris da
atarebs mkveTrad gamoxatul pirovnul formas. realuri Zalaufleba
aq miekuTvneba xan erT da xan meore klans, romelic iqmneba
saparlamento lideris garSemo; swored am dajgufebebis metoqeobaSi
mdgomareobs partiuli cxovreba.partia dakavebulia martooden
politikuri problemebiT, doqtrina da ideologiuri sakiTxebi
TamaSoben umniSvnelo rols; partiisadmi mikuTvnebuloba ufro
xSirad efuZneba interesebs an tradiciebs.
sruliad sxvanairadaa agebuli kontinentaluri evropis
socialisturi partiebi: isini efuZnebian farTo masebis, xalxis
maqsimalurad didi raodenobis mizidvas. aq partiaSi miRebis mkacri
sistemaa, rasac emateba individualuri sawevroebis sakmaod
gamokveTili meqanizmi, rac uzrunvelyofs partiebis dafinansebas
(maSin roca pirveli tipis egreT wodebuli "burJuaziuli" partiebis
dafinansebis wyaroa yvelaze xSirad kerZo kreditorebis -
komersantebis, mewarmeebis, bankebis da sxva finansuri struqturebis
Sewirulobebi da subsidiebi). komitetebi adgils uTmoben "seqciebs" -
ufro farTo da Ria muSaTa erTeulebs, romelTa umniSvnelovanesi
funqcia garda wminda eleqtoraluri moRvaweobisa, mdgomareobs
wevrebis politikur aRzrdaSi. wevrebis masobrioba da sawevroebis
akrefa moiTxovs mniSvnelovani administraciuli aparatis Seqmnas.
aseT partiebSi met-naklebad yovelTvis arseboben funqcionerebi, anu
egreT wodebuli "mudmivebi", romlebic bunebrivad cdiloben
gadaiqcnen erTgvar klasad da daimtkicon gansazRvruli Zalaufleba;
ase iqmneba biurokratia. xelmZRvanelobis pirovnuli xasiaTi aq
Serbilebulia koleqtiuri institutebis mTeli sistemiT (yriloba,
erovnuli komitetebi, sabWoebi, biuroebi, samdivnoebi), romelTa Soris
268
Zalaufleba ganawilebulia. principSi yvela doneze sufevs
amorCeviToba, magram praqtikulad Tavs iCenen oligarqiuli
tendenciebi. Tavad partiaSi gacilebiT mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
doqtrina, radganac piradi metoqeoba Rebulobs sxvadasxva
ideologiuri mimdinareobis brZolis formas. garda amisa partia
gamodis Tavisi politikis sazRvrebs gareT, ipyrobs ekonomikur,
socialur, ojaxur da sxva sferoebs.
Uukve Cvens droSi komunizmma da faSizmma Seqmnes organizaciebis
kidev ufro originaluri sociologiuri tipi. mTlianobaSi misTvis
damaxasiaTebelia: centarlizaciis ganviTareba, rac upirispirdeba
socialisturi partiebis sanaxevro centralizacias; vertikaluri
kavSirebis sistema, romelic amyarebs sabaziso elementebis mkacr
izolacias erTmaneTisagan, rac xels uSlis ganxeTqilebas da
avtonomiuri fraqcionirebis nebismier mcdelobas da uzrunvelyofs
mkacr disciplinas; avtokratiul principebze dafuZnebuli
xelmZRvaneloba (daniSvna zemodan da kooptacia), raSic
parlamentarebis roli praqtikulad nulis tolia. erTnic da
meorenic winasaarCevno brZolas aniWeben meorexarisxovan rols: maTi
namdvili saqmianoba sruliad sxvagvaria, is mimdinareobs mudmivi
agitaciis da propagandis fonze. isini iyeneben pirdapir da zogjer
iZulebiT meTodebs: gaficva, ajanyeba, putCi, da a.S. erTnic da
meorenic cdiloben Seeguon rogorc Ria, ise miwisqveSa brZolis
viTarebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxelmwifo maT winaaRmdeg iyenebs
akrZalvebsa da devnas. orive tipis partia efuZneba mkacr
totalitarul doqtrinebs, romelic moiTxovs partiis wevrebisgan ara
marto politikur Tanxmobas, aramed srul damorCilebas. es partiebi
ar eguebian sazogadoebrivi da piradi cxovrebis gamijvnas da
cdiloben rogorc erTis, ise meores gankargvas. orive partia
uviTarebs Tavis wevrebs srul erTgulebas, rac ikvebeba miTebiTa da
religiuri saxis TqmulebebiT, aerTianebs amgvarad saeklesio rwmenasa
da samxedro disciplinas.
amasTan erTad komunisturi da faSisturi partiebi Zireulad
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. pirvel rigSi isini gansxvavdebian
TavianTi struqturiT: pirvelni efuZnebian sawarmoo ujredebis
269
sistemas, meoreni - Tavisebur milicias, sxvadasxva saxis
arasaxelmwifo gasamxedroebul razmebs. Semdeg, isini gansxvavdebian
Tavisi socialuri SemadgenlobiT: pirvelni warmoadgenen Tavs
rogorc muSaTa klasis politikur gamoxatulebas, proletariatis
mowinave razms, romelic ibrZvis TavisuflebisTvis; meoreni,
Sedgenilni rogorc saSualo klasisa da wvrili burJuaziis
Tavdacvis iaraRi miznad isaxaven maT dacvasa da winaaRmdegobas, raTa
muSaTa klasma ar aiRos Zalaufleba Tavis xelSi. da bolos, isini
gansxvavdebian Tavisi doqtrinebis SinaarsiTa da Zireuli principebiT:
komunizms sjera masebis, faSizms - elitebis; pirveli iziarebs
egalitarizms (Tanasworobas), meore - elitarizms. komunizmi gamodis
optimisturi filosofiidan, progresis rwmenidan, teqnikis
civilizatoruli misiis mtkice rwmenidan; faSizms axasiaTebs
kacobriobisadmi pesimisturi midgoma, is uaryofs XIX saukunis
scientizms, iseve rogorc XVIII saukunis racionalizms da icavs
tradiciul da pirvelad Rorebulebebs - erTianobas rasis, sisxlisa
da niadagis mixedviT. qvecnobierad am umaRles Rirebulebebs misTvis
ganasaxiereben ara muSebi, aramed glexebi.
bevri partia ar jdeba am zogad sqemaSi. es pirvel rigSi exeba
qristianul-demokratiul partiebs, romlebic ikaveben saSualedo
mdgomareobas Zvel da socialistur partiebs Soris. garda amisa
aseTia leiboristuli partiebi, romlebic Seiqmna kooperativebisa da
profkavSirebis bazaze arapirdapiri struqturis principiT, rac
specialur analizs moiTxovs. maT ricxvs miekuTvneba agreTve
agraruli partiebi, romelTa organizaciuli mravalferovneba sakmaod
didia, Tumca maT ver miaRwies did gavrcelebas. calke dganan agreTve
arqauli da winaistoriuli tipis partiebi, romlebic gvxvdeba
aRmosavleTisa da Sua aRmosavleTis, afrikisa da centraluri evropis
(1939 wlamde) zogierT qveyanaSi.
partiebis struqtura – pirdapiri da arapirdapiri
struqtura
270
SevadaroT erTmaneTs ori partia -safrangeTis Tanamedrove
socialisturi partia da britaneTis leiboristuli partia 1900 wels.
pirveli maTgani Sedgeba pirovnebebisgan, romlebmac xeli moaweres
Tavis gawevrianebas partiaSi, yovelTviurad ixdian sawevros da met-
naklebad regularulad eswrebian adgilobrivi seqciis sxdomebs.
meore partia daafuZnes profkavSirebma, kooperativebma, sadazRvevo
salaroebma, inteleqtualTa wreebma - yvela maTgani gaerTianda, raTa
SeeqmnaT saerTo saarCevno organizacia: aq ar arseboben partiis
wevrebi, arseboben martooden sabaziso gaerTianebebis -
profkavSirebis, kooperativebis, sadazRvevo salaroebis da a.S. -
wevrebi. pirveli partia warmoadgens pirdapiri partiis magaliTs; 1900
wlis leiboristebi ki, arapirdapiri partiis magaliTs. es gansxvaveba
partiebs Soris Seesabameba im gansxvavebas, romelic arsebobs
unitarul da federalur saxelmwifoebs Soris, Tu mas mivuyenebT
erebs.unitarul saxelmwifoSi moqalaqeebi uSualod dakavSirebulni
arian erovnul erTobliobaSi; zustad aseve pirdapir partiaSi misi
wevrebi sxva romelime socialuri gaerTianebis gareSe qmnian partiul
erTobliobas. amis sawinaaRmdegod, federalur saxelmwifoSi
moqalaqeebi gaerTianebulni arian erSi (naciaSi)
saxelmwifos_federaciis subieqtebis meSveobiT. amis msgavsad
arapirdapiri partia arsebobs rogorc sabaziso socialuri
gaerTianebebis (profkavSiruli an sxva nebismieri) kavSiri. es Sedareba
arc Tu iseTi zustia_damakmayofilebelia, vinaidan federaluri
saxelmwifo globaluri erTianobis daRs asvams nebismieri wevri-
damfuZneblebis kerZo erTobliobas: arsebobs Sveicaruli nacia,
Sveicaruli patriotizmi, realuri Sveicaruli erToblioba -
akntonaluris garda. rac Seexeba "arapirdapiri partiis" cnebas, is
piriqiT, gulisxmobs, rom ar arsebobs aranairi realuri partiuli
erToblioba, romelic gansxvavdeba sabaziso socialuri
gaerTianebebisgan. ufro mkacrad rom davazustoT, ar arsebobs
partiis wevri - arsebobs socialuri asociaciis wevri da es asociacia
koleqtiurad Sedis partiaSi. rasakvirvelia es Teoriuli sqema xSirad
icvleba, rodesac realurad isxams xorcs.
271
arapirdapiri partiebis forma
rogorc wesi, partiaTa ori kategoria iRebs arapirdapir
formas: socialisturi da kaTolikuri. pirvel maTganSi partiis
"sxeuls" qmnian profkavSirebi, muSaTa kooperativebi, sadazRvevo
salaroebi: partia Rebulobs iseTi erTobliobis xasiaTs, romelic
eyrdnoba erTaderT socialur klass. meore SemTxvevaSi partia
Seadgens muSaTa profkavSirebisa da kooperativebis, glexTa
asociaciebis, komersantTa, mewarmeTa da sxvaTa kavSirebis federacias.
is aerTianebs sxvadasxva socialur klasebs, romelTagan TiToeuli
inarCunebs agreTve Tavis sakuTar organizacias. orive kategoriaSi
gvxvdeba struqturis mravali varianti, TiToeul partias aqvs Tavisi
ganumeorebeli saxe. aq SeiZleba SemovifargloT ramdenime konkretuli
magaliTis moyvaniT, romelic asaxavs saerTo tendencias:
socialisturi partiebidan - es aris britaneTis leiboristuli da
belgiis muSaTa partia, xolo kaTolikuri partiebidan - belgiis
kaTolikuri da avstriis saxalxo partia.
arsebobs arapirdapiri partiebis mesame kategoriac - agraruli
partiebi, romlebSic sasoflo-sameurneo profkavSirebi da
kooperativebi asruleben imave rols, rasac aseTi saxis muSaTa
gaerTianebebi socialistur partiebSi. magram vercerTi maTgani ver
aRwevs organizaciis iseT maRal dones, rasac es ukanasknelebi:
arapirdapiri forma maTTan gamodis rogorc ZiriTadi tendencia,
romlis realizacia bolomde verasodes ver xerxdeboda da metic,
xSir SemTxvevaSi inarCunebda embrionalur xasiaTs. amisda miuxedavad,
agraruli partiis ilustraciis saxiT SeiZleba davasaxeloT
balkaneTis qveynebis partiebi, gansakuTrebiT, bulgareTis agraruli
partia, avstraliis soflis partia, romelic Seqmnilis zustad
britaneTis leiboristuli partiis msgavsad, flamandiis glexTa liga
- 1921-1939 ww. kaTolikuri blokis ganStoeba. . . . arapirdapiri
partiebis SigniT unda ganvasxvavoT misi ori saxeoba. erTni Seiqmnen
imis wyalobiT, rom gansazRvrul lokalur doneze yvela arsebuli
jgufis gaerTianebiT Camoyalibda erTgvari sainiciativo politikuri
birTvi; meor SemTxvevaSi es sabaziso elementi Seqmnes aseTi jgufebis
272
warmomadgenlebma. pirvel saxeobas miekuTvneba britaneTis
leiboristuli partia, meores - belgiis muSaTa da SvedeTis social-
demokratiuli partia. magram mkacrad Tu vimsjelebT, arapirdapiri
partiis cnebas Seesabameba martooden pirveli maTgani.
arapirdapiri struqturis mizezebi
pirdapiri partia warmoadgens wess, xolo arapirdapiri -
gamonakliss: es niSnavs, rom pirveli saxis partiebi gavrcelebulia
gacilebiT metad, vidre meore. sainteresoa gamovarkvioT, romelia is
faqtorebi, romlebic aiZuleben partias miiRos arapirdapiri
struqtura, imis magivrad, rom gahyves pirdapiri struqturis klasikur
magaliTs? aq Znelia gamovavlinoT saerTo sqemebi. Zalian xSirad
ZiriTad rols amaSi asruleben gansakuTrebuli garemoebebi. ase
magaliTad, belgiaSi profkavSirebsa da socialistur partias Soris,
ramac kidev ufro SezRuda misi arapirdapiri xasiaTi, - warmoadgens
1945 wlis gavlenas. komunistebma profkavSirebSi provocireba gaukeTes
avtonomiuri organizaciis F.G.T.B. (belgiis Sromis sayovelTao
konfederacia) Seqmnas. safrangeTSi piriqiT, komunistTa gavlenam
gamoiwvia ganxeTqileba profkavSirebSi da axali arakomunisturi
profkavSiruli centris - C.G.T.F.O (Sromis sayovelTao konfederacia -
"fors uvrier") Seqmna, romelic kidev ufro mWidrod daukavSirda Zvel
socialistur partias, vidre wina. belgiaSi profkavSirebis aseTi
daaxloeba socialistur partiasTan 1950 wels moxda konkretuli
politikuri movlenis Sedegad: idga monarqiis bedis sakiTxi.
moqmedebis gaerTianebuli komiteti, romelic mimarTuli iyo leopold
III-is winaaRmdeg, am movlenebis Semdeg gadaiqca mudmivi
TanamSromlobis instrumentad. cxadia, rom nebismieri mcdeloba
gakeTdes saerTo daskvna awydeba did siZneleebs.
rasakvirvelia doqtrinalurma motivebmac Seasrules garkveuli
roli. ase magaliTad, didia cduneba davukavSiroT zogierTi
kaTolikuri partiis arapirdapiri xasiaTi qristianuli demokratiis
korporativistul doqtrinebs, romlebic STagonebulia papis Rerrum
Nawarum da Quadragezimo Anno-iT. es gavlena kargad SeimCneva avstriis
273
saxalxo partiis magaliTze: korporativistul doqtrinebs marTlac
hqondaT didi gavlena avstriaSi anSlusamde, sadac isini gamodiodnen
rogorc saxelmwifos oficialuri saorganizacio safuZveli. magram es
ukanaskneli daskvna naadrevi aRmoCndeba rogorc yovelTvis. didi
Tanamedrove socialuri qristianuli partiebis umravlesobas,
gansakuTrebiT safrangeTSi, germaniasa da italiaSi aqvs pirdapiri
struqtura. rogorc Cans, socialisturi partiebis mimbaZvelobam da
maTi meTodebis gadaRebam ufro didi roli Seasrula, vidre
korporativistuli doqtrinebis zemoqmedebam: yvela Tanamedrove
kaTolikuri partia met-naklebad mWidrod dakavSirebulia qristianul
profkavSirebTan, iseve rogorc socialisturi partiebi
dakavSirebulni arian saero profkavSirebTan.
rac Seexeba socialistur partiebs, aq kidev ufro metia cduneba
aixsnas maTi arapirdapiri struqtura doqtrinaluri mosazrebebiT.
aviRoT partiis marqsistuli koncefcia - partia klasobrivi
politikis matarebeli. gana ar jdeba am gansazRvrebaSi, Tanac sakmaod
kargad, leiboristuli partiis struqtura? magram is udao faqti, rom
swored leiboristebi yvela sxva socialistur partiaze naklebad
arian dakavSirebuli marqsis doqtrinasTan, gvaiZulebs uari vTqvaT
aseT axsnaze. arapirdapiri struqtura, rogorc wesi, damaxasiaTebelia
skandinaviis socialisturi partiebisTvis, sadac marqsistuli
doqtrina ar TamaSobs raime mniSvnelovan rols, maSin roca
laTinurenovani partiebi, romelSic dominirebs ideologiuri midgoma,
organizebulni arian pirdapiri wevropis principiT. udaoa, rom amas
unda mieces sruliad sapirispiro axsna: leiboristuli da misi
msgavsi partiebis struqtura ganpirobebulia maTi pragmatistuli
orientaciiT; isini miiltvian reformistuli moqmedebisken da
naklebad awuxebT doqtrinaluri problemebi. rac Seexeba pirdapir
politikur struqturas, misi axsna SesaZlebelia martooden Teoriuli
mosazrebebiT. sinamdvileSi profkavSiruli struqtura gamoiwvia ara
marqsizmma, aramed TviT am profkavSirulma struqturam, romelic
spontanurad Seiqmna realuri viTarebebis gavleniT, uaryo marqsizmi
da upiratesoba mianiWa yoveldRiur efeqtur reformebs da ara
sazogadoebis globaluri gardaqmnis gegmebze zrunvas. arapirdapiri
274
struqturis arCevanze nebismier doqtrinaze metad moqmedebs erovnuli
xasiaTi. am tipis partiebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba laTinurenovan
qveynebSi – aramed martooden skandinavur, anglosaqsonur da
germaanul qveynebSi. . . aranakleb rols, rogorc Cans, TamaSobs
saarCevno sistema. ase magaliTad, aSkaraa, rom sayovelTao saarCevno
uflebis ararseboba aferxebs socialisturi partiebis ganviTarebas
da aZlevs rs biZgs profkavSirebisa da kooperativebs, xels uwyobs am
ukanasknelTa zegavlenas pirvelze.
XX saukunis dasawyisSi sakmaod mZafri brZola mimdinareobda
leiboristul partiebsa (arapirdapiri struqturiT) da sakuTriv
socialistur partiebs (pirdapiri struqturiT) Soris.xSirad partiaTa
es ori tipi Tanaarsebobda erTi da imave qveynis sazRvarSi (mag.,
avstralia, axali zelandia, belgia, inglisi): magram socialisturi
partiebi saboloo jamSi qrebodnen da adgils uTmobdnen
leiboristul partiebs. amasTan wminda saxis socialisturi partiebi
pirdapiri struqturiT Cndebodnen TavisTavad, xolo is partiebi,
romelTac hqondaT profkavSirebi, inarCunebdnen avtonomias da mxars
uWerdnen politikur moqmedebebs. arapirdapiri struqtura aq rogorc
Sedegi imisa, rom profkavSirebis ganviTareba win uswrebda partiaTa
gaCenas, sawinaaRmdego situacia, piriqiT, hbadebda pirdapir
struqturas.
275
gabriel almondi
samoqalaqo kulturis cnebis inteleqtualuri
istoria
samoqalaqo kulturis cneba
adrindeli cnebebi
mas aqeT, rac adamianebi laparakoben da weren politikaze, am
msjelobebSi yovelTvis figurirebda raRaca, rac politikuri
kulturis cnebas uaxlovdeba. mqadageblebi Tavis
winaswarmetyvelebebSi, darigebebsa da anaTemebSi amaleTelebs,
filistimlelebs, asirielebsa da babilonelebs gansxvavebul
Tvisebebsa da midrekilebebs miawerdnen. berZeni da romaeli
istorikosebi, poetebi da dramaturgebi aRwerdnen ionielebi
dorielebis, spartelebis, aTenelebis, korinTelebis; raetelebis,
panonielebis, dakebis, parTenelebis da kaledonielebis kulturasa da
xasiaTs.
cnebebi da kategoriebi, romlebsac Cven politikuri kulturis
analizisas viyenebT – qvekultura, elitis politikuri kultura,
politikuri socializacia, kulturis cvlileba – aseve Zvel
nawerebSic igulisxmeboda . . .
versad ver vnaxavT politikuri kulturis mniSvnelobis imaze Zlier
dacvas, vidre es platonis respublikaSia mocemuli, sadac is
acxadebs, rom “mTavrobebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebian, vinaidan
sxvadasxvanairia adamianTa midrekilebebi, da unda iyos imdeni
pirveli, ramdenicaa meore. saqme isaa, rom Cven ver CavTvliT rom
saxelmwifo “muxiTa da kldiTaa” aSenebuli da ara im adamianTa
bunebiT, romlebic masSi cxovroben”. is laparakobs aristokratiul,
276
timokratiul, oligarqiul da demokratiul poliTiebze da
adamianebze; mas gamohyavs pirvelis struqturis da saqmianobis
maxasiaTeblebi meoris Rirebulebebidan, Sexedulebebidan da
socializaciis gamocdilebidan. midgomiT, romelic namdvilad
daainteresebda, Tu ara sagonebelSi Cagdebda Cvens Tanamedrove
fsiqoistorikosebs, is xsnis aristokratiuli, oligarqiuli da
demokratiuli poliTiis xasiaTs prevalirebadi pirovnuli xasiaTis
tipebiT, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, aixsneba tipiuri ojaxuri
konstelaciebiT - kultivirebuli, saxelis momxveWeli an fulze
daxarbebuli mamebiT, dominanturi, damyoli an ukmayofilo dedebiT da
sxv. zustad imgvaradve, rogorc is xazs usvams politikuri kulturis
mniSvnelobas, Tavis respublikasa da kanonebSi platoni uaRresad did
mniSvnelobas aniWebs politikur socializacias. “. . . yvela cxovels
Soris biWi aris yvelaze umarTavi, imdenad ramdenadac masSi aris
gonis Sadrevani, romelic jer ar aris regulirebuli; is yvelaze
cbieri, enamaxvili da daumorCilebeli cxovelia. ai ratom unda iyos
is dabmuli bevri aRviriT . . .”1. dedebs da ZiZebs, mamebs, gamzrdelebs
da politikur moRvaweebs yvelas aqvT valdebuleba daarigon da
Seakavon gamousworebeli cxoveli samoqalaqo saTnoebis gzaze
dasayeneblad. aristoteleseuli politikis bolo wigni, ufro swored
misi fragmenti, ganaTlebas eZRvneba. plutarqe iuwyeba Tu rogor
Camoayaliba lucigrusma spartuli xasiaTi dabadebidanve, ase vTq vaT,
qalebisadmi micemuli rCeviT axalSobili biWebi daebanaT RvinoSi, da
ara wyalSi, raTa maTi sxeuli gakaJebuliyo. ZiZebi ar axvevdnen
“bavSvebs saxvevebSi; bavSvebi izrdebodnen Tavisuflebi da SeuzRudavi
qcevasa da formaSi; ar mizezobdnen saWmelze da ar arCevdnen mas; ar
eSinodaT sibnelis, an marto darCenis; ar buzRunebdnen, ar tirodnen,
ar hqondaT cudi xasiaTi. . . “2.
aristotele platonze ufro Tanamedrove da mecnieruli politikuri
kulturalistia, vinaidan is politikuri kulturis cvladebs ara
marto did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, aramed swavlobs maT mimarTebas
socialuri stratifikaciis cvladebTan, erTis mxriv, da politikis
struqturul da qmediTobis cvladebTan meores mxriv. misi azriT
277
mmarTvelobis saukeTeso formas warmoadgens Sereuli mmarTveloba,
romelic funqcionirebs iseT sazogadoebaSi, romelSiac prevalirebs
saSualo fena. Sereuli mmaarTveloba aris iseTi mmarTveloba,
romelic eyrdnoba rogorc oligarqiul, aseve demokratiul
principebs, Sesabamisad is uzrunvelyofs garkveul reprezentacias
mmarTvelobaSi mdidari da keTilSobili adamianebisTvis erTis mxriv,
da Raribi da mdabioebisTvis meores mxriv. amgvari mmarTveloba ufro
savaraudoa warmoiqmnas da ukeT ifunqcioniros maSin, rodesac
simdidre farTodaa gadanawilebuli da rodesac arsebobs farTo
saSualo fena, romelic aproecirebs sakuTar xasiaTs saxelmwifoze.
is aRniSnavs, rom
“yvelaze kargia, rodesac floben yvela mdidruli nivTebis
saSualo raodenobas. es xdeba imitom, rom simdidris es
raodenoba yvelaze metadaa mzad daemorCilos gonebas. . .
saSualo fena yvelaze naklebadaa ganwyobili Tavi daaRwios
Tanamdebobas an miiltvodes Tanamdebobisken; orive es tendencia
sazianoa saxelmwifosTvis. da, garda amisa, maT, visac mdidruli
nivTebis, siZlieris, simdidris, megobrebisa da amisTanebis Warbi
raodenoba gaaCnia, ar surT iyon marTulebi da arc ician rogor
unda iyon (da maT es Tviseba miRebuli aqvT ukve maTi yrmobis
dros ojaxuri cxovrebidan, romelic iyo imdenad aRsavse
fufunebiT, rom isini ver mieCvivnen Zalauflebisadmi
damorCilebas skolaSic ki), xolo isini, visac es yovelive
uaRresad akliaT, arian metismetad morCilebi”. . .
sazogadoeba, romelSiac saSualo fena pataraa, qmnis saxelmwifos,
romelic “Sedgeba batonebisa da monebisgan, da ara Tavisufali
adamianebisgan. erTi klasi Suriania xolo meore qedmaRluri Tavisi
TanamoZmeebis mimarT. es mdgomareoba metad Sors dgas megobruli
ganwyobisgan da politikuri partniorobisgan. . . “, romelic
aristoteles azriT warmoadgens kulturul baziss mmarTvelobis
saukeTeso da yvelaze mdgradi formisTvis.3
278
aristoteleseuli Sereuli mmarTveloba, romelSiac dominirebs
saSualo fena, emsgavseba imas, rac zogierTma Cvenganma bolo wlebSi
daaxasiaTa rogorc samoqalaqo kultura, romelSiac arsebobs
arsebiTi konsesusi politikuri institutebis legitimurobis da
sajaro politikis mimarTulebebisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb, farTodaa
gavrcelebuli tolerantuli ganwyoba interesTa
mravalferovnebisadmi da rwmena maT TavsebadobaSi, xolo moqalaqeTa
mier farTodaa gaziarebuli politikuri kompetenturobis grZnoba da
urTierTndoba. . .
evropuli sociologiis gavlena
mecxramete saukuneSi sociologiis, rogorc disciplinis ganviTarebis
msvlelobaSi arsebiTad aRiarebul iqna is mniSvneloba, romelic
gaaCnia subieqtur cvladebs socialuri da politikuri movlenebis
axsnisTvis. anri de sen-simoni socialuri stabilurobis SenarCunebasa
da socialuri progresis miRwevaSi met mniSvnelobas aniWebda
ideologiur-religiur Sexedulebebs, vidre ekonomikurs. ogiust konti
sazogadoebas ZiriTadad saerTo moraluri ideebis sistemad
warmoidgenda. marqsi ideologias Tvlida mniSvnelovan iaraRad
burJuaziis xelSi revoluciuri procesis SesaboWavad, xolo muSaTa
klasis politikur TviTSegnebas - proletaruli revoluciis
aucilebel pirobad. emil diurkhaimi socialuri solidarobis
sakuTar cnebas afuZnebda “koleqtiur cnobierebaze”, anu
Rirebulebebis, warmodgenebis da grZnobebis sistemaze, romlebsac
sazogadoebis wevrebi iziareben. xolo logikuri da aralogikuri
qcevis, “narCenis” da “derivaciebis” paretoseuli cnebebi nawili iyo
sociopolitikuri struqturis da socialuri cvlilebis arsebiTad
fsiqologiuri Teoriisa.
magram yvela evropel sociologTagan yvelaze didi gavlena
politikuri kulturis kvlevis formirebaze moaxdina maqs veberma.
veberisTvis sociologia unda yofiliyo “gamgebi mecniereba”,
Verstehende Soziologie romelSiac damokidebulebebi (atitudebi),
279
Rirebulebebi da grZnobebi iyo mniSvnelovani axsniTi cvladebi.
SesaZloa veberi iyo pirveli namdvilad Tanamedrove socialuri
mecnieri. misi cnebebi empiriulad iyo dasabuTebuli; meTogologiurad
is iyo sakmaod inovaciuri da mowinave. is Tavad iyenebda kiTxvarebs,
ganaviTara kontent-analizis forma da iyenebda sistematur savele
dakvirvebebs. veberis naSromi religiis sociologiaSi iyo gamoZaxili
marqsis sociologiuri Teoriisa, romelic ekonomikur struqturas –
mwarmoeblur urTierTobebs –socialuri institutebisa da ideebis
bazisur maformirebel elementebad ixilavda. didi msoflio
religiebis ekonomikuri eTosis veberiseuli SedarebiTi kvleva miznad
isaxavda imis demonstrirebas, rom Rirebulebebi da ideebi SeiZleba
iyos ekonomikuri struqturis da politikuri institutebis
cvlilebisa katalizis agentebi.
politikuri Zalauflebis veberiseuli tipebi – tradiciuli,
racionalur-legaluri da qarizmatuli – subieqtur kategoriebs
warmoadgenen. isini iyvnen is sami idealuri tipiuri mizezi, romelTa
gamoc liderebi sargebloben mimdevarTa morCilebiT, warmoadgendnen
politikuri legitimurobis safuZvlebis sam idealur tips.
struqturuli sxvaobebi politikur sistemaTa Soris Seiswavleba
rogorc am arsebiTad subieqturi kategoriebis daqvemdebarebuli
kategoriebi. tradiciul wesrigebs warmoadgenen iseTi sistemebi,
romlebSiac mmarTvelebs emorCilebian imitom, rom isini SeirCnen
uxsovar wesebTan SesabamisobaSi, da moqmedeben amgvari wesebis
Sesabamisad. racionalur-legaluri wesrigis ZiriTadi forma,
romelsac veberi swavlobs, aris biurokratia, romelSiac oficiozs
ujereben imis gamo, rom is SerCeulia da moqmedebs dawerili,
racionaluri da ganxorcielebadi wesebis mixedviT. qarizmartuli
Zalaufleba warmoadgens politikuri wesrigis eqstraordinarul da
tranzitul formas, romelsac axasiaTebs supermenis an lideris
eqstra-humanuri unarebis rwmena.
politikuri partiebis veberiseuli tipologia aseve efuZneba
wevrobisa da mxardaWeris subieqtur mizezebs. klasobrivi partiebi
280
arian isini, romlebic izidaven mxardamWerebs klasobriv interesebze
apelirebis gziT. patronaJuli partiebi arian isini, vinc
mxardamWerebs izidaven Zalauflebis, Tanamdebobis da sxva
materialuri upiratesobebis dapirebiT, maSin rodesac Weltanschauung
(msoflmxedvelobiTi) partiebi emyareba politikur mxardamWerTa
ideebze apelirebas. sabolood, socialuri aqtiobis veberiseuli
tipebi – tradiciuloba, afeqtacia, instrumentuli da Rirebulebrivi
racionaloba – uaRresad gavleniani iyo ganviTarebisa da
modernizaciis TeoriebisTvis, romlebic politikuri kulturis
kvlevebis CarCoebSi warmoiqmna.
SeerTebul StatebSi veberis ZiriTad interpretators warmoadgenda
talkot parsonsi. misi adrindeli Teoriuli kvleva eyrdnoba da xsnis
zogierT ZiriTad veberiseul kategorias. ase magaliTad, moqmedebis
orientirebis parsonsiseuli kategoriebi da misi paternuli cvladebi
sakmaod aSkarad eyrdnoba socialuri moqmedebis veberiseul tipebs.
socialuri moqmedebis orientaciis cnebaSi parsonsi laparakobs
orientaciis kognitur, emociur da SefasebiT wesebze. parsonsiseuli
paternuli cvladebi4 – moqmedebis orientaciis kontrastuli wesebis
wyvilebi – asaxaven rogorc veberis, aseve diurkhaimis gavlenas;
veberis Tvalsawieridan, specifiuroba, universalizmi, miRwevebis
motivireba da afeqturi neitraloba warmoadgenen racionaluri
kulturis maxasiaTeblebs, xolo difuzuroba, partikularizmi,
askriptuloba da afeqturoba tradicionalizmis maxasiaTeblebia. am
parsonsiseulma kategoriebma mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSes
politikuri modernizaciis SeswavlaSi da samoqalaqo kulturis
kvlevis dagegmarebaSi.
socialuri fsiqologiis gavlena
mesame inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba, romelic Seemata politikuri
kulturis konceptuializacias da kvlevas, iyo socialuri
fsiqologia. es disciplina warmoiSva meoce saukunis pirvel
aTwleulebSi didwilad sociologebisa da fsiqologebis erToblivi
281
Zalisxmevis Sedegad, romelic miznad isaxavda gaego da aexsna am
wlebis socialuri da politikuri katastrofebi: pirveli msoflio
omis sisxlisRvra da ngreva, bolSevikuri revolucia, didi depresia,
italiuri faSizmis da germanuli nacional-socializmis warmoqmna,
rasobrivi antagonizmi da sxva. socialuri fsiqologia warmoadgens
mcdelobas gagebisa da axsnisa Tu rogor da ratom ganisazRvreba da
ganicdis gavlenas individebis damokidebulebebi da qceva sxva
individebis da socialuri jgufebis arsebobiT da gavleniT. analizis
erTeulebi, romelic socialurma fsiqologiam gamoiyena rogorc
axsnis samSeneblo agurebi, aris instinqti, Cveva, grZnoba da
damokidebuleba. grehem valasi da uolter lipmani iyvnen
instinqtivistebi, iseve rogorc uiliam makdugali, torndaiki
(E.L.Thorndike) da jon devi (Dewey). sxva adrindeli socialuri
fsiqologebi analizis bazisur erTeulebad miiCnevdnen Cvevebsa da
grZnobebs, magram socialuri fsiqologiis meinstrimma analizis
erTeulad damokidebuleba (atitudi) airCia. damokidebulebis cneba
iZleva SesaZleblobas acilebul iqnas memkvidreobiTi an garemoseuli
mikerZoebuloba, romlebic Caqsovilia iseT cnebebSi, rogorebicaa
instinqti da Cveva, da aseve iZleva SesaZleblobas acilebul iqnas
aqcenti grZnobebze, romelic sentimentebis cnebaSia nagulisxmevi.
damokidebuleba, rogorc is socialur fsiqologiaSi ganisazRvreba,
aris individis midrekileba aRiqvas, gaigos da imoqmedos specifikuri
obieqtis mimarT specifiuri gziT. rogorc ki disciplina 40-ian da 50-
ian wlebSi gaxda ufro empiriuli, eqsperimentaluri da mkacri, man
daiwyo imis kvleva, Tu rogor formirdeba da transformirdeba
konkretuli socialuri da politikuri damokidebulebebi, rogoria
jgufis struqturisa da komunikaciis gavlena damokidebulebze,
damokidebulebebis struqtura da urTierTmimarTeba da sxva. . .
fsiqoanTropologiis gavlena
meoTxe inteleqtualuri mimdinareoba, romelic Seemata politikuri
kulturis konceptualizacias da kvlevas, iyo fsiqoanTropologia,
romelic momdinareobs froidis da misi mimdevrebis naSromebidan da
282
romelmac 30-ian wlebSi anTropologiasTan erTad warmoqmna is, rac
mogvianebiT cnobili gaxda fsiqokulturuli midgomis saxeliT.
froidi Tavad swavlobs adamianis politikur beds, magram
fsiqobiologiuri Tvalsawieridan.5 arc is da arc misi mowafeebi ar
Sexebian erisa da jgufis specifiur maxasiaTeblebs. froidisTvis da
fsiqoanalizis adrindeli TeoretikosebisTvis kvlevis sagans
Seadgenda adamianis zogadi bedi, romelic SezRudulia instinqturi
mowyobiTa da fsiqologiuri meqanizmebiT. fsiqoanalizisa da
socialuri mecnierebis gadaxlarTva daiwyo 20-ian da 30-ian wlebSi
bronislav malinkovskis, ruT benediqtis, margaret midisa da harold
lasuelis naSromebiT.6
Seqmnili pirvel rigSi anTropologebisa da fsiqiatrebis mier, es
fsiqokulturuli literatura cdilobda politikuri kulturis
midrekilebebi aexsna bavSvobisdroindeli socializaciis paternebiT,
aracnobieri motivaciebiT da fsiqologiuri meqanizmebiT. meore
msoflio omis periodSi da uSualod mis mere gakeTda mcdelobebi
omSi ZiriTadi CarTuli erebis – germaniis, ruseTis, amerikis,
safrangeTisa da iaponiis fsiqologiuri midrekilebebis daxasiaTebisa
da axsnisa. magram es mcdeloba - didi da kompleqsuri erebis
politika da sajaro politikuri kursi axsniliyo libidos Teoriisa
da ojaxuri Zalauflebis martiv terminebSi, patara soflis an
traibaluri sazogadoebis nagulisxmevi homogenurobiT - skeptikurad
iqna aRqmuli da adgili dauTmo ufro maRali donis formulirebebs,
romlebic ekuTvnoda abram kardiners, ralf liptons, aleqs inkelss
da daniel levinsons.7 kardinerma da lintonma ganavrces
socializacia adrindeli libiduri stadiidan cxovrebis mTel
ciklze, romelic moicavs zrdasruli adamianis gamocdilebas,
rogorc kulturul midrekilebebze zemoqmed faqtors. maT aseve
Semoitanes kvazi-statistikuri cnebebi, iseTebi, rogorebicaa
“bazisuri” an “modaluri” personaloba, raTa moexdinaT kulturul-
personaluri homogenurobis adrindeli warmodgenebis koreqtireba.
lintonma pirvelma daiwyo uSualod did sazogadoebebSi kulturis
heterogenurobis kvleva subkulturis, rolebis da statusis
283
kulturis cnebebis SemoRebiT. inkelsma da levinsonma
fsiqokulturuli midgoma srul statistikur formulirebamde
miiyvanes, maTi mtkicebiT mxolod SerCevis formirebis mkacr
teqnologiebs, zedmiwevniT formulirebuli da Semowmebuli kiTxvebiT,
SeeZlo daedgina sxvaobebi erTa politikur kulturebsa da maTSi
qvejgufebs Soris.
sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis meTodologiis ganviTareba
rogorc es mecnierebis istoriaSi xSirad momxdara, axali kvleviTi
teqnologiis gamoyenebam katalizatoris roli iTamaSa politikuri
kulturis konceptualizaciasa da kvlevaSi, romelsac 60-ian wlbSi
hqonda adgili.
es revolucia, romelic moxda socialur mecnierebaTa kvleviT
teqnologiaSi, Sedgeboda oTxi komponentisgan: (1) SerCevis sul ufro
zusti meTodebis ganviTareba, romlebmac SesaZlebeli gaxades
mosaxleobis vrcel jgufebze warmomadgenlobiTi monacemebis
Segroveba; (2) interviuirebis meTodebis mzardi daxvewa, rac iZleva am
meTodebis meSveobiT Segrovili monacemebis sandoobis zrdas; (3)
rangebisa da skalebis teqnikis ganviTareba, rac iZleva
SesaZleblobas pasuxebi daxarisxdes da dalagdes homogenuri
ganzomilebebis gaswvriv da daukavSirdes Teoriul cvladebs; da (4)
statistikuri analizisa da prognozirebis meTodebis daxvewa martivi
deskriptuli statistikidan bivariantuli, multivariantuli,
regresuli, mizez-Sedegobrivi mimarTebebis analizamde
konteqstualur, damokidebulebriv da qceviT cvladebs Soris.
sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis meTodis ganivTarebam politikaSi
moitana zusti instrumentebis wyeba, romelic gvaZlevs SesaZleblobas
gavcdeT SedarebiT arazust da spekulatur dakvirvebebs
fsiqologiuri midrekilebebis Sesaxeb, komunikaciis Sinaarss,
klinikur dakvirvebebs an biheviorul tendenciebs. sinamdvileSi
monacemebi, romlebic gamokiTxvebiT Segrovda, Seiqmna kvlevis
284
instrumentebiTa da procedurebiT, im kiTxvebiT, romlebsac
respondentebs ekiTxebodnen, SerCevis formirebiT da analizisa da
daskvnebis gakeTebis teqnologiiT. rogorc aCvenebs gamocdileba, xmis
micemis, damokidebulebebis da marketingul Catarebul kvlevebSi,
Secdomis es wyaroebi axla ufro kargad eqvemdebareba kontrols,
Tumca ki maTi sruli gamoricxva SeuZlebelia.
samoqalaqo kulturis modeli
“samoqalaqo kulturaSi” mocemuli kvleva yvela am inteleqtualur
tradicias eyrdnoba. ganmanaTleblobasa da liberalur politikur
Teorias is daesesxa demokratiuli moqalaqeobis “racionalistur-
aqtivistur models”, warmatebuli demokratiis models, romelic
moiTxovs rom yvela moqalaqe iyos CarTuli da aqtiuri politikaSi
da rom maTi monawileoba iyos informirebuli, analitikuri da
racionaluri. “samoqalaqo kulturis” daskvnas warmoadgenda is, rom
demokratiuli moqalaqeobis es racionalistur-aqtivisturi modeli
iyo samoqalaqo kulturis erT-erTi, magram ara erTaderTi komponenti.
marTlac, TavisTavad moqalaqeobis monawileobiT-racionaluri modeli
logikurad ver Seesabameba stabilur demokratiul mmarTvelobas.
mxolod maSin, rodesac is kombinirebulia Tavis sapirispiro
pasiurobasTan, ndobasTan da avtoritetisa da kompetenturobis
daculobasTan, SesaZlebeli xdeba Zlieri, stabiluri demokratiis
arseboba.
politikuri kultura da politikuri Teoria
politikuri kultura ar warmoadgens Teorias; is aRniSnavs cvladebis
erTobliobas, romelic SesaZloa iyos gamoyenebuli Teoriis
Sesaqmnelad. magram imdenad, ramdenadac is aRniSnavs cvladebis
nakrebs da maTi kvleviskenaa mimarTuli, is politikis fsiqologiur
an subieqtur ganzomilebas garkveul axsniT mniSvnelobas aniWebs,
zustad iseve, rogorc is gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs konteqstualuri
da Sinagani cvladebi, romlebiTac SesaZlebelia politikis axsna.
285
politikuri kulturis cvladebis axsniTi Zala empiriulad dgindeba,
ris gamoc is Riaa hipoTezebisTvis da SemowmebisTvis.
bolo ori aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi politikuri kulturis kvlevis
ganviTarebasTan erTad mimdinareobda polemika, organizebuli sami
kiTxvis garSemo: (1) azrTa sxvadasxvaoba politikuri kulturis arsis
gansazRvrebisa da specifikaciis Taobaze; (2) winaaRmdegobrioba,
romelic exeba politikuri kulturis analitikur gancalkevebas
politikuri struqturisa da qcevisgan; (3) debatebi mizezobrivi
kavSirebis Sesaxeb.
politikuri kulturis nairnairi gansazRvrebebi metwilad
warmoadgenen preTeoriul kategorizaciebs, romlebic miznad isaxaven
politikuri movlenebis axsnaSi politikuri kulturis cvladebis
mniSvnelobis xazgasmas, an win uswrebs politikuri kulturis raime
specifiuri aspeqtis an aspeqtebis empiriul kvlevas. adrindel
formulirebaSi, romelic talkot parsonsis naSromebs efuZneboda, me
ganvsazRvre politikuri kultura rogorc politikuri movlenebis
mimarT kognituri, afeqturi da SefasebiTi orientaciebis nakrebi,
romelic gavrcelebulia mocemul mosaxleobaSi an mis qvejgufSi,
xolo SemdgomSi me gavagrZele imiT, rom wamovayene garkveuli
kulturuli hipoTezebi, romlebmac SeiZleba axsnan gansxvaveba anglo-
amerikuli, kontinenturi evropuli, totalitaruli da
preindustriuli politikuri sistemebis funqcionirebaSi.8 daaxloebiT
imave periodSi gamoqveynebul formulirebaSi, semuel beeri, aseve
talkot parsonze dayrdnobiT, amtkicebda, rom politikuri kultura
axdens xalxis orientirebas politikisa da misi procesebis mimarT,
awvdis mas Sexedulebebis sistemas (kognitur ruqas), misi operirebis
Sefasebis gzas da eqspresuli simboloebis erTobliobas.9
“samoqalaqo kulturaSi” cnebis gansazRvreba adaptirebul iqna
kulturis im maxasiaTeblebis kvlevisadmi, romlebic savaraudod
demokratiis stabilurobas ukavSirdeba. Sesabamisad cnebis Seswavla
amaxvilebda yuradRebas politikur codnasa da unarebze, grZnobebze
286
da Rirebulebriv orientaciebze politikuri obieqtebisa da
procesebis mimarT – politikuri sistemisadmi mTlianobaSi, sakuTari
Tavisadmi rogorc monawilesadmi, politikuri partiebisa da
arCevnebis mimarT, biurokratiis da sxv. TiTqmis aranairi yuradReba ar
daeTmo sajaro politikuri strategiis sakiTxs.
politikuri kulturis nairsaxeobebis ZiriTad erTobliv kvlevaSi
lusien paim da sidnei verbam warmoadgines cnebis ufro daxvewili
forma. politikuri ganviTarebis Temaze dayrdnobiT paim ganixila is
gzebi, romlebiTac politikuri kulturis cnebas SeuZlia
ganviTarebis problemebis da procesebis axsna.10 verbam gansazRvra
politikuri kulturis iseTi mniSvnelovani ganzomilebebi,
rogorebicaa erovnuli identurobis SegrZneba, damokidebuleba
sakuTari Tavis, rogorc monawilis, mimarT, damokidebuleba sxva
moqalaqeebis mimarT, damokidebuleba da molodinebi mTavrobis
funqcionirebisa da politikis mimarT, da codna politikuri
gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesis Sesaxeb.11
politikuri opoziciis Seswavlisas dalma detalurad ganixila
politikuri orientaciis ramdenime tipi, romlebsac aqvT gavlena
gawevrianebaze politikur partiebSi. pirveli maTgani aris orientacia
politikuri sitemis, rogorc mTlianobis mimarT, romelic gavlenas
axdens erovnul sazogadoebriobaSi loialobis siRrmesa da
gavrcelebaze; damokidebuleba kooperaciisa da individualobisadmi
da sxva adamianebisadmi zogadad, romelic gavlenas axdens
politikuri jgufebis formirebaze da maT urTierTqmedebaze; da
orientacia problemebis gadaWris mimarT (anu aris is pragmatuli Tu
ideologiuri), romelic gavlenas axdens politikuri partiebis
interaqciaze. man Semdgom aCvena Tu rogor SeiZleba am
damokidebulebebma moaxdinon gavlena politikuri moZraobebis
politikur strategiebze da taqtikaze, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa
da ramdenime dasavluri evropuli demokratiis istoriul SemTxvevebis
sailustracio gamoyenebiT.12
287
bolodroindel formulirebaSi, almondi da paueli aviTareben
politikuri kulturis cnebas sami mimarTulebiT: (1) substanciuri
Sinaarsi; (2) orientaciebis mravalferovneba; (3) am komponentebs Soris
sistemuri kavSiri. eris politikuri kulturis analizi am samives
unda moicavdes. substanciuri Sinaarsis Tvalsawieridan SeiZleba
vilaparakoT “sistemur” kulturaze, “procesul” kulturaze da
“politikuri strategiis” kulturaze. eris sistemuri kultura unda
moicavdes erovnuli erTobisadmi, reJimisadmi da xelisuflebisadmi
damokidebulebebis gadanawilebas, devid istonis formulirebebs rom
daveyrdnoT.13 eseni moicaven erovnuli identurobis grZnobas,
damokidebulebas reJimisa da misi institutebis legitimurobis mimarT,
damokidebulebas sxvadasxva politikuri rolebis matareblebis
legitimurobisa da efeqturobis mimarT.
eris procesuli kultura unda moicavdes damokidebulebas
politikaSi sakuTari monawileobisadmi (e.i. paroqiuli-subieqturi-
monawileobrivi) da damokidebulebas sxva politikur aqtorTa mimarT
(e.i. ndoba, kooperaciis unari, mtruli ganwyoba). politikuri
strategiis kultura unda Sedgebodes preferenciebis
gadanawilebisgan politikis Sedegebisa da daniSnulebis mimarT,
mosaxleobis sxvadasxva jgufebSi iseTi politikuri Rirebulebebis
rigiTobas, rogorebicaa keTildReoba, usafrTxoeba da Tavisufleba.
am sistemis, procesis da politikuri strategiis mimarT orientireba
SeiZleba iyos kognituri - Semdgari rwmenebisgan, informaciisgan da
analizisgan; afeqturi - Semdgari mikuTvnebulobis grZnobisgan,
anTipatiisgan an indiferentulobisgan; an SefasebiTi - Semdgari ama
Tu im moraluri Sefasebisgan.
politikuri kulturis mesame aspeqti unda iyos misi komponentebis
SekavSirebuloba an sistemuri xasiaTi. filip konversi (Converse)
gvTavazobs “CarCos” cnebas im viTarebis dasaxasiaTeblad, rodesac
politikuri institutebis mimarT orientacia erTiandeba politikur
strategiebTan. ase, mocemul mosaxleobaSi, damokidebuleba sagareo
288
politikis mimarT, Sida ekonomikuri politikis mimarT da rasobrivi
segregaciis mimarT SeiZleba iyos Tanmimdevruli ideologiis
nawilebi; mocemuli jgufis individebis umravlesobisTvis, Tu
cnobilia maTi pozicia sagareo politikis mimarT, SesaZlebelia
Sexedulebebis gansazRvra gadasaxadebze, dasaqmebaze da sxva. sxva
jgufebSi es damokidebulebebi SeiZleba iyos damoukidebeli.
analogiurad, informacia, Sexedulebebi, grZnobebi da moraluri
Sefaseba urTierTdamokidebulia. zogadad SeiZleba erTmaneTisgan
ganvasxvaoT da erTmaneTs SevadaroT erebisa da jgufebis politikuri
kultura misi Sinagani CarCoebisa an Sekrulobis Sesabamisad.14 . . .
arasworia “samoqalaqo kulturis” kritika im motiviT, rom misi
mtkicebiT politikuri kultura ganapirobebs politikur struqturas.
am gamokvlevaSi konkretuli qveynebis specifiuri kulturuli
modelebis ganviTareba aixsneba specifiur istoriul gamocdilebaze
miTiTebiT, rogoricaa reformebis aqtis Sedegebi britaneTSi,
britanuli institutebis memkvidreoba SeerTebul StatebSi, meqsikuri
revolucia, germaniaSi meore msoflio omi da nacizmis damarcxeba.
savsebiT aSkaraa, rom politikuri kultura ganixileba rogorc
damoukidebeli da amave dros damokidebuli cvladi, rogorc
struqturis mizezi da rogorc mis mier ganpirobebuli ram.
“samoqalaqo kulturaSi” dakavebuli pozicia imis Taobaze, rom
warmodgenebi, grZnobebi da Rirebulebebi mniSvnelovnad ganapirobeben
politikur qcevas, da rom es warmodgenebi, grZnobebi da Rirebulebebi
arian socializaciis gamocdilebis produqti, damtkicebulia mravali
monacemiT. magram “samoqalaqo kultura” iyo erT-erTi yvelaze
adrindeli kvleva, romelmac xazi gausva zrdasrul adamianTa
politikuri socializaciis da gamocdilebis mniSvnelobas da
romelmac aCvena SedarebiTi sisuste bavSvobisdroindeli
socializaciisa. es mtkicebulebi calsaxadaa naCvenebi da
faqtobrivadaa ganmtkicebuli.
289
politikuri kulturis es SedarebiT Ria koncefcia, romelSiac is
aris qcevisa da struqturis ganmapirobebeli da amave dros maT mier
formirebuli, da moicavs agreTve zrdasrulTa politikur swavlebasa
da racionalur kognitur komponents, warmoadgens ronald rogovskis
kritikis sagans; is uaryofs politikuri kulturis Teorias im
mizeziT, rom misi metismetad bundovani da difuziuri formulirebis
gamo is miuRebelia, rogorc axsniTi Teoria. is amtkicebs, rom socio-
ekonomikur, eTnikur da religiur interesebsa da politikur
struqturas Soris arsebobs aSkara racionaluri mimarTebebi, da rom
politikuri struqturis racionaluri individualisturi axsna ufro
Zlier da Sekrul Teorias warmoadgens, vidre politikuri kulturis
Teoria.15
es polemika politikuri kulturis axsniTi mniSvnelobis Taobaze
rogorc is “samoqalaqo kulturaSia” gansazRvruli, mxolod
empiriuli kvlevebiT SeiZleba gadawydes, xolo Catarebuli kvlevebi
gvafiqrebineben, rom rogovskis pozicias ara aqvs faqtobrivi
dasayrdeni. kacobriobis istoriis didi nawili uaryofs imas, rom
politikuri institutebis struqtura da maTi legitimuroba SeiZleba
mxolod racionaluri kerZo interesiT aixsnas. socialuri klasis da
eTnikuri da religiuri jgufis racionaluri interesi qmnis
Zlevamosil dinamikas, romelic Suqs hfens politikur moZraobebsa da
konfliqtebs, da mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens politikis Sedegebze.
magram patriotizmi, komunaluri loialoba, religiuri Rirebulebebi
da ubralo Cveva da tradicia aSkarad moqmedeben politikuri
struqturisa da legitimurobis axsnaze. . .
1 Plato, The Works of Plato. trans. Benjamin Jowett 1 vol.ed. (New York: Dial Press, n.d.), p.445 2 Plutarch, The Lives of the Noble Grecians and Romans, trans. John Dryden, rev. by Arthur Hugh Clough (New York: Random House, Modern Library, n.d.), p.62 3 Aristotle, Politics, trans. H. Rackham (London: Heinemann, 1932), pp285ff, 4 Talcott Parsons and E.A.Shils, Toward a General Theory of Action (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1951). 5 ix., magaliTad, Sigmund Freud, Civilization and its Discontents (1930) in Complete Works, vol.22 (New York: Macmillan, 1962). 6 B.Malinovski, Sex and Repression in Savage Society (New York:Harcount Brace Jovanovich 1927); Margaret Mead, Ruth benedict, Patterns of Culture (Boston: Houghton Miffin, cago: University of Chicago press, 1930). 7 Abram Kardiner, The Psychological Frontiers of Society (New York: Columbia University Press,1945); Alex Inkels and David Levinson. “National Character: the Study of Modal Personality and Socio-Cultural Systems” in
290
Lindzey and Aronson, Handbook, vol.4; Alex Inkeles, “National Characted and modern Political Systems” in Franklin L.K. Hsu, ed., Psychological Anthropology (Belmont, Calif., Wadsworth 1961) 8 G.A.Almond, Political Development (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), pp.35ff 9 S.Beer, Adam Ulam, eds. Patterns of Government, 3rd ed., part 1 (New York: Random House, 1974) 10 Lucian Pye and Sidney Verba, Political Culture and Political Development (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1966), chap.1 11 Almond and Verba, Civic Culture, (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1963) 12 Robert A.Dahl, Political Oppozitions in Western Democracies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), pp. 352ff 13 David Easton, A System Analyses of Political Life (New York: John Willey and Sons, 1965) 14 Phillip Converse, “The Nature of Mass Belief Systems”, in David Apter, ed., Ideology and Discontent (New York: Free Press, 1964) 15 Donald Devine, The Political Culture of the United States (Boston: Little, Brown, 1972)Ronald Rogowski, A Rational Theory of Legitimacy (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1976).
291
ronald ingleharti
modernizacia da postmodernizacia: kulturis,
politikisa da ekonomikis cvlileba 43
sazogadoebaSi
modernizacia da postmodernizacia
ekonomikis, kulturisa da politikis cvlileba mimdinareobs
urTierTSeTanxmebuli gzebiT, romlebic msoflios winaswarmetyvelebadi
mimarTulebiT cvlian.
es mtkicebuleba, karl marqsiTa da maqs veberiT dawyebuli daniel beliT
damTavrebuli, modernizaciis Teoriis centralur debulebas warmoadgens.
bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi mis irgvliv cxare debatebi
mimdinareobda. am wignSi moyvanili faqtobrivi monacemebi adastureben am
debulebis didwilad marTebulobas: Tumca ki Cven ar Segvwevs unari zustad
viwinaswarmetyveloT Tu ra moxdeba mocemul sazogadoebaSi drois ama Tu
im momentSi, ganviTarebis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis zogadi monaxazis
gansazRvra SesaZlebelia. Tuki cvlilebis procesebi daiwyo, droTa
ganmavlobaSi savaraudoa garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis gaCena.
migneba, rom socialuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi mimdinareobs
urTierTSeTanxmebuli gziT, momxibvleli, Tumc ki winaaRmdegobrivi iyo
ukve im droidan, rodesac igi marqsma wamoayena. is inteleqtualurad
mastimulirebelia, vinaidan ara marto ekonomikuri, socialuri da
politikuri cvlilebebis axsnis SesaZleblobas iZleva, aramed
winaswarmetyvelebadobis garkveul donesac gvTavazobs. aqamde adamianTa
saqmianobis winaswarmetyvelebis mcdelobaTa didi nawili wminda
ampartavnobas warmoadgenda; kargadaa cnobili, rom marqsis bevri
prognozi mcdari aRmoCnda. adamianTa qceva imdenad rTulia da ganicdis
imdenad mravali, sxvadasxva doneze operirebadi faqtoris zegavlenas, rom
zusti, upirobo winaswarmetyvelebis gakeTebis mcdeloba ganwiruli Cans.
Cven amgvar dapirebebs ar viZleviT: SeuZlebelia socialuri cvlilebis
zusti msvlelobis ganWvreta. miuxedavad amisa ekonomikis, politikisa da
kulturis cvlilebebis garkveuli sindromebi urTierTSeTanxmebul
traeqtoriebs misdeven, romelTagan zogierTebi ufro savaraudoa, vidre
sxvebi. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, sazogadoebaTa did simravleSi, Tuki
procesi daiwyo, mosalodnelia garkveuli mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi. ase
292
magaliTad, nebismier sazogadoebaSi, romelic industrializaciis gzas
daadga, am process savaraudoa moyves urbanizaciis zrda, dasaqmebis
sferoSi specializaciis gaZliereba da formaluri ganaTlebis donis
amaRleba1. yvela eseni im traeqtoriis sakvanZo elementebs warmoadgens,
romelsac zogadad "modernizacias" uwodeben.
am traeqtorias naklebad cxadi, magram aranakleb mniSvnelovani
grZelvadiani Sedegebis ganviTarebaze aqvs gavlena, rogorebicaa masobrivi
politikuri monawileobis donis amaRleba. amdenad, Tumca ki Cven ar
SegviZlia viwinaswarmetyveloT mocemul qveyanaSi konkretuli liderebis
moqmedeba, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom (istoriis mocemul momentSi)
politikaSi masebis wvlili savaraudod ufro mniSvnelovan rols
iTamaSebs SvedeTsa an iaponiaSi, vidre albaneTsa an birmaSi. Cven SegviZlia
isic ki ganvsazRvroT, arcTu SemTxveviTi sixSiriT, Tu ra politikuri
sakiTxebi iqneba yvelaze mniSvnelovani Sesabamisi tipis sazogadoebaSi.
modernizaciis traeqtoria ukavSirdeba aseve kulturis sxva cvlilebaTa
farTo speqtrs. rogorc SemdgomSi vnaxavT, kulturaSi arsebuli garkveuli
Rirebulebebi xels uwyoben ekonomikuri kapitalis dagrovebasa da
investirebas, rac qmnis industrializaciis SesaZleblobas, xolo mkveTrad
sapirispiro genderuli rolebi, romlebic preindustriul sazogadoebebs
axasiaTeben, ganviTarebul industriul sazogadoebebSi TiTqmis
gardauvalad adgils uTmoben sul ufro msgavs genderul rolebs.
magram socialuri cvlileba ar aris sworxazovani. specifiuri
modernizaciuli cvlilebebis sindromi Tumca ki Cndeba xolme
sazogadoebis agraruli mowyobidan industriulze gadasvlis procesSi,
aranairi socialuri cvlileba ar inarCunebs Tavis mimarTulebas
samudamod. is bolosdabolos aRwevs klebadi ukugebis wertils.
modernizaciac ar aris gamonaklisi. ganvlili ramdenime aTwleulis
ganmavlobaSi mowinave industriulma sazogadoebebma miaRwies gardatexis
wertils da daiwyes moZraoba axali traeqtoriis gaswvriv, romelsac
SeiZleba "postmodernuli" vuwodoT.
postmodernizaciasTan erTad is xedva, romelic industrializebad
sazogadoebebSi industriuli revoluciis droidan dominirebda,
TandaTanobiT axali msoflmxedvelobiT inacvleba. es Senacvleba asaxavs
axlebur midgomas imisadmi, Tu ras moelian adamianebi cxovrebisgan. mas
moaqvs politikis, muSaobis, religiis, saojaxo da seqsualuri qcevis
warmmarTveli bazisuri normebis gardaqmna. amgvarad, ekonomikuri
ganviTarebis process mosdevs ori mimdevrobiTi traeqtoria, modernizacia
da postmodernizacia. erTic da meorec mWidrod ukavSirdeba ekonomikis
293
ganviTarebas, magram postmodernizacia ganviTarebis ufro gviandel
stadias warmoadgens, is kavSirSia warmodgenebis iseT wyebasTan, romelic
metad gansxvavebulia imisgan, rac modernizacias axasiaTebda. warmodgenaTa
es sistemebi ar arian ubralod ekonomikuri an socialuri cvlilebebis
Sedegi, aramed ayalibeben socio-ekonomikur pirobebs, da, amave dros, am
pirobebis mierac formirdebian.
modernizaciis Teoria: kavSiri kulturas, ekonomikasa da
politikas Soris
modernizaciis Seswavla socialur mecnierebebSi 50-iani wlebis bolosa da
60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi udides rols TamaSobda. SemdgomSi
modernizaciis cneba mkacrad iqna gakritikebuli, da 70-iani wlebidan
diskreditebulad iTvleba. pais SexedulebiT2 SesaZloa, dadga am cnebis
gadaxedvis dro. es Tavic swored am mizans isaxavs, masSi moyvanilia axali
empiriuli monacemebi da SemoTavazebulia modificirebuli Sexeduleba imis
Taobaze, Tu rogor muSaobs modernizacia.
modernizaciis Teoriis mTavari mtkicebuleba aris is, rom
industrializacia ukavSirdeba socio-politikuri cvlilebebis Tavisebur
process, romelic yvelgan vrceldeba: miuxedavad imisa, rom
preindustriuli sazogadoebebi uaRresad mravalferovania, SesaZloa
dasabuTebulad vilaparakoT “modernuli” an “industriuli” sazogadoebis
modelze, romlis mimarTulebiTac yvela es sazogadoeba miiswrafvis, raxan
is industrializaciis gzas daadga. ekonomikuri ganviTareba ukavSirdeba
cvlilebebis sindroms, romelic moicavs ara marto industrializacias,
aramed aseve urbanizacias, masobriv ganaTlebas, dasaqmebis specializebas,
biurokratizacias da komunikaciis ganviTarebas, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
ukavSirdeba ufro farTo kulturul, socialur da politikur cvlilebebs.
erT-erTi mizezi, Tu ratom gamoiwvia modernizaciis Teoriam amdenad didi
interesi, iyo misi winaswarganWvretis unaris pretenzia: is gulisxmobda,
rom rogorc ki sazogadoeba daadgeboda industrializaciis gzas,
savaraudo gaxdeboda garkveuli tipis kulturuli da politikuri
cvlilebebi, dawyebuli ufro dabali Sobadobis maCveneblebiT da
damTavrebuli mmaTvelobis ufro Zlieri roliT, sicocxlis
xangrZlivobis ufro maRali maCveneblebiT, masobrivi politikuri aqtiobis
zrdiT, da, SesaZloa, demokratiiTac ki. zogierTi kritikosi
karikaturulad xatavda modernizaciis Teorias warmodgenad, romlis
mixedviTac ekonomikuri ganviTareba advilad da avtomaturad moitanda
liberalur demokratias, da isini uaryofdnen am xedvas rogorc
gulubryvilo eTnocentrizms. sinamdvileSi modernizaciis TeoretikosTa
294
umravlesobis prognozebi gacilebiT ufro kvalificirebulia, magram Tu
Cven daviviwyebT dausabuTebel varauds, rom modernizacia aris advili da
avtomaturi procesi, maSinac ki es mtkicebuleba [rom ekonomikur
ganviTarebas Tan sdevs liberaluri demokratiis damkvidreba – red.] dRes
ar gamoiyureba sruliad daujereblad.
modernizaciis Teoria ukve erTi saukunea rac viTardeba. socialur
mecnierebaSi momuSave mravalma Teoretikosma moiyvana argumentebi imis
dasasabuTeblad, rom teqnologiuri da ekonomikuri cvlilebebi
ukavSirdeba kulturuli da politikuri cvlilebebis koherentul da
winaswarmetyvelebad modelebs. magram aseve grZeldeboda kamaTebi
mizezobrivi kavSirebis Sesaxeb: iwvevs Tu ara ekonomikis cvlileba
kulturisa da politikis gardaqmnas, Tu piriqiT?
marqsi ekonomikuri determinizmis Tvalsawieridan amtkicebda, rom
sazogadoebis teqnologiuri done ayalibebs mis ekonomikur sistemas,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, gansazRvravs kulturul da politikur
maxasiaTeblebs: Tuki teqnologiebi sahaero wisqvilis donezea,
sazogadoeba iqneba damokidebuli soflis meurneobiT arsebobaze, da masSi
umravlesobas Raribi glexebi Seadgenen, dominirebulni miwaTmflobeli
aristokratiis mier; orTqlis manqanas moaqvs industriuli sazogadoebis
ganviTareba, sadac dominanturi elita xdeba burJuazia, romelic uwevs
eqspluatacias qalaqis proletariats da awarmoebs mis represirebas.
veberi, amis sawinaaRmdegod, centralur rols kulturis gavlenas aniWebda:
kultura, misi azriT, ar iyo martooden ekonomikis epifenomeni, aramed
TavisTavad mniSvnelovan mizezobriv faqtors warmoadgenda; kulturas
SeuZlia ekonomikuri qcevis ganpirobeba, iseve rogorc Tavad SeiZleba
iyos ganpirobebuli am qcevis mier. ase, protestantuli eTikis warmoSobam
gaaadvila kapitalizmis zrda, ramac Seuwyo xeli rogorc industriul
revolucias, aseve demokratiul revoluciasac. am Sexedulebis Tanaxmad
rwmenaTa sistema gavlenas axdens ekonomikur da politikur cxovrebaze, da,
Tavis mxriv, ganicdis maT gavlenas.
marqsis zogierTi mimdevari gascda ekonomikur determinizms (romlis
mixedviTac revoluciuri utopia spontanurad unda damdgariyo) da meti
mniSvneloba mianiWa ideologiisa da kulturis gavlenas. ase, lenini
amtkicebda, rom muSaTa klass TavisTavad ar SeuZlia warmatebuli
revoluciisTvis sakmarisi klasobrivi TviTSegnebis gamomuSaveba; mas unda
gauZRves profesiul revolucionerTa ideologiurad momzadebuli
avangardi.
295
maom kidev ufro didi mniSvneloba mianiWa revoluciur azrovnebas. ganudga
ra marqsistul orTodoqsias, man ganacxada, rom CineTs ar sWirdeba
urbanizaciisa da industrializaciis procesebis dalodeba; Tuki
ideologiurad momzadebuli kadrebi sakmaris enTuziazms Seitanen CinelTa
masebSi, komunisturi revolucia gaimarjvebs agrarul sazogadoebaSic ki. . .
kulturis faqtoris mniSvnelovani rolis gaTvaliswinebiT, modernizaciis
axali Teoretikosebi, rogoricaa beli3, samuSao Zalis struqturis
cvlilebas kulturis cvlilebis wamyvan faqtorad miiCneven. belisTvis
“postindustriuli sazogadoebis” dadgomis mTavar etaps Seadgens is
momenti, rodesac samuSao Zalis umravlesoba CarTulia ekonomikis mesame
seqtorSi, romelic awarmoebs ara nedleulsa Tu industriul nawarms,
aramed momsaxurebas. es iwvevs formaluri ganaTlebis masiur eqspansias,
rac ganpirobebulia kvalificirebuli samuSao Zalis zrdis saWiroebiT.
sxva avtorebi, rogorebicaa lerneri da inkelsi da smiti4 miiCneven, rom
formaluri ganaTleba aris is ZiriTadi faqtori, romelic aformirebs
“modernul” msoflmxedvelobas.
moyveba Tu ara modernizacias demokratia? . . . rostous mtkicebiT5
ekonomikuri ganviTareba Sinaganad xels uwyobs demokratias, magram 70-iani
wlebisTvis socialur mecnierTa umravlesoba skeptikurad ekideboda am
ideas. avtoritaruli reJimebi samyaros ucvlel maxasiaTeblad
gamoiyureboda – im (da, SesaZloa yvelaze metad) komunistur qveynebSic ki,
romlebmac miaRwies STambeWdav ekonomikur zrdas. industrializacias
SeiZleba moyoloda an demokratia, an diqtatura.
Cven vayalibebT modernizaciis modificirebul Teorias. Cven veTanxmebiT
modernizaciis Teoretikosebis ZiriTad mtkicebulebas: rom ekonomikuri
ganviTareba, kulturis cvlilebebi da politikuri cvlilebebi
erTmaneTTan harmoniul, da garkveulwilad, winaswarWvretad kavSirSi
imyofeba. cvlilebis zogierTi mimarTulebebi sxvebze ufro savaraudoa,
vinaidan garkveuli konfiguraciebi Rirebulebebis da warmodgenebis, da
politikuri da ekonomikuri institutebis urTierTganmapirobebelia –
xolo sxvebi ara. amdenad, Tuki cnobilia sazogadoebis erTi komponeneti,
sxva komponentebis winaswarmetyveleba SesaZlebelia araSemTxveviTi
albaTobiT. . .
1. cvlileba ar aris sworxazovani. is ar miemarTeba erTi mudmivi
mimarTulebiT istoriis dasasrulamde, aramed is bolosdabolos
aRwevs klebadi ukugebis gardamtex wertils da, metic, is ukve
fundameturad sxva mimarTulebiT warimarTa bolo ramdenime
aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi.
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2. modernizaciis Teoriis adrindeli versiebi iyo deterministuli, maT
Soris marqsistuli Teoria ixreboda ekonomikuri determinizmisken,
xolo veberiseuli versia zogjer kulturul determinizms waagavda.
Cven migvaCnia, rom mimarTebebi ekonomikas, politikasa da kulturas
Soris aris ormxrivi, iseve rogorc mimarTebebi biologiuri
organizmis sxvadasxva sistemebs Soris. uazroba iqneba vikiTxoT, aris
Tu ara adamianis sxeulis qceva namdvilad ganpirobebuli kunTovani
sistemiT, nervuli sistemiT, an respiratoruli sistemiT: TiToeuli
gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs da verc erTi moqmedeba ver
ganxorcieldeba, Tu erT-erTi maTgani mwyobridan gamovida.
analogiurad, politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemebi moiTxoven
Sesabamis kulturul sistemas – sxvagvarad maT mouwevT Ria iZulebaze
dayrdnoba, rac TiTqmis arasdros ar grZeldeba didxans. da
piriqiTac, kulturis sistema, romelic ar Seesabameba ekonomikur
sistemas, savaraudod didxans ver gastans. . . .mizezobrivi kavSirebi
ormxrivobisken ixreba. Tuki es sistemebi erTmaneTs xels ar uwyoben,
maT gadarCenis naklebi Sansi aqvT.
3. Cven vuarvyofT modernizaciis iseT xedvas, romelic mas
vesternizaciasTan aigivebs. istoriis erT-erT momentSi modernizacia
iyo Tavmoyrili dasavleTSi. dRes aSkaraa, rom procesi
globaluria, da garkveuli gagebiT aRmosavleTi azia dRes win
uZRveba modernizaciis process. . . veberi marTali iyo, rodesac
evropis modernizaciis sakvanZo movlenad protestantuli eTikis
zrdas miiCnevda. magram protestantuli eTikis es gavlena evropul
modernizaciaze ar iyo protestantizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
unikalobis Sedegi, aramed imis Sedegi, rom misma momxveWelurma
racionalobam gamodevna religiuri normebis is erToba, romelic
Cveulia preindustriuli sazogadoebebis umravlesobisaTvis da
romelic zRudavs ekonomikur miRwevebs. protestantizmi ki iyo
ganuyoflad dasavluri, magram momxveWeluri racionaloba ar aris
aseTi. Tumca ki industrializacia pirvelad dasavleTSi moxda,
dasavleTis zrda modernizaciis mxolod erT versias warmoadgenda.
4. demokratia ar aris modernizaciis fazis nawili, rogorc amas
zogierTi mkvlevari varaudobs. arsebobs modernizaciis sxva SesaZlo
formebi, maT Soris yvelaze cnobilia faSizmi da komunizmi, rogorc
amas muri uTiTebs6. magram demokratia xdeba sul ufro savaraudo
maSin, rodesac sazogadoebebi scildebian modernizaciis fazas da
postmodernizaciis fazaSi gadadian. postmodernul fazaSi Cndeba
cvlilebebis gansxvavebuli sindromi, romelic zrdis demokratiis
savaraudobas – manam, sanam misi acileba metad Zviri SeiZleba dajdes.
297
. . .kultura warmoadgens Sexedulebebis, Rirebulebebisa da codnis sistemas,
romelic sazogadoebis mier farTodaa gaziarebuli da gadaicema Taobidan
Taobaze. adamianis bunebisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic biologiurad Sinagania
da universaluri, kultura iswavleba da varirebs gansxvavebul
sazogadoebebSi. kulturis ufro sakvanZo da adre naswavli aspeqtebi
mdgradia cvlilebis mimarT, imitom rom Zalian Znelia zrdasruli
adamianis kognituri mowyobis centraluri elementebis Secvla, Tanac
adamianis yvelaze arsebiTi Sexedulebebis uaryofa qmnis dabneulobasa da
SfoTvas. socio-ekonomikuri cvlilebebis xangrZlivi cvalebadobis
pirobebSi SeiZleba gardaiqmnas kulturis centraluri elementebic ki,
magram isini ufro savaraudoa icvleba mosaxleobaSi TaobaTa cvlis
kvalobaze da ara ukve socializebuli adamianebis gardaqmniT.
kulturaSi Cven vgulisxmobT sazogadoebaSi arsebuli institutebis
subieqtur elementebs: Sexedulebebs, Rirebulebebs, codnasa da unarebs,
romlebic gaSinaganebulia mocemuli sazogadoebis mosaxleobis mier da
avseben Zaladobisa da gacvlis maT gareT myof sistemebs. kulturis es
gansazRvreba ufro viwroa, vidre is, romelic Cveulebriv anTropologiaSi
gamoiyeneba, vinaidan Cvens mizans empiriuli gamokvleva warmoadgens. Cven
gamovikvlevT, Tu ra donemde ukavSirdeba Sinagani kulturuli
orientaciebi empiriulad gare socialur institutebs. yvelafris Cadeba
kulturis cnebaSi gamousadegars gaxdida am cnebas mocemuli tipis
analizisTvis.
nebismier stabilur ekonomikur an politikur sistemas gaaCnia Sesabamisi
da mxardamWeri kulturis sistema, romelic mis legitimizebas axdens.
mocemuli sazogadoebis adamianebs gaSinaganebuli aqvT wesebisa da
normebis nakrebi. Tu es ase ar aris, mmarTvelebs SeuZliaT miaRwion
marTulTa mier wesebis dacvas mxolod gare daZalebiT, rac Zviri jdeba da
arasaimedoa. metic, sistemis efeqturi legitimizebisTvis kultura uqmnis
CarCoebs ara marto masebis, aramed elitebis qcevasac – da ayalibebs
politikur da ekonomikur sistemebs, aris ra maT mierac Camoyalibebuli
Tavis mxriv. procesi ar aris teleologiuri, magram igi operirebs ise,
TiTqos iyos aseTi: sazogadoebebi Zalauflebis legitimuri sistemebiT
ufro iolad axerxeben gadarCenas vidre isini, romlebsac aseTi sistema ar
gaaCniaT. . .
. . . publikaciebs, romlebic postmodernizaciis fenomens aRweren, saqme aqvT
savsebiT realur da arsebiT movlenasTan: msofliom (an, yovel
SemTxvevaSi, misma didma nawilma) daiwyo svla sxva gziT, vidre iyo gza,
romelsac is industriuli revoluciis dasabamidan miyveboda. da es axali
mimarTuleba Seesabameba, mravali gagebiT, imas, rac postmodernis
298
damkvirveblebis azriT xdeba. anu, Tumca ki gare realoba kvlavac arsebobs,
kultura axdens uzarmazar gavlenas imaze, Tu rogor aRiqmeba es realoba.
metic, kulturis fardobiTi mniSvneloba rogorc Cans izrdeba. am axal
postmodernul gzaze ekonomikuri racionaloba naklebad calsaxad
ganapirobebs adamianTa qcevas, vidre adre: SesaZleblobebis veli
gafarTovda da kulturuli faqtorebi xdeba ufro mniSvnelovani.
mimdinareobs kulturis empiriulad dakvirvebadi gardaqmna. didi
religiuri da ideologiuri metanarativebi kargaven avtoritets masebSi.
erTferovneba da ierarqia, romlebmac Camoayalibes moderni, adgils
uTmoben mravalferovnebis mzard aRiarebas. xolo instrumetuli
racionalobis mkveTri dominireba, romelic moderns axasiaTebda, met
adgils uTmobs Rirebulebriv racionalobasa da zrunvas cxovrebis
xarisxis Taobaze.
rogorc am wignSi naCvenebi iqneba empiriul monacemebze dayrdnobiT,
postmodernuli cvlileba masobriv Rirebulebebsa da SexedulebebSi
namdvilad mimdinareobs. swored amitom monaxes bolo aTwleulebSi
postmodernul avtorTa ideebma gamgebi auditoria. Tumca ki empiriuli
monacemebis Cvens mier Catarebul analizs ar SeuZlia gadaWras
postmodernis normatiuli problemebi, is dagvexmareba ganvsazRvroT, Tu
sad Cndeba postmodernuli cvlileba da ramdenac swrafad viTardeba, is
aseve dagvexmareba avxsnaT, Tu ratom xdeba igi.
xelisufleba da kultura
marqsis gansazRvrebiT ideologia aris yalbi cnobiereba – anu cnobiereba,
romelic Camoyalibebulia Zalauflebis mqoneTa mier maTi mmarTvelobis
(da eqspluatirebis) uflebis gasamarTleblad da misi gardauvalobis
iluziis Sesaqmnelad. migneba, rom kultura mWidrod ukavSirdeba
Zalauflebas, metad mniSvnelovania. gulubryviloba iqneba vifiqroT, rom
kultura neitraluria: absoluturad yvela sazogadoebaSi is amarTlebs
arsebul socialur wesrigs – nawilobriv imitom rom dominanturi elita
cdilobs mis formirebas Tavisi mmarTvelobis gasagrZeleblad.
postmodernizmis literaturis erT-erT wamyvan Temas warmoadgens is, rom
kultura gamoiyeneba politikuri Zalauflebis legitimizebisTvis; fuko am
midgomis ganTqmuli damcvelia. am xedvis ukiduresi varianti iqneba imis
mtkiceba, rom nebismieri realoba aris politikurad konstruirebuli
miTebis sistema, xolo socialuri kritikis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens am
miTebis dekonstruqcia, romlebic ubralod privilegiebisa da
eqspluataciis saSualebebia.
299
ueWvelia, rom kultura emsaxureba socialuri wesrigis legitimizebas.
elitis Tvalsawieridan es SeiZleba iyos misi yvelaze mniSvnelovani
funqciac ki. magram es aSkarad ar aris erTaderTi, rasac kultura akeTebs.
kultura axdens sazogadoebis integrirebas saerTo miznebis azriT,
akmayofilebs esTetur da inteleqtualur moTxovnebs da, sabolood, rac
arsebiTia, aseve garkveulwilad zRudavs elitebs.
ukiduresi xedva, romlis mixedviTac masobriv SexedulebaTa sistema
sruliad dominirebulia elitebis interesebiT, gulisxmobs masebis
manipulirebis SesaZleblobis iseT dones, romelic ubralod
ararealisturia. uaxlesi istoria Suqs hfens am problemas. ase, sabWoTa
kavSirSi, istoriaSi arnaxuli doniT saganmanaTleblo sistemis, sajaro
diskusiebis, masmediis, eklesiisa da komunikaciis sxva arxebis 70-wliani
kontrolis Semdeg sabWoTa elita sabolood uZluri aRmoCnda xalxis
msoflmxedveloba Camoeyalibebia Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad: sabolood
elitebsac ki aRar sjerodaT oficialuri ideologiisa.
dasavluri mowinave industriuli sazogadoebebi aseve icvleba – moswons es
maT elitebs Tu ara. modernistuli msoflmxedveloba, romelic odesRac
mtkiced iyo damkvidrebuli, adgils uTmobs postmodernul Rirebulebebs,
romlebic afaseben adamianTa avtonomiurobasa da mravalferovnebas
ierarqiisa da konformulobis sanacvlod, rac modernisTvis iyo
umTavresi. orive SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelmac arsobrivi
kulturuli cvlileba gamoiwvia, iyo is, rom axal TaobaTa cxovrebiseulma
gamocdilebam realobis axali aRqma gamoiwvia. es xdeba imitom, rom
uSualo gamocdileba bolosdabolos Tavis gavlenas axdens. dominanturi
elitis mier propagandirebuli oficialuri WeSmariteba Cveulebriv did
gavlenas axdens. magram ubralo xalxis uSualo cxovrebiseuli
gamocdileba aseve mniSvnelovania – da sabolood SeiZleba gaaCndes meti
ndobac ki, vidre oficialur WeSmaritebas.
ratom xdeba Semotrialeba postmodernizmisken?
Semotrialeba postmodernuli Rirebulebebisaken ar aris didi kulturuli
Semotrialebis pirveli SemTxveva. agraruli sazogadoebidan industriul
sazogadoebaze gadasvla SesaZlebeli gaxda saxelmwifos bazisze agebuli
ekonomikiT formirebuli msoflmxedvelobis gardaqmniT. es
msoflmxedveloba ar uwyobda xels socialur mobilurobas da xazs usvamda
tradicias, memkvidreobiT statuss da sazogadoebriv valdebulebebs,
romlebic eyrdnoboda absolutur religiur normebs. man adgili dauTmo
msoflmxedvelobas, romelic emxroboda ekonomikur miRwevebs,
individualizms da inovacias, sul ufro sekularuli socialuri normebiT.
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dResdReobiT zogierTi es tendencia, romelic ukavSirdeba gadasvlas
“tradiciulidan” “Tanamedrove” sazogadoebaze, miaRwia Tavis zRvars
mowinave industriul sazogadoebebSi, sadac movlenebi axali mimarTulebiT
viTardeba.
ganviTarebis mimarTulebis es cvlileba asaxavs klebadi ukugebis princips.
industrializacia da modernizacia moiTxovdnen kapitalis dagrovebaze
kulturis mier dawesebuli SezRudvebis rRvevas, romlebic nebismier
saxelmwifoze dayrdnobil ekonomikaSi moipoveba. dasavleT evropis
istoriaSi es iqna miRweuli protestantuli eTikis zrdiT, romelic (Tumca
ki mas grZeli inteleqtualuri istoria gaaCnda) waagavda SemTxveviT
gadaxras funqcionaluri perspeqtividan. is rom gaCeniliyo ori saukuniT
adre, is ubralod Cakvdeboda. Tavisi drois garemoSi man monaxa sarbieli:
teqnologiuri ganviTareba SesaZlebels xdida swraf ekonomikur zrdas, da
kalvinisturi msoflmxedveloba kargad moergo am siaxleebs, ramac
Camoayaliba kulturul-ekonomikuri sindromi, romelmac gamoiwvia
kapitalizmis zrda da, sabolood, industriuli revolucia. rogorc ki
gaCnda ekonomikuri dagroveba (individebisTvis) da ekonomikuri zrda
(sazogadoebebisTvis), isini gaxdnen mTavari prioritetebi msoflio
mosaxleobis mzardi nawilisTvis; isini kvlavac kacobriobis umravlesobis
centralur miznebs warmoadgenen. magram sabolood ekonomikuri zrdisgan
mogebis Semcirebam warmoqmna postmodernuli gardatexa, romelic
garkveulwilad protestantuli eTikis klebis tolfasia.
mowinave industriuli sazogadoebebi dResdReobiT cvlian Tavis socio-
politikur traeqtoriebs or fundamentur aspeqtSi:
1. RirebulebaTa sistemebi. individualuri ekonomikuri miRwevebis
mzardi aRiareba warmoadgenda erT-erT sakvanZo cvlilebas,
romelmac gza gauxsna modernizacias. Semotrialebas materialisturi
prioritetebisadmi moyva sazogadoebrivi valdebulebebis
mniSvnelobis kleba da socialuri mobilurobis aRiareba. socialuri
statusi gaxda iseTi ram, risi miRwevac individs SeuZlia, da ara is,
riTac is daibada. ekonomikuri zrda gaigivda progresTan da gaxda
warmatebuli sazogadoebis sazomi.
ekonomikuri miRwevebis es aRiareba postmodernul sazogadoebebSi
adgils uTmobs cxovrebis xarisxis aRiarebas. industriuli
sazogadoebis disciplinaze, TviTSezRudvaze da miRwevebze
orientirebuli normebis adgils msoflios did nawilSi ikavebs sul
ufro SeuzRudavi Tavisufleba cxovrebis stilis individualur
arCevasa da individualur TviTgamoxatvaSi. gadasvla
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materialisturi Rirebulebebidan, romlebic ukavSirdeba ekonomikur
da fizikur usafrTxoebas, postmaterialistur Rirebulebebze,
romlebic pirad TviTgamoxatvasa da cxovrebis xarisxze zrunvas
moicaven, aris am Semotrialebis yvelaze vrclad dokumentirebuli
aspeqti; Tumca ki es kulturis cvlilebis bevrad ufro farTo
sindromis mxolod erTi komponentia.
2. institucianaluri struqtura. Cven aseve mivuaxlovdiT im zRvars,
romlis iqiTac veRar midis ierarqiuli biurokratiuli organizaciis
ganviTareba, romelmac xeli Seuwyo modernuli sazogadoebis
Camoyalibebas. biurokratiulma saxelmwifom, disciplinirebulma,
oligarqiulma politikurma partiebma, masobrivi produqciis
amwyobma xazebma, Zveleburma profkavSirebma da ierarqiulma
korporaciebma uaRresad didi roli iTamaSes xalxTa masebis
energiis mobilizebasa da organizebaSi; maT SesaZlebeli gaxades
industriuli revolucia da modernuli saxelmwifo. magram maT
miaRwies gardatexis wertils ori mizezis gamo: jer erTi, maT
amowures funqcionaluri efeqturobis limiti; meorec, maT amowures
masebisaTvis maTi misaRebobis limiti.
1 Lerner, Daniel. 1958. The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. New York: Free Press; Deutsch, Karl W. 1964. “Social Mobilization and Political Development”. American Political Science Review 55:493-514 2 Pye, Lucian W. 1990. “Political Sciece and the Crisis of Authoritarianism”. American Political Science Review 84 (1): 3-19 3 Bell, Daniel.1973. The Coming of Postindustrial Society. New York:Basic Books 4 Lerner, Daniel. 1958. The Passing of Traditional Society: Modernizing the Middle East. New York: Free Press; Inkeles, Alex and David Smith. 1974. Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries. Cambridge, Mass,: Harvard University Press 5 Rostow, W.W. 1961. The Stages of Economic Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6 Moore, Barrington. 1966. The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. Boston: Beacon Press.
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adam seligmani
ndobis problema
kerZo da sazogadoebrivi politikur azrovnebaSi
ruso, smiti da zogierTi Tanamedrove
kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis cnebebi, iseve rogorc samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis, asociaciuri cxovrebisa an sajaro sferos ideebi,
dResdReobiT axal renesanss ganicdian da warmoadgenen uamravi
wignis, statiis, konferenciisa da simpoziumis sagans. Tumca ki es
cnebebi an ideebi axali ar aris da adrec ukve iyo gamoiyenebuli
anTropologTa, politikuri mecnierebis specialistTa da
sociologTa naSromebSi. dawyebuli hanna arendtis naSromiT “Vita
Activa” (1958), SemdgomSi Carlz maieris gavleniani tomiT “sajarosa da
kerZos sazRvrebi” (1987) da damTavrebuli inglisur enaze iurgen
habermasis “sajaro sferos struqturuli transformaciis”
publikaciiT (1989, romelmac mTavari roli Seasrula mkvlevarTa
yuradRebis axali mimarTulebiT warmarTvaSi), kerZosa da
sazogadoebrivis cnebebi samecniero wreebSi sul ufro gamokveTili
da prestiJuli xdeba . . .
[am cnebebs sxvadasxva naSromebSi gansxvavebuli mniSvneloba da
ganmarteba eZleva] magaliTi im winaaRmdegobriobisa, romelic arsebul
midgomebs axasiaTebs, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT kerZosa da
sazogadoebrivis arendtiseul xedvaSi; misi gagebiT isini
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi iwyeben gaqrobas “socialuris aRzevebasTan”
erTad. “socialuris aRzeveba” aris termini, romelic mas moaqvs
swored im sxvaobis dasasrulis aRsaniSnavad, romelic manamde
(magaliTad, antikurobis xanaSi) kerZosa da sazogadoebrivs Soris
arsebobda. es metad damarwmunebeli analizi winaaRmdegobaSi modis
sxva TeoretikosTa naSromebis umetesobasTan, marqsiTa da konstaniT
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dawyebulida habermasiT damTavrebuli, romelTagan yvela swored
meTvramete saukunesa da Tanamedrove kapitalisturi kulturis
sawyisebSi pouloben sazogadoebriv da kerZo sferoebs Soris
gansxvavebis warmoqmnis sawyisebs – im gansxvavebisa, romlis dakninebas
arendti imave (Tanamedroveobis) periodSi aTavsebs.
an, sxva magaliTi moviyvanoT: aviRoT norberto bobios dReisaTvis
klasikuri naSromi “sazogadoebrivi da kerZo/ didi diqotomia”, sadac
is am cnebebis klasificirebas axdens Tanasworoba/ uTanasworobis da
(mTelisa da nawilebis mimarTebis)/(nawilebs Soris urTierTobis)
fardobiT terminebSi.1 misi sqema daaxloebiT Semdegnairad
gamoiyureba:
sazogadoebrivi kerZo
uTanasworoba Tanasworoba
urTierTobebi: urTierTobebi:
nawilebsa da mTels Soris nawilebs Soris
RmerTi Zmebi
saxelmwifo tomi
ojaxi megobrebi
moqalaqeebi
mtrebi
aq Cven vxedavT saintereso gamWoli kategorizaciis sawyisebs, magram
rogorc ki vcdebiT politikuri filosofiis sferosa da
yoveldRiuri cxovrebis detalebs vexebiT, masSi problemebs
vawydebiT. ase, RmerTsa da adamians Soris urTierTobebi, Tumca ki
namdvilad uTanasworoa da mTelisa da nawilis mimarTebasTan
SesabamisobaSi imyofeba, aseve xSirad ganisazRvreba sindisis kerZo
xasiaTisa da, xSir SemTxvevebSi, saxlis an sxva ganmartoebis
adgilebis privatulobis konteqstSi . . . ojaxi, analogiurad,
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi kerZo sferoSi Sevida, xolo saxelmwifo,
Tavis mxriv, CarTuli aRmoCnda kerZo cxovrebis da problemebis
regulirebaSi. dayofis meore svets Tu davakvirdebiT, urTierToba
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Zmebs Soris mxolod zogierT kulturaSia Tanaswori, xolo sxvebSi
ara . . . tomobriv sazogadoebebSi naTesauri kavSirebis sistema
SeiZleba an Tanasworobis da an ierarqiis principebs eyrdnobodes, da
erTs meoresTan analitikuri upiratesoba ar gaaCnia. megobroba,
rogorc TanasworTa araformaluri urTierToba, aseve uaRresad
Tanamedrove movlenaa, metad gansxvavebuli variaciebiT kulturebisa
da istoriuli periodebis mixedviT. is, rac mainc rCeba bobios
ganmartebisgan, aris principuli (garkveulwilad hegelianuri) da
Rrmaazrovani gaigiveba sajarosi - mTelisa da nawilebis
urTierTobasTan, xolo kerZosi – nawilebs Soris urTierTobasTan.
amgvari ganmartebidan uaRresad STambeWdavi daskvnebi momdinareobs,
maT Soris ndobis Taobaze da sazogadoebriv solidarobasTan misi
mimarTebis sakiTxebze. ase magaliTad, Cven ukve davasabuTeT saWiroeba
ganvasxvaoT ndoba, misi “wminda (pristine)” formiT, misi ganzogadoebuli
gacvlis4 institucionalizeburi modelisgan. Cven aseve vnaxeT, Tu ra
kavSirSia es sxvaoba kerZo da sazogadoebriv sferoTa mimarTebasTan;
Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi ndobis realizeba misi “wminda” saxiT
moiazreba kerZo sferos maxasiaTeblad (im kerZo sferosi, romelsac
bobio gansazRvravs rogorc nawilebs Soris urTierTobis formas),
rac sapirispiroa misi institucionalizebuli gamosaxvisa sajaro
sivrceSi (sadac artikulirdeba mimarTeba mTelsa da nawilebs Soris).
aq mocemuli kvlevis bobios kvleviT SevsebiT Cven SeiZleba ukeT
gavigoT socialuri solidarobis, an asociaciuri cxovrebis miRwevis
problemis sirTule iseT sazogadoebebSi, romlebSiac
araganpirobebulobebis5 principuli artikulireba sawyiss iRebs
kerZo, da ara sazogadoebriv sivrceSi. is gamoisaxeba (an, ufro
swored, arsebobs rogorc potenciali) nawilebis urTierTmimarTebaSi,
da ara nawilebisa da mTelis urTierTobaSi. es aris is
4 generalized exchange – ganzogadoebuli gacvla - solidarobis pirobebi, socialuri
urTierTobebis winasakontraqto elementebi, romlebic moicaven valdebulebas
CaerTos socialur urTierTobebSi da warmoaCinos Tavisi valdebulebebi 5 unconditionalities – araganpirobebulobebi - principebi, romlebsac efuZneba
ganzogadoebuli gacvla mocemul sazogadoebaSi
305
winaaRmdegobrioba, romelsac Cven sxvadasxva kuTxiT mivudgebiT am
nawilSi.
Cven daviwyebT politikuri azrovnebis im ori tradiciis mokle
mimoxilviT, romelTa moraluri imperativebi uSualod ukavSirdeba
kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis am or metad gansxvavebul sferos da
romlebic, Sesabamisad, gasuli ori aswleulis msvlelobaSi,
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis bazisad urTierTobebis an erTsa da an
meore simravles iazrebdnen. amdenad manam, sanam CavuRrmavdebiT
kerZo/sazogadoebrivis problemis ufro Teoriul ganzomilebebs maT
mimarTebaSi ndobisa da institucionaluri ndobis6 sakiTxebTan, urigo
ar iqneba Tavidan politikur da moralur filosofiaSi maTi rolis
garkveuli momentebi SeviswavloT. midgoma, romelic me unda
ganvaviTaro mdgomareobs imaSi, rom Tuki Cven SeviswavliT or
politikur tradicias, romlebsac mokled davarqmev “moqalaqeobrivi
Rirsebis7” da “samoqalaqo sazogadoebis” tradiciebs, Cven aRmovaCenT
kerZosa da sazogadoebrivis - rogorc saTnoebisa da zneobis
wyaroebis - or metad gansxvavebul versias. am ori politikuri
xedvisTvis moralisa da zneobrivi wesrigis (da, rogorc me amas
vaCveneb, ndobis) maformirebeli mTavari urTierTobebi metad
gansxvavebul simravleebs Seadgenen – erTia urTierTobebi nawilebsa
da mTels Soris, xolo meore – urTierTobebi nawilebs Soris.
es ori tradicia warmoaCens imas, Tu raSi mdgomareobs sxvaoba
moqalaqeobis sapirispiro modelebs Soris, da raSi mdgomareobs
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis gansxvavebuli xedvebi. dasavleTsa Tu
aRmosavleTSi, debatebi moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb, iqneba isini
maRalTeoriuli (magaliTad, debatebi liberalebsa da
komunitarianelebs Soris), an, upirvelesad, praqtikuli
(multikulturalizmi, skolebSi swavlebis ena zogierT 6 confidence – ndoba institutebSi – darwmunebuloba imis Taobaze, rom sxvebi
imoqmedeben damkvidrebuli institucionlauri normebisa da wesebis Sesabamisad;
socialuri kapitalis da asociaciuri cxovrebis arsebobis eqvivalenti
7 civic virtue –moqalaqeobrivi Rirseba
306
Crdiloamerikul erTobaSi, rusi umciresobebis statusi baltiis
qveynebSi da eTnikur umciresobaTa statusi aRmosavleT evropis
qveynebSi), xSirad sawyiss iRebs im principebSi, romlebic
momdinareoben am ori tradiciidan - romlebic ixrebian, rogorc me
mimaCnia, ndobis gansxvavebuli cnebebis aRiarebisken, kerZo da
sazogadoebrivi sferos aspeqtebad misi ganxilvis Sesabamisad.
garkveulwilad es Sexeduleba axali ar aris. benJamen konstanis mier
1819 wels Athenée Royal-Si warmoTqmuli sityva “De la liberté des anciens
comparée à celle des moderns”, swored Moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebisa da
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis tradiciebs Soris zogierTi mkafio
gansxvavebis interpretirebaa, Tumca ki am terminebSi araa
formulirebuli2. . .
orive, samoqalaqo sazogadoeba da Rirseuli moqalaqeobrioba,
cdilobs, iseve rogorc politikuri Teoria mTlianobaSi, gansazRvron
urTierTobebi individsa da sazogadoebas Soris, da gaakeTon es
rogorc normatiul, aseve deskripciul terminebSi. orive myaradaa
Caqsovili dasavleT evropis inteleqtualur tradiciaSi, bunebiTi
samarTlis doqtrinaSi, Zveli saberZneTisa da respublikuri romis
politikur filosofiebsa da saxeebSi. orivem Seasrula mniSvnelovani
roli adreuli Tanamedroveobis xanaSi, rodesac feodaluri wesrigisa
da universaluri kaTolikuri eklesiis rRvevas moyva sazogadoebrivi
mowyobis axali bazisis Zieba.3 orive gansxvavebuli (da xSirad
gadaxlarTuli formiT) gagrZelda meTvramete – da garkveulwilad
mecxramete – saukuneebSi sxvadasxva moazrovneTa naSromebSi, rac
aZnelebs . . . sakiTxis sruli istoriis gadmocemas . . . orive
miiswrafis Seqmnas safuZveli imisTvis, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT
“moraluri erToba” rogorc socialuri cxovrebis safuZveli. da
orive tradiciaSi “Rirsebis (saTnoebis, virtue)” idea warmoidgineba
amgvari erTobis sakvanZo elementad.
analogiurad, orives awuxebs “korufciis” Zalebi, romlebic am
moralur erTobas safrTxes uqmnian, Zalebi, romlebic saocrad
307
msgavsi terminebiT aRiwereba – fufuneba, gaumaZRroba, momxveWeloba,
da is, rasac SeiZleba sazogadoebis mzardi diferenciacia vuwodoT
(xolo meTvramete saukunis bolosTvis bazris zrda da instrumentuli
gacvlis kavSirebi sazogadoebriv aqtorTa Soris). miuxedavad am
msgavsebebisa, arsebobs mniSvnelovani sxvaobebi, rogorc istoriuli,
aseve bunebiT analitikuri, romlebic mniSvnelovanwilad
urTierTkavSirSia.
samoqalaqo sazogadoeba iyo ufro anglo-amerikuli tradicia,
romelic yvelaze mkafiodaa gamokveTili iseT moazrovneebTan,
rogorebicaa frensis hatCesoni, jon milari, hag bleri (Hugh Blair),
adam fergiusoni da adam smiti, romlebsac Cven Sotlandiur
ganmanaTleblobasTan vakavSirebT. sapirispirod, Rirseuli
moqalaqeobis tradicia Tavisi bunebiT ufro kontinenturi xasiaTisaa,
da uSualo asociaciebs iwvevs iseT avtorebTan, rogorebicaa
makiaveli da Jan-Jak ruso. . . moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicia ufro
axlosaa Zveli saberZneTisa da romis politikur filosofiasTan da
am mxriv ufro “Zvelmoduria”. iRebs ra Zvel qalaq –saxelmwifoebs
rogorc respublikuri Rirsebis models, is iswrafvoda (da garkveuli
mniSvnelobiT kvlavac iswrafvis) daubrundes moqalaqeobis im
gansazRvrebas, romelic aTenis polissa Tu romis respublikas edo
safuZvlad. is amgvarad cdilobs daubrundes kacis, rogorc
moqalaqis cnebas, rodesac, aristoteles mixedviT, kacis (da
dResdReobiT qalisac), daniSnuleba unda ganTavsebuliyo politikuri
saqmianobis sferoSi da mxolod masSi.
kacis, rogorc “sruli moqalaqis” es cneba, anu is, rasac meores mxriv
SeiZleba vuwodoT kacis moqalaqed “totalizacia”, Sors iyo
sazogadoebrivi azrovnebis im tradiciisgan, romelsac Cven
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ideasTan vaigivebT, rogorc minimum im saxiT,
ra saxiTac is ganviTarda Sotlandiel moralistebTan meTvramete
saukuneSi.4 isini Tumca ki pativs scemdnen Zveli respublikuri
mmarTvelobis suls, ufro kargad grZnobdnen istoriuli cvlilebebis
Seuqcevad xasiaTs, da maTi azrovneba ufro kargad miesadaga, amis
308
gamo, urTierTgagebis, erTobisa da kooperirebis (da, amdenad,
sabolood, Rirsebis) axali safuZvlebis Seqmnis amocanas, da naklebad
- socialuri mowyobis im formasTan dabrunebas, romlis efeqturoba
saTnoebisTvis safuZvlis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT meTvramete saukunis
komerciul sazogadoebaSi sul ufro saeWvo xdeboda.
garkveulwilad Sotlandieli moralistebis es ukanaskneli varaudi
dadasturda drois msvlelobiT, vinaidan meTvramete saukunis bolo
mesamedisTvis, da ufro mkafiod mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi –
imdenad, ramdenadac Cven vasxvavebT am or tradicias – samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis tradicia iwyebs moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradiciis
adgilis dakavebas. es kidev ufro cxadi xdeba, mecxramete saukunis
msvelobaSi, rodesac samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ideebi garkveuli
gagebiT ganicdian institucionalizebas moqalaqeobis Taobaze mzardi
brZolebis konteqstSi.
…. . .sociologiur terminebSi [zneobrivi wesrigis gansxvavebuli
koncefciebi] SeiZleba ganimartos solidarobis gansxvavebuli
cnebebis meSveobiT, sadac moraluri grZnoba Sesabamisad iqneba
sazogadoebrivi an kerZo moralis funqcia. . .Cven ubralod unda
gavixsenoT represiuli da restituciuli kanonis diurkhaimiseuli
analizi maT kavSirSi meqanikur da organul solidarobasTan
Sesabamisad, raTa gaviazroT uSualo paralelebi, romlebic arsebobs
am or gansxvavebul moralur xedvasa da or politikur tradicias
Soris.5
moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradiciis mixedviT, aristoteledan
moyolebuli (kacis daniSnuleba polisSia), makiavelis, neo-
haringtonianelTa (SeSfoTeba korufciiT meTvramete saukuneSi), rusos
(mTeli bunebrivi Tavisuflebis erTobisadmi mikuTvneba) da hanna
arendtis filosofiuri xedvis CaTvliTac ki (rodesac adamianis
TviTrealizeba mxolod sajaro sivrceSi monawileobis WrilSi
ganixileba), moraluri idea aris sazogadoebrivi.6 is ganisazRvreba
koleqtiuri cnobierebiT, an, rusos ganTqmuli gamoTqmis gamoyenebiT,
309
volonté générale-iT.7 zneoba, an saTnoeba, aris ara imdenad kerZo Tviseba,
aramed ufro sazogadoebrivi an komunaluri saqme. is realizdeba
koleqtiuri wevrebis aqtiuri (da mudmivi) monawileobiT saerTo
saqmeebSi da SeuZlia, makiavelis mixedviT, iyos abstragirebuli da
daSorebuli kerZo moralis yvela elementisgan.8 rusos kvaldakval,
“saTnoeba” mokled ganisazRvreba rogorc “kerZo nebaTa Sesabamisoba
zogadi nebisadmi”.9 es Seesabameba saerTo zneobriv xedvas, rodesac is,
rac regulirebulia da xelisuflebisadmi daqvemdebarebuli, aris ara
marto kacis “qmedeba”, aramed misi “neba”.10 es suverenuli xelisufleba
ekuTvnis ara despots, aramed erTobas, romelsac aformirebs, rogorc
amas ruso “socialur kontraqtSi” xsnida, “TiToeuli wevris sruli
gaucxoeba mTeli misi uflebebiT erTobis mimarT”11, im erTobisa,
romelSiac “yoveli Cvengani uqvemdebarebs sakuTar Tavsa da mTel
Tavis Zalas zogadi nebis uzenaes mmarTvelobas; Cvens erTobliv
mdgomareobaSi, TiToeuli wevri xdeba mTelis ganuyofeli nawili.” es
ara marto im tipis solidarobis modelia, romelsac diurkhaimi
meqanikurs uwodebda, aramed, Tavisi arsiT aris modeli moqalqeobisa,
romelic yvelaze ukeT esadageba idealur sazogadoebas, rogorc mas
Rirseuli moqalaqis tradicia warmoidgens.12
Semdeg ruso aRwers erTobas, romelic Sedgenilia srulebiT
aramediirebuli urTierTobebiT nawilebsa da mTels Soris, sadac
“kerZo interesebi” da “partiuli asociaciebi” igmoba da sadac
“wevrebis urTierTobebi erTimeoresTan” aris “mniSvnelobis armqone”,
xolo wevrebis mimarTeba “yvelas, rogorc mTlianobisadmi” aris
“yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac ki SeiZleba”13: zneobrivi erToba,
romelSiac morali da erToba niSnavs zedmowevniT erTsa da imaves. . .
. . . [adam] smiti Sordeba orives - rogorc samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
winamorbed tradicias (misi gulubryvilo anTropologiiTa da
Tandayolili simpaTiis cnebiT), aseve koleqtiuri normebis da zne-
Cveulebebis (rasac dRevandeli Tvalsawieridan, respublikuri
moqalaqeobis terminebSi, SeiZleba “latentuli erToba” davarqvaT)
nebismier gaziarebas, rasac moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicia
310
eyrdnoba. “moraluri grZnobebis Teoriis” meeqvse redaqtirebul
gamocemaSi (1790) smiti uaryofs Tavis ideas harmoniuli sazogadoebis
Taobaze, romelSiac sazogadoebrivi azri SeiZleba TamaSobdes
zneobrivi qcevis (an saTnoebis) gzamkvlevis rols, da sanacvlod
Sinagani sindisis ganviTarebis fsiqologiur meqanizms ixilavs.
rogorc ki saTnoebis wyaros rolSi gare adamianis – an
sazogadoebrivi azris – adgils “keTilsindisieri adamiani” ikavebs,
sazogadoebrivi sikeTis miRweva axal safuZvels iZens. “moraluri
grZnobebis Teoriis” pirveli gamocemidan meeqvse gamocemamde xdeba
miukerZoebeli damkvirveblis internalizacia; is kargavs raime
zedapirul igivobas sazogadoebriv azrTan, xolo saTnoeba kargavs
Tavis navsadgurs sazogadoebriv sivrceSi14. Tumca ki adamianebi am
interpretaciiTac rCebian socialuri arsebebi, amjerad is, rac qmnis
sociabilurobas aris ara pirovnulobis daSla (volonté générale -Si),
aramed pirovnulobis formireba im umaRlesi zneobriobiT, romelic
miukerZoebeli Sinagani damkvirveblidan momdinareobs15 . . .
aq Cndeba saTnoebis, socialuri Tanaziarebis da saerTo sikeTis
modeli, romelic metad gansxvavebulia im nairnairi moazrovneebis
modelebisgan, visac Cven moqalaqeobrivi Rirsebis tradicias
mivakuTvnebT. am tradiciaSi sazogadoebrivi sikeTe aRemateba yvela
kerZo interess da sabolood efuZneba kerZo interesis daZlevas
saerTo sazrunavis sasargeblod. es ar aris ubralod moqalaqeobrivi
suliskveTeba, aramed kacobriobis imgvari xedva, romelic sajaro
saqmianobas xedavs erTaderT SesaZleblobad kerZo moqalaqis
TviTidenturobis realizebisa da dakmayofilebisa. amis sapirispirod,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis tradiciaSi eTikuri idea aris kerZo saqme,
realizebuli individualuri socialuri aqtorebis gulebSi, gonebaSi
da gacvlis aqtebSi. . . . politikuri azrovnebis am ori tradiciis
Taviseburebebi Sejamebulia – garkveulwilad sqematurad - Semdeg
tabulaSi.
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samoqalaqo sazogadoeba Rirseuli moqalaqeoba
saTnoebis sfero kerZo sazogadoebrivi
saTnoebis gansazRvreba moraluri grZnobebi;
bunebrivi simpaTia,
yuradReba, /
gaziarebuli erToba
saTnoebis meqanizmebi miukerZoebeli
damkvirvebeli
volonté générale
pirovnulobis modeli dayofili (da, amednad),
refleqsuri (SedarebiT
diferencirebuli)
formirebulia
koleqtiuri SegnebiT
(conscience collective)
(SedarebiT
aradiferencirebuli)
pirovnuli orientacia Sinagani garegani
. . . bevri TvalsazrisiT kamaTi, romelic mimdinareobs moqalaqeobis
liberalur da respublikur versiebs Soris sxva araferia, Tu ara
politikuri azrovnebis Cvens mier ganxiluli ori tradiciisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli moqalaqeobis, individisa da sazogadoebrivi sikeTis
sapirispiro xedvebis Tanamedrove re-formulireba. liberaluri (an,
rasac Carlz teilorma “proceduruli” uwoda) Teoria ixilavs
sazogadoebas moralurad avtonomiuri individebis nakrebad,
romelTagan TiToeuls aqvs kargi cxovrebis sakuTari xedva,
sazogadoebis funqcia ki Semofarglulia am individebis
samarTlebrivi Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofiT, rac miiRweva sajaro
sivrceSi gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis procedurulad samarTliani (an
wesieri) demokratiuli procesiT.16 es Teoria ufro zrunavs
samarTlianobis universalurad validuri principebis uwyveti
funqcionirebis uzrunvelyofaze, vidre sazogadoebis Semadgeneli
raime individualuri socialuri aqtorebis konkretuli kerZo
moraluri xedvis win wamowevaze.
moqalaqeobis respublikuri versia, amis sawinaaRmdegod, win swevs
sazogadoebis, rogorc saerTo sikeTis miRwevaze orientirebuli
“moraluri erTobis” cnebas, romlis ontologiuri statusi win
uswrebs nebismieri individualuri wevris statuss. . . . Semdgomi
ganmartebis gareSec advilia bolo ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi
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dafiqsirebul amgvar gansxvavebul SexedulebebSi SevamCnioT
gamoZaxilebi (odnav modificirebuli) smitis da rusos nawerebze.
magram is, rac maRal Teoriul doneze ganixileba harvardSi, makgilSi
an prinstonSi, samyaros sxva nawilebSi sxva tipis - ara samoqalaqo da
mecnieruli - debatebis sagans warmoadgens. aRmosavleT da centralur
aRmosavleT evropaSi, ungreTSi, slovakiaSi, baltiis respublikebSi,
CexeTis respublikaSi, da sxvagan axlad formirebad samoqalaqo
politiebi ibrZvian socialuri mowyobisa da solidarobis axali
principebis formulirebisTvis, romelic mcdarad efuZneba
dapirispirebas im principebs Soris, romlebic uxeSad SeiZleba
davaxasiaToT rogorc “demosi” da “eTnosi” da romlebic Cvens mier
ganxiluli modelebisgan erTsa an meores efuZneba.
rogorc naTlad iyo naCvnebi ioav peledis (Yoav Peled) bolo statiaSi
israelSi moqalaqeobis sakiTxze, nebismieri mocemuli politia
SeiZleba ganisazRvros ara ubralod am oridan romelime erTi
modelis gaziarebiT, aramed, gansakuTrebiT eTnikurad heterogenul
sazogadoebebSi, orives SezavebiT, da amdenad, erTobisa da
solidarobis safuZvlebis diferencirebuli formulirebiT, iseve
rogorc sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebis uflebebisa da valdebulebebs17.
1 Norberto Bobbio, “Public and Private: The Great Dichotomy” in his Democracy and Dictatorship (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1989). 2 Benjamin Constant, Political Writings, ed. B.Fontana (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988) 3 . . . samoqalaqo humanisturi azrovnebis ganviTarebis zogadi monaxazi ix. Quentin Skinner, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978). 4 ix. Norberto Bobio, The Future of Democracy (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 31. 5 Emile Durkheim, The Division of Labor in Society (New York: Free Press, 1933) 6 Arendt, Human Condition 7 aq me viyeneb conscience collective-is cnebas, rogorc amas akeTebda diurkhaimi mis adrindel naSromebSi – im tipis zneobrivi erTobis aRsawerad, romelic formirebulia meqanikuri solidarobis xasiaTis mqone sazogadoebebSi. zogierTi avtori, gansakuTrebiT talkot parsonsi, amtkicebda, rom diurkhaimma droTa ganmavlobaSi Secvala conscience collective-is Tavisi cneba, da is gaxda yvelanairi sazogadoebebis atributi, Tanamedrove sazogadoebebis CaTvliT, romlebSiac misi Sinaarsi radikalurad gansxvavebulia. ix. Parsons, The Structure of Social Action, vol. 1, 320. gansxvavebuli xedvisTvis, romelic xazs usvams uwyvetobas rusosa da diurkhaimis xedvebs Soris, da avlebs paralelelbs volonté générale da conscience collective-s Soris, ix. Steven Luke, Emile Durkheim: His Life and Work (Stanford:Stanford University Press, 1985), 283.
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8 saTnoebis misaRwevad moqalaqeTa aqtiuri monawileobis mniSvneloba ganixileba rusos “socialur kontraqtSia”. ix. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and Discourses, trans. and ed. G.D.H. Cole (London: Dent, 1973), 265. 9 Rousseau, “A Discourse on Political Economy, “ in: Social Contract and Discourses, 140. 10 Ibid., 139 11 Rousseau, Social Contract and Discourses, 191. 12 Ibid. 13 Ibid., 203,227 14 ix. Dwyer, Virtuous Discource, 168-85 15 Ibid., 173-80 16 Charles Taylor, “Cross Purposes: The Liberal-Communitarian Debate”. in Liberalism and the Moral Life, ed. Nancy Rosenblum (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1989), 159-82. John Rowls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1971). 17 Yoav Peled, “Ethnic Democracy and the Legal Construction of Citizenship: Arab Citizens of the Jewish State”, American Political Science Review 86, no.2 (1992): 432-43
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entoni smiTi
erebis warmoSoba
biurokratiuli inkorporacia
eTniuri birTvis ori bazisuri, lateraluri da vertikaluri
saxeoba, ayalibebs or fesvs, romelic qmnis erebs.
Tu pirvelad lateralur fesvs ganvixilavT, vnaxavT, rom
eTnosis aristokratul nawils maradiulobisaken swrafva gaaCnia da
am saxis moZraobaSi iTrevs sazogadoebis sxva fenebsac. msgavsi ram
damaxasiaTebeli ar aris bevri eTnosisaTvis. es ver moaxerxes xaTebma,
filistimeleba, mikenelebma da asurelebmac ki da, Sesabamisad,
rogorc Tavad isini, aseve maTi kulturac moispo maTi saxelmwifoebis
mospobisTanave. sxva iseTi lateraluri eTnosebi, rogoric iyvnen
sparselebi, egviptelebi da otomani Turqebi, gadarCnen “TavianTi
xasiaTis” radikaluri cvlilebis wyalobiT.
sxvebma TavianT saerTo miTebs, simboloebs da gadmocemebs axali
eTniuri da kulturuli elementebi daumates da isini eTniuri
birTvidan mTel socialur Skalaze gaavrceles. ra Tqma unda, amgvari
ram ganaxorcielda sxvadasxva xarisxiT.
amorevelTa mefeebis Zalisxmeva sakmaod SezRuduli iyo. Tumca,
maT moaxerxes SeenarCunebinaT TavianTi monofizituri abisiniuri
identifikacia ZiriTad raionebSi. maTgan gansxvavebiT ufro
warmatebuli iyo kastilielebis Zalisxmeva. maT Camoayalibes
espanuri saxelmwifos birTvi, gandevnes musulmani mmarTvelebi da
TiTqmis gaaerTianes iberiis naxevarkunZuli.
xsenebuli xalxebis ‘biurokratiuli inkorporaciis’ bolo sam
warmatebul mcdelobas unda gaemarTlebina am nayofieri wamowyebis
istoriuli mniSvneloba.
samive SemTxvevaSi dabali fena da qveynis Soreuli regionebi
TandaTanobiT erTiandebodnen saxelmwifoSi, romelic emyareboda
dominantur eTniur birTvs. es miRweuli iqna administraciuli da
315
fiskaluri saSualebebiT da mosaxleobis nawilis mobilizaciiT, ise,
rogorc anglo-saqsur-franguli omebisas moxda. maRali klasis
eTnoss SeeZlo Camoeyalibebina Zlieri da stabiluri aparati, romlis
meSveobiTac SesaZlebeli iyo xalxebis kulturuli urTierTobebis
uzrunvelyofa da aqedan gamomdinare ufro farTo kulturuli
identifikaciis Camoyalibeba.
praqtikaSi, es gulisxmobda sacxovrebeli saxlebis gansxvavebas maRal
fenasa da dabal periferiul regionebs Soris; Tumca es swored
maRali fena iyo, romelmac didi kvali datova saxelmwifosa da eris
identifikaciaze.
albaT, amis yvelaze naTeli magaliTi britanul movlenebSia.
radganac normanebis dapyrobamde ueseqsSi anglo-saqsuri saxelmwifo
arsebobda, dapyrobil mosaxleobas ver epyrobodnen rogorc monebs.
amis Sedegad, Cven vxvdebiT Sida-qorwinebas, enis gaziarebas, elitis
mobilurobas da sabolood enis da kulturis gaerTianebas saerTo
religiur-politikur CarCoebSi.
sxva sityvebiT, “eTnosebis” biurokratiuli inkorporacia aq,
gulisxmobs kulturul gaerTianebas da socialur Serevas anglo-
saqsur, daniur da normanul elementebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT me-13
saukunidan. eduard III anglo-saqsur da Sotlandiur omebis droidan
moyolebuli, enaTa gaerTianeba gadaizarda Coseris inglisurSi,
rodesac britanulma "miTma" xeli Seuwyo daqsaqsuli Temebis
gaerTianebas.
me sulac ar vamtkiceb imas TiTqos, rom ingliseli eri sruliad
formirebuli iyo me-14 saukuneSi. am periodSi xalxis ekonomikuri
erTianoba Zalze susti iyo, miuxedavad mefis mier warmarTuli
saxelmwifosagan fiskaluri da iuridiuli intervenciisa. inglisis
sazRvrebic, Sotlandiasa da safrangeTTan erTad, am dros jer kidev
diskusiis obieqti iyo. aranairi TvalsazrisiT, aravis SeuZlia Tqvas
raime Tundac saSualo klasis sajaro, masiuri ganaTlebis sistemaze.
rac Seexeba adamianTa kanonier uflebebs, "Magna Carta"-s miRebis
miuxedavad, is yvelasTvis mxolod minimaluri gagebiT iyo saerTo.
eris samoqalaqo elementebis sruli ganviTarebisaTvis unda
davelodoT samrewvelo revolucias da mis Sedegebs.
316
meore mxriv, eris eTnikuri elementebi kargad iyo ganviTarebuli.
me-14 saukunisaTvis an cota ufro gvian saerTo saxeli da miTi saerTo
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb pirvelad gaaxmiana jefri monmutma da is
Semdgom Zalze gavrcelebuli iyo. msgavsi Sexedulebebi ikvebeboda
iRbliani gamarjvebebis ambebiT Sotlandiasa da safrangeTSi.
msgavsadve warmoiSva eklesiur organizaciebze dafuZnebuli saerTo
kulturis cneba. xalxi Zlier mijaWvuli iyo TavianT samSobloze,
kunZul saxelmwifoze, romelic samagierod, miuxedavad Sinagani
klasobrivi dayofisa ayalibebda solidarobis grZnobas. orTave,
erTiani saxelmwifosa da Sekruli eris safuZvlebi Camoyalibebuli
iyo normani eTnosis mier, romelmac SeZlo ganeviTarebina Tavisi
samefo administracia, raTa gaeerTianebina anglo-saqsuri mosaxleoba.
Tumca, ingliselobis srul ideologias unda moecada me-16 me-17
saukunis movlenebisaTvis, rodesac Zvelma inglisurma miTma gza
dauTmo ufro Zlier saSualo-klasis antikuri Tavisuflebebis
"saqsonur" miTologias.
maRali klasis eTnosis mier biurokratiuli inkorporaciis
msgavs process vxvdebiT safrangeTSi. maRali klasis frankuli
fenebis gaerTianeba romanul-galur kulturasTan moxda
gaqristianebuli merovingebis dros, magram samefo solidaroba
aSkaraa CrdiloeT safrangeTSi ukve me-12 saukunis bolos. am epoqaSi
moxda jer adrindeli frankebisadmi troelTa miTebis misadageba,
romelic gavrcelda CrdiloeT safrangeTis xalxze. imave dros,
aRmosavleTis provinciebi TavianTi gansxvavebuli eniT, tradiciebiT
da miTebiT randenime xans rCebodnen CrdiloeTis biurokratiuli
inkorporaciis orbitis gareT.
ra Tqma unda, kapetignebis biurokratulma inkorporaciam,
moyolebuli fillip II droidan, SesZlo gamoeyenebina dideba,
frankuli saxelmwifos miTi da karlos didis memkvidreoba. es
nawilobriv gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom samxreT frankebis saxelmwifo
cnobili gaxda rogorc regnum Teotenicorum, gansxvavebuli
identifikaciiT. Tumca, es aseve moxda frangul dinastiebsa da
eklesias Soris garkveuli kavSirebis gamo, gansakuTrebiT reimsis
arqiepiskoposis ZalisxmeviT. franguli eklesiis mxardaWera da mefed
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kurTxevis ceremonia, albaT ufro mkacri iyo safrangeTis monarqiis
prestiJisa da gadarCenisTvis CrdiloeT safrangeTSi buvinis omamde
(1214), vidre parizis skolebis an Tundac adreuli kapetingebis
samxedro simZlavris saxeli. kapetingebis dinastias da maT
teritoriebs memkvidreobiT ergo sakraluri maxasiaTeblebi, rasac
mivyavarT ukan papis koronaciasTan da pipinis mier 754 wels
uzurpirebuli xelisuflebis papis mier dakanonebasTan, qveyanasTan,
romelsac papma "daviTis axali samefo uwoda". es religiuri ena eqod
gaismis saukuneebis Semdeg, rodesac mecamete saukunis miwuruls papma
bonifaciusma ganacxada: "... israelis xalxis msgavsad ... safrangeTis
samefo rCeul xalxs warmoadgens, romelic arCeulia uflis mier,
raTa miwaze ganxorcieldes RvTaebrivi wesrigi”.
miuxedavad imisa, rom gacilebiT ufro meti kamaTis sagania
kapetingebis monarqiis "feodaluri" buneba, ueWvelia is, rom frankuli
eTnosis Tavdapirvelad mmarTvelma klasma, mravali problemis
gadalaxvis Semdeg, moaxerxa daemyarebina SedarebiT efeqtiani da
centralizebuli samefo mmarTveloba CrdiloeTsa da centralur
safrangeTSi (ufro gvian ki samxreT safrangeTSiac). amgvarad maT
SesZles moepirkeTebinaT kompaqturad dasaxlebuli teritoriebis is
"samoqalaqo" elementebi, unificirebuli ekonomika, enobrivi da
sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebis standartizacia, rac meCvidmete saukuneSi
gadaizarda, rogorc Cven viciT, frangi eris CamoyalibebaSi. Tumca, es
procesi ar dasrulebula mecxramete saukunemde. bevrma regionma
SeinarCuna adgilobrivi xasiaTi, TviT safrangeTis revoluciis
Semdgomac. eris Camosayalibeblad saWiro gaxda iakobinuri
nacionalizmis masebis ganaTlebaze mimarTva da mesame respublikis
dros masobrivi samxedro gawvevis wesebis ganmtkiceba, raTa, veberis
sityvebi rom gamoviyenoT, "glexebi frangebad" qceuliyvnen.
"lateraluri" eTnikuri saxelmwifos mier "xasiaTis ufro
radikaluri" cvlileba biurokratiul inkorporaciT ganxorcielda
espaneTSi. aq muslimur Zalas qristianuli winaaRmdegobis saxiT win
aRudga kastiliis samefo. mogvianebiT, is gaerTianda aragonis
samefosTan da religiuri Temis, rogorc homogenizaciisa da maTi
qveynidan gaZevebis instrumentis utilizacia moaxdina, vinc ebraelebis
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da moriskos tomebis msgavsad ar iyvnen konformistulni. aqac, limpieza
de sangre-s cneba safuZvlad daedo espanuri gvirgvinis unifikacias,
rasac Tan axlda moTxovnebi sxvadasxva mxridan dawyebuli maTiT, vinc
gansakuTrebul argumentebs eZebda antikur samarTalsa da kulturaSi.
portugaliis gandgomisagan da katalonelebis warumatebeli
amboxisagan sruliad damoukideblad, baskebma, galisielebma da
andaluzielebma dRemde SeinarCunes maTi separatuli identoba.
Sedegad espaneTSi Cven gvaqvs nakleb unificirebuli nacionaluri
sazogadoeba da ufro polieTnikuri saxelmwifo, vidre es aris
inglissa d safrangeTSi. mecxramete saukunis dasawyisSi ideologiuri
nacionalizmis gavrcelebis gamo, am eTnikurma sazogadoebebma
Sesabamisi gamarTleba dauZebnes sxvadasxva xarisxiT avtonomiuri
ganviTarebis ideas, risi gamoZaxili dRemde ismis. da mainc am
sazogadoebebis umetesma nawilma gaiziara saerTo espanuri
politikuri grZnobebi da kultura miuxedavad baskuri, katalonuri,
Tu galisiuri identobisa da kulturisadmi maTi sakmaod intensiuri
mikuTvnebulobisa.
istoriulad, Tanamedrove erebis formireba davalebulia Rrma
memkvidreobiT, romelic maT gadaecaT inglisis, safrangeTis da
espaneTis erebis ganviTarebiT. Cveulebriv maTi saxelmwifoebs
Sesabamis periodebSi, burJuaziuli nacionalizmis da naciebis
periodSi, maT miewerebaT samxedro da ekonomikuri Zlierebis floba.
rogorc am periodis zesaxelmwifoebi, aRniSnuli qveynebi sxvebisaTvis
erebis nimuSebad iqcnen, radgan warmoadgendnen mosaxleobis
gaerTianebis warmatebul formats yvela sxva xalxebisaTvis. inglisi,
safrangeTi da naklebi moculobiT espaneTi, SemTxveviT rodi iqnen
miCneulni aseTebad. maTi warmatebebi ZiriTadad unda mivaweroT
konkretuli saxis "racionaluri" biurokratiuli administraciis
adreul ganviTarebas, rasac mxars ubamda savaWro kapitali, mdidari
urbanuli centrebi da profesiuli samxedro Zalebi da teqnologiebi.
"saxelmwifom" Camoayaliba axali matrica mosaxleobis gaerTianebis
formatisa, "eri". man xeli Seuwyo imas, rom Camoyalibebuliyo xalxis
kompaqturi, gaerTianebuli, standartizebuli da kulturulad
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homogenuri erTeulis matrica da formati, romelic gamoiyeneboda
erebis mier.
zogierTi ityoda, rom sinamdvileSi saxelmwifoebma Seqmnes
erebi da, rom samefo administrirebam, gadasaxadebis da mobilizaciis
sistemam SesZina mis subieqtebs iurisdiqcia korporatiuli
loialobisa da identurobis azriT. amgvari xedva ramdenadme
gadaWarbebulia TviT dasavleTis mimarTac. ra Tqma unda saxelmwifo
aucilebeli piroba iyo im nacionaluri loialurobis
Camosayalibeblad, romelsac Cven dRes vicnobT. magram misi aqtioba,
saboloo jamSi, emyareboda samefoebis adre aRweril Taviseburebebs,
xalxs da im eTnikuri Temebis birTvs, romelTa irgvlivac aSenda
saxelmwifoebi. eTnosis SeduRabebis procesi, saxeldobr ki is, rasac
adgili hqonda inglissa da safrangeTSi, rasac lateraluri
eTniuroba umadlis biurokratiuli inkorporaciis wyaroebs,
SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod SefardebiTad homogenuri eTnikuri
birTvis arsebobis wyalobiT. Cven laparaki ar gvaqvs aqtualuri
STamomavlobis Taobaze, ufro nakleb vgulisxmobT aq "rasas", aramed
mxolod memkvidreobiTobis grZnobaze da identobaze, romelic gaaCnia
xalxs. swored amiT aqvs mniSvneloba xalxis miTebs da mexsierebas,
CvevebSi, tradiciebSi, xelovnebis stilSi, saxelmwifo samarTlebriv
kodeqsebsa da institutebSi gansxeulebul mis simboloebs da
Rirebulebebs. "eTnikurobis" swored aseT mniSvnelobaSi, romelic
ufro metad kulturuli percefciebisagan da Sexedulebebisagan
Sedgeba, vidre fizikuri demografiuli faqtorebisagan gadaiqca jer
inglisi, xolo Semdeg safrangeTi homogenur eTnosad. am eTnosebma,
Sedegan gaaioles homogenuri struqturebis mqone saxelmwofoebis
Camoyalibeba imiT, rom gaavrceles erTiani eTnosis idea iseT
sferoebze da doneebze, rac manamde ucnobi iyo. amiT gaCnda eris
SedardebiT axali cneba.
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"eTnikuri warsulis" xelaxali "aRmoCena"
lateraluri eTnosis mier biurokratiuli inkorporaciis gzis
sapirispirod, procesi, romliTac demosuri eTnosi SeiZlebod
qceuliyo bazisad erebisaTvis, mxolod arapirdapir aris
gansazRvruli saxelmwifosa da misi administraciis mier. es ki an
imitom moxda ase, rom saqme gvqonda an daqvemdebarebul TemebTan _
rac Cveulebrivi movlenaa _ an imitom, rom, rogorc es bizantiasa da
ruseTSi iyo, saxelmwifo gamoxatavda ZiriTadad eTnikuri birTvis
gareT mdgomTa interesebs. amgvari situacia, Tavis mxriv, xels uwyobs
e. w. vertikaluri eTnosebis Sesaxeb politikuri miTis agebas.
yvela am saxis sazogadoebebSi kulturuli miTebis, simboloebis,
gadmocemebis da Rirebulebebis fondi ara mxolod Taobidan Taobas
gadaecemoda, aramed vrceldeboda erTi mxriv, am sazogadoebis mier
dakavebul teritoriebze da anklavebze, xolo meore mxriv mTel mis
socialur Skalaze. aseTi mdgradobisa da difuziis ZiriTadi
meqanizmi emyareboda religiis irgvliv koncentrirebul sakraluri
wignebis, RvTismsaxurebis, ritualis, liturgiis da, zogjer ki
gansakuTrebul saidumlo moZRvrebis da werilis erTobliobas.
dammonebeli religiebis socialur mxares warmoadgens demosuri
eTnosis simyarisa da konturebisaTvis formis miniWeba. orTodoqsi
berZnebis da rusebis, monofiziti koptebis da eTiopelebis,
grigorianeli somxebis, ebraelebis, kaTolike irlandielebis da
polonelebis sazogadoebas socialuri sazRvrebi da mdgradi
tradiciebi SesZina mxolod miTebma da simboloebma, im ritualma da
sakralurma teqstebma, romlebSiac isini iyvnen gaSlilni.
amave dros, eTnikuri religiisadmi gansakuTrebuli mxardaWera
warmoSobs mZime problemebs aseTi Temebidan eris Camosayalibeblad.
xdeba imgvarad, rom religiis mier Camoyalibebul xalxebs, romelTa
eTnikuroba esoden didadaa davalebuli simboloebiTa da Zveli
rwmenebiT, Zalze uWirT "srulyofil" erebad Camoyalibeba. sxvagvarad
rom iTqvas, inteleqtualebs Zalze uWirT religiur-eTnikuri
xalxebis konceptualuri Sablonis garRveva. aseTi demosuri
321
eTnosebis bevri warmomadgeneli ubralod amtkicebs, rom misi
TanamoZmeebi ukve, da sinamdvileSi yovelTvis, ers Seadgendnen. da
marTlac, zogierTi gansazRvrebiT isini erebad iTvlebian. bolos da
bolos, isini sruli doziT floben erisaTvis saWiro eTnikur
komponentebs. arabebs da ebraelebs, magaliTad, aqvT saerTo saxelebi,
miTebi, gadmocemebi da religiuri kultura iseve, rogorc
Tavdapirveli TavianTi sacxovrebeli miwisadmi mikuTvnebulobis
grZnoba da myari, Tundac Sinaganad diferencirebuli, eTnikuri
solidarobis grZnoba. aris Tu ara es sakmarisi erad yofnisaTvis?
rac kidev saWiro iyo, gaxldaT damoukidebloba da saxelmwifo maTi
sazogadoebebisaTvis.
magram, rogorc es magaliTebi gviCveneben, saqme arc ise
martivadaa. sapirispiro geopolitikuri faqtorebisagan sruliad
damoukideblad, arabuli da ebrauli TemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma
socialurma da kulturulma Tvisebebma aCvena, rom maTTvis eTnosidan
erze gadasvla Zalze problematuri iyo. arabebs xeli SeuSala maTi
geografiuli sididis gamo am teritoriebze mkveTrad danawilebulma
mosaxleobam. meore faqtori iyo "arabi eris" sruliad gansxvavebuli
istoriuli warsuli, dawyebuli marokos samefodan, egviptiT da
saudis arabeTiT dasrulebuli. amas unda davamatoT Tanamedrove
kolonializmis Sedegebic, romelmac ganapiroba arabuli qveynebis
istoriuli diferenciacia da Camoayaliba Tanamedrove arabuli
qveynebi gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri profiliT. masobrivi, sajaro
ganaTlebis sistemebi, Sedegad, iseve, rogorc kanonmdebloba
koloniurma da postkoloniurma qveynebma, maTma elitebma SeimuSaves.
dabolos, arabebis umravlesobis islamTan mWidro kavSiris gamo,
romlis socialuri erTeuli "uma" Znelad egueba "arabi eris" cnebas,
arabebma Seqmnes bundovani socialuri erTianoba, ramac sruliad
gaaneitrala arabi inteligenciis Zalisxmeva xelaxla aRmoeCina
"arabuli warsuli".
rac Seexeba ebraelebs, isini ZiriTadad SeeCexnen geografiuli
gabneulobis problemas, rasac kidev ufro amwvavebda maTi aRiarebuli
teritoriis ar arseboba da is faqti, rom isini gamoZevebulni iyvnen
istoriuli samSoblodan. pales dasaxlebaSi da manamde poloneTSi
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arsebobda religiuri ganaTlebis sistema da mowesrigebuli
urTierTvaldebulebebi, rac didad davalebuli iyo "katalis"
sistemiT da misi mimdevrebiT. magram, miuxedavad imisa, rom ebraelebma
somxebis msgavsad moaxerxes daekavebinaT evropis qveynebis ekonomikur
sivrceebSi SemorCenili umniSvnelo niSebi, amgvar anklavur Temebs
Znelad Tu davaxasiaTebT ekonomikuri erTeulebis nimuSebad, verc
Tundac mxolod Sromis teritoriuli danawilebis TvalsazrisiT.
nacionaluri erTianobis am nimuSebisagan sruliad damoukideblad, ra
Tqma unda, arsebobda ambivalenturi ganwyobebi, iudaizmis da misi
rabinebis TviT-gansazRvrebebi. mxolod Zalze gvian, zogierTma rabinma
da orTodoqsi ebraelebis erTma frTam mxari dauWira ebraul
nacionalizms da mis sionistur proeqts ise, rom amave dros ar
iziarebdnen sionis mesianisturi restavraciis tradiciul ideas.
sakuTari Tavis Svelis idea ucxo iyo iudaizmis Suasaukuneebis
iudaizmisaTvis; saerTo idea, romelic maSin ebraelebs aerTianebda,
iyo "gandevnili eris" idea, romelic am xalxis pasiurobas
ganapirobebda.
dasavleTis eqspansiis sapirispirod mimarTulma sxvadasxva saxis
saxalxo winaaRmdegobam, romelic viTardeboda cxovrebis pirobebis
mkveTri gauaresebis fonze, warmoSva sekularizebuli inteligenciis
axali fena. maTi fundamenturi roli, rogorc Tavadve acnobierebdnen
amas, imaSi mdgomareobda, rom saxecvlilad miewodebinaT religiuri
urTierTobebi maTi tradiciuli subieqtisaTvis, demosuri
eTnosisaTvis. es movlena, gvmarTebs ganvixiloT gacilebiT ufro
farTo, _ socio-ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturuli _
revoluciebis konteqstSi, rasac adgili hqonda dasavleTis adreuli
modernis periodSi. rogorc Cven vnaxeT, aseTi transformaciebis
pirveli mamoZravebeli iyo profesionalizebuli, biurokratiuli
saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, romelsac safuZvlad hqonda SedarebiT
homogenuri eTnikuri birTvi. Zveli politikuri struqturebis
mcdelobas, daeZliaT dasavluri "racionaluri saxelmwifos" esa TuU
is elementi da amiT misi administracia da armia, mohyva imperiebis
Zveli struqturebis sruli daqvemdebareba misi Semadgeneli myari
eTnosebisadmi. habsburgebis, otomanebis da ruseTis imperiebSi
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saxelmwifos gaaqtiurebam, romelsac Tan axlda Canasaxovan
mdgomareobaSi myofi urbanizaciis da vaWrobis ganviTareba, bevri
Zveli demosuri eTnosi axali wnexis qveS moaqcia. meTvramete
saukunidan nacionalisturi ideebis gavrcelebam, rac xorcieldeboda
axali, xalxis kompaqturad gansaxlebuli erTeulebis, saxalxo
warmomadgenlobebis da kulturuli sxvadasxvaobis fonze, gamoiwvia
imperiebis mmarTveli klasis da maT daqvemdebarebuli ganaTlebuli
socialuri fenebis gaaqtiureba.
daqvemdebarebuli vertikaluri eTnosis, transformaciis
mamoZravebels, iseve rogorc kulturuli CarCoebis Camomayalibebels
warmoadgenda sekularizebuli inteligencia, romelsac win
uZRvebodnen ganmanaTlebeli inteleqtualebi, romelic lateraluri
eTnosis TanxlebiT inkorporirebuli iyvnen biurokratiul
saxelmwifoSi. swored inteligenciam gansazRvra axali komunaluri
TviT-definiciebi da miznebi. es xelaxali gansazRvrebebi ar yofila
martivi "gamonagoni", an dasavluri modelis ubralo gadamRereba. is
ufro eTnikuri warsulis "xelaxali aRmoCenis" safuZvelze Seiqmna. am
process hqonda religiuri msoflmxedvelobis Secvlis mizani:
"xalxis" nacvlad, romelic moqmedebda pasiur, Tumca, amave dros,
morCilebis uebar saSualebad, RvTaebriv wyalobas gamudmebiT rom
elodeba, rogorc RmerTis wyaloba, aseve misi morCili eTnosi,
Semdgom xalxis istoriaSi ganviTarebuli geniis umaRles
gamoxatulebad iqca.
inteligenciis mier Tavisi TavisTvis gansazRvruli miznebis
centrSi sazogadoebis xelaxali aRmoCena da realizacia idga. amas
moraluri da politikuri revolucia mohyva. pasiuri da
daqvemdebarebuli umciresobis adgili, romelic dominanturi eTnosis
da misi saxelmwifos marginalur sferoebSi cxovrobda, Seiqmna axali
kompaqturi da politikuard aqtiuri eri. centraluri adgili xalxs
unda daekavebina, romelic amieridan identificirebuli iyo masebTan,
romelic Zveli drois aristokratiis gmirebs cvlida. es iyo mxolod
erTi nawili didi procesisa, romelic ayalibebda gaerTianebul,
upiratesad avtarqiul, kanonis doneze Tanaswor sazogadoebis wevrebs,
anu "moqalaqeebs", romelic, Tavis mxriv, uzrunvelyofda saxelmwifos
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legitimurobas da Zalas. magram amisaTvis xalxi saukuneebis
narCenebisagan unda ganwmendiliyo. unda daeviwyebina Zili,
daqsaqsuloba, ucxo elementebi, umecreba da a.S. da, amiT moexdina
sakuTari Tavis emansipacia. swored es iyo ganmanaTlebeli
inteleqtualebis upirvelesi amocana.
demosuri eTnosidan civilur erSi gadasvlas Tan sdevs, amrigad,
rigi procesebi da moZraobebi. isini moicaven:
1. periferiuli pasiuri umciresobis daqvemdebarebas,
mosaxleobis aqtiuri, mtkice da politizirebuli nawilis
unificirebuli politikisadmi.
2. moZraobas sazogadoebisaken, romelic ixreboda kompaqturi,
calsaxa demarkaciis mqone teritoriebidan "samSoblos"
universaluri aRiarebisaken.
3. teritoriuli demarkaciis mqone sazogadoebis yvela wevris
ekonomikur unifikacias, maT sakuTar resursebze kontroliT
da moZraobas ekonomikuri avtarqiisaken
urTierTkonkurentuli erebis samyaroSi.
4. eTnikuri wevrebis gadaqcevas kanoniT aRiarebul
moqalaqeebad, romlebic mobilizebulni iqnebodnen saerTo
politikuri miznebisaTvis da romlebsac eqnebodaT aseTive
samoqalaqo, socialuri da politikuri uflebebi da
movaleobebi.
5. moZraobas xalxis moraluri da politikuri movlenebis
centrSi ganTavsebisaken da masebisaTvis axali funqciis
dakisrebisaken, maTTvis nacionaluri Rirebulebebis, miTebis
da gadmocemebis xelaxali gacnobiT.
mosalodneli oyo, rom tradiciuli elitebi,
gansakuTrebis ki sakraluri teqstebis mcvelebi, vinc amdeni xnis
manZilze icavda demosur eTnoss, winaaRmdegobas gauwevda aseT
tendenciebs. sxvagvarad, es niSnavs, rom inteleqtualebs mouwiaT
sazogadoebis Zveli definiciebis cvlileba, isev Zveli simboloebis
axleburi interpretirebis saSualebiT. es ar yofila mxolod
manipulacia. araviTari saWiroeba ar arsebobs imisa, rom niRabi
aexsnas imas, rasac esodeni pativi miegeba, rogrc eTnikuri warsulis
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rCeul gadmocemas. Tumca, SerCeva yovelTvis SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
garkveuli SezRudvebiT, romelsac awesebs vertikaluri eTnosis adre
arsebuli miTebi, simboloebi, Cvevebi da gadmocemebi. Y
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iozef Sumpeteri
kapitalizmi, socializmi, demokratia
vfiqrob, rom umetesoba politikis mklevarebisa dReisTvis ukve
daeTanxma demokratiis klasikuri doqtrinis kritikas…. . . me vfiqrob
agreTve, rom umetesoba maTgan Tanaxmaa, an male daTanxmdeba miiRos sxva
Teoria, romelic bevrad ufro axlosaa simarTlesTan (WeSmaritebasTan) da,
amave dros, Seicavs Tavis TavSi Zalian bevrs imisgan, rasac demokratiis
meTodis mimdevrebi gulisxmoben sinamdvileSi am terminSi (mis SinaarsSi).
rogorc klasikur Teorias, masac (axal Teorias) SeiZleba mieces mokle
gansazRvreba.
gvaxsovdes, rom klasikuri Teoriis ZiriTadi safuZveli iyo
mtkicebuleba, rom “xalxs” aqvs gansazRvruli da racionaluri azri
(Tvalsazrisi, Sexeduleba) yovel calkeul sakiTxze da, rom es azri
(Sexeduleba) realizdeba demokratiis pirobebSi “warmomadgenelTa”
arCevis gziT, romelnic Tvalyurs adevneben imas, rom es azri (Sexeduleba)
Tanmimdevrulad ganxorcieldes cxovrebaSi.
amgvarad, warmomadgenelTa arCeva meoradia demokratiuli mowyobis
pirvel mizanTan SedarebiT, romelic, kerZod, gulisxmobs:
amomrCevlebisaTvis uflebis (Zalauflebis) miniWebas miiRon politikuri
gadawyvetilebebi. davuSvaT, Cven SevcvliT am ori elementis rolebs da
gavxdiT amomrCevelTa mier problemebis gadawyvetas meoradad imaT
arCevasTan SedarebiT, vinc unda miiRos gadawyvetilebebi. sxva sityvebiT,
CavTvaloT, rom xalxis roli mdgomareobs mTavrobis an Sualeduri
(Suamavluri) organos SeqmnaSi, romelic Tavis mxriv ayalibebs erovnul
aRmasrulebel organos, anu mTavrobas. amgvarad, ganvsazRvroT:
demokratiuli meTodi – es aris iseTi institucionaluri mowyoba
politikur gadawyvetilebaTa miRebisTvis, romelSic individebi moipoveben
gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis Zalauflebas (uflebas) amomrCevelTa xmebisTvis
konkurentuli brZolis gziT.
am ideis ganmartebisas da dafuZnebisas, Cven dauyovnebliv vaCvenebT,
rom igi (idea), rogorc winapirobaTa samarTlianobis (WeSmaritebasTan
siaxlovis) ZaliT, aseve winadadebaTa (debulebaTa, mtkicebulebaTa)
logikuri safuZvlianobis wyalobiT, mniSvnelovnad aumjobesebs
demokratiuli procesis Teorias.
pirvel yovlisa, Cven gvaqvs sakmarisad efeqturi kriteriumi, romlis
meSveobiTac demokratiuli mTavroba SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT sxvaTagan
(yvela sxvanairi mTavrobisagan). Cven vnaxeT, rom klasikuri Teoria
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ejaxeba sirTuleebs amgvari gansxvavebis, gancalkevebis fiqsirebisas
(dadgenisas), ramdenadac xalxis nebasa da keTildReobas (sikeTes) SeiZleba
emsaxuron, da mraval istoriul SemTxvevaSi emsaxurebodnen kidec,
mTavrobebi, romelnic ar SeiZleba iwodebodnen demokratiulebad am
sityvis sayovelTaod miRebuli nebismieri Sinaarsis Sesabamisad. axla Cven
ramdenadme ukeTes mdgomareobaSi varT, ramdenadac gadavwyviteT
gavakeToT aqcenti modusze (proceduraze), romlis arseboba an ar arseboba
umravles SemTxvevaSi advilad mowmdeba.
magaliTad, inglisuri tipis saparlamento monarqiisas demokratiis
Cveni kriteriumi sruldeba, ramdenadac monarqs SeuZlia daniSnos kabinetis
wevrebad mxolod is adamianebi, romelTac airCevs parlamenti. amave dros,
“konstituciuri” monarqia ar aris demokratiuli, ramdenadac eleqtorati
da parlamenti floben yvela uflebas, romelnic maT aqvT saparlamento
monarqiisas, magram erTi gadamwyveti gamonaklisiT: maT ara aqvT
Zalaufleba mTavrobis daniSvnisa. ministrebi, principSi, SeiZleba
dainiSnon da moixsnan mis (monarqis) mier. aseTi mowyoba SeiZleba
akmayofilebdes xalxs. amomrCevlebma SeiZleba daadasturon es faqti,
miscen ra xma nebismier cvlilebaTa winaaRmdeg. monarqi SeiZleba iyos
imdenad popularuli, rom moaxerxos daamarcxos nebismieri metoqe
uzenaesi ZalauflebisaTvis brZolaSi. magram, ramdenadac ar arsebobs
meqanizmi, romelic gaxdis aseT brZolas efeqturs, mocemuli SemTxveva ar
Seesameba Cven gansazRvrebas.
meore Teoria, romelic mocemulia am definiciaSi, gvaZlevs
SesaZleblobas Rirseulad miuzRoT sasicocxlod mniSvnelovan liderobis
fenomens. klasikuri Teoria amas ar akeTebs. amis sanacvlod igi, rogorc
Cven vnaxeT, miawers amomrCevlebs sruliad ararealur xarisxs
iniciativisas, ignorirebas ukeTebs ra praqtikulad liderobas. magram,
TiTqmis yvela SemTxvevaSi koleqtiuri qmedeba gulisxmobs liderobas – es
aris dominanturi meqanizmi TiTqmis yvela koleqtiuri qmedebisa, ufro
mniSvnelovani qmedebisa, vidre ubralo refleqsi. demokratiuli meTodis
funqcionirebisa da Sedegebis Sesaxeb mtkicebulebani, romelnic iReben amas
mxedvelobaSi, bevrad ufro realisturia, vidre isini, romelnic amas ar
akeTeben. isini ar izRudebian volonte generale–is (saerTo nebis - fr.)
ganxorcielebiT, aramed miiweven imis axsnisken, Tu saidan warmoiSoba igi
(saerTo neba) da rogor Cainacvleba an yalbdeba. is, rac Cven aRvniSneT
terminiT “gayalbebuli neba”, aRar aris amieridan Teoriis CarCoebs gareT,
ar warmoadgens gadaxras, romlis ar arsebobasac Cven ase veswrafiT. igi
Sedis safuZvelSi, rogorc unda iyos kidec.
mesame - ramdenadac saerTod arsebobs jgufis neba – magaliTad,
umuSevarTa survili miiRon umuSevrobis daxmareba an sxva jgufebis
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miswrafeba daexmaron maT, - Cveni Teoria mas ar uaryofs. piriqiT, axla
Cven SegviZlia ganvixiloT swored is roli, romelsac es
nebisgamoxatulebani asruleben sinamdvileSi. isini, rogorc wesi, ar
waredginebian (warmoidginebian) uSualod. maSinac ki, Tu jgufuri
miswrafebebi Zlieria da ganzraxuli, isini rCeba dafaruli xSirad
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi, vidre maT ar gamouxmobs cxovrebaSi romelime
politikuri lideri, aqcevs ra maT politikur faqtorebad. is akeTebs amas
(ufro zustad, misi agentebi akeTeben amas), axdens ra nebis gamoxatulebis
organizebas, aZlierebs maT da, bolos da bolos rTavs maT Tavisi
winadadebebis Sesabamis punqtebSi. urTierTqmedebebi, erTis mxriv, jgufur
interesebsa da sazogadoebriv azrs, da meores mxriv, saSualebebs Soris,
romlebiTac isini qmnian imas, rasac Cven vuwodebT politikur situacias, am
TvalsazrisiT warmoCindebian axleburad, ufro aSkarad.
meoTxe - Cveni Teoria, ra Tqma unda, ar aris ufro metad
gansazRvruli, vidre Tavad cneba liderobisaTvis brZolisa. es cneba
warmoaCens imis msgavs sirTuleebs, romelTac iwvevs konkurenciis cneba
ekonomikis sferoSi; maTi Sedareba usargeblo ar iqneba. ekonomikur
cxovrebaSi konkurencia TiTqmis arasdros srulad ararsebuli ar aris,
magram TiTqmis ar gvxdeba arasdros srulyofili saxiT. zustad aseve
politikur sferoSi mudmivad mimdinareobs brZola, Tumca, SesaZloa
mxolod politikuri, amomrCevelTa loialobisaTvis. es SeiZleba aixsnas
imiT, rom demokratia iyenebs garkveul aRiarebul meTods konkurentuli
brZolis warmarTvisa, xolo arCevnebis sistema – praqtikulad erTaderTi
saSualebaa liderobisaTvis brZolisa nebismieri zomis sazogadoebisaTvis,
Tumca ki is gamoricxavs bevrs liderobis uzrunvelyofis saSualebaTagan,
romelnic unda gamoiricxon kidec, magaliTad brZola ZalauflebisaTvis
SeiaraRebuli ajanyebis meSveobiT; magram is ar gamoricxavs SemTxvevebs,
romelnic Zalian emsgavseba ekonomikur movlenebs, da romelTac Cven
vuwodebT “usamarTlo” an “TaRliTur” konkurencias, an konkurenciis
SezRudvebs. maTi gamoricxva Cven ar SegviZlia, ramdenadac es rom ase
gagvekeTebina, Cven davrCebodiT realobisgan Zalian Sors mdgom idealTan.
am idealur SemTxvevasa da im SemTxvevebs Soris, rodesac nebismieri
konkurencia arsebul liderTan uariyofa Zalis meSveobiT, arsebobs
uwyveti rigi variantebisa, romlis sazRvrebSi mmarTvelobis demokratiuli
meTodi SeumCnevlad, umciresi nabijebiT, gadadis avtokratiulSi. magram Tu
Cven miviswrafiT gagebisa da ara filosofosobisaken, (mxolod
filosofiuri diskusiisaken), es asec unda iyos. amgvarad, Cveni kriteriumis
faseuloba arsebiTad ar ecema.
mexuTe - Cveni Teoria, rogorc Cans, xsnis arsebul urTierTobas
demokratiasa da individualur Tavisuflebas Soris. Tu am ukanasknelis
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qveS Cven gvesmis individualuri TviTmmarTvelobis sferos arseboba,
romlis sazRvrebi istoriulad icvleba – verc erTi sazogadoeba ver itans
absolutur Tavisuflebas, Tundac sityvis an azris (cnobierebis) absolutur
Tavisuflebas, da arc erTi sazogadoeba ar zRudavs mas (Tavisuflebas)
nulamde – maSin am SemTxvevaSi saqme exeba Tavisuflebis xarisxs. Cven
vnaxeT, rom demokratiuli meTodi ara aucileblad iZleva garantias
individualuri Tavisuflebis meti moculobisa, vidre nebismieri sxva
analogiur garemoebebSi. es SeiZleba iyos piriqiTac, magram, miuxedavad
amisa, es ori movlena efardeba garkveulad erTmaneTs. Tuki, ukidures
SemTxvevaSi principSi, yovels SeuZlia ibrZolos politikuri
lederobisaTvis, waradginos Tavisi kandidatura amomrCevelTa winaSe, es
umetesoba SemTxvevebSi, Tumca ki ara yovelTvis, niSnavs diskusiis
Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovan wils yvelasaTvis. kerZod, es, rogorc wesi,
gulisxmobs presis mniSvnelovan Tavisuflebas. es mimarTeba demokratiasa
da Tavisuflebas Soris ar aris absoluturad mkacri, SesaZlebelia misiT
manipulireba. magram, inteleqtualis TvalsazrisiT, is, miuxedavad amisa,
mniSvnelovania. amave dros, am urTierTmimarTebis Sesaxeb, praqtikulad,
metis arafris Tqma SeiZleba.
meeqvse - saWiroa gaviTvaliswinoT, rom vTvlidi ra mTavrobis
formirebas amomrCevelTa pirvelad funqciad (pirdapir an gamSualebeli
organos meSveobiT), me vgulisxmobdi am frazaSi misi daTxovnis funqciis
CarTvasac. pirveli gulisxmobs ubralo Tanxmobas miRebul iqnas lideri an
liderTa jgufi, xolo meore ki – am Tanxmobaze uaris Tqmas. es miaqcevs
yuradRebas erT elements, romelic, SesaZloa, mkiTxvelma verc SeamCnia. mas
(mkiTxvels) SeiZleba efiqra, rom amomrCevlebi akontroleben zustad iseve,
rogorc mohyavT xelisuflebaSi. magram, ramdenadac, rogorc wesi,
amomrCevlebs SeuZliaT akontrolon mxolod maTi (liderebis) an maTi
mxardamWeri saparlamento umravlesobis xelaxali arCevis uaryofiT, es,
rogorc Cans, zRudavs kontrolis SesaZleblobas Cven gansazRvrebaSi
dafiqsirebul donemde. dro da dro, xdeba uecari, mkveTri cvlilebebi,
romelic iwvevs mTavrobis Tu calkeuli ministris dacemas, an aiZulebs
mTavrobas garkveul qmedebebs. magram msgavsi SemTxvevebi ara mxolod
gamonaklisia, aramed ewinaaRmdegeba demokratiuli meTodis suls.
meSvide - Cveni Teoria ase aucileblad saWiro naTels hfens Zvel
winaaRmdegobas. yvela, vinc aRiarebs (iRebs) demokratiis klasikur
doqtrinas da Sesabamisad Tvlis, rom demokratiulma meTodma unda Seqmnas
garantia, rom problemebi gadawydeba xalxis nebis Sesabamisad,
gancvifrebuli unda iyos im faqtiT, rom, maSinac ki, rodesac es neba
gamoxatulia sakmaod gamokveTilad (gansazRvrulad), ubralo
umravlesobis mier gadawyvetilebebis miReba bevr SemTxvevaSi daamaxinjebs
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(Secvlis) mas (nebas) da ara gaatarebs cxovrebaSi. naTelia, rom
umravlesobis neba aris umravlesobis da ara “xalxis” neba. Tu erT
gansazRvrebas gautolebT meores, es ar moxsnis problemas. saTanado
gadawyvetilebamde misvlis cdebi ganxorcielebul iqna “proporciuli
warmomadgenlobis” sxvadasxva gegmebis avtorebis mier.
am gegmebma mkveTri kritika daimsaxures praqtikuli mosazrebebis
gamo. marTlac, aSkaraa, rom proporciuli warmomadgenloba SesaZlebels
gaxdis ara mxolod ideosinkraziis sxvadasxva tipebis damkvidrebas, aramed
demokratiis pirobebSi, SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos efeqturi mTavrobis
formirebas da, amgvarad, xdeba saxifaTo daZabulobis periodebSi. magram,
vidre gakeTdebodes daskvna imis Sesaxeb, rom demokratia xdeba araqmediTi,
Tu misi principi SenarCundeba (daculi iqneba) Tanmimdevrulad, kargi
iqneboda dagvesva kiTxva, moiTxovs Tu ara es principi proporciul
warmomadgenlobas. sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. Tu liderobis aRiareba
warmoadgens amomrCevelTa xmis micemis WeSmarit funqcias, argumentebi
proporciuli warmomadgenlobis sasargeblod marcxdeba, ramdenadac misi
winapirobebi aRar moqmedebs. demokratiis principi am SemTxvevaSi
ubralod aRniSnavs, rom mmarTvelobis sadaveebi gadacemul unda iqnas
maTTvis, visac ufro meti mxardaWera aqvs, vidre sxva konkurent
individebsa da jgufebs. . . .
1. demokratiis pirobebSi, rogorc me ukve vTqvi, amomrCevelTa xmis
micemis pirveladi funqcia – es aris mTavrobis formireba. es SeiZleba
niSnavdes administraciis yvela warmomadgenlebis arCevas. Tumca, msgavsi
praqtika damaxasiaTebelia umTavresad adgilobrivi mTavrobis
arCevnebisaTvis, da SemdgomSi Cven movaxdenT mis ignorirebas. ganvixilavT
ra mxolod erovnul mTavrobas, Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom mTavrobis
formireba praqtikulad dadis gadawyvetilebaze, Tu vin iqneba lideri.
rogorc adre, Cven movixseniebT mas, rogorc premier-ministrs.
arsebobs mxolod erTi demokratiuli sistema, romelSic es arCevani
warmoadgens pirdapir Sedegs amomrCevelTa xmis micemisa – SeerTebuli
Statebi. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi amomrCevelTa xmis micema ayalibebs ara
uSualod mTavrobas, aramed Suamaval organos – SemdgomSi mas
movixseniebT parlamentis saxeliT, romelsac gadaecema mTavrobis
formirebis funqcia.. . .
rogori wesiT ayalibebs parlamenti mTavrobas? yvelaze aSkara wesi,
saSualeba – aris misi arCeva an, rac ufro realisturia, jer premier-
ministris arCeva da Semdeg xmis micema ministrTa siisTvis, romelsac igi
waradgens. es wesi gamoiyeneba iSviaTad. magram is xsnis mocemuli
proceduris bunebas ukeTesad, vidre nebismieri sxva. ufro metic, yvela sxva
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saSualeba (wesi) SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas masze, ramdenadac premier-
ministri Cveulebriv xdeba adamiani, romelsac airCevda parlamenti. is, Tu
rogor iniSneba sinamdvileSi igi Tanamdebobaze – monarqis mier, rogorc
inglisSi, Tu prezidentis mier, rogorc safrangeTSi, Tu specialuri
organos an komitetis mier, rogorc Tavisufal prusiul saxelmwifoSi
veimaris periodisa – ubralod formis sakiTxia.
klasikuri inglisuri praqtika aseTia. sayovelTao arCevnebis Semdeg
gamarjvebuli partia, Cveulebriv, moipovebs adgilebis umetesobas
parlamentSi da, amgvarad, mas SeuZlia xma misces nebismieri pirisaTvis
undoblobis votumis gamocxadebas (rezolucias), garda sakuTari liderisa,
romelic aseTi, “negatiuri” saSualebiT iniSneba parlamentis mier
saxelmwifos meTaurad. igi iRebs uflebamosilebas monarqisgan – “emTxveva
xelze” – da warudgens monarqs ministrTa sias, romlis nawilicaa kabinetis
wevrTa sia. siaSi is rTavs, upirveles yovlisa, partiis ramdenime veterans,
romelnic iReben imas, rasac SeiZleba vuwodoT sapatio Tanamdeboba; meore
rigSi – ufro dabali rangis liderebs – maT, vis mxardaWerasac is
daeyrdnoba saparlamento brZolaSi; mesame rigSi – mzard politikosebs,
romelTac igi miiwvevs Zalauflebis mojadoebul wreSi, raTa “miizidos
axali sisxli”; da, zogjer, meoTxe rigSi, ramdenime adamians maTgan, vinc,
misi azriT, gansakuTrebulad kargad aris momzadebuli profesiulad
garkveuli Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad. magram, kvlav, normalur
SemTxvevebSi es praqtika iZleva iseTive Sedegebs, rogorsac miviRebdiT
parlamentis mier mTavrobis arCevis SemTxvevaSi. mkiTxveli dainaxavs
agreTve, rom iq, sadac, rogorc inglisSi, premier-ministrs aqvs realuri
Zalaufleba daSalos parlamenti (“daniSnos axali arCevnebi”), Sedegebi
garkveuli xarisxiT iqneba msgavsi imisa, romelTac Cven SeiZleba
movelodeT amomrCevelTa mier kabinetis pirdapiri arCevnebis pirobebSi,
Tu, rasakvirvelia, es ukanasknelni mas mxars uWeren. . .
4. . . parlamentis Sesaxeb, me gamovyavi is, rac, Cemi azriT, warmoadgens
pirvelad fuqcias, da ganvamtkice es definicia. SeiZleba Sedaveba, rom Cemi
gansazRvreba ar aris swori mis sxva funqciebTan mimarTebaSi. cxadia, rom
parlamenti akeTabs bevr sxva rames garda mTavrobis Camoyalibebisa da
daTxovnisa. is gamoscems kanonebs. is marTavs kidec. Tumca, nebismieri
saparlamento aqti, politikuri deklaraciebisa da rezoluciebis garda,
warmoadgens “kanons” formaluri mniSvnelobiT, arsebobs bevri aqti,
romlebic unda ganvixiloT, rogorc administraciuli zomebi. biujeti –
yvelaze mniSvnelovani magaliTia. biujetis formireba – mmarTvelobiTi
funqciaa. magram, aSS-Si mas SeimuSavebs kongresi. iqac ki, sadac mas adgens
finansTa ministri da eTanxmeba kabineti, rogorc inglisSia, parlamentma
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unda daamtkicos igi, da am xmis micemis (kenWisyris) Sedegad igi iqceva
parlamentis aqtad. xom ar uaryofs abaTilebs es Cven Teorias?
rodesac ori armia ebrZvis erTmaneTs, maTi calkeuli sabrZolo
moqmedebebi fokusirebulia konkretul obieqtebze, romlebic
ganisazRvrebian maTi taqtikuri da strategiuli mdgomareobidan
gamomdinare. isini SeiZleba ibrZodnen xmeleTis konkretuli zolisTvis, an
konkretuli borcvisaTvis. magram, am zolis an borcvis dapyrobis
(dauflebis) sasurveloba unda ganisazRvrebodes strategiuli an taqtikuri
amocaniT, kerZod – mtris damarcxebiT. cxadia, absurduli iqneboda am
moqmedebaTa gamoyvanis (dayvanis) mcdeloba gansakuTrebuli Tvisebebisgan,
romlebic SeiZleba hqondes am zols, an borcvs. zustad aseve, mTavari da
pirveli mizani nebismieri politikuri partiisa – aris daamarcxos
(daTrgunos) sxvebi, raTa moipovos Zalaufleba da darCes ZalauflebaSi.
rogorc miwis zolis an borcvis dabruneba, politikuri sakiTxebis
gadawyvetac, politikosis TvalsazrisiT, aris ara mizani, aramed masala
saparlamento saqmianobisa. ramdenadac politikosebi isvrian sityvebiT da
ara tyviebiT da, ramdenadac es sityvebi aucileblad ukavSirdeba
gansaxilvel problemebs, situacia yovelTvis ar aris iseTive naTeli,
rogorc omis dros. magram, gamarjveba mowinaaRmdegeze, miuxedavad amisa,
warmoadgens orive TamaSis arss.
amgvarad, arsebiTad, qveynis cxovrebis saWirboroto sakiTxebze
saparlamento gadawyvetilebebis mimdinare gamomuSaveba – aris is meTodi,
romlis meSveobiTac parlamenti tovebs an ar tovebs mTavrobas
ZalauuflebaSi, iRebs an uaryofs premier-ministris xelmZRvanelobas.
zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, romelTac Tqven axla SeniSnavT, yoveli
kenWisyra – aris kenWisyra ndobisa da undoblobis Sesaxeb am sityvis
teqnikuri gagebiT, romelic ubralod aaSkaravebs (warmoaCens) in abstract (abstraqtul gamoxatulebaSi – laT.) arsebiT elements, saerTos yvela am
kenWiyrebisaTvis. amiT Cven SegviZlia dvkmayofildeT, aRvniSnoT ra, rom
saparlamento msjelobisaTvis sakiTxebis gamotanis iniciativa, rogorc
wesi, ekuTvnis mTavrobas, an opoziciis Crdilovan kabinets, da ara calkeul
deputatebs.
swored premier-ministri gamoyofs mimdinare saqmeebis
dausrulebeli nakadidan im saqmeebs, romelnic mas surs aqcios
saparlamento mosmenis sagnad, anu romelTa Taobazec misi mTavroba
apirebs gaitanos kanonproeqtebi, an, Tu mas ara aqvs myari imedi,
rezoluciebi mainc. ra Tqma unda, nebismieri mTavroba iRebs Tavisi
winamorbedisgan gadauwyvetel sakiTxTa memkvidreobas, romlis gadadeba
Soreuli momavlisaTvis SesaZloa Zneli iyos; sxva sakiTxebi ganekuTvneba
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rutinuli politikis sferos; premier ministris gansakuTrebul miRwevas
warmoadgens viTareba, rodesac igi axerxebs Tavs moaxvios (parlaments)
zomebis miReba im politikur sakiTxze, romelic mis mier aris wamoweuli.
magram, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobis arCevani an iniciativa, Tavisufali
an ara, aris is faqtori, romelic dominirebs saparlamento saqmianobaSi.
Tu kanonproeqti, romelic ar aris saparlamento siaSi, waridgineba
samTavrobo partiis warmomadgenelTa jgufis mier, es niSnavs bunts, da
ministrebi ganixilaven amas am TvalsazrisiT, da ara damatebiTi taqtikuri
upiratesobebis TvalsazrisiT. zogjer es midis debatebamde. Tu es debatebi
ar imarTeba mTavrobis winadadebiT an ar aris sanqcionirebuli mis mier,
es aris simptomi saparlamento Zalebis misi kontrolidan gamosvlisa. da
bolos, Tu es zoma miiReba Sidapartiuli SeTanxmebis Sedegad, es niSnavs,
rom brZola damTavrda fred, an uari iTqva brZolaze taqtikuri
mosazrebebis gamo.
5. gamonaklisebi (gadaxvevebi) samTavrobo liderobis am principidan
"warmomadgenlobiT" asambleebSi, emsaxurebian mxolod misi
realisturobis dadasturebas. isini SeiZleba iyos ori tipisa.
pirveli - araviTari lideroba ar aris absoluturi. politikuri
lideroba, romelic gamovlindeba demokratiuli meTodis CarCoebSi, kidev
ufro naklebad absoluturia konkurenciis elementis gamo, romelic
warmoadgens demokratiis arss. ramdenadac yovel momxres aqvs ufleba
gadaayenos lideri da, ramdenadac yovelTvis arsebobs ramdenime momxre,
romelTac aqvT realuri SesaZlebloba amis gakeTebisa, deputati an
ministri, romelic miekuTvneba gansakuTrebulad gavlenian pirTa viwro
wres, - Tu igi grZnobs, rom mas aqvs Sansi daikavos lideris adgili -
ikavebs Sualedur kurss liderisadmi upirobo loialobasa da sakuTari
droSis afrialebas Soris, balansirebs ra risksa da SesaZleblobas Soris
WeSmaritad aRtacebis Rirsi natifi xelovnebiT. lideri, Tavis mxriv, aseve
ikavebs Sualedur kurss: igi iTxovs disciplinas da Tan uSvebs mis
darRvevas. is aTavsebs zewolas met-naklebad gonivrul daTmobebTan,
armowonebas SeqebasTan, dasjas waxalisebasTan. aseTi TamaSis Sedegi,
individebisa da maTi poziciebis fardobiTi Zalisgan gamomdinare, aris
maTTvis gansxvavebuli, magram mraval SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovani xarisxi.
kerZod, aviRoT is jgufebi, romelnic sakmarisad Zlierni arian imisaTvis,
rom maTi ukmayofileba igrZnon (gaxdes sagrZnobi), magram ara sakmarisad
Zlierni imisaTvis, rom miiRon sargebeli Tavisi momxreebisa da Tavisi
programebis samTavrobo struqturebSi CarTviT. maT SeiZleba darTon neba
iqonion sakuTari pozicia umniSvnelo sakiTxebze an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi,
im sakiTxebze, romelTa Taobazec SesaZlebelia premier-ministris
darwmuneba, rom es aris mxolod kerZo da umniSvnelo sakiTxebi. amgvarad,
mmarTveli partiis jgufebs an calkeul parlamentis wevrebs, dro da dro,
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SeiZleba gauCndeT SesaZlebloba wamoayenon sakuTari kanonproeqtebi, da
kidev meti Semwynarebloba iqneba gamoCenili maT mimarT, vinc akritikebs
mTavrobis politikas da ar aZlevs xmas meqanikurad nebismier samTavrobo
zomas. magram, sakmarisia SevxedoT amas praqtikul WrilSi, rom (davinaxavT
ra SezRudvebs, romlebic aqvs am Tavisuflebas), davinaxavT, rom igi
warmoadgens ara parlamentis muSaobis princips, aramed misgan gadaxras.
meore - aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac politikur manqanas ar SeuZlia
aRiqvas garkveuli problemebi, ramdenadac samTavrobo da opoziciur
ZalTa umaRlesi xelmZRvaneloba ver xedavs maT politikur faseulobas an,
es faseuloba marTlac saeWvoa. aseT sakiTxebs iReben TavisTvis
autsaiderebi, romelnic arCeven individualur brZolas ZalauflebisaTvis
romelime arsebuli partiis rigebSi msaxurebas. ra Tqma unda, es sruliad
normaluri politikaa, magram aris meore SesaZleblobac. adamians
SeiZleba imdenad Seexos konkretuli problema, rom is SeiZleba gamovides
politikur arenaze specialurad imisTvis, rom gadawyvitos igi Tavisi
saSualebebiT, da ar hqondes imavdroulad survili daiwyos normaluri
politikuri kariera. magram es imdenad arabunebrivia, rom Znelia ipovo
ramdenadme mniSvnelovani magaliTebi. .....
Cven SeiZleba SevajamoT Sedegebi Semdegnairad. vixilavT ra
adamianTa sazogadoebebs, Cven, rogorc wesi, Zaldautaneblad (advilad)
gamovyofT, yovel SemTxvevaSi saRi azris doneze, sxvadasxva miznebs,
romelTa miRwevac surT Sesaswavl sazogadoebebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es
miznebi aniWeben azrs individTa Sesabamis qmedebebs. magram aqedan ar
gamodinareobs, rom sazogadoebrivi Sinaarsi mocemuli tipis qmedebisa
aucileblad uzrunvelyofs moqmedebis motivacias da, Sesabamisad, am
ukanasknelis axsnas. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi Teoria, romelic
isazRvreba (izRudeba) socialuri miznebisa da moTxovnilebebis anliziT, ar
SeiZleba CaiTvalos adeqvatur axsnad im qmedebisa, romelic am miznebs
emsaxureba. magaliTad, iseTi movlenis arsebobis mizezi, rogoricaa
ekonomikuri saqmianoba (qmedeba), rasakvirvelia, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
adamianebs undeT Wama, sma da a.S. am moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis
saSualebebis uzrunvelyofa - es aris sazogadoebrivi mizani da warmoebis
azri. miuxedavad amisa Cven yvelani vrwmundebiT, rom es Tezisi iqneboda
yvelaze ararealisturi sawyisi momenti komerciul sazogadoebaSi
ekonomikuri qmedebis (saqmianobis) TeoriisaTvis da, rom Cven bevrad ufro
kargad gamogviva, Tu daviwyebT mogebiT. analogiurad socialuri Sinaarsi
da funqcia saparlamento saqmianobisa, ueWvelad, mdgomareobs kanonTa
SeqmnaSi da nawilobriv administraciul zomebSi (RonisZiebebSi). magram
imisTvis, rom gavigoT, Tu rogor emsaxureba demokratiuli politika am
socialur mizans, Cven unda daviwyoT Zalauflebisa da TanamdebobebisaTvis
konkurentuli brZoliT da gavacnobieroT, rom socialuri funqcia
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xorcieldeba, rogorc Cven vnaxeT, "SemTxveviT" - im azriT, rogorc
warmoebaa SemTxveviTi mogebis miRebasTan mimarTebaSi.
6. da bolos, rac Seexeba amomrCevelTa rols, damatebiT unda
movixsenioT kidev erTi ram. Cven vnaxeT, rom parlamentis wevrTa
survilebi - ar aris erTaderTi faqtori mTavrobis formirebis procesSi.
igive SeiZleba iTqvas amomrCevelTa Sesaxebac. maTi arCevani -
ideologiurad ayvanili "xalxis nebis" rangSi - ar gamomdinareobs maTi
iniciatividan, aramed formirdeba, da misi formireba - umniSvnelovanesi
nawilia demokratiuli procesisa. amomrCevlebi ar iReben politikur
gadawyvetilebebs. magram, ar SeiZleba iTqvas, rom isini winaswarganzraxvis
gareSe irCeven parlamentis wevrebs adamianTagan, romelTac aqvT ufleba
iyon arCeulni. yvela normalur SemTxvevaSi iniciativa ekuTvnis kandidats,
romelic ibrZvis parlamentis wevrobisaTvis da adgilobriv doneze
liderobisaTvis, rac gulisxmobs am Tanamdebobas (parlamentis wevrobas).
amomrCevlebi izRudebian, ifarglebian imiT, rom mxars uWeren am cdas
(mcdelobas), aZleven ra mas upiratesobas, an uars acxadeben mxardaWeraze.
is gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic ki, rodesac kandidats namdvilad wamoayeneben
Tavad amomrCevlebi, xvdebian igive kategoriaSi Semdegi ori mizezis gamo.
pirveli - Tu kandidati ukve axorcielebs liderobas, mas ukve aRar
sWirdeba misTvis (liderobisTvis) brZola. meore - SeiZleba moxdes ise,
rom adgilobriv liders, romelsac aqvs SesaZlebloba gaakontrolos da
gavlena iqonios xmis micemaze, ar SeuZlia an ar surs Tavad miiRos
monawileoba arCevnebSi da niSnavs sxva adamians, romelic, Cans, TiTqos
arCeul iqna amomrCevelTa iniciativiT.
magram Tu amomrCevelTa iniciativa, romelic umetesad mdgomareobs
mxolod konkurenti kandidatebidan erT-erTis miRebaSi, kidev ufro
SezRudulia partiaTa arsebobiT? partia klasikuri doqtrinis (anu edmund
berkis) sawinaaRmdegod - es ar aris jgufi adamianebisa, romelsac
ganzraxuli aqvs iRvawos xalxis keTildReobisaTvis, "gamomdinare
garkveuli principidan, romlis Taobaze misi yvela wevri SeTanxmda". aseTi
racionalizacia macduria da swored amitomac saxifaTo.ra Tqma unda,
garkveul dros yvela partia axdens Tavisi principebis an programis
formulirebas; es principebi da programebi - damaxasiaTebeli
partiisaTvis, romelic iRebs maT SeiaraRebaSi rogorc saganTa saxeobebs
(saqonels), romelic iyideba univermaRSi, axasiaTebs mas da mniSvnelovania
misi warmatebisaTvis. magram, rogorc univermaRi ar SeiZleba ganisazRvros
saqonlis meSveobiT, aseve partiis gansazRvrac ar SeiZleba misi
principebiT. partia - es aris iseTi jgufi, romlis wevrebsac gansazRvruli
aqvT imoqmedon erToblivad politikuri ZalauflebisaTvis konkurentul
brZolaSi. es rom ase ar yofiliyo, maSin sxvadasxva partiebs ar
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SeeZlebodaT hqonodaT TiTqmis sruliad erTnairi, msgavsi programebi.
miuxedavad amisa, rogorc yvelasaTvis cnobilia, aseTi ram xdeba.
partiebisa da politikosebis arseboba adasturebs imas, rom amomrCevelTa
masebs ara aqvT unari sxva raime qmedebisa, garda panikisa. isini
aregulireben politikur konkurencias zustad iseve, rogorc amas akeTeben
profesiuli asociaciebi. partiis marTvis fsiqoteqnika, misi sareklamo
kampania, lozungebi da marSebi - yvelaferi es ar aris samkaulebi.swored es
aris politikis arsi. iseve, rogorc politikuri lideri.
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aleqsis de tokvili
demokratia amerikaSi
anglo-amerikuli sazogadoebrivi wyobis
gavlena qveynis politikur cxovrebaze
(III Tavidan)
msgavsi socialuri wyobis politikuri Sedegebis warmodgena
savsebiT SesaZlebelia.
srulebiT gaugebari iqneboda adamianis cxovrebis sxvadasxva
sferos damaxasiaTebel Tanasworobas saboloo jamSi rom ar SeeRwia
politikur sferoSic. warmoudgenelia, rom adamianebi raRac sferoSi
araTanasworni iyvnen da yvela sxva sferoSi Tanasworni; amitom
savaraudoa, rom garkveuli drois Semdeg isini yvela sferoSi
miaRweven Tanasworobas.
amasTan, me martooden or xerxs vicnob politikur sferoSi
Tanasworobis misaRwevad: an saWiroa uflebebi mieces qveynis TiToeul
moqalaqes, an ar mieces aravis.
xalxebisTvis, romlebmac miaRwies imave socialur wyobas, rac
anglo-amerikelebma, Zalian Znelia raRac saSualo zRvari gaavlon
yvelas suverenobasa da erTaderTi adamianis absolutur Zalauflebas
Soris.
Riad unda iTqvas, rom Cems mier zemoT aRweril sazogadoebriv
wyobas Tanabrad martivad SeiZleba mohyves rogorc pirveli, ise meore
Sedegi.
marTlac, adamians axasiaTebs Seupovari da kanonieri ltolva
iseTi srulyofilebisaken, romelic adamianSi aRviZebs survils iyvnen
Zlierni da dafasebulni sazogadoebaSi. es ltolva iwvevs imas, rom
patara adamianebi didi adamianis rangs aRweven; magram adamianis gulSi
SeiZleba vipovoT Tanasworobisadmi erTgvari maxinji damokidebuleba.
Tanasworobisadmi, rodesac sustebs surT daiyvanon Zlierni Tavis
338
donemde da adamianebi ufro did mzadyofnas iCenen iseTi
Tanasworobis mimarT, rodesac yvela Tanabaria monobaSi, vidre
araTanasworni TavisuflebaSi. es ar niSnavs, rom xalxi, romelic
cxovrobs demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi wyobilebis pirobebSi,
bunebrivad iTvaliswinebs Tavisuflebas, piriqiT, is misdami iCens
instiqtur midrekilebas. magram Tavisuflebis mopoveba srulebiT ar
warmoadgens maTi survilis ZiriTad da Tanmimdevrul obieqts.
erTadeTi, rac mas usazRvrod uyvars, es aris Tanasworoba: adamianebi
myisierad, imwuTieri impulsis gavleniT miiswrafvian Tavisuflebisken
da Tu isini miuxedavad yovelivesi, ver aRweven Tavis mizans,
emorCilebian beds, maT araferi sWirdebaT Tanasworobis garda da maT
urCevniaT daiRupon, vidre dakargon is.
meore mxriv, rodesac moqalaqeebi met-naklebad Tanasworuflebianni
arian, Znelia damoukideblobis dacva xelisuflebis gavlenis winaSe.
aravin ar aris sakmarisad Zlieri, raTa warmatebiT martoxelam
gauwios winaaRmdegoba, amitom martooden erToblivi ZalisxmeviT,
erTad SeuZliaT adamianebs Tavisuflebis SenarCuneba. magram
Zalisxmevis aseTi gaerTianeba yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli.
amgvarad, erTsa da imave sazogadoebrivi wyobis safuZvelze
xalxebs SeuZliaT miaRwion or ZiriTad Sedegs: es Sedegebi
kardinalurad gansxvavebulia, magram maTi wyaro erTia.
pirvelni Seejaxnen ra am saSiS alternativas, romelic me axlaxans
aRvwere, anglo-amerikelebi metad bednierni darCnen, rom Tavidan
aiciles absoluturi Zalaufleba. garemoebebma, warmoSobam,
ganaTlebam da gansakuTrebiT, wes-Cveulebebma maT misces saSualeba
SemoeRoT da SeenarCunebinaT mTeli xalxis uzenaesi Zalaufleba.
(Tavi IV)
xalxis uzenaesobis principis Sesaxeb amerikaSi
SeerTebuli Statebis politikur kanonebze saubrisas, aucilebelia
Tavidanve SevexoT xalxis uzenaesobis koncefcias.
uzenaesi Zalauflebis principi, romelic met-naklebad yovelTvis
udevs safuZvlad nebismier sazogadoebriv instituts, zedapirulad
339
TiTqmis ar Cans. mas emorCilebian, Tumca ar aRiareben, da Tu rodesme
ise xdeba, rom is warmoCindeba, adamianebi maSinve cdiloben Camalon
is wminda sibneleSi.
xalxis neba albaT warmoadgens erT-erT iseT mowodebas, romelsac
intriganebi da despotebi yvela droSi da yvelgan borotad iyeneben.
erTni miiCnevdnen, rom es neba gamoixateba mxardaWeriT, romelsac
gamoxatavdnen xelisufalTa maamebeli gamyidveli moxeleebi; sxvebi
mas xedavdnen dainteresebul an daSinebul (mSiSara) umciresobaSi,
zogierTni ki imasac acxadebdnen, rom is yvelaze srulad
warmoCindeba xalxis dumilSi da rom swored xalxis damorCilebis
faqti badebs xalxis uflebas ibatonos.
amerikaSi sxva qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, xalxis uzenaesobis
principi cxovrebaSi xorcieldeba Riad da nayofierad. is iTvleba
qveynis adaT-Cveulebad, cxaddeba mis kanonebSi, is Tavisuflad
viTardeba da Seuferxeblad aRwevs Tavis saboloo daniSnulebas.
Tuki arsebobs dedamiwaze iseTi qveyana, romelSic jerovnad
SeiZleba SevafasoT xalxis uzenaesobis principi, sadac SeiZleba
SeviswavloT misi moqmedeba sazogadoebriv moRvaweobaSi da
vimsjeloT mis Rirsebebsa da naklovanebebze, aseT qveyanas ueWvelad
warmoadgens amerika.
rogorc me adre aRvniSne, axali inglisis bevri kolonia maTi
gaCenis momentidan xelmZRvanelobda xalxis uzenaesobis principiT.
magram im dros jer kidev araferi moaswavebda, rom es principi
gaxdeboda dominirebuli qveynis marTvaSi, rogorc es dRes xdeba.
arsebobs ori winaaRmdegoba _ erTi gare winaaRmdegoba, meore _
Sida, romelic eRobeboda mis yovlismomcvel ganviTarebas.
uzenaesobis principi ar SeiZleba Riad gamovleniliyo kanonebSi,
radganac im dros koloniebi formalurad emorCilebodnen
metropolias, amitom iZulebulni iyvnen daemalaT is da acxadebdnen
martooden provincialur krebebze da ZiriTadad TemebSi, sadac is
farulad viTardeboda kidec.
amerikuli sazogadoeba im dros jer sakmarisad ar iyo
momzadebuli imisTvis, rom mieRo es principi yvela SesaZlo SedegiT.
axali inglisis ganaTlebuli adamianebi da mdidari moqalaqeebi im
340
StatebSi, romlebic mdebareobs guZonidan samxreTiT, didi drois
manZilze erTgvarad axdendnen aristokratiul gavlenas
sazogadoebaze, romelic midrekili iyo imisken, rom mTel
Zalauflebas erTeulTa xelSi moeyara Tavi. jer kidev Sors iyo is
dro, rodesac yvela Tanamdebobis piri airCeoda da yvela moqalaqe
gaxdeboda amomrCeveli. saarCevno ufleba yvelgan SezRuduli iyo
gansazRvruli CarCoebiTa da konkretuli saarCevno cenziT. es cenzi
naklebad gamoiyeneboda amerikis CrdiloeTiT da gacilebiT metad
samxreTiT.
ifeTqa amerikis revoluciam. xalxis uzenaesobis principi gascda
Temis sazRvrebs da gavrcelda mTavrobis moRvaweobis sferozec;
yvela klasi daTmobaze wavida am principis sasargeblod; misi saxeliT
ibrZodnen da imarjvebdnen da bolos is gaxda kanonTa kanoni.
amerikuli sazogadoebis SigniTac moxda aseTive swrafi
cvlilebebi. memkvidreobiTobis kanonma daasrula adgilobrivi
gavlenis ganadgurebis procesi.
im droisaTvis, rodesac kanonebis zegavlena da revoluciis
Sedegebi TandaTanobiT cxadi gaxda mTeli sazogadoebisTvis,
demokratias ukve mopovebuli hqonda gamarjveba. demokratiam
realurad gaimarjva, aiRo ra Tavis xelSi Zalaufleba. mis winaaRmdeg
akrZaluli iyo brZlola. umaResi fenebi mas daemorCilnen usityvod
da winaaRmdegobis gauwevlad, rogorc borotebas, romelic amieridan
gaxda garduvali. maT mouvidaT igive, rac emarTeba imaT, vinc kargavs
Tavis siZlieres: pirvel planze gamodian TiToeulis cal-calke
egoisturi interesebi da ramdenadac ukve SeuZlebelia Zalauflebis
warTmeva xalxisTvis, xolo masebi maTSi ar iwveven iseT Rrma
siZulvils, rom ar daemorCilon maT, amitom isini yvelanairad
cdiloben moipovon xalxis keTilganwyoba. amis Sedegad, yvelaze
demokratiuli kanonebi Tanmimdevrulad dayenebul iqnen kenWisyraze
da mowonebuli im xalxis (adamianebis) mier, romelTa interesebi
yvelaze metad ilaxeboda am kanonebiT. aseTi moqmedebiT maRal
wodebebs ar gamouwveviaT saxalxo aRSfoTeba; piriqiT, maT Tavad
daaCqares axali wyobis damkvidreba. da _ oi saocrebav! _
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demokratiuli suliskveTeba yvelaze dauokeblad vlindeboda im
StatebSi, sadac aristokratiam yvelaze Rrma fesvebi gaidga.
merilendis Statma, romelic Tavis droze daaarses didgvarovanTa
warCinebulebma, pirvelma gamoacxada sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba da
Semoitana Statis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi demokratiuli formebi.
rodesac romelime xalxi cdilobs Secvalos qveyanaSi moqmedi
saarCevno cenzi, SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom adre Tu gvian is mas
mTlianad gaauqmebs. aseTia nebismieri sazogadoebis cxovrebis erT-
erTi Seuvali kanoni. rac ufro metad farTovdeba moqalaqeebis
saarCevno uflebebi, miT ufro izrdeba maTi Semdgomi gafarToebis
moTxovnileba, radganac yoveli axali daTmobiT, demokratiuli Zalebi
izrdeba da amave dros axali Zalauflebis ganmtkicebiT izrdeba misi
moTxovnebi. rac meti adamiani Rebulobs saarCevno uflebas, miT
izrdeba survili am uflebis miRebisa im adamianebSi, vinc
SezRudulia saarCevno cenziT. amgvarad, gamonaklisi iqceva wesad,
erTi meores misdevs daTmobebi da es procesi grZeldeba iqamde, sanam
ar mkvidrdeba sayovelTao saarCevno ufleba.
Cvens droSi xalxis uzenaesobis principi imdenad srulad
xorcieldeba SeerTebuli Statebis cxovrebaSi, ramdenadac
SesaZlebelia amis warmodgena. TandaTanobiT, garemoebebisda mixedviT
es principi warmoCindeba metad gansxvavebuli formiT: zogjer xalxi
erToblivad, rogorc es xdeboda aTenSi, TviTon adgenda kanonebs,
zogjer deputatebi, arCeuli sayovelTao saarCevno uflebaze
dayrdnobiT warmomadgenloben am xalxs da moqmedeben misi saxeliT da
misi uSualo kontroliT.
arseboben iseTi qveynebi, romelSic Zalaufleba ganTavsebulia
TiTqosda sazogadoebrivi organizmis gareT, zemoqmedebs masze da
aiZulebs airCios ganviTarebis esa Tu is gza.
arseboben sxva qveynebic, sadac Zalaufleba danawilebulia da
nawilobriv sazogadoebis xelSia, nawilobriv ki _ mis gareTaa.
araferi msgavsi ar xdeba SeerTebul StatebSi; aq sazogadoeba
moqmedebs savsebiT damoukideblad da TviTon marTavs Tavs.
Zalaufleba gamodis martooden misgan; praqtikulad SeuZlebelia
iseTi adamianis naxva, romelic gabedavda im mosazrebis gafiqrebas, an
342
miTumetes, xmamaRla gamoxatvas, rom Zalaufleba saZiebelia sxva
adgilas. xalxi monawileobs kanonebis SedgenaSi imiT, rom irCevs
kanonmdeblebs, is monawileobs agreTve am kanonebis cxovrebaSi
gatarebaSi _ imiT, rom irCevs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlebs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xalxi Tavad marTavs qveyanas,
vinaidan is uflebebi, romelic mTavrobas aqvs, sakmaod umniSvneloa
da SezRuduli; mTavroba mudam grZnobs Tavis dasabam kavSirs xalxTan
da emorCileba im Zalas, romelmac is Seqmna. xalxi batonobs
amerikuli politikis samyaroSi, rogorc RmerTi samyaroSi. is aris
yoveli arsis dasabami da bolo, yvelaferi misgan gamodis da
yvelaferi mas ubrundeba.
(Tavi V)
Temuri sistema amerikaSi
SemTxveviTi ar aris is faqti, rom SeerTebuli Statebis
politikuri institutebis ganxilva me daviwye TemiT.
Temi warmoadgens erTaderT gaerTianebas, romelic Zalian kargad
pasuxobs adamianis bunebas, radganac yvelgan, sadac ki ikribebian
adamianebi, TavisTavad iqmneba Temi.
amgvarad, Temuri mowyoba yvela xalxs axasiaTebs, misi adaTebisa
Tu kanonebisgan damoukideblad. arseboben samefoebi da respublikebi,
romelsac qmnis adamiani. rac Seexeba Tems, mas TiTqos da uSualod
RmerTi ayalibebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom Temi arsebobs im droidan,
rac gaCndnen adamianebi, Temuri Tavisufleba iSviaTia da myife.
qveyanas mudam SeuZlia Seqmnas didi politikuri organizmebi, imitom,
rom Cveulebriv moiZebneba adamianTa garkveuli raodenoba, romelTa
ganaTlebulobam erTgvarad garkveuli droiT SeiZleba Secvalos
saqmiani gamocdileba. rac Seexeba Tems, is iqmneba ufro uxeSi
elementebisgan, romlebic Zalian xSirad ar eqvemdebarebian
kanonSemoqmedis zemoqmedebas. is siZneleebi, romelic Cndeba Temis
damoukideblobis damkvidrebisas, imis magivrad, rom Semcirdes
xalxebis ganaTlebis zrdis kvaldakval, izrdeba. yvelaze
343
civilizebuli sazogadoebac ki Znelad itans Temis mcdelobebs
miaRwios damoukideblobas; mravali problemis winaSe Temis ltolva
damoukideblobisaken amboxebisken ubiZgebs mas. is srul
sasowarkveTilebaSi vardeba imis gamo, rom ver aRwevs warmatebas
TemTan brZolaSi, imeds kargavs, rom miaRwevs mizans da bolos
urigdeba beds Sedegis miuRwevlad.
damoukideblobis yvela sxva saxes Soris Temis damoukidebloba,
romelic ase mZimed mkvidrdeba, yvelaze metad ganicdis xelisufalTa
mxridan Carevas. TavisTavad Temuri Zalauflebis institutebi
sruliad moklebulni arian unars winaaRmdegoba gauwion Zlier da
qmediT mTavrobas; imisTvis, rom Tavi daicvan, maT yovelmxrivi
ganviTareba sWirdebaT, iseve, rogorc im Sexedulebebisa da adaTebis
aRqma, romelic gavrcelebulia qveyanaSi. amgvarad, iqamde sanam Temis
damoukidebloba ar gaxdeba sazogadoebisTvis Cveuli, misi
ganadgureba Tavisuflad SeiZleba; sazogadoebisTvis is Cveuli
SeiZleba gaxdes marto imis Semdeg, rac didi xnis manZilze iarsebebs
kanonebSi.
amgvarad, Temuri Tavisufleba ar eqvemdebareba, Tu SeiZleba ase
iTqvas, adamianTa Zalisxmevas. amitom, iSviaTia iseTi SemTxvevebi,
rodesac Temis damoukidebloba yalibdeba adamianTa mier: is TiTqosda
TavisTavad Cndeba da TiTqmis SeumCnevlad viTardeba naxevrad veluri
sazogadoebis wiaRSi. martooden kanonebisa da adaTebis, viTarebebisa
da gansakuTrebiT drois mudmivi zemoqmedebis Sedegad SesaZlebeli
xdeba misi ganmtkiceba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom evropuli kontinentis
arcerTma xalxma ar icis ras niSnavs Temis damoukidebloba.
amasTan, swored TemSia Tavisufali xalxis Zala. Temuri
institutebi damoukideblobis damyarebisas TamaSoben imave rols,
rasac dawyebiTi skolebi mecnierebisTvis; isini uxsnian xalxs gzas
Tavisuflebisken da aswavlian, Tu rogor unda moixmaron es
Tavisufleba (rogor unda isargeblon am TavisuflebiT). datkbnen misi
mSvidobiani xasiaTiT. Temuri institutebis gareSe erma SeiZleba
Camoayalibos Tavisufali mTavroba, magram is mainc ver SeiZens
WeSmarit sulis Tavisuflebas. swrafad ganvladma vnebebma, wuTierma
interesebma, SemTxveviTma viTarebebma SeiZleba Seqmnan martooden
344
garegnuli damoukidebloba, magram despotizmi damwyvdeuli
sazogadoebrivi organizmis siRrmeSi, adre Tu gvian kvlav gamova
zedapirze.
Temis cxovreba
zemoT me ukve ganvacxade, rom mTeli anglo-amerikuli politikuri
sistema aSenebulia xalxis uzenaesobis principze dayrdnobiT.
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im qveynebSi, sadac batonobs xalxis uzenaesobis principi, TiToeul
adamians aqvs am Zalauflebis Tanabari wili da TiToeuli Tanabrad
monawileobs saxelmwifos marTvaSi.
amgvarad, igulisxmeba, rom TiToeuli adamiani iseTive
ganaTlebulia, iseTive keTili da iseTive Zlieri, rogorc sxva, misi
msgavsi adamianebia.
maS ratom emorCileba is sazogadoebas da sad aris aseTi
morCilebis bunebrivi sazRvrebi?
is emorCileba sazogadoebas ara imitom, rom sxvebze nakleb
xelewifeba saxelmwifo saqmeebis marTva da arc imitom, rom sxvebze
naklebad SeuZlia marTos Tavisi Tavi, _ is emorCileba sazogadoebas
imitom, rom miiCnevs, rom kavSiri moZmeebTan misTvis sasargebloa da
esmis, rom am kavSiris arseboba SeuZlebelia xelisuflebis gareSe,
romelic SeinarCunebs wesrigs.
amgvarad, yvelaferSi, rac exeba moqalaqeTa
urTierTdamokidebulebas erTmaneTTan, is damorCilebulis
mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeba. samagierod, yvelaferSi, rac marto mas
exeba, is rCeba Tavisi Tavis sruluflebiani batoni: is Tavisufalia
da Tavis qmedebebze pasuxs agebs martooden RmerTis winaSe. aqedan
gamomdinareobs wesi, rom yvela adamiani aris saukeTeso da erTaderTi
msajuli imisa, rac exeba mis sakuTar interesebs da sazogadoebas
marto maSin SeuZlia warmarTos misi qceva, rodesac am qceviT man
SeiZleba sazogadoebas ziani miayenos, avnos, an Tu sazogadoeba
iZulebulia am adamianis Svelas mouxmos.
345
SeerTebul StatebSi es koncefcia sayovelTaod aRiarebulia.
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amgvarad, Temis damoukidebloba SeerTebul StatebSi logikurad
gamomdinareobs Tavad xalxis uzenaesobis principidan; yvela
amerikulma respublikam ase Tu ise scno es damoukidebloba, magram
axali inglisis StatebSi viTarebebi gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli
aRmoCnda misi ganviTarebisTvis.
kavSiris am nawilSi politikuri cxovreba daibada TviT Temis
wiaRSi; SesaZlebelia, albaT, imis Tqma, rom Tavisi warmoqmnis
momentidan, TiToeuli Temi warmoadgenda damoukidebel ers: rodesac
mogvianebiT ingliselma mefeebma moiTxoves uzenaesi Zalauflebis
wili amerikul koloniebSi, maT Tavis xelSi Tavi mouyares martooden
centralur Zalauflebas. Tems maT xeli ar axles. dRes axali
inglisis Temebi daqvemdebarebul mdgomareobaSia, magram dasawyisSi
isini ar emorCilebodnen aravis, an Tu emorCilebodnen kidec, es
damorCileba metad umniSvnelo iyo. amgvarad, maT ar miuRiaT
Zalaufleba garedan, piriqiT, erTgvarad, maT TviTon dauTmes Tavisi
damoukideblobis nawili Stats. es Zalian mniSvnelovani gansxvavebaa,
rac gasaTvaliswinebelia.
Temi marto maSin emorCileba Stats, rodesac saqme exeba iseT
interess, romelsac me vuwodebdi sazogadoebrivs, anu rodesac saqme
exeba ara marto mas, aramed sxva Temebsac.
yvelaferSi, rac exeba uSualod Tems, is kvlav rCeba damoukidebel
erTeulad da axali inglisis macxovreblebs Soris albaT ar
moiZebneba erTi adamianic ki, romelic aRiarebda, rom Statis
mTavrobas aqvs ufleba Caerios wminda Temur saqmeebSi.
rac Seexeba Temis movaleobebs mTels StatSi, man unda isini
daicvas da Seasrulos. ase magaliTad, Tu Stats Wirdeba fuli, Tems
ar SeuZlia gadawyvitos _ daexmaros mas Tu uari uTxras
mxardaWeraze. Tu Stats surs axali gzis gayvana, Tems ar SeuZlia
winaaRmdegobis gaweva, raTa gzam mis teritoriaze ar gaiaros. Tu
policiam daamkvidra esa Tu is axali wesi, Temma es wesi TavisTanac
unda SemoiRos: Tu Statma moindoma saskolo swavlebis organizeba
346
erTiani gegmiT mTel Tavis teritoriaze, Temic movalea Seqmnas
skolis Sesabamisi kanonebi.
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aq me martooden imis Tqma msurs, rom Tems aqvs gamokveTili
movaleobebi. es movaleobebi sakmaod SezRudulia, magram Statis
mTavroba maTi dakisrebiT martooden amkvidrebs
urTierTdamokidebulebis princips, rac Seexeba am movaleobebis
uSualo Sesrulebas, aq Temi kvlav Tavis uflebamosilebas ubrundeba.
safrangeTSi gadasaxadebis amkrebi iniSneba saxelmwifos mier, raTa
amoiRos Temis Senatanebi; amerikas rac Seexeba, aq gadasaxadebis
amkrebi iniSneba Temis mier, Tumca amosakrebi saxelmwifosTvisaa
gaTvaliswinebuli.
amgvarad, CvenTan centraluri mTavroba agzavnis Tavis Cinovnikebs
TemSi, amerikaSi ki Temi iyenebs Tavis Cinovnikebs
zogadsaxelmwifoebrivi miznebiT. marto es faqtic ki mowmobs, Tu
ramdenad gansxvavdeba es ori sazogadoeba erTmaneTisagan.
marTvis Taobaze axal inglisSi
mogzaurs, romelic mogzaurobs SeerTebul StatebSi, yvelaze
metad akvirvebs imis ararseboba rasac CvenTan ewodeba mTavroba an
admiistracia. amerikaSi aris dawerili kanonebi, romelTa aRsruleba
SesamCnevia yoveldriur cxovrebaSiyvelaferi Cvens irgvliv uwyvet
moZraobaSia, magram am moZraobis wyaro arsad Cans: is xeli, romelic
marTavs sazogadoebriv meqanizmebs Cvens Tvals ar xvdeba.
amasTan erTad, imis msgavsad, rogorc yvela adamiani Tavisi azrebis
gamosaxatavad iZulebulia gamoiyenos gansazRvruli gramatikuli
konstruqciebi da enis formebi, aseve yvela sazogadoeba, imisTvis, rom
iarsebos, unda daemorCilos gansazRvrul xelisuflebas, radganac
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi daiwyeba anarqia. es xelisufleba SeiZleba
gavrceldes sruliad gansxvavebuli saxiT, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi
aucilebelia, rom man raRacnairad iarsebos.
ers aqvs ori saSualeba Seasustos xelisuflebis Zala. pirveli
saSualeba mdgomareobs Zalauflebis SesustebaSi mis safuZvlebSive,
347
amasTan, am SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba zogjer kargavs Tavdacvis
uflebas da saSualebebs, xelisuflebis aseT Sesustebas warmoadgens
is, rasac evropaSi Cveulebriv ewodeba Tavisuflebis damkvidreba.
arsebobs, agreTve, sazogadoebaSi xelisuflebis rolis Semcirebis
meore xerxi, is imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, rom sazogadoebam dakargos
zogierTi Tavisi ufleba, da arc imaSi, rom moaxdinos misi moqmedebis
paralizeba, aramed imaSi, rom gaanawilos es Zalaufleba, sxvadasxva
xelSi gadasces is, gazardos Tanamdebobis pirTa raodenoba da scnos,
rom TiToeuli maTgani flobs srul Zalauflebas, raTa Seasrulos
masze dakisrebuli movaleobebi. zogierT xalxSi saxelmwifo
Zalauflebis aseTma gamijvnam SeiZleba gamoiwvios anarqia, magram
TavisTavad is ar Seicavs Tavis TavSi araviTar anarqiulobas. unda
aRiniSnos, rom Zalauflebis aseTi gamijvnis Sedegad Zalauflebis
simtkice xdeba naklebad gadaulaxavi da naklebad saSiSi, magram amis
gamo xelisufleba srulebiTac ar iSleba.
SeerTebuli Statebis revolucia warmoadgenda Tavisuflebisken
momwifebuli da gaazrebuli ltolvis nayofs da ara raRac
ganusazRvrel, instiqtur survils damoukideblobisa. es revolucia
srulebiTac ar iyo gamowveuli uwesrigobisken miswrafebiT, piriqiT,
is mimdinareobda wesrigis da kanonierebis siyvarulis niSniT.
SeerTebul StatebSi aravin ar miiCnevda, rom adamianma Tavisufal
qveyanaSi SeiZleba akeTos absoluturad yvelaferi, rasac moisurvebs,
piriqiT, mas rogorc moqalaqes gauCnda kidev ufro mravalferovani,
vidre sxvas nebismier sxva qveyanaSi, movaleoba, ar arsebobda aranairi
ganzraxva eWvi Seitanos im principSi, rom Zalaufleba ekuTvnis
sazogadoebas, an imaSi, rom sazogadoebas aqvs Zalaufleba, martooden
imiT SemoisazRvrnen, rom Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba gamijnulia. am
gziT surdaT mieRwiaT imisTvis, rom xelisuflebis avtoriteti
yofiliyo maRali, xolo Tanamdebobis piris gavlena _ umniSvnelo, im
mizniT, rom sazogadoeba kvlav darCeniliyo Tavisufali da amave
dros kargad marTuli.
msoflioSi ar arsebobs iseTi sxva qveyana, sadac kanoni iqneba
aseTi yovlisSemZle, rogorc amerikaSi, iseTi qveyana, sadac kanonis
gamoyenebis ufleba miekuTvneba adamianTa aseT did raodenobas.
348
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba SeerTebul StatebSi gamoirCeva imiT,
rom mis SigniT ar aris arc centralizacia, arc ierarqia; swored
amitom aris is aseTi SeumCneveli. xelisufleba arsebobs, magram
aravin icis sad SeiZleba misi povna.
___ ___ ___
da bolos, Temis Tanamdebobis pirebi damoukideblad, yovelgvari
gare miTiTebis gareSe, Rebuloben zomebs, raTa daakmayofilon TemSi
moulodnelad gaCenili moTxovnilebebi, rac sakmaod xSirad xdeba.
_ _ _ _ _
Tu davakvirdebiT, ra xdeba Temis sazRvrebs gareT, aRmoCndeba
administraciuli ierarqiis niSnebi Znelad Tu SeimCneva. zogjer ise
xdeba, rom olqis Tanamdebobis pirebi cvlian gadawyvetilebebs,
romelic miiRo Temma an Temis xelisuflebam, magram mTlianobaSi
SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom olqis xelisuflebas ara aqvs ufleba
Caerios Temis moRvaweobaSi. maT SeiZleba gascen gankarguleba
mxolod maSin, roca laparakia iseT saqmeebze, romelic exeba mTel
olqs.
Temis Tanamdebobis pirebi, iseve, rogorc olqis Cinovnikebi metad
iSviaT SemTxvevebSi, romelic winaswar gansazRvrulia kanoniT,
movaleni arian Seatyobinon Tavisi moqmedebis Sedegebi centraluri
mTavrobis warmomadgenlebs. amasTan, centralur xelisuflebas ara
hyavs warmomadgeneli, romlis movaleobaSi Sevidoda zogadi
debulebebis SemuSaveba policiis moqmedebaze an kanonebis cxovrebaSi
gatarebisTvis aucilebeli brZanebulebebis momzadeba; mTavrobas iseTi
Cinovnikebic ki ara hyavs, romlebic mudmivad iTanamSromlebdnen
olqis da Temis xelisuflebasTan, Tvals adevnebdnen maT moqmedebas,
warmarTavdnen mas da dasjidnen SecdomebisTvis.
zemoTTqmulidan gamomdinareobs, rom axal inglisSi ar arsebobs
centri, sadac Tavs moiyrida aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis yvela
Zafi.
am SemTxvevaSi ibadeba kiTxva _ rogor xerxdeba sazogadoebis met-
naklebad erTnairad marTva? rogor SeiZleba aiZulo dageqvemdebaron
olqebi da maTi Tanamdebobis pirebi, Temebi da maTi Cinovnikebi?
349
axali inglisis StatebSi sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba vrceldeba
sakiTxTa ufro farTo wreze, vidre es CvenTanaa. kanonSemoqmedi
aRwevs, Tu SeiZleba iTqvas, sazogadoebis mmarTvelobis SuagulSi da
gansazRvravs yvelafers umcires wvrilmanamde; kanoni ayalibebs
rogorc ZiriTad debulebebs, aseve maTi cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebis
saSualebebs; amdenad, Statis kanoni mkacrad da mkafiod warmoaCens im
mravalricxovan movaleobebs, romelic awveba xelisuflebis
qvemdebare organoebs da maT Cinovnikebs.
aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom Tu yvela administraciuli warmonaqmni,
romelic eqvemdebareba Stats da Tanamdebobis pirebi Tavis
moqmedebaSi daicaven kanons, maSin sazogadoebis yvela sferoSi
cxovreba erTnairad warimarTeba; da mainc gaugebari rCeba, rogor
SeiZleba aiZulo es warmonaqmnebi da maTi Tanamdebobis pirebi
daemorCilon kanons.
mTlianobaSi SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom sazogadoebis gankargulebaSi
martooden ori xerxi arsebobs imisTvis, rom aiZulos Tanamdebobis
pirebi daemorCilon mas.
sazogadoebas SeuZlia mianiWos erT-erT maTgans ganuyofeli
Zalaufleba yvela danarCenze da ufleba, waarTvas maT Tanamdeboba
daumorCileblobis SemTxvevaSi.
an sazogadoebas SeuZlia daavalos sasamarTloebs miiRon
sasamarTlo sanqciebi damrRvevTa mimarT.
magram Zalian iSviaTadaa SesaZlebeli am xerxebis gamoyeneba.
Cinovnikis marTvis ufleba gulisxmobs agreTve misi gadayenebis
uflebas Tanamdebobidan, Tuki is ar asrulebs misTvis gacemul
brZanebebs, an daawinauros is, Tu is kargad asrulebs Tavis
movaleobebs. amasTan arCeuli Tanamdebobis piris arc gadayeneba
SeiZleba da arc dawinaureba. saarCevno Tanamdebobis bunebaSive Zevs
misi Seucvlelobis principi misi uflebamosilebis vadis
damTavrebamde. marTlac, arCeuli Tanamdebobis piri SeiZleba arafers
moelodes da aravisi eSinodes Tavisi amomrCevlebis garda, anu yvela
saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis dakaveba xdeba arCevnebis Sedegad. amgvarad,
Cinovnikebs Soris ar SeiZleba arsebobdes araviTari ierarqia, vinaidan
SeuZlebelia erTsa da imave adamians hqondes ormagi ufleba: brZanebac
350
gasces da efeqturad dasajos daumorCileblobisaTvis _ da imitom,
rom ar SeiZleba ganmkargvel Zalauflebas daematos dajildovebisa
da dasjis ufleba.
qveynebi, romelTac SemoaqvT Tanamdebobis pirTa amorCeviTobis
principi samTavrebo meqanizmis qveda doneebze, aucileblad dgebian im
aucileblobis winaSe, rom gamoiyenos sasamarTlo sanqciebi
administraciuli zemoqmedebis saSualebebis saxiT.
SeuZlebelia amis dadgena ar SeiZleba. xelisuflebaSi myofni
miiCneven Tavisi mxridan pirvel daTmobad Tanxmobas yvela
Tanamdebobis piris arCeviTobas, xolo meore daTmobad _ arCeviTi
Cinovnikis daqvemdebarebas mosamarTleebis dadgenilebebisadmi. maT
Tanabrad eSiniaT rogorc erTi, ise meore siaxlis da vinaidan maTgan
Cveulebriv ufro aRweven pirvel daTmobas, vidre meores, amitom maT
SemoaqvT Tanamdebobrivi pirebis arCeviToba, ise, rom SenarCunebul
iqnas damoukidebloba mosamarTleebisgan.
_ _ _
amerikelebma gadaiRes Tavisi ingliseli winaprebisagan erTi
instituti, romelsac analogi ar gaaCnia evropis kontinentze, kerZod
ki _ mSvidobis mosamarTleebis instituti.
mSvidobis mosamarTle erTgvarad SuaSia saero adamiansa da
Cinovniks Soris, administraciul Tanamdebobriv pirsa da mosamarTles
Soris. mSvidobis mosamarTle xdeba, rogorc wesi, ganaTlebuli
moqalaqe, romelsac ar moeTxoveba kargad erkveodes kanonmdeblobaSi.
mis movaleobebSi Sedis martooden sapolicio funqciebis
ganxorcieleba, es ki moiTxovs upirveles yovlisa, saR azrsa da
patiosnebas da ara imdenad codnas. mSvidobis mosamarTles Semoaqvs
administraciul procesSi, romelSic is iRebs monawileobas, moTxovna,
dacul iqnas gansazRvruli formebi da sajarooba, riTac is
winaaRmdegobas uqmnis despotizmis nebismier gamovlinebas, amasTan is
ar xdeba kanonis mona, rac Cveulebriv gadaaqcevs xolme nebismier
Cinovniks adamianad, romelsac uWirs Tavisi funqciebis Sesruleba.
amerikelebma SemoiRes TavisTan mSvidobis mosamarTleebis
instituti, amasTan aq is srulebiT moklebulia aristokratiul
xasiaTs, rac asxvavebs mas metropolis igive institutisagan.
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amis garda, mSvidobis mosamarTleebis ricxvidan is niSnavs sams,
romlebic qmnian TiToeul olqSi imas, rac cnobilia sasesio
sasamarTlos saxelwodebiT.
mSvidobis mosamarTle uSualo monawileobas iRebs marTvis
procesSi. _ _ _
sasesio sasamarTlo ikribeba weliwadSi orjer olqis mTavar
qalaqSi.
352
iurgen habermasi
legitimaciis krizisi
sami ganviTarebadi wre
gviankapitalisturi sazogadoebebis swrafi zrdis procesebma
msoflio sazogadoebis sistema axali problemebis winaSe daayena. es
problemebi ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnes rogorc sistemisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli krizisis fenomeni. miuxedavad amisa, krizisis
daZlevis SesaZleblobebi damaxasiaTebelia sistemisaTvis da amitom
SezRuduli. me vgulisxmob ekologiuri balansis darRvevas,
pirovnebis sistemis xelyofas (gaucxoeba) da feTqebad daZabulobas
saerTaSorios urTierTobebSi.
ekologiuri balansi
fizikuri ekonomikuri zrda SeiZleba davukavSiroT Sromis
nayofierebis gazrdis mizniT meti energiis teqnologiurad daxvewil
gamoyenebas, kapitalisturi sazogadoebrivi formacia ki
umniSvnelovanesia ekonomikuri zrdis problemis efeqturi
gadaWrisaTvis. cxadia, kapitalis dagroveba TavisTavad win swevs
ekonomikur zrdas, ase rom aRar rCeba arCevani am procesis Segnebuli
marTvisaTvis. zrdis imperativebma, romlebsac dasabamidanve misdevs
kapitalizmi, amasobaSi globaluri mniSvneloba SeiZines sistemaTa
Sejibrisa da mTel msoflioSi licenziis (stagnaciisa da aseve
retrogresul ganviTarebaTa garda mesame samyaros zogierT qveyanaSi)
gziT.
zrdis meqanizmebi iwvevs rogorc mosaxleobis, ise produqciis
matebas msoflio masStabiT. mosaxleobis zrdisa da bunebis
produqtiuli eqsploataciis ekonomikuri saWiroeba awydeba
materialur SezRudulobas: erTis mxriv, amowurvad resursebs
(miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis da sacxovreblad vargisi miwebi, sufTa wyali,
353
liTonebi, mineralebi da a.S), meores mxriv, erTaderT da ganumeorebel
ekologiur sistemebs, romelic Seiwovs damabinZureblebs, rogoricaa
radiacia, naxSirorJangi da narCenebis gamonabolqvi. foresterma da
sxvebma gansazRvres mosaxleobis industriuli produqciis, bunebrivi
resursebis eqspluataciis, garemos dabinZurebis eqsponenciuri zrdis
sazRvrebi. ra Tqma unda maT gamoTvlebs erTob susti empiriuli
safuZveli aqvT. mosaxleobis zrdis meqanizmis Sesaxeb iseve cota
ramaa cnobili, rogorc TviT dedamiwis potenciuri SesaZleblobis
maqsimaluri zRvaris Sesaxeb Seiwovos mTavari damabinZureblebi mainc.
metic, Cven ar SegviZlia teqnologiuri ganviTarebis sakmarisi
sizustiT winaswarmetyveleba, imisaTvis, rom vicodeT, Tu ra saxis
nedleuli iqneba Canacvlebuli an aRdgenili momavlis teqnologiebiT.
magram yvela optimisturi garantiis miuxedavad, Cven SegviZlia
davadginoT (Tu ara zustad ganvsazRvroT) zrdis erTi absoluturi
SezRudva: garemos Termuli deformacia, gamowveuli energiis
moxmarebiT. Tuki ekonomikuri zrda aucileblad dakavSirebulia
energiis moxmarebis zrdasTan da Tu mTeli bunebrivi energia,
transformirebuli ekonomikurad gamosadeg energiad, aucileblad
gamoTavisufldeba siTbos saxiT, is, saboloo jamSi, gazrdis
atmosferos temperaturas. am SemTxvevaSic vadebis dadgena ar aris
advili. Tumca es mosazrebebi aCvenebs, rom mosaxleobisa da
produqciis eqsponencialuri zrda, anu garemomcvel bunebaze
gazrdili kontroli, odesme gascdeba garemos biologiuri
SesaZleblobebis sazRvrebs.
es ar Semoifargleba rTuli sazogadoebrivi sistemebiT. am
sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ekologiuri safrTxis Tavidan
acilebis mcdelobebi. gviankapitalistur sazogadoebebs Zalian
gauWirdebaT zrdis SezRudva organizaciis maTeul principebze uaris
Tqmis gareSe, radgan sayovelTao gadasvla spontanuri kapitalisturi
zrdidan xarisxobriv zrdaze moiTxovs warmoebis dagegmvas
samomxmareblo Rirebulebis mxriv.
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saerTaSoriso balansi
msoflio sistemis TermobirTvuli iaraRiT ganadgurebis
safrTxe sxva doneze dgas. dagrovebuli gamanadgurebeli potenciali
sawarmoo ZalTa ganviTarebis stadiis Sedegia. misi safuZveli
teqnologiurad neitraluria da amdenad, sawarmoo Zalebma SeiZleba
aseve destruqciuli Zalebis forma miiRon (rac moxda imitom, rom
saerTaSoriso komunikacia kvlav ganuviTarebelia). dRes msoflio
sazogadoebis bunebrivi garemos sasikvdilod dazianeba savsebiT
SesaZlebelia. amitom saerTaSoriso komunikacia imarTeba istoriulad
axali, TviTSezRudvis imperativiT. da kidev erTxel, es ar
Semoifargleba maRalmilitarizebuli sazogadoebrivi sistemiT. magram
am problemis mogvarebis SesaZleblobebs aqvs sazRvrebi, romlebic
specifiuria am sistemebisaTvis. namdvili ganiaraReba SeiZleba ar
moxdes kapitalisturi an postkapitalisturi klasobrivi
sazogadoebis ukan mdgomi Zalebis mizeziT. Tumca, SeiaraRebis zrdis
regulireba ar aris arsebiTad SeuTavsebeli gvainkapitalistur
sazogadoebaTa struqturasTan, Tuki SesaZlebelia kapitalis
samomxmareblo Rirebulebis gazrda im donemde, rom SesaZlebeli
gaxdes araproduqtiul samomxmareblo saqonelze mTavrobis
moTxovnilebis moculobis Sedegis dabalanseba...
sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Seferxebebi
...Cemi azriT, gviankapitalisturi saxelmwifo saTanadod ver
iqneba gagebuli verc rogorc ekonomikuri kanonis gaucnobierebeli
aRmasrulebeli organo da verc rogorc gaerTianebuli
monopolisturi kapitalizmis sistemuri agenti. amis nacvlad, me
SevuerTdebodi klaus ofes im Teoriis dacvaSi, rom
gviankapitalisturi sazogadoebebi dganan im sirTuleebis winaSe,
romlebic gamowveulia imiT, rom saxelmwifoebi iZulebulni arian
Caerion bazris mzard funqcionalur deficitSi. Cven SegviZlia
ganvixiloT saxelmwifo, rogorc sistema, romelic legitimur
Zalauflebas iyenebs. amis Sedegi mdgomareobs suverenulad
355
aRsrulebad administraciul gadawyvetilebebSi. am miznis misaRwevad
saxelmwifos sWirdeba masobrivi loialoba, rogorc Senatani, rac,
ramdenadac SesaZlebelia, araspecifiuria. orive mimarTulebas
SeiZleba mohyves krizisis msgavsi Seferxebebi. Sedegad miRebul
krizisebs efeqtianobis krizisis forma aqvT. administraciuli sistema
ver asrulebs marTvis imperativs, romelic man gadmoiRo ekonomikuri
sitemisgan. amas Sedegad mohyveba dezorganizacia cxovrebis sxdadasxva
sferoSi. Senatanis krizisebs legitimaciis krizisis forma aqvT.
legitimaciis sistema ver inarCunebs masobrivi loialobis saWiro
dones. Cven SegviZlia es wamovaCinoT sazogadoebriv finansebSi
arsebuli mwvave sirTuleebis magaliTze, sirTuleebis, romelTac
dRes yvela gviankapitalisturi sazogadoeba ebrZvis.
rogorc vTqviT, samTavrobo biujets tvirTad awevs sul ufro
metad socializebuli produqciis sazogadoebrivi xarjebi. is swevs
saerTaSoriso Sejibrisa da araproduqtiul samomxmareblo saqonelze
(SeiaraReba, kosmosSi frena) moTxovnilebis xarjebs. is swevs
saboloo infrastruqturis (transporti da komunikacia, samecniero da
teqnologiuri progresi, profesiuli ganaTleba). xarjebs. is swevs
socialuri moxmarebis xarjebs, rac arapirdapir kavSirSia
warmoebasTan (sabinao sakiTxi, transporti, jandacva, Tavisufali
drois sakiTxi, zogadi ganaTleba, socialuri dacva). is swevs
umuSevarTa uzrunvelyofis xarjebs. dabolos, is swevs kerZo
warmoebiT garemosaTvis miyenebuli zianis materializebul xarjebs.
saboloo jamSi, es xarjebi unda daifaros gadasaxadebiT. amdenad,
saxelmwifo aparats aqvs erTdroulad ori amocana. man unda
saTanadod dabegros mogeba da Semosavali da akrefili gadasaxadi
gamoiyenos imdenad efeqturad, rom SeZlos nebismieri krizisis
gaRrmavebis Tavidan acileba. damatebiT, gadasaxadebis arCeviTi
gazrda, maTi utilizaciis aRiarebuli prioritetuli modeli da
administraciuli saqmianoba ise unda funqcionirebdes, rom
daakmayofilos legitimaciis moTxovnileba. Tuki saxelmwifo ver
gadaWris pirvel amocanas, es Sedegad administraciuli efeqturobis
deficits gamoiRebs. Tuki saxelmwifo ver SeZlebs meore amocanis
gadaWras, amis Sedegi legitimaciis deficiti iqneba.
356
legitimaciis krizisis Teoriebi
me Semovifarglebi legitimaciis problemis ganxilviT. misi
warmoSoba srulebiT ar aris saidumloebiT moculi. administraciuli
dagemvisaTvis unda gagvaCndes legitimuri Zalaufleba. funqciebi,
romlebic ekisreba saxelmwifo aparats gviankapitalistur xanaSi da
administraciis gamgeblobaSi myofi socialuri sferos gafarToeba
zrdis legitimaciis saWiroebas. liberaluri kapitalizmi Camoyalibda
burJuaziuli demokratiis formebiT, romelic advili asaxsnelia
burJuaziuli revoluciis kuTxiT. Sedegad, amJamad legitimaciaze
mzard moTxovnilebas uwevs politikuri demokratiis xerxebiT muSaoba
(sayoveTao saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze). magram formaluri
demokratiuli xerxebi ZviradRirebulia. bolos da bolos,
saxelmwifo aparati ver xedavs Tavs uzenaesi kapitalistis rolSi,
romelic dgas kapitalis sxvadasxva dajgufebebis interesTa
konfliqtis pirispir. man aseve unda gaiTvaliswinos mosaxleobis
zogadi interesebi imdenad, ramdenadac saWiroa masobrivi loialobis
SenarCuneba da legitimaciis konfliqtiT moculi gamodevnis Tavidan
acileba. saxelmwifom unda daaxarisxos interesebis es sami sfero
(individualuri kapitalizmi da intersebi, romelTa ganzogadebac
SeiZleba), imisaTvis, rom moZebnos kompromisi konkurentul
moTxovnilebaTa Soris. krizisis Teoremam unda axsnas ara mxolod is,
Tu ratom awydeba saxelmwifo aparati sirTuleebs, aramed aseve isic,
Tu ratom rCeba gadauWreli zogierTi problema xangrZlivi drois
manZilze.
pirveli da cxadi uaryofa: saxelmwifos SeuZlia Tavi aaridos
legitimaciis problemebs imdenad, ramdenadac mas SeuZlia aqcios
administraciuli sistema legitimurobis mimniWebeli nebis
formirebisagan damoukidebel sistemad. am mizniT mas SeuZlia, vTqvaT,
ganacalkevos gamomxatveli simboloebi (romlebic qmnian mimdevrobis
universalur nebasurvils) administraciis instrumentuli
funqciebisagan. am saxis kargad cnobili strategiebia: obieqturi
sakiTxebis personalizeba, gamokvlevaTa, eqspertTa azris, legaluri
357
ritualebis da a.S. simboluri gamoyeneba. reklamirebis teqnologiebi,
nasesxebi oligopolisturi konkurenciidan, adasturebs da amave dros
iyenebs damkvidrebuli warmodgenebis gavrcelebul struqturebs.
mimarTaven ra emociur mowodebebs, isini aRZraven aracnobier motivebs,
garkveul struqturebs pozitiuri SinaarsiT avseben, zogierTs ki
aufasureben. sajaro sferos,romelic Seqmnilia legitimaciisaTvis,
upirveles yovlisa, gaaCnia Tematuri sferoebis Sesabamisi xerxebiT
yuradRebis struqturirebis da amave dros, uxerxuli Temebidan,
problemebidan da argumentebidan yuradRebis gadatanis funqcia.
rogorc es niklas lumanma gamoxata, - politikurma sistemam gadmoiRo
ideologiis dagegmvis xerxebi.
Cven ar gvaqvs saqme azris administraciulad SeqmnasTan, aramed,
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, kulturuli Rirebulebebis ideologiur
krizisTan. legitimaciis SeZena TviTdestruqciulia, rogorc ki
gamoaSkaravdeba SeZenis forma.
amdenad, arsebobs kargad gaTvlili manipulaciis meSveobiT
legitimaciis deficitis amovsebis mcdelobaTa struqturuli
sazRvari. es sazRvari struqturuli gansxvavebaa administraciul
qmedebaTa sferoebsa da kulturul tradicias Soris.
krizisis sasargeblo argumenti, cxadia, SeiZleba gamovitanoT
am mosazrebebidan mxolod im Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, rom
saxelmwifos moqmedebis arealis gafarToebas aqvs legitimaciis
moTxovnebis araproporciulad gazrdis Tanmdevi (damatebiTi) efeqti.
me SesaZlod miviCnev amgvar araproporciul zrdas imitom, rom imas,
rac kulturulad TavisTavad cxadad aris miCneuli da rac amdenad,
politikuri sistemis gare pirobebs warmoadgens, amJamad rTaven
administraciis dagegmvis sferoSi. es procesi Temad aqcevs
tradiciebs, romlebic adre ar yofilan sazogadoebrivi
programirebis nawili da kidev ufro naklebad praqtikuli diskursisa.
kulturuli tradiciebis amgvari uSualo administraciuli
damuSavebis magaliTia ganaTlebis dagegmva, gansakuTrebiT
kurikulumebisa. aqamde skolis administracias ubralod unda
moexdina bunebrivad Camoyalibebuli kanonebis kodificireba. magram
axla kurikulumebis dagegmva efuZneba winapirobas, rom tradiciuli
358
modelebic SeiZleba gansxvadebodes erTmaneTisgan. administraciuli
dagegmva badebs gamarTlebis universalur uneblie survils im
sferos mimarT, romlisTvisac TviTlegitimaciis Zala faqtobrivad
ganmsazRvreli iyo.
kulturulad TavisTavad cxadad miCneul sakiTxebSi pirdapiri
Carevis sxva magaliTebi moiZebneba regionalur da urbanul dagegmvaSi
(miwis kerZo mflobeloba), jandacvis dagegmvaSi (`uklaso
saavadmyofo~) da ojaxisa Tu saqorwino kanonmdeblobis dagegmvaSi
(romlebic aryeven seqsualur tabus da aadvileben emansipacias).
SemTxveviTobis Secnoba exeba ara mxolod tradiciis Sinaarss,
aramed tradiciis teqnologiasac, anu socializacias. skolamdeli
asakis bavSvebSi formaluri saskolo ganaTleba ukve uwevs
konkurencias ojaxSi miRebul aRzrdas. axali problemebi, romlebic
awuxebs tradiciul saganmanaTleblo sistemas da am problemaTa
winaaRmdegobrivi aRqma, sxva indikatorTa Soris, asaxulia
pedagogiuri da fsiqologiuri mwerlobis axal tipSi, romelic
mimarTavs zogadad sazogadoebas.
yvela am doneze, administraciul dagegmvas mohyva moulodneli
Sedegebi – SeSfoTeba da gasajaroeba. es Sedegebi asustebs
tradiciebis gamarTlebis potencials, romelic ki SeiZleba gamoZalo
mis bunebriv mdgomareobas. radgan tradiciebi aRar arian udavo, maTi
pretenzia validurobaze SeiZleba stabilizebul iqnes mxolod
diskursis gziT. amdenad, mZlavri cvlileba imisa, rac kulturulad
TavisTavad cxadad iyo miCneuli, SemdgomSi axdens cxovrebis im
sferoebis politizebas, romlebic adre kerZo sferos miewereboda.
magram es safrTxis momaswavebelia burJuaziuli privatizmisaTvis,
romelic araformalurad uzrunvelyofilia sazogadoebrivi
struqturebiT. me am safrTxis niSnebs vxedav monawileobis
(participaciis) mcdelobebSi da alternatiul modelebSi, rogoric
Camoyalibda gansakuTrebiT dawyebiT da saSualo skolebSi, presaSi,
eklesiaSi, TeatrSi, sagamomcemlo sferoSi da a.S.
es argumentebi amagrebs im mtkicebas, rom gviankapitalistur
sazogadoebebs awuxebT legitimaciis seriozuli problemebi. magram
sakmarisia ki es argumentebi imis asaxsnelad, Tu ratom ar SeiZleba am
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problemebis gadaWra? xsnian ki isini legitimaciis krizisis
winaswarmetyvelebas? davuSvaT, rom saxelmwifo aparati warmatebas
miaRwevs Sromis produqtiulobis amaRlebis da mogebis ganawilebis
saqmeSi imdenad, rom uzrunvelyos ekonomikuri zrda krizisebis, Tu
ara Seferxebebis, gareSe. aseTi zrda mainc warimarTeba mosaxleobis
zogadi interesebisagan damoukidebeli prioritetebis mixedviT.
prioritetuli modelebi, romlebic gelbraitma gaanaliza `piradi
keTildReoba sazogadoebrivi siRaribis winaaRmdeg~ kuTxiT, im
klasobrivi struqturis Sedegia, romelic, rogorc yovelTvis,
kvlavindeburad dafaruli (latenturi) rCeba. es struqtura saboloo
jamSi, legitimaciis deficitis mizezia.
Cven davinaxeT, rom saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia ubralod
gadmoiRos kulturuli sistema. sinamdvileSi saxelmwifo dagegmvis
gafarToeba uqmnis problemebs imas, rac kulturulad TavisTavad
cxadad aris miCneuli. `mniSvneloba~ sul ufro metad mwiri resursia.
amitom aris, rom is molodinebi, romlebic konkretuli da
gansazRvruli saWiroebiT imarTeba, anu romlebic maTi warmatebiT
gamoicdeba, samoqalaqo mosaxleobaSi zrdas agrZelebs. iZulebis
mzardi done legitimaciis moTxovnilebis aRmavlobis proporciulia.
`Rirebulebis~ resursi, amowuruli sagadasaxado samsaxuris mier,
unda Seivsos `mniSvnelobis~ mwiri resursiT. legitimaciis uqonloba
unda Canacvldes socialuri gasamrjeloTi, rogoricaa fuli, dro da
usafrTxoeba. legitimaciis krizisi iqmneba, rogorc ki am
gasamrjelos moTxovnileba ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre
RirebulebaTa arsebuli masa, an Tu saqme iqamde mova, rom molodinebi
gansxvavebuli iqneba da da ver dakmayofildeba im kategoriis
gasamrjeloTi, romelic Seesabameba arsebul sistemas.
maS ratom ar rCeba moTxovnilebaTa done operabelur CarCoebSi?
manam, vidre keTildReobis saxelmwifos programireba, farTod
gavcelebul teqnologiur cnobierebasTan kavSirSi (romelic sitemis
Seuval zRudeebs pasuximgeblobas akisrebs `sacobebisaTvis~)
inarCunebs samoqalaqo privatizmis sakmaris odenobas, legitimaciis
sagangebo mdgomareoba ar unda gadaizardos krizisSi. cxadia,
legitimaciis demokratiulma formam Seileba gamoiwvios xarjebi,
360
romlebic ver gadaifareba, Tuki es forma ubiZgebs mowinaaRmdege
partiebs gamodevnon erTmaneTi maT mier dakavebuli poziciebidan da
amasTanave sul ufro da ufro zrdis mosaxleobis molodinebs.
davuSvaT, es argumenti srulad iqneba demonstrirebuli empiriulad.
magram Cven mainc gveqneba asaxsneli, Tu ratom swuxan isev
gviankapitalisturi sazogadoebebi formaluri demokratiis
SenarCunebaze. ubralod administraciuli sistemis gagebiT,
formaluri demokratia advilad SeiZleba iqnes Canacvlebuli erTi
variantiT – konservatuli, avtoritaruli da sayoveTao keTildRebis
saxelmwifoTi, romelic amcirebs moqalaqeTa politikur monawileobas
uwyinar donemde, an faSisturi avtoritaruli saxelmwifoTi, romelic
amyofebs mosaxleobas permanentuli mobilizaciis mdgomareobis
SedarebiT maRal doneze. orive varianti xangrZlivad aSkarad
naklebad SeTavsebadia ganviTarebul kapitalizmTan, vidre partiuli
saxelmwifo, dafuZnebuli masobriv demokratiaze. sociokulturuli
sistema warmoSobs moTxovnilebebs, romlebic ver dakmayofildeba
avtoritaruli sistemis farglebSi.
am msjelobam me mimiyvana Semdeg Tezisamde: mxolod mouqnel
sociokulturul sistemas, romelsac ar Seswevs unari iyos
spontanurad funqcionalizebuli administraciuli sistemis
saWiroebisaTvis, SeuZlia axnas Tu rogor mohyveba Sedegad
legitimaciis sirTuleebs legitimaciis krizisi. amitom es procesi
unda efuZnebodes motivaciis kriziss, anu saxelmwifosa da dasaqmebis
sistemis mier gamocxadebul motivebze moTxovnilebasa da
sociokulturuli sistemis mier SemoTavazebul motivaciis mowodebas
Soris.
motivaciis krizisis Teoremebi
gviankapitalistur sazogadoebebSi sociokulturuli sistemis
mier mowodebul motivaciaTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani
mdgomareobs samoqalqo da ojaxis, aseve profesionalur privatizmSi.
samoqalaqo privatizmi niSnavs Zlier daintersebas administraciuli
sistemis SedegebiT da mcire monawileobas nebis formirebis procesSi
361
(monagebze orientirebis maRali xarisxi danaxarjze orientirebis
dabali xarisxis winaamdeg). amdenad, samoqalaqo privatizmi Seesabameba
depolitizebuli sazogadoebis struqturas. ojaxuri da profesiuli
privatizmi emateba samoqalaqo privatizms. es danamati Sedgeba ojaxze
orinetaciisagan samomxmareblo da yofiTi interesebiT da
statusisaTvis Sejibris Sesabamisi karieraze orientaciisagan. amdenad,
es privatizmi Seesabameba konkurenciiT marTul ganaTlebisa da
dasaqmebis sistemaTa struqturebs.
aRniSnuli motivaciuri sindromebi sasicocxloa politikuri da
ekonomikuri sistemebisaTvis. magram burJuaziuli ideologiebi
Seicaven privatistuli orientaciisaTvis uSualod mniSvnelovan
komponentebs da socialuri cvlilebebi aclian safuZvels am
komponenetebs. mokle monaxazma SeiZleba naTeli mohfinos amas.
Sromis nayofierebis ideologia
burJuaziuli debulebebis Tanaxmad, romlebic ucvleli rCeba
axali drois bunebrivi samarTlidan moyolebuli Tanamedrove
saarCevno gancxadebebiT damTavrebuli, socialuri gasamrjelo unda
ganawildes individualuri damsaxurebis safuZvelze. gasamrjelos
ganawileba unda Seesabamebodes yoveli individis produqtiulobas.
ZiriTadi pirobaa konkurenciaSi Tanabrad monawiloebis SesaZlebloba,
romelic regulirdeba ise, rom SesaZlebeli xdeba garegani gavlenis
neitralizeba. aseTi gamanawilebeli meqanizmi iyo bazari. magram
yovelTvis, roca zogadad sazogadoeba xvdeboda, rom socialuri
Zaladoba xorcieldeba gacvlis formebiT, bazari, rogorc
produqtiulobaze dafuZnebuli gasamrjelos ganawilebis meqanizmi,
kargavda ndobas.
amdenad, Sromis nayofierebis ideologiis uaxloesi warsulis
versiebSi, bazris warmateba Canacvlebulia profesiuli warmatebiT,
romelic miiRweva formaluri profesiuli swavlebis meSveobiT. magram
am versias SeiZleba hqondes pretenzia ndobaze mxolod maSin, roca
sruldeba Semdegi pirobebi:
• umaRles skolebSi moxvedris Tanabari SesaZlebloba.
362
• skolis maxasiaTeblebis Sefasebis aradiskriminaciuli
standartebi.
• ganaTlebisa da dasaqmebis sistemebis sinqronuli ganviTareba.
• Sromis procesebi, romelTa obieqturi struqtura iZleva
Sefasebis saSualebas Sromis nayofierebis Sesabamisad,
romelic individs miewereba.
“skolis samarTlianoba~, Tanabrad xelmisawvdomi ganaTlebisa
da Sefasebis standartebis gagebiT, garkbveulwilad mainc gaizarda
yvela maRalganviTarebul kapitalistur sazogadoebaSi. magram
sawinaaRmdego procesi SeimCneva or danarCen ganzomilebaSi.
saganmanaTleblo sistemis gafarToeba sul ufro metad
damoukidebeli xdeba dasaqmebis sistemebSi mimdinare cvlilebebisgan.
amdenad, didi albaTobaa imisa, rom sabolood daikargos kavSiri
formalur profesiul momzadebasa da profesiul warmatebas Soris.
amave dros, mravldeba sferoebi, romlebSic warmoebis struqtura da
Sromis dinamika sul ufro da ufro aZnelebs individualuiri
produqtiulobis Sefasebas. dasaqmebis rolebis eqstrafunqciuri
elementebi sul ufro metad mniSvnelovani xdeba dasaqmebis statusze
msjelobisaTvis.
amas garda, danawevrebuli da monotonuri Sromis procesebi sul
ufro metad aRweven seqtorebSi, sadac adre piradi identuroba
SeiZleba Camoyalibebuliyo profesiuli rolis mixedviT.
produqtiulobis Sinagan motivacias sul ufro naklebad umagrebs
safuZvels Sromis procesis struqtura bazarze damokidebul Sromis
sferoebSi. Sromisadmi instrumentalisturi damokidebuleba
gavrcelebulia tradiciul burJuaziul profesiebSic ki
(`TeTrsayeloianebi~, profesionalebi). magram produqtiulobis garedan
momdinare motivacia SeiZleba sakmarisad stimulirebuli iqnes
mxolod saxelfaso SemosavliT, Tu:
• Sromis bazarze sarezervo armia axorcielebs efeqtur
konkurentul zewolas.
• arsebobs sakmarisi gansxvaveba dabalanazRaurebadi
jgufebisa da araaqtiuri mSromeli mosaxleobis
Semosavlebs Soris.
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dRes es oprive piroba aucielblad rodi sruldeba. TviT
qronikuli umuSevrobis mqne kapitalisturs qveynebSic ki (rogoricaa
SeerTebuli Statebi), Sromis bazris dayofa (organizebul da
konkurentul seqtorebad_) azianebs konkurenciis bunebriv meqanizms.
siRaribis zRvaris aRmavlobasTan erTad, (rac aRiarebulia
sayoveTao keTildReobis saxelmwifoTa mier,) meore mxriv, erTmaneTs
utoldeba mcireSemosavliani da droebiT umuSevarTa cxovrebis done
subproletarul feneSi.
mesakuTruli individualizmi
burJuaziuli sazogadoeba Tavs miiCnevs instrumentalur
jgufad, romelic agrovebs sazogadoebriv dovlaTs mxolod da
mxolod kerZo keTildReobis meSveobiT, anu iZleva ekonomikuri
aRmavlobisa da saerTo keTildReobis garantias strategiulad
moqmedi kerZo pirebis konkurenciis meSveobiT. aseT viTarebaSi,
koleqtiuri miznebis miRweva SeiZleba mxolod individualur
sargeblianobaze orientirebiT. es sasurveli sitema, cxadia,
gulisxmobs, rom:
• kerZo ekonomikur subieqtebs subieqturi araorazrovnebiT
SeuZliaT Seicnon da gamoTvalon saWirobebi, romlebic
ucvleli rCeba mocemuli periodis ganmavlobaSi.
• es saWiroeba SeiZleba dakmayofildes saqonliT, romelic
individualurad moiTxoveba (rogorc wesi, monetaruli
gadawyvetilebebis gziT, romelic Seesabameba sistemas).
ganviTarebul kapitalistur sazogadoebebSi es ori piroba,
rogorc wesi aRar sruldeba. am sazogadoebebma miaRwies
keTildReobis dones, gacilebiT maRals, vidre ramdenime
fundamenturi sasicocxlo safrTxis mogerieba da ZiriTadi
moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebaa. amitomaa, rom upiratesobis miniWebis
individualisturi sistema bundovani xdeba. moTxovnilebaTa mudmivi
interpretacia da reinterpretacia nebis koleqtiuri formirebis
sagani xdeba, faqti, romelic ayenebs alternativas – an momxmarebelTa,
rogorc moqalaqeTa Tavisufali da kvazipolitikuri komunikacia an
364
masiuri manipulacia, anu mkacri arapirdapiri marTva. rac ufro didia
Tavisuflebis xarisxi momxmarebelTa upiratesobis miniWebis
sistemisaTvis, miT ufro gadaudebelia gasaRebis politikis problema
mimwodebelTaTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini SeinarCuneben iluzias,
rom momxmareblebs SeuZliaT piradi da avtonomiuri
gadawyvetilebebis miReba. momxmarebelTa oportunistuli Segueba
bazris formebTan, yoveli momxmareblis avtonomiis ironiuli formaa,
romelic rogorc Cans narCundeba, rogorc mesakuTruli
individualizmis fasadi. amas garda, produqciis mzardi
socializacia, koleqtiuri moxmarebis saqonlis kvota samomxmareblo
produqtTa Soris kvlavindeburad izrdeba. saqalaqo cxovreba rTul
sazogadoebebSi sul ufro da ufro damokidebuli xdeba
infrastruqturaze (transporti, Tavisufali dro, jandacva, ganaTleba
da a.S), romelic sul ufro metad gamoeyofa diferenciuli
moTxovnilebisa da kerZo asignaciis formebs.
orientacia gacvliT Rirebulebebze
aq me unda aRvniSno is tendenciebi, romlebic asusteben bazris
gavlenas socializaciaze, gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis im nawilis
zrda, romelic ar xdens sakuTari sicocxlis reproducirebas SromiT
mopovebuli Semosavlis meSveobiT (studentebi, keTildReobis
recipientebi, socialuri dacvis recipientebi, invalidebi da sxv.) da
aseve moqmedebis arealis gafarToeba, romelSic rogorc samoqalaqo
samsaxurSi an pedagogiur saqmianobaSi abstraqtuli Sroma
Canacvlebulia konkretuliT. amas garda, mniSvneloba, romelsac iZens
Tavisufali dro samuSao saaTebis SemcirebasTan erTad (ufro maRal
realur SemosavalTan erTad) cxovrebis dasaqmebis sferos SigniT
arsebul sakiTxebTan SedarebiT, ar aniWebs upiratesobas xangrlivi
drois ganmavlobaSi im moTxovnilebebs, romlebic SeiZleba
dakmayofildes fuladi anazRaurebiT.
burJuaziuli tradiciis erozia aSiSvlebs normatiul
struqturebs, romlebic aRar varga samoqalaqo, ojaxuri da
profesiuli privatizmis reproducirebisaTvis. kulturuli
365
memkvidreobis dReisaTvis dominanturi komponentebi kristalizdeba
mecnierebis rwmenis, `postauratikuli~ xelovnebisa da
universalisturi Rirebulebebis garSemo. Seuqcevadi procesebi
warimarTa yovel am sferoTaganSi. Sedegad, ekonomikuri da
politikuri sistemebis funqcionaluri uTanasworoba blokirebul
iqna kulturuli barierebiT, romelTa dangrevac SeiZleba mxolod
regresiis fsiqologiuri Sedegebis xarjze, anu eqstraordinaruli
motivaciuri dazianebiT. germanuli faSizmi iyo cnobierebis
koleqtiurad organizebuli regresiis, misi fundamenturi mecnieruli
rwmenis, Tanamedrove xelovnebisa da universalisturi samarTlisa da
moralis zRurbls miRma datovebis amao mcdelobis magaliTi.
scientizmi
ganviTarebul sazogadoebebSi samecniero sistemis mier
mopovebuli avtoritetis politikuri Sedegebi winaaRmdegobrivia.
Tanamedrove mecnierebis ganviTarebam warmoSva diskursiuli
gamarTlebis moTxovnileba da tradicionalisturi damokidebulebebi
ver uZleben am moTxovnilebebis gamowvevas. meore mxriv, samecniero
monacemebis, romlebmac daikaves globaluri interpretaciebis adgili,
xanmokled popularuli sinTezi iZleva mecnierebis avtoritetis
garantias abstraqtulad. amdenad, avtoritets, cnobils, rogorc
`mecniereba~, SeuZlia gaswvdes orives: rogorc nebismieri
damkvidrebuli warmodgenis friad efeqtur kritikas, ise
specializebuli codnisa da kompetenciis axal saidumloebas.
mecnierebata TviTdamkvidrebam SeiZleba ganaviTaros pozitivisturi
saRi azri depolitizebul sazogadoebaSi. magram sientizmi qmnis
standartebs, romelTa mixedviTac mas SeuZlia aseve sakuTari Tavis
gakritikeba da damnaSaved cnoba dogmatizmis gadmonaSTis
SenarCunebaSi.
teqnokratiisa da demokratiuli egalitarizmis Teoriebi,
romlebic dabejiTebiT xazs usvamen institucionalizebuli
samoqalaqo privatizmis aucileblobas, Sors midian Teoriis
366
TviTdajerebulobis TvalsarisiT. magram es ar xdis maT Seuvals
kritikisaTvis.
postauratikuli xelovneba
Tanamedrove xelovnebis Sedegebi SedarebiT naklebad
winaaRmdegobrivia. axalma drom moaxdina burJuaziuli xelovnebis
avtonomiis radikalizacia gare daniSnulebis mxriv, risTvisac
SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli xelovneba. pirvelad burJuaziulma
sazogadoebam Tavad Seqmna kontrkultura mesakuTruli
individualizmis, produqtiulobisa da praqtikulobis burJuaziuli
cxovrebis wesis winaaRmdeg. bohema, pirvelad Camoyalibebuli parizSi,
XIX saukunis dedaqalaSi, ganasaxierebs kritikis moTxovnilebas da
udavod, dResac arsebobs burJuaziuli xelovnebis auraSi. biznesmenis
alter ego, `adamianuri arseba~, romelsac burJua Cveulebriv xvdeba
xelovnebis nimuSis ganmartoebiT Wvretisas, male Sordeba mas.
xelovnebis avangardis formiT, is upirispirdeboda mas, rogorc mteri,
saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, rogorc mimzidveli Zala.
burJuazias Seswevda unari xelovnebis silamazeSi ganecada
sakuTari idealebi da (rogorc yovelTvis) bednierebis dapirebis
fiqtiuri Sesruleba, romelic ubralod gamoricxuli iyo
yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. magram radikalizebul xelovnebaSi
burJuazias male mouxda Seecno socialuri praqtikis, rogorc misi
danamatis, uaryofa.
Tanamedrove xelovneba aris garsi, romelSic momzadda
burJuaziuli xelovnebis kontrkulturad transformireba.
siurrealizmi im istoriuli momentis niSnulia, roca Tanamedrove
xelovnebam programulad gaarRvia `aRar aris lamazi~ iluziis garsi,
imisaTvis, rom desublirebuls daewyo cxovreba.
xelovnebisa da realobis sxvadasxva xarisxis gaTanabreba
daaCqara (Tumca, rogorc amas uolter benjamini varaudobs, ar
Seumzadebia) masobrivi reproduqciisa da masobrivi miRebis axalma
teqnologiebma. Tanamdrove xelovnebam ukve moiSora klasikuri
burJuaziuli xelovnebis aura, imiT, rom xelovnebis nimuSi
367
TvalsaCinos xdida Seqmnis process da warmoadgenda Tavs xelqmnil
produqtad. magram xelovneba gamoyenebiT RirebulebaTa ansamblis
SemadgenlobaSi Sedis mxolod maSin, roca uars ambobs avtonomiur
statusze. es procesi udavod winaaRmdegobrivia. es seiZleba
xelovnebis propagandistuli masobrivi xelovnebis, an
komercializebuli masobrivi kulturis donemde degeneraciis an kidev
misi subversiul kontrkulturad transformaciis niSani iyos.
universalisturi morali
barieri, romelic funqcionaluri komponentebisgan daclilma
burJuaziulma ideologebma Seuqmnes politikuri da ekonomikuri
sistemis ganviTarebas, kidev ufro naTlad Cans moralur sistemaSi,
vidre mecnierebis avtoritetSi da xelovnebis TviTdezintegraciaSi.
roca tradiciuli sazogadoebebi iwyeben modernizaciis process,
mzard sirTules Sedegad mohyveba marTvis problemebi, romlebic
moiTxoven socialuri normebis cvlilebis daCqarebas
bunebrivi kulturuli tradiciisaTvis Sinaganad
damaxasiaTebeli tempi unda amaRldes. amas mivyavarT burJuaziul
formalur samarTlamde, romelic normebis Sinaarsis dogmaturi
struqturisagan gaTavisuflebis tradiciis da molodinis
TvalsazrisiT gansazRvris nebas iZleva. legaluri normebi
ganuyofelia privatizebuli moraluri normebisgan. amas garda, isini
unda Seiqmnan (da gamarTlebul iqnan) principis Sesabamisad.
abstraqtul samarTals mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod im sferoSi,
romelSic saxelmwifo xelisufleba amyarebs wesrigs. magram burJua
kerZo pirebis morali, morali, amaRlebuli universalur
principebamdec ki, ar awydeba barierebs saxelmwifoTa Soris
SenarCunebul bunebriv mdgomareobaSi. radgan principad qceuli
morali sanqcionirebulia mxolod sindisis wminda Sinagani
avtoritetiT, misi pretenzia universalurobaze konfliqtSi Sedis
sazogadoebriv moralTan, romelic jer kidev mibmulia konkretul
saxelmwifo subieqtze. es aris konfliqti adamianis kosmopolitizmsa
da moqalaqis loialobas Soris.
368
Tu mivyvebiT normebis sayovelTao sazogadoebrivi sistemebis
(Tavi rom davaneboT istoriuli magaliTebis sferos) ganviTarebis
logikas, Cven SegviZlia movagvaroT es konfliqti. magram misi
gadawyveta warmosadgenia mxolod garkveul pirobebSi. unda gaqres
dixotomia Sina da gare morals Soris. unda Serbildes moralurad
da legalurad regulirebad sferoTa Soris kontrasti. yvela normis
validuroba unda daukavSirdes im adaminaTa nebis diskursiul
formirebas, visac es potenciurad exeba.
konkuretulma kapitalizmma Tavdapirvelad valdebulebis Zala
mianiWa mkacrad universalistur RirebulebaTa sistemebs. es moxda
imitom, rom gacvlis sistema universalisturad unda regulirdebodes
da imitom, rom eqvivalentebis gacvla iZleva ZiriTad ideologias,
romelsac Zala aqvs burJuaziis klasSi. organizebul kapitalizmSi
legitimaciis am models ubedureba atydeba Tavs. amave dros Cndeba
legitimaciis axali da gazrdili moTxovnileba. magram samecniero
sistema ar SeiZleba CamorCes intensiurad kumulatiuri codnis
miRweul stadias. msgavsad amisa, moraluri sistema, radgan
daSvebulia praqtikuli gansja, ver dagvaviwyebs moraluri Segnebis
koleqtiurad miRweul stadias.
daskvnis saxiT Camovayalibebdi Semdeg mosazrebebs.
Tu ar arsebobs sakmarisi Tanxmoba jer kidev garkveuli Zalis
mqone normatiul struqturebsa da politikur/ekonomikur sistemas
Soris, maSin Cven kvlavindeburad SegviZlia Tavidan aviciloT
motivaciis krizisi, kulturuli sistemis dayofis gziT. amdenad,
kultura iqceva Tavisufali drois arasavaldebulo Sevsebad an
profesiuli codnis obieqtad. es gadawyvetileba daiblokeba , Tuki
komunikaciuri eTikisa da kontrkulturis gamocdilebis kompleqsebis
(raSic gansaxierebulia postauratikuli xelovneba) ZiriTadi
debulebebi SeiZenen motivis Semqnel Zalas, romelic gansazRvravs
socializaciis tipur procesebs. amgvar varauds safuZvels umagrebs
ramdenime qcevis sindromi, romelic sul ufro metad vrceldeba
axalgazrdebs Soris – an gandgoma, rogorc reaqcia gadaWarbebul
uflebebze pirovnul resursebze, an protesti, rogorc egos
369
avtonomiuri organizaciis Sedegi, romlis stabilizebac mocemul
pirobebSi SeuZlebelia konfliqtebis gareSe.
aqtivistTa Soris gvxvdeba:
studentTa moZraoba, ufrosklaselTa da moswavleTa buntebi,
pacifistebi, qalTa moZraobebi. gandgomilTa mxares warmoadgenen
hipebi, qristianuli seqtebi, narkomanTa subkultura, skolebSi
motivaciis naklebobis fenomeni da a.S. es aris mTavari sferoebi Cveni
hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad, rom gviankapitalistur sazogadoebebs
legitimaciis kolafsi emuqrebaT.
370
dankvart rastou
transformacia demokratiisaken – dinamikuri
modeli
ra pirobebSi xdeba demokratia SesaZlebeli da ra pirobebSi
Zlierdeba igi? am kiTxvaze mravalgvari pasuxi gasces moazrovneebma
lokidan tokvilamde da lindseimde. rogorc isini gvaswavlidnen,
demokratia kodirebulia an adamianis SesaZleblobaSi, marTos
sakuTari Tavi, an qristianul eTikur, an kontinentaluri evropis
samarTlebriv tradiciaSi. …..
amerikeli sociologebis bolodroindeli nawerebi sami saxeobis
ganmartebas iZleva. pirveli maTgani, romelic ekuTvnis seimor martin
lipsets, filip katraitsa da sxvebs, stabilur demokratias garkveul
ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs ukavSirebs, rogoricaa magaliTad,
maRali Semosavali erT sulze, ganaTlebis gavrcelebis done da
qalaqis mosaxleobis maRali xvedriTi wili. meore saxeobis
ganmarteba ukavSirdeba moqalaqeTa Soris garkveuli rwmenis an
fsiqologiuri midgomebis arsebobas. am midgomis mxardamWeri avtorebi
uolter beighotidan ernest berkeramde, xazs usvamen konsensusis,
rogorc demokratiis safuZvlis saWiroebas – an garkveuli principebis
sazogado rwmenis formiT, an TamaSis gansazRvrul wesebze
proceduruli konsensusis formiT, romelsac berkeri
“mravalferovnebaze, gansxvavebulobaze SeTanxmebas” uwodebs. daniel
lernerma im samoqalaqo midgomebs Soris, romlebic saWiroa
demokratiuli sistemis warmatebiT funqcionirebisaTvis, gamoyo
TanagrZnobis SesaZlebloba da monawileobis survili. gabriel
almondisa da sidni verbasaTvis, meores mxriv, demokratiis idealuri
“samoqalaqo kultura” gulisxmobs ara mxolod monawileobas, aramed
aseve sxva tradiciul midgomebsac.1
ganmartebebis mesame saxeoba yuradRebas amaxvilebs socialuri da
politikuri struqturis garkveuli Tvisebebis arsebobaze. konsensusis
popularuli Teoriis sawinaaRmdegod, iseTi avtorebi, rogorebic
371
arian karl fridrihi, e.e. SatSnaideri, bernard kriki, ralf
darendorfi da arend lipharti, daJinebiT amtikceben, rom konfliqti
da SeTanxmeba demokratiisaTvis aucilebelia.2 amgvari daSvebiT devid
trumenma amerikuli institutebis sicocxlisunarianoba miawera
moqalaqeTa “mravalgzis gawevrianebas potenciur jgufebSi” – anu im
urTierTobas, romelsac lipsetma uwoda “politikurad aucilebeli
asociaciebis erT-erTi gzajvaredini”.3 robert dali da herbert
makloski sxvebTan erTad amtkicebdnen, rom demokratiis stabiluroba
moiTxovs demokratiuli faseulobebisa da wesebis dacvas ara imdenad
amomrCevelTa, ramdenadac profesional politikosebs Soris –
igulisxmeba, rom TiToeuli maTgani erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia
politikuri organizaciis efeqtiani qselebis meSveobiT.4 da bolos,
hari ekSteinma warmogvidgina “kongruentulobis” daxvewili Teoria:
imisaTvis, rom demokratia stabiluri iyos, sazogadoebis
struqturulma erTeulebma, rogoricaa ojaxi, eklesia, biznesi,
profesiuli kavSirebi, mmarTvelobis procesebSi CareviT unda
gamoavlinon ufro meti demokratiuloba.5
CamoTvlil hipoTezaTagan zogierTi erTmaneTis Sesabamisia da
avsebs erTimeores, Tumca, isini SesaZloa cal-calkec iqnas
ganxiluli – magaliTad, hipoTezebi ganaTlebis, ayvavebisa da
konsensusis Sesaxeb. sxvebi, rogoricaa magaliTad hipoTeza
konsensusisa da konfliqtebis Sesaxeb, winaaRmdegobrivia, Tuki isini
mkacrad ar iqneba SezRuduli an gadaxedili. swored azrTa am
mravalferovnebam da sinTezma ganapiroba am sakiTxebze arsebuli
literaturis siuxvec. dali, magaliTad, gvTavazobs, rom poliarqiaSi
(an “umciresobis ZalauflebaSi”, romelic warmoadgens demokratiasTan
yvelaze ufro miaxloebul cxovrebiseul magaliTs), warmatebuli
mTavrobis politika umravlesobis farTo wreSi miRweuli konsensusis
Sesabamisia. 6 miuxedavad imisa, rom meore msoflio omis wlebSi
konsensusis miRwevas didi yuradReba eqceoda, Tuki uaxloes warsulSi
gamoqveynebuli wignebis saTaurebs davesesxebiT, mivxvdebiT, rom
dReisaTvis yvelasaTvis misaRebi mosazrebis mixedviT demokratia aris
“cxovrebis mowyobis” procesi, romelic moicavs “ganawilebis da
erTianobis” da “konfliqtisa da SeTanxmebis” kombinacias.7
372
amdenad, mecnierTa Soris diskusia grZeldeba da pasuxebic
mravalferovania. Tumca, miuxedavad amisa, mainc arsebobs SeTanxmebis
ori mniSvnelovani wertili. TiTqmis yvela avtori cdilobs upasuxos
erTidaimave SekiTxvas da msgavsi argumentebiT icavs sakuTar
pozicias. es SekiTxva imaSi ki ar mdgomareobs, Tu rogor Cndeba
demokratiuli sistema, aramed, imaSi, rom Tuki demokratia ukve
arsebobs, rogor SeiZleba misi stabilurobis da sijansaRis
SenarCuneba. ...
SesaZlebelia aRvniSnoT, rom arsebobs kidev erTi msgavseba,
romelic demokratiis Sesaxeb arsebul Tanamedrove amerikul
literaturas axasiaTebs. yvela amerikuli gamokvleva iwyeba
gacnobierebuli Tu gaucnobierebeli “kvanZis” ganxilviT. 8 is, ramac
gavleniani avtorebis dabneuloba gamoiwvia, mdgomareobs im kvanZis
gaxsnaSi, romelic asaxavs kontrasts inglisurenovan da skandinaviis
qveynebSi warmatebiT da xaverdovnad funqcionirebad demokratiasa da
safrangeTSi mesame da meoTxe respublikebSi, germaniis vaimaris
respublikaSi demokratiis saboloo kolafss Soris.
es daintereseba, cxadia, sruliad kanonieria. demokratiis
safuZvlebis Sesaxeb arsebuli literaturis zrda da misi Teoriebis
daxvewa gviCvenebs, Tu rogori nayofieri iyo igi. Tavdapirveli
daintereseba logikurad gvibiZgebs funqcionaluri, anu genetikuris
sapirispiro SekiTxvisaken. am SekiTxvaze pasuxis gacema, Tavis mxriv,
SesaZlebelia demokratiis funqcionirebis Sesaxeb arsebuli mimdinare
monacemebis gaanalizebiT – cudad funqcionirebadi demokratiebisa da
arademokratiuli reJimebis erTmaneTTan SedarebiT. funqcionaluri
interesi bunebrivad uCndebaT aseve im qveynis mecnierebsac, romlebmac
jer kidev tomas jefersonis da endriu jeksonis dros gadadges
gadamwyveti nabijebi demokratiisaken. ..
rac Seexeba im ganviTarebadi regionebis mkvlevarebs, rogorebic
aris Sua aRmosavleTi, samxreT azia, tropikuli afrika, an laTinuri
amerika, maT, bunebrivad, gacilebiT ufro gansxvavebuli interesebi
gaaCniaT demokratiis Sesaxeb. maTTvis auxsnel kvanZad rCeba
kontrasti, romelic arsebobs zrdasrul demokratiebsa, rogoricaa
dRevandeli aSS, britaneTi an Svecia, da im qveynebs Soris, romlebic
373
ibrZvian demokratiis mijnaze, magaliTad, ceiloni, libani, TurqeTi,
peru an venesuela. es maT ubiZgebs genetikuri kiTxvisaken – rogor
Cndeba Tavdapirvelad demokratia?9 es SekiTxva aseTive interesis
sagani aris (an, uares SemTxvevaSi, iyo ruseTis mier Cexoslovakiis
dapyrobis Semdeg 1968 wels) aRmosavleT evropaSic. demokratiis
genezisi aris ara mxolod mniSvnelovani msoflios umetesi
nawilisaTvis, aramed amasTan mis kvlevas udidesi praqtikuli
mniSvnelobac gaaCnia, SesaZloa gacilebiT ufro didi, vidre anglo-
amerikuli demokratiis miRwevebisa da dadebiTi mxareebis, an Tundac
vaimaris an safrangeTis respublikis demokratiuli sistemis
fataluri problemebis analizs.
am statiis momdeevno qveTavebSi me minda gamovikvlio zogierTi
meTodologiuri problema, romelic ukavSirdeba funqcionaluridan
genetikuri kvlevisaken gadasvlas da Semdeg Camovayalibo
demokratiisaken transformaciis erTi SesaZlo modelTagani.
II
ra cvlilebebi mohyveba funqcionaluridan genetikuri kvlevis
koncefciaze Tu meTodze gadasvlas? umartivesi pasuxi iqneba
“sruliad araferi”. didia cduneba, rom funqcionalur Teoriebs
genetikurTan SedarebiT ormagi roli davakisroT, gavafarTooT
vestminsterisa da vaSingtonis xedva da davupirispiroT vaimars,
parizs Tu ankaras, karakass da buqarests. Tuki iseTi pirobebi,
rogoricaa konsensusi da ayvaveba daexmareba demokratiis
funqcionirebis SenarCunebas, maSin SesaZlebelia vamtkicoT, rom isini
aucileblad iqneba saWiro misi aRmocenebisaTvis.
funqciisa da genezisis gantoleba metismetad martivia da
argumentic, faqtobrivad, Zalian sustia.10 gantoleba ar aris
samarTliani sxva tipis politikuri reJimebis umravlesobisaTvis.
magaliTad, samxedro diqtaturebi, rogorc wesi, aRmocendebian
SeiaraRebuli ajanyebebidan da saidumlo SeTqmulebebidan, magram
mainc inarCuneben arsebobas sazogadoebis mxardaWeris mopovebiT da
moqalaqeebTan aliansiT. qarizmatuli liderebi, maqs veberis mixedviT,
sakuTar legitimurobas aRweven saswaulebis moxdeniT, magram mas
374
reJimis CamoyalibebiT inarCuneben. monarqia dafuZnebulia subieqtebze,
romlebic tradiciebs usityvod iReben; amdenad, is SeuZlebelia
aRmocendes amgvar principze. komunisturi reJimebi Camoyalibda
revoluciuri elitebis an ucxoeli dampyroblebis mier, magram maTi
konsolidacia moxda Sida masobrivi partiebisa da maTi biurokratiis
zrdiT. fizikidan da qimiidanac viciT, rom mocemuli reaqciis
dawyebisa da SenarCunebisaTvis saWiroa energia. am analogiis
argumentebi, raRa Tqma unda, iseTive daudasturebelia, rogorc
savaraudo argumentebi. Tumca, xSirad, maT mtkicebis tvirTi im
argumentebze gadaaqvT, romlebic aRiarebs, rom zrdasruli
demokratiis SenarCunebas swored is pirobebi uwobs xels, romlebic
misi aRmocenebisaTvisaa saWiro.
msoflioSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli mcdeloba rogorc zrdasruli,
aseve axalgzarda demokratiis SeswavlisaTvis asaxulia lipsetisa da
qatraitis mier ganxorcielebuli statistikuri korelaciebSi. 11
magram lipsetis statia aseve kargad warmoadgens genetikuri
SekiTxvisadmi funqcionaluri midgomis gamoyenebis sirTules. ufro
mkacrad rom vTqvaT, misi monacemebi mxolod funqcias asaxavs. misi
statistikuri gamokvlevebis umravlesobas drois mocemul momentSi
korelaciis forma gaaCnia. 1950-ian wlebSi mis “stabilur
demokratiebs” hqondaT stabilurad ufro maRali Semosavlebi erT
sulze da axasiaTebdaT ganaTlebis maRali done, vidre “arastabilur
demokratiebs”, an stabilur da arastabilur avtoritritarul
reJimebs. korelacia, cxadia, ar aris igive, rac mizezobrivi kavSiri.
is, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, migvaniSnebs raime saxis mizezobriv kavSirze,
Tumca ar migviTiTebs am kavSiris mimarTulebaze. lipsetis monacemebi
upasuxod tovebs SekiTxvas, magaliTad, imis Taobaze, Tu vin ufro
ukeTes demokratiebs qmnis – ganaTlebuli Tu mdidari moqalaqeebi.
Sesabamisi argumentis motana SesaZlebelia almondis, verbasa da
sxvebis aRmoCenebis sawinaaRmdeegod, romlebic dafuZnebulia
sazogadoebis Tanadrouli Sexedulebebisa da midgomebis Semswavlel
gamokiTxvebze. mxolod kvlevis Semdgomma gaRrmavebam SeiZleba
gviCvenos, Tu ramdenad aris iseTi mdigomebi, rogoricaa “samoqalaqo
kulutra”, monawileobis survili, konsensusi fundamentur
375
faseulobebze an procedurebze demokratiis mizezi an Sedegi, an
orive erTad, an arcerTi.
lipsetis statiis saTauri sruliad Seesabameba mis funqcionalur
interesebs. is did sifrTxiles iCens demokratiis “zogierT socialur
pirobaze” da ara winapirobaze saubrisas. magram mravalma mkiTxvelma
daufiqreblad miiCnia “pirobebi” “winapirobebad”.12 ufro metic,
statiis teqsti Tavad iZleva terminTa amgvari Canacvlebis saSualebas,
radgan igi xSirad korelaciidan mizezobriv enaze gadadis.
mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom yvela am situaciaSi, ekonomikuri da
socialuri pirobebi gadaiqceva damoukidebel, xolo demokratia
damokidebul cvladad.
genetikuri Teoria aSkarad unda mijnavdes erTmaneTisagan
korelaciasa da mizezs. es sulac ar niSnavs, rom Cven mizezobriobis
im Zvelmodur an martiv Sexedulebas viziarebT, romlis mixedviTac
TiToeul Sedegs gaaCnia erTi mizezi da yvela mizezs – erTi Sedegi.
es Sexeduleba ar uaryofs “albaTobiT” midgomas, romelsac bolo
dros mxari dauWira almondma da romelic emil durkheimidan
moyolebuli, socialuri statistikis TiTqmis yvela specialistma
gamoiyena.13 .. amdenad, mizezobriobiT aseTi daintereseba Seesabameba da
amasTan, mniSvnelovania im skeptikuri mosazrebisaTvis, romelic
adamianis qmedebebs miawers kanonisa da SesaZleblobis kombinacias.
amgvari TviTdeterminizmi gulisxmobs imis aRiarebas, rom socialuri
mecnierebis mkvlevars verasodes ecodineba imdeni, rom srulyofili
axsna mouZebnos movlenebs.. arc im mkvlevarebs, romlebic demokratiis
genezisis SeswavliT dainteresdebian, ar esaWiroebaT mTel
epistemologiasa da metafizikaSi CaRrmaveba. samagierod, imisaTvis,
rom genetikosebi gaxdnen, maT aucileblad dasWirdebaT mizezebis
gamokvleva. mxolod amgvari midgomiT iqneba SesaZlebeli socialuri
mkvlevaris mier misi namdvili movaleobis Sesruleba. es ukanaskneli
ki adamianTa mier arCevanis gakeTebis sazRvrebis da am arCevanis
mocemul sazRvrebSi ganxorcielebis Sedgebis naTelyofas
gulisxmobs.14
albaT korelaciisa da mizezobriobis aRrevis SemTxvevas
lipsetis mkiTxvelTa da xandaxan, TviT avtoris dabneulobis martiv
376
magaliTs ver vuwodebT. piriqiT, es unda iyos aRqmuli daSvebad, rom
socialuri da ekonomikuri pirobebi rogorRac aris sabaziso da rom
Cven unda SeviswavloT am Rrma bazisis da ara politikuri movlenebis
“superstruqturis” mniSvnelovani urTierTobebi. politikur
mecnierebaSi Cvens mier aqcentis ekonomikur da socialur faqtorebze
gadatana aris yvelaze aucilebeli koreqtiva adreuli Taobis
mecnierTa sterilur legalizmSi. Tumca, rogorc lipseti (bendiqsTan
erTad) sxva konteqstSi Tavadac aRniSnavda, aman SesaZloa martivad
axsnas politikuri cxovrebis mravali faqti. amasTan, Cven varT imis
saSiSroebis winaSec, rom politikuri axalSobili institucionalur
wyals gadavayoloT…..
kargi iqneboda, Tuki demokratiis nebismieri genetikuri Teoria
ormxrivi mizezobrivi kavSiris, an cirkularuli urTierTqmedebis
raime formis arsebobas dauSvebda erTi mxriv, politikas da meore
mxriv, ekonomikur da socialur pirobebs Soris. rogori socialur-
ekonomikuri pirobebic ar unda CaerTos TeoriaSi, maT unda monaxon
nawilobriv politikuri specifikuri meqanizmebi, romlebic
demokratiis centralur problemebs uSualod Seexeba. ufro metic,
politikur mecniers SesaZloa gauCndes survili, rom koncentrireba
moaxdinos zogierT politikur faqtorze socialuri da ekonomikuri
faqtorebis mniSvnelobis uaryofis gareSec. trumenis, dalis da
sxvaTa naSromebSi me vxedavdi konfliqtis niSnebs da cvlilebebis
safuZvlebs, rogorc nebismieri politikuri sistemis damaxasiaTebel
Tvisebebs. ..
imisaTvis, rom veZeboT mizezobrivi kavSirebi, rogorc me adrec
vamtkicebdi, sakmarisi ar aris martivi msjeloba. konkretulad, Cven
ar unda davuSvaT, rom demokratiisaken transformacia msoflios
masStabiT erTgvarovani procesia, romelic yovelTvis Seexeba
erTidaimave socialur klass, erTidaimave politikur sakiTxebs an
gadawyvetis erTidaimave meTodebs. piriqiT, henri ekSteinTan erTad,
kargi iqneboda imis daSveba, rom socialuri konfliqtebis da maTi
politikuri Sinaarsis mravalferovnebis kombinireba sruliad
SesaZlebelia demokratiaSi. 15 es, ra Tqma unda, Seesabameba im
sazogadod miRebul aRiarebas, rom demokratia aris, umTavresad,
377
proceduris da ara Sinaarsis sakiTxi. es aseve gulisxmobs imas, rom
radganac demokratiisaken transformacia mravalma qveyanam
ganaxorciela, arsebobs demokratiisaken mimavali bevri gza.
aseve ar aris aucilebeli, rom transformaciis modeli
saWiroebdes demokratiuli evoluciis dinamikurad mdgrad erTgarovan
procesad warmodgenas. droSi gangrZobadobis idea da savaraudod,
wrfivi korelacia lipsetisa da katraitis Janris literaturis
uaryofas niSnavs. sawinaaRmdegod, droSi wyvetis idea aris
funqcionaluri da genetikuri kiTxvebis gamijvnis safuZveli. amgvari
wyvetadoba SesaZlebelia danaxul iqnas TviT genetikur sqemaSic ki.
magaliTad, SesaZloa sasargeblo iyos calkeuli pirobebis, rogorc
sabazo faqtorebis gamoyofa da im faqtorebisaken nabij-nabij svla,
romlebic SeiZleba gadamwyveti aRmoCndes transformaciis procesis
mosamzadebel, gadawyvetilebis miRebis da konsolidaciis fazebze.
Tundac erTidaimave qveyanaSi da transformaciis procesis
erTidaimave fazis ganmavlobaSi ar aris aucilebeli, rom politikuri
midgomebi Tanabrad iyos ganawilebuli mosaxleobaSi. dali, makloski
da sxvebi aRniSnaven, rom zrdasrul demokratiebSi arsebobs
mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba profesionali politikosebisa da
Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis midgomebSi. arc is SegviZlia miviRoT
daSvebad, rom yvela politikosi erTidaimave midgomas gaiziarebs.
radganac demokratia dafuZnebulia konfliqtze, brZolis
gasaCaReblad ori gansxvavebuli midgomac sakmarisia. es gansxvavebebi
SesaZlebelia gamovlindes formirebis periodSi, rodesac brZolis
nawils ex hipotezi, adgili eqneba demokratebsa da arademokratebs
Soris. sabolood, transformaciis demokratiuli modeli unda
iZleodes imis daSvebis SesaZleblobas, rom sxvadasxva jgufebma –
magaliTad, moqalaqeebma da mmarTvelebma, an Zalebma, romlebic
cvlilebebs uwyoben xels da im Zalebma, romlebsac warsulis
SenarCuneba surT – SesaZloa demokratiis waxalisebaSi gadamwyveti
roli iTamaSon.
III
378
meTodologiuri argumenti, romelic me ganvaviTare, SesaZloa
mokled ramodenime TezisSi Camoyalibdes.
1. faqtorebi, romlebic demokratias stabilurobas
unarCunebs SesaZloa ar emTxveodes maT, romlebmac misi
warmoSoba gamoiwvia: demokratiis axsnisaTvis
erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT funqcia da genezisi.
2. korelacia ar aris igive, rac mizezobrivi kavSiri:
genetikuri Teoria unda axdendes koncentracias
ukanasknelze;
3. yvela mizezobrivi kavSiri ar niSnavs socialuri da
ekonomikuri faqtorebidan politikuri faqtorebisaken
gadasvlas;
4. yvela mizezobrivi kavSiri ar niSnavs rwmenisa da
midgomebis qmedebad gadaqcevas.
5. ar aris aucilebeli, rom demokratiis genezisi
geografiulad erTidaigivenairi iyos: SesaZloa
arsebobdes demokratiisaken mimavali mravali gza.
6. ar aris aucilebeli, rom demokratiis genezisi
erTidaigivenairi iyos dinamikaSi: sxvadasxva faqtorebi
SeiZleba sxvadasxva warmatebuli fazis dros gaxdes
mniSvnelovani;
7. ar aris aucilebeli, rom demokratiis genezisi iyos
socialurad erTidaigivenairi: SesaZloa erTidaimave
adgilas da erTidaimave periodSi politikosebis da
Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebis azriT demokratiis
wamaxalisebeli midgomebi erTmaneTs ar daemTxves.
. . .
sabednierod, genetikuri midgoma moiTxovs an SesaZlebels xdis
ramodenime axali SezRudvis arsebobas, rac axdens danarCeni Svidis
dakargvis saSiSroebis kompensacias. Cven SegviZlia gavagrZeloT am
Tezisebis CamonaTvali, vidre SevimuSavebT meTodologiuri argumentis
meore nawils.
379
8. TiToeuli qveynis empiriuli monacemebi genetikuri
Teoriis sasargeblod unda moicavdes drois periods
demokratiis “SemoRebis” wina periodisa da misi Semdgomi
periodis CaTvliT.
9. politikuri transformaciis logikis SeswavlisaaTvis Cven
SesaZloa ar ganvixiloT qveynebi, sadac mTavari stimuli
ucxoeTidan movida;
10. transformaciis idealuri tipi an modeli SesaZloa
gamoviyvanoT ori an sami empiriuli SemTxvevis SeswavliT
da Semdeg SevamowmoT danarCenebze maTi gamoyenebiT.
…. . .
demokratiis “SemoReba” ar unda iyos, ra Tqma unda, gagebuli ise,
TiTqos igi erT weliwadSi moxdeba. radganac axali socialuri
jgufebis warmoSoba da ganviTareba da amasTan dakavSirebuli axali
Cvevebis formireba transformaciis periodis gansaxorcieleblad
minimum erT Taobas mainc saWiroebs. im qveynebSi, sadac ar arsebobda
metoqeobis adreuli modelebi, transformacia kidev ufro met dros
moiTxovs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom britaneTSi, magaliTad, transformacia
daiwyo 1640 wlamde da dasrulda 1918 wels. sawyisi hipoTezisaTvis,
Tumca, albaT ukeTesia iseTi qveynebis ganxilva, romlebSic es
procesi SedarebiT swrafad ganviTarda.
demokratiuli transformaciis Seswavla mkvlevarisagan moiTxovs
istoriis ufro Rrmad Seswavlas, vidre es sazogadod aris miCneuli.
es iwvevs mraval cvlilebas kvlevis meTodebSi, dawyebuli
gamokiTxvis da interviuebis monacemebis Semcvlelebidan. TviT
yvelaze sarwmuno statistikac ki Znelia gamoyenebul iqnas adreuli
demokratiuli eqsperimentebisaTvis. amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis
konstitucia (muxli 1, nawili 2) gvaxsenebs, rom Cveni mosaxleobis
aRwera droulad iqna SemoRebuli imisaTvis, rom saswrafod dagvewyo
sakuTari Tavis marTva da daTvla.
.. .,. ..
modeli, romelic me qvemoT unda warmovadgino, umeteswilad
dafuZnebulia SvedeTis Cems mier Sesrulebul gamokvlevaze,
dasavluri qveynisa, romelmac demokratiisaken transformacia 1890-1920
380
wlebSi ganicada da TurqeTze, dasavluri orientaciis qveyanaze, sadac
procesi 1945 wels daiwyo da jer kidev grZeldeba. . . . es aris
kvlevis adreuli etapi, romelic damexmareba im hipoTezebis daxvewaSi,
romlebic SesaZloa qveyanaTa ufro didi jgufis SeswavlisaTvis
gamoviyeno.
IV
a. sabaziso piroba
modeli erTaderTi sabaziso pirobiT - erovnuli erTobiT –
iwyeba. es sulac ar exeba pirovnuli TviTgamorkvevis raime rTul
fsiqologiur gagebas, an raime grandiozul politikur mizans,
romelic moqalaqeebs aerTianebs. es ubralod niSnavs, rom potenciuri
demokratiis moqalaqeTa umetesi nawili unda acnobierebdes sakuTar
politikur mikuTvnebulobas ama Tu im jgufis mimarT. es gamoricxavs
faruli rRvevis situaciebs, rogorc es habsburgebis da otomanebis
gviandel imperiebSi an mraval afrikul saxelmwifoSi xdeboda. es
aseve gamoricxavs im situaciebs, rodesac arsebobs Serwymisaken
seriozuli miswrafeba, rogorc es mraval arabul qveyanaSi xdeboda.
demokratia aris droebiTi umravlesobebis mier marTvis sistema.
imisaTvis, rom mmarTvelebi da politika Tavisuflad icvlebodes,
unda arsebobdes “gamZle” sazRvrebi, sazogadoebis Semadgenloba unda
iyos mdgradi. rogorc aivor jeningsi ambobda, “xalxi ver gadawyvets,
vidre vinme ar gadawyvets vin aris xalxi.”16
erovnuli erToba im azriT aris miCneuli demokratiis sabaziso
pirobad, rom is unda uswrebdes demokratizaciis yvela fazas.
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, drois aTvla arasworad moxdeba. misi miRweva
SesaZlebeli iyo preistoriul xanaSic, rogorc iaponiasa da SvedeTSi;
es faza SesaZloa saukuneebiTac uswrebdes win sxva fazebs, rogorc
safrangeTSi, an aTwleulebiT, rogorc TurqeTSi. arc imas aqvs
mniSvneloba, Tu ra saSualebebiT moxda erovnuli erTobis miRweva.
geografiuli situacia SesaZloa iseTi iyos, rom seriozuli
alternativa ar gamoCndes – iaponia kidev erTxel SeiZleba
ganvixiloT, rogorc kargi magaliTi. an SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom
381
erovnulobis grZnoba iyos socialuri komunikaciis uecari
intensifikaciis Sedegi, romelic ganapiroba axali ideologemis
miznobrivma ganviTarebam. meore mxriv, es SesaZloa iyos gaerTianebis
raime dinastiuri an administraciuli procesi. im hipoTezaTa
simravle, romelic SemoTavazebulia doiCis mier, naTlad Seesabameba
am situaciebs.17
. . .
erovnuli erTobis ganxilva demokratizaciisaTvis erTaderT
sabaziso pirobad niSnavs imas, rom misTvis ar aris saWiro qveyanaSi
raime minimaluri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donisa da socialuri
diferenciaciis winapirobebis arseboba. es socialuri da ekonomikuri
faqtorebi modelSi mxolod arapirdapir Semodis, rogorc erovnuli
erTobis, an damkvidrebuli konfliqtis (ix. b paragrafi qvemoT)
mravalricxovani alternatividan erT-erTi. es socialuri da
ekonomikuri indikatorebi, romlebzec sxvadasxva avtorebi siamovnebiT
saubroben, rogorc “sabaziso pirobebze”, xSirad aradamajereblad
JRers. yovelTvis arsebobs arademokratiuli qveynebi, romlebic
saeWvod maRal rangSi gadian, magaliTad, kuveiti, nacisturi germania,
kuba, an kongo. aqedan gamomdinare, aSS 1820 wels, safrangeTi 1870
wels, SvedeTi 1890 wels darwmunebulni iqnebodnen, rom ver
daakmayofilebdnen erT an romelime winapirobas an urbanizaciisa an
erT sulze Semosavlis donis Sesaxeb, rom araferi vTqvaT
mosaxleobis aTas kacze gazeTebis tiraJis gavrcelebis, eqimebis,
kinofilmebis da telefonebis raodenobaze.
amdenad, modeli Segnebulad tovebs Riad premodernistuli,
prenacionaluri periodis da dabali ekonomikuri ganviTarebis donis
demokratiebis SesaZleblobebs. demokratiis Sinaarsiani ganmartebis
moZebna, romelic moicavda Tanamedrove saparlamento sistemebsac da
Suasaukuneebis tyis kantonebs da antikur qalaqebs (sadac monebi ar
arsebobda) da kolumbamdel indielebsac, albaT Zalian Zneli iqneba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom es ar aris mocemuli proeqtis mizani, me mainc
Sevecdeebi, rom amas gverdi ar avuaro.
b. mosamzadebeli faza
382
Cemi hipoTezis Tanaxmad, erTaderTi sabaziso pirobis arsebobis
SemTxvevaSi, demokratizaciis procesi aris gangrZobadi da
dausrulebeli politikuri brZolis procesi. imisaTvis, rom mas es
Tvisebebi mivaniWoT, mxardamWerebi unda warmoadgendnen kargad
damkvidrebul Zalebs (rogorc wesi, socialur klasebs) da sakiTxebs
maTTvis udidesi mniSvneloba unda hqondeT. amgvari brZolis dawyeba
savaraudoa axali elitis aRmocenebis Sedegad, romelic warmoiSoba
winaT mmarTvelobaSi armyofi socialuri jgufis SeTanxmebuli
moqmedebiT. Tumca, am Zalis konkretuli socialuri Semadgenloba,
rogorc liderebis, aseve mimdevrebis, da im sakiTxebis specialuri
buneba, romelTa irgvlivac mimdinareobs brZola, SesaZloa qveynebis
mixedviT gansxvavdebodes sxvadasxva periodebSi.
SvedeTSi, saukunis dasawyisSi, pirvelad mimdinareobda brZola
fermerebs, xolo Semdeg, urbanul dabal saSualo klassa da muSaTa
klass, da biurokratiis, msxvili miwaTmflobelebisa da mrewvelebis
gaerTianebas Soris. sakiTxebi, romelTa garSemoc brZola gaimarTa,
Seexeboda tarifebs, gadasaxadebs, samxedro momsaxurebas. TurqeTSi
gasuli ici wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinarobda konkurencia qalaqsa da
sofels Soris, ufro sworad, msxvil da saSualo fermerebsa
(romlebsac mxars uWerda glexi amomrCeveli) da qemalisturi
biurokratiuli da samxedro istebliSmentis warmomadgenlebs Soris.
centraluri sakiTxi iyo industrializacia agraruli ganviTarebis
winaaRmdeg. orive SemTxvevaSi ekonomikuri faqtorebi gadamwyveti
mniSvnelobis gaxldaT, Tumca, mizezobrivi kavSiri gansxvavebuli iyo.
SvedeTSi es iyo intensiuri ekonomikuri ganviTarebis periodi,
romelmac axali politikuri daZabulobebi ganapiroba. gadamwyvet
etapze stokholmeli muSebis xelfasebis gazrdam maT frenCaizebis
sagadasaxado barieris gadalaxvis SesaZlobloba misca. TurqeTSi,
sawinaaRmdegod, soflis ganviTarebis moTxovna iyo demokratizaciis
ara mizezi, aramed Sedegi.
SesaZloa iyos iseTi situaciebic, sadac ekonomikuri faqtorebi
gacilebiT nakleb rols TamaSobdnen. indoeTsa da filipinebSi
konkurencia nacionalistur Zalebsa da imperiul biurokratias Soris
TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aseve asrulebda igive
383
mosamzadebel funqcias, rogorc klasebis konfliqti sxva qveynebSi.
libanSi gauTavebeli brZola mimdinareobs dominantur jgufebsa da
samTavrobo jgufebs Soris. Tumca, amgvar politikur brZolas
bunebrivad gaaCnia ekonomikuri ganzomilebebi. mxolod
doqtrinalurad ekonomikuri azrovnebiT damuxtul adamians SeuZlia
kolonializmi an religiuri problemebi marto ekonomikur mizezebs
miaweros.
. . .
brZolis seriozul da gangrZobiT bunebas SeuZlia mxardamWerTa
iZuleba, daemyaron or SemzRudvel faqtors. amdenad, polarizacia da
ara pluralizmia am mosamzadebeli fazis damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba.
Tumca, arsebobs erovnuli erTobis pirobis limitebic, romlebic, ra
Tqma unda, ara mxolod unda arsebobdes, aramed unda grZeldebodes
kidec. Tuki danawileba mkacrad regionul safuZvelze xdeba, maSin
demokratiis sanacvlod, didi Sansia, rom Sedegad miviRoT am
regionebis gamoyofa. TviT geografiulad xelovnurad
urTierTdakavSirebul konkurentebs Sorisac ki SesaZloa moiZebnos
erTobis raime Zafi da ZalTa raime balansic ki, romelic gamoricxavs
genocids. Turqebi iwyeben demokratiuli praqtikis ganviTarebas
TavianT qveyanaSi, magram ormocdaaTi wlis winaT isini amerikelebsa
da berZnebs demokratiulad sulac ar eqceodnen. gadamkveT
gansxvavebebs, rogorc erTobis grZnobis gaZlierebisa da dacvis
SesaZlo saSualebebs, mosamzadebel fazaSi sakuTari adgili gaaCniaT.
dali aRniSnavs, rom “opoziciis erTi mudmivi problema imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom is an Zalian didia, an Zalian mcire”.18 modelis
pirveli ori elementi gviCvenebs, rom SesaZlebelia opoziciis saWiro
raodenoba arsebobdes. magram brZola da erovnuli erToba ar
SeiZleba gavasaSualooT, radganac isini SeuZlebelia gavzomoT
erTidaimave skalaze. orive didi doziT unda iqnas Serwymuli. da es
iseve SesaZlebelia, rogorc mkacri polarizaciisa da gadamkveTi
gansxvavebebis kombinireba.
. . .
384
es delikaturi kombinacia gviCvenebs, rom mosamzadebel fazaSi,
ra Tqma unda, mravali ram SesaZloa arasworad warimarTos. es
SesaZloa gagrZeldes, vidre mxardamWerebi da dRis wesrigis
sakiTxebis gadawyvetis demokratiuli gzebi gaqreba. an rodesac erTi
jgufi ipovis gzas oponentebis gasanadgureblad. am da sxva gzebiT,
demokratiis TvalnaTeli evolucia SesaZloa sxvagan gadaixaros, da
es arcerT sxva fazaSi ar xdeba ise martivad, rogorc mosamzadebel
fazaSi.
g. gadawyvetilebis miRebis faza
robert dali werda, rom kanonieri partiuli opozicia . . . aris
ukanaskneli drois daugegmavi gamogoneba”. . .19 es Seesabameba braisis
xazgasmas, rom demokratiisaken transformacia aris kompleqsuri
procesi, romelic mravali aTwleulis manZilze grZeldeba. . . .
mosamzadebel fazas ki asrulebs politikuri liderebis mier
Segnebuli gadawyvetileba, rom gaacnobieron da miiRon
mravalferovnebis arsebobis saWiroeba da rom moaxdinon
demokratiuli proceduris umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebis
institutcionalizacia. aseTi iyo 1907 wlis gadawyvetileba, romelsac
me Sveduri politikis “didi kompromisi” davarqvi” da romelic
gulisxmobda universaluri saarCevno uflebisa da proporciuli
warmomadgenlobis miRebas.20 . . .
gadawyvetileba niSnavs arCevans da rodesac demokratiis arCevani
sabaziso da mosamzadebeli pirobebis Camoyalibebamde ar arsebobs, es
SeiZleba CaiTvalos namdvil arCevanad, romelic am ori pirobidan
avtomaturad ar warmoiSoba. libanis istoria gviCvenebs keTilmosurne
avtokratiis an ucxoeli mmarTvelebis SesaZleblobebs, rogorc Sida
politikuri brZolebis alternativebs. amasTan, ra Tqma unda,
demokratiis sasargeblo gadawyvetilebam, an misma mniSvnelovanma
ingredientma, SesaZloa gaagrZelos mosamzadeebeli faza, an mogvces
sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sedegic.
gadawyvetileba demokratiis sasargeblod miiReba mravali Zalis
urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. . . . molaparakebebSi monawile jgufebSi da
385
maT liderebSi SeiZleba iyvnen mosamzadebeli brZolis momxreebic.
sxva monawileebi SesaZloa moicavdes jgufebs, romlebic gamoeyvnen
erTmaneTs. scenaze, aseve SeiZleba gamoCndes politikaSi sruliad
axladSemosuli jgufebic.
.. . .
gadawyvetilebis miRebis faza SesaZloa ganxilul iqnas, rogorc
Segnebuli qmedeba, rogorc Ria konsensusi. magram erTxel kidev unda
aRiniSnos, rom SesaZlebelia, saWiro iyos am terminis raime SedarebiT
naTeli sinonimiT Secvlac. pirvelyovlisa, rogorc braisi gvTavazobs,
gadawyvetilebis miRebis demokratiuli Sinaarsi SesaZloa
daukavSirdes sxva mraval mniSvnelovan sakiTxsac. meorec, radgan es
aris namdvili kompromisi, is aucileblad iqneba ganxiluli rogorc
meore saukeTeso yvela mniSvnelovani monawile partiisaTvis – is
araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar warmoadgens raime SeTanxmebas an principebs.
mesame, TviT procedurebSic ki iqneba upiratesobebs Soris
gauTavebeli gansxvavebebi. universaluri saarCevno ufleba
proporciuli warmomadgenlobiT, romelic 1907 wels Sveduri
kompromisis Sinaarss warmoadgenda, konservatorebisaTvis (romlebic
siamovnebiT gaagrZelebdnen Zvel plutokratiul saarCevno sistemas)
iseTive ugemovno iyo, rogorc liberalebisa da socialistebisaTvis
(romlebsac surdaT umravlesobis mmarTveloba, dausustebeli
proporciuli warmomadgenlobiT). is, rac mniSvnelovania
gadawyvetilebis miRebis fazaSi aris ara is, Tu, abstraqtulad, ra
faseulobebis SeTvisebas SeZleben liderebi, aramed is konkretuli
nabijebi, romlebsac isini realurad gadadgamen. meoTxe, SeTanxmeba,
romelic miiRweva liderebs Soris, Sorsaa universalurobisagan. is
SeiZleba gadaeces profesional politikosebs da sazogadoebas.
swored esaa modelis saboloo, miCvevis fazis ori mniSvnelovani
aspeqtic.
d. miCvevis faza
rodesac ukve miRebulia ugemovno gadawyvetileba, is SedarebiT
ukeTesad gveCveneba maSin, rodesac xdeba misi ganxorcieleba da
386
rodesac masTan SeTviseba aucilebelia. .. . . demokratia, misi
ganmartebidan gamomdinare aris konkurentuli procesi da es
konkurencia aZlevs SesaZleblobas maT, vinc axorcielebs sakuTari
dapirebis racionalizacias, da kidev ufro did SesaZleblobebs imas,
visac marTla gulwrfelad sjera misi. Sveduri konservatiuli
partiis transformacia 1918-1936 wlebSi aris am wertilis naTeli
ilustracia. ori aTwleulis liderobis Semdeg, adamianebi, romlebmac
an pragmatulad miiRes is, an marTlac sjerodaT misi, pensiaze
gavidnen an gardaicvalnen. igivenairad, TurqeTSi, ismeT inonus Semdeg,
romelmac xeli Seuwyo demokratiis ganviTarebas, da adnan menderes
Semdeg, romelmac demokratiaSi dainaxa uprecendento meqanizmi misi
ambiciis dasakmayofileblad, mmarTvelobaSi mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs
hqonda adgili. mokled, TviT demokratizacia axdens darviniseuli
SerCevis procesis ormag institucionalizacias darwmunebuli
demokratebis sasargeblod: erTi mxriv, partiebs Soris arCevnebis
procesSi da meore mxriv, politikosebs Soris, romlebic
liderobisaTvis TavianTi partiebis SigniT ibrZvian.
magram politika ar Sedgeba mxolod marTvis sadaveebisaTvis
konkurenciisagan. is agreTve warmoadgens konfliqtebis gadawyvetis
process adamianTa jgufebs Soris – miuxedvad imisa, es konfliqtebi
aRmocendeba interesTa Sejaxebisagan, Tu momavlis bundovanebisagan.
axali politikuri reJimi aris axali recepti imisaTvis, rom
erToblivad iqnas gamoyenebuli gaurkvevlobis Sansebi. demokratia,
rogorc mravalmxrivi debatebis sistema, moicavs Secdomebisa da cdis
procesebs, erToblivi SeTvisebis da swavlis praqtikas. pirveli
mTavari kompromisi, romelic demokratias ayalibebs, aris is, rom man
Tavad daamtkicos SeCvevisa da SeTanxmebulobis principebis
efeqtianoba da sicocxlisunarianoba. pirveli warmateba, romelmac
SeiZleba waaxalisos konkurentuli politikuri Zalebi da maTi
liderebi, aris demokratiuli procedurebis gamoyenebiT mTavari
gadasawyveti sakiTxebis Camoyalibeba.
. . .
gasul saukuneSi dasavleT evropaSi politikuri debatebisa da
konfliqtebis evoluciis Seswavlam aCvena, rom socialur da
387
ekonomikur sakiTxebs demokratiebi SedarebiT advilad gaumklavdnen.
maSin rodesac sazogadoebasTan dakavSirebuli problemebis gadaWra
SedarebiT gaZnelebuli iyo. Cven SegviZlia ganvacxadoT, rom marqsis
gaTvlebi, xSir SemTxvevaSi, araswori iyo. erovnulobaSi man dainaxa
burJuaziis, rogorc klasis interesebis dacvis piroba. man gaakritika
religia, rogorc masebis mowamvlis saSualeba. sapirispirod,
ekonomikaSi man dainaxa realuri da mzardi brZola, romelic
sabolood Sedegad moitanda burJuaziuli demokratiis ngrevas. magram
faqtobrivad, demokratiam daamtkica, rom yvelaze efeqtiania
politikuri kiTxvebis gadawyvetaSi, sadac mTavaria socialuri da
ekonomikuri ganawileba, rogorc britaneTSi, avstraliaSi, axal
zelandiaSi da skandinaviis qveynebSi.
. . .
sirTule, romlebsac demokratia awydeba sazogadoebrivi
problemebis gadawyvetaSi, xazs usvams erovnuli erTianobis, rogorc
demokratizaciis sabaziso pirobis aucileblobas. umwvavesi brZolebi
demokratiaSi mimarTulia politikuri sazogadoebis Tandayolili
defeqtebis winaaRmdeg.
transformacia demokratiisaken, rogorc adrec aRvniSneT,
SesaZloa saWiroebdes saerTo midgomebs da gansakuTrebul midgomebs
rogorc politikosebis, aseve Cveulebrivi moqalaqeebisagan.
gansakuTrebuloba ukve gadawyvetilebis miRebis fazazec ki naTelia,
rodesac liderebi cdiloben kompromisi moZebnon, maSin rodesac maTi
mimdevrebi Zveli reJimis momxreTaTvis winaaRdegobebis Seqmnaze
fiqroben. es kidev ufro metad SesamCnevi xdeba SeCvevis fazaze,
rodesac adgili aqvs sami saxis process. pirveli, raime sakiTxis
warmatebiT gadawyvetidan rogorc politikosebi, aseve moqalaqeebi
swavloben Tu rogor moargon TavianTi bedi axali wesebis garemos da
rogor gamoiyenon es wesebi axali sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi. maTi rwmena
gacilebiT ufro swrafad gaizrdeba, Tuki axali reJimis adreul
stadiaze politikuri tendenciebi monawileobas miiRebs saqmeebis
gadawyvetaSi an sxvadasxva koaliciebTan SeerTebis meSveobiT, an kidev
opoziciuri da samTavrobo brZolebis meSveobiT. meore, rogorc Cven
ukve vnaxeT, demokratiuli teqnikis da konkurentuli praqtika
388
daarwmunebs politikosebs TavianT demokratiul gamocdilebaSi.
mesame, mosaxleoba miiRebs axal struqturas partiuli organizaciebis
efeqtiani kavSirebis damaxinjebiT, romelic akavSirebs dedaqalaqis
politikosebs mTeli qveynis masobriv eleqtoratTan.
es partiuli organizaciebi SesaZloa gamovides imaTi pirdapiri
gagrZeleba, romlebic aqtiurobdnen demokratizaciis mosamzadebel an
konfliqtis fazebze. universaluri saarCevno uflebis gafarToebam
demokratiuli “gadawyvetilebis” droisaTvis maT SesaZloa misces meti
Tavisufleba. meore mxriv, SesaZlebelia, rom konfliqtis fazaSi
arcerTi partia ar aRmoCndes da saarCevno uflebis gafarToeba
SezRuduli iyos. politikuri struqturis aseTi nawilobrivi
demokratizaciis pirobebSic ki konkurentuli dinamika, romelic
process daasrulebs, SesaZloa mainc damkvidrdes. saparlamento
partiebi moZebnian mxardaWeras amomrCvelTa organizaciebidan
imisaTvis, rom garantirebuli hqondeT momdevno parlamentebisaTvis
maTi jgufis wevrebis miwodeba. sxvadasxva dros esa Tu is
politikuri jgufi SesaZloa eZebdes Sanss, rom win gauswros Tavis
oponents eleqtoratis gafarToebiT an umravlesobis kontrolis
dawesebis sxva winaRmdegobebis moxsniT. es, uxeSad rom iTqvas, iyo
britaneTSi 1832-1918 wlebSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis buneba. aseTi
dinamikis logikuri dasasruli, ra Tqma unda, aris sruli
demokratizacia.
V
modeli, romelic aq warmovadgineT, sam moments asaxavs. pirveli,
is ambobs, rom demokratiis genezisisaTvis saWiro garkveuli
ingredientebi. erTi ingredienti aris is, rom aucilebelia arsebobdes
erovnuli erTobis grZnoba. meore, unda arsebobdes seriozuli Sinda
konfliqti. mesame, unda moxdes demokratiuli wesebis Segnebulad
miReba. da bolos, politikosebic da amomrCevelic unda SeeCvios am
wesebs.
meore, modeli asaxavs, rom es ingredientebi TandaTanobiT unda
aewyos. TiToeul amocanas gaaCnia sakuTari logika da TiToeul
maTgans hyavs sakuTari mxardamWerebi – administratorTa qseli an
389
nacionalistebis jgufi, dabali klasebis masobrivi moZraoba,
romelic SesaZloa ufro maRali klasis warmomadgeneli disidentebis
mier imarTeba, politikuri liderebis viwro wre, romlebsac gaaCniaT
molaparakebis da kompromisis gamocdileba demokratiuli wesebis
formulirebaSi da sxvadasxva organizaciebi. modeli uaryofs
demokratiis “funqcionaluri rekvizitebis” aucileblobas. aseTi
uaryofis pirobebSi modeli yvela amocanas erTad ganixilavs da
demokratizaciis miRwevis mizans TiTqmis umarTavs xdis. aq moyvanili
argumenti zustad iseTivea, rogoric hirSmanma da sxvebma gaakeTes
dabalansebuli ekonomikuri zrdis Teoriis sawinaaRdegod. es
ekonomistebi ar uaryofen, rom transformacia primitiulidan
zrdasrul industirul ekonomikaze moiTxovs cvlilebebs yvela
frontze – muSaobis stilisa da meTodebis, kapitalis formirebis,
ganawilebis sistemis, moxmarebis Cvevebis, monetaruli sistemis da ase
Semdeg. magram isini acxadebdnen, rom nebismieri qveyana, romelic am
amocanebis erTdroulad Sesrulebas daisaxavs miznad, sruliad
paralizebuli aRmoCndeba – yvelaze stabiluri balansi, am
SemTxvevaSi, iqneba stagnacia. Tumca, ekonomikuri ganviTarebis
specialistebis problema xdeba is, rom arsebobs “kavSiri” warsulsa
da momavals Soris, rac niSnavs marTvas amocanebis TanmimdevrobiT
Sesrulebis meSveobiT.
mesame, modeli gvTavazobs aseTi Tanmimdevrobis erT-erT
magaliTs, romelsac safuZvlad udevs erovnuli erToba, romelic
Semdeg brZolis, kompromisis da SeCvevis fazebis meSveobiT
demokratiaSi gadaizrdeba.
. . .
simoklisaTvis modelis sabaziso ingredientebi oTxamde
daviyvaneT, xolo socialuri pirobebi an fsiqologiuri motivaciebi,
romlebic SeiZleba TiToeuli ingredientisaTvis saWiro yofiliyo,
saerTodac Ria davtoveT. konkretulad, modeli uaryofs imas, rac
zogjer mocemulia demokratiis winapirobebis saxiT, magaliTad,
ekonomikuri da socialuri ganviTarebis maRali done, an winaswari
konsensusi principebze an wesebze. ekonomikuri zrda SeiZleba iyos
erT-erTi winapiroba, romelic qmnis saWiro daZabulobas
390
mosamzadebeli an konfliqtis fazebisaTvis – magram arsebobs sxva
pirobebic, romelTa gamoyenebac aseve SesaZlebelia. masobrivi
ganaTleba da socialuri keTildReoba, ufro savaraudoa, rom
aRmoCndes demokratizaciis Sedegi, vidre safuZveli.
principebze konsensusi ararealuri winapirobaa. xalxs,
romelsac ar gaaCnda konfliqturi situacia raime fundamentur
sakiTxze, savaraudod, ar dasWirdeba mravalferovani demokratiuli
wesebis SemuSaveba konfliqtis gadasawyvetad. amdenad, am wesebis
miReba, logikurad, aris transformaciis procesis nawili da ara misi
winapiroba. warmodgenili modeli konsensusis mraval aspeqts
winapirobebis nacvlad procesis aqtiur elementebad ganixilavs.
. . .
demokratiis safuZveli ar aris maqsimaluri konsensusi. es aris
Sualeduri pozicia arsebul wesebsa (rogoric tiraniis garkveul
saxeobamde migviyvnda) da Seurigebel brZolas Soris (romelic
sazogadoebas daanawevrebda samoqalaqo omis an damoukideblobis
Ziebis dros). demokratiis genezisis procesSi, elementi, romelsac
SeiZleba daerqvas konsensusi, sam SemTxvevaSi Semodis. unda
arsebobdes sazogadoebriobis, erTobis Tavdapirveli aRqma,
sasurvelia, erTobis grZnoba, miCneuli, rogorc arsebuli, romelic
zemoT davaxasiaTeT rogorc meti saerTo azri da meti
SeTanxmebuloba. unda arsebobdes demokratiuli wesebis Segnebuli
aRiareba, magram ar unda arsebobdes rwmena, rom isini ukve
gamoyenebulia, Tavdapirvelad saWiroebis, xolo TandaTanobiT,
SeCvevis gamo. am wesebis muSaoba konsensusis sferos nabij-nabij
gaafarTovebs, radgan demokratia nel-nela Seaviwrovebs mis
gadatvirTul dRis wesrigs.
magram axali sakiTxebi yovelTvis warmoiSoba da axali
konfliqtebic safrTxes uqmnis axladmiRebul SeTanxmebebs.
demokratiisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli procedurebi moicavs saarCevno
kampanias, kandidatebis arCevas, parlamentis Seqmnas, mokled, mraval
meqanizms konfliqtebis Seqmnisa da maTi gadawyvetisaTvis. demokratiis
391
arsi aris mudmivad cvalebadi sakiTxebis Taobaze gamarTuli
debatebis da SeTanxmebis Cvevebis gamomuSaveba. totalitarulma
mmarTvelebma unda miaRwion erTsulovnebas principebsa da
procedurebze, vidre isini sxva saxis saqmianobiT dakavdebian.
sawinaaRmdegod, demokratia mmarTvelobis is formaa, romelic
samarTlian Zalauflebas iRebs mis mier marTulTa minimum
naxevrisagan.
SeniSvnebi
1 Ernest Barker, Reflections on Government (Oxford, 1942), p.43; Daniel Lerner et al. The Passing of Tranditionla Society (Glencoe, 1958). pp.49ff, 60ff. Gabriel Almodn and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture (Princeton, 1963). 2 Carl J. Friederich, The new Belief in the Common man (Boston, 1942). E.E. Schattchneider, The Semi-Sovereign People (New York, 1960); Bernard crick, In Defence of Politicsl, rev.ed.(Penguin Books, 1964); Ralf Gahrendorf, Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Societu (Standford, 1959); Arend Lijphart, The Politicsl of Accomodation (Berkley and Los Angeles, 1968). 3 David B. Truman, The Govermental process (New York, 1951), P. 514. S.M. Lipset, Political Man (New Yourk, 1960), pp.88ff. Lawrence Lowell-ma ukve isaubra partiebis klasifikaciis saWiroebaze, sadac “gamijvnis xazi vertikaluria”, romelic hyofs klasebis horizontalur ganawilebas. Government and Parties in Continental Europe (Boston, 1896), vol.2, pp.65ff. 4 Robert Aa.Dahl Who Governs? (New haven, 1961); Herbert McClosky, “Consensus and Ideology in American Politics, “American Political Science Review, LVIII (Jane 1964); James W. Prothoro and Chrles M.grigg, “Fundamental Principles of democracy; Bases of Agreement and Disagreement,”, Journal of Politics, XXII (May 1960). 5 Harry Eckstein, The Theory of Stable Democracy (Princeton, 1961) and Division and Cohesion in a Democracy (Princeton, 1965). 6 Robert A. Dahl, A Preface to Democratic Theory (Chicago, 1956). 7 Lijphart, Eckstein; Dahl, Pluralist democracy in the United States:Conflict and Consent (Chicago, 1967). 8 See Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago, 1962). 9ukanasknel periodSi modernizebuli qveynebis konteqstSi demokratiaze sazogado diskusiisaTvis ix. Rustow, A World of Nations: Problems of Political Modernization (Washington, 1967), Tavi 7 romelic mocemul arguments mokle daskvnis saxiT warmoadgens. 10 “ politikuri forma SesaZloa SenarCunebul iqnas im pirobebSic ki, romlebic normalur pirobebSi ewinaaRdegeba am formas”, lipseti, g. 46. 11 Seymour Martin Lipset, “Some Social Requirements of Democracy:Economic Development and Political legitimacy”, American Political Sscience review. LIII (March 1959); idem, Political Man; Philips Cutright.”National Political Development: Measurement and Analysis,” American Sociological Review, XXVIII (April 1963). 12 Rupert Emerson, From Empire to Nation (Cambirdge, 1960), p. 278, axdens lipsetis parafrazirebas am efeqtisaTvis. rejai am mniSvnelovan anTologiaSi da komentarSi, Democracy: the Contemporary Theories (new York, 1967), CarTavs nawyvets statiidan, romlis saTauria “Socioeconomic Preconditions” (pp.242-247). 13 Gabriel A.Almond and James S. Coleman, eds. The Politics of Developing Areas (Princeton, 1960), Introduction. 14 es debuleba socialuri mecnieris funqciis Sesaxeb aRebulia rastous “A World of Nations”-idan, gv. 17. Semdegi ori abzaci aris igives parafrazi, gv. 142. 15 Eckstein, Division and Cohesion, pp. 183-85. 16 W. Ivor Jennings, The Approach to Self-Government (Cambridje, 1956), p. 56.
392
17 Deutch Nationalism and Social Communication; Deutch et al., Political Community and the North Atlantic Area. 18 Dahl et al., Political Opposition in Western democracies, p. 397. 19 ibid, p. xi 20 Rustow, The politics of Compromise, p. 69.
393
adamPpSevorski
mdgradi demokratia Sesavali - saxelmwifo, demokratia da ekonomika
aris Tu ara aRmosavleTisa da samxreTis naklebad ganviTarebuli
qveynebisaTvis “pirveli msoflio” erTaderTi arsebuli alternativa?
aris Tu ara es strategia ekonomikuriad sisocxlisunariani? iqneba
Tu ara is mxardaWerili adgilobrivi politikuri Zalebis mier
ekonomikuri struqturebis transformaciis fonze, romlebic
masobrivma cvlilebebma gamoiwvia da romlebmac maRali socialuri
danaxarjebi moiyola? rogori kulturuli, nacionalisturi an
religiuri Zalebis gaCenas gamoiwvevs igi? sadamde migviyvans es
procesi ekonomikurad da politikurad? rogor saerTaSoriso wesrigs
ganapirobebs igi? ra SeiZleba moxdes, Tuki es strategia marcxs
ganicdis da demokratiasa da ayvavebamde ar migviyvans?
am SekiTxvaTa umravlesoba ekonomikur da politikur reformebs
erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. radgan demokratiisaken transformacia xSirad
emTxveva ekonomikur krizisebs, axali demokratiebis didi umravlesoba
ganicdis politikuri institutebis konsolidaciisa da ekonomikuri
kolafsis gadalaxvis gadaudebel paralelur saWiroebas.
demokratiuli institutebi mxolod maSin SeiZleba konsolidirebuli
iyos, Tuki isini politikur jgufebs, warmomadgenlobiTi institutebis
gavliT, sTavazobs maTi moTxovnebis aqtivizaciisaTvis Sesabamis
stimulebsa da arxebs. Tumca, reformebi, romlebic saWiroa zrdis
SesaZleblobis aRdgenisaTvis, aucileblad gamoiwvevs mravali jgufis
materialuri pirobebis transformaciul gauaresebas. amdenad,
demokratiuli institutebis konsolidacia amgvari pirobebis fonze
Tavisuflad SeiZleba Sesustdes. es aris swored im dilemis wyaro,
romlis winaSec axali demokratiebi dganan: rogor Seiqmnas
politikuri ZalebisaTvis iseTi stimulebi, rom maT sakuTari
interesebi demokratiuli institutebis gamoyenebiT ganaviTaron
transformaciis pirobebSi wamowyebuli ekonomikuri reformebiT
gamowveuli materialuri keTildReobis dacemis pirobebSic ki?
394
amdenad, ismis kiTxva, arsebobs Tu ara reformis iseTi strategia,
romelic erTdroulad ekonomikur zrdasac gamoiwvevda da
demokratiasac ganamtkicebda. 1
es aris centraluri SekiTxva, romelic am gamokvlevis mTavari
motivia. Cven gvinda vicodeT, Tu ra amuSavebs da aZlebinebs
demokratiul institutebs da rac mTavaria, ra xdis demokratias
“stabilurs”? “muSaobaSi” Cven vgulisxmobT imas, rom demokratiuli
institutebi normatiulad misaReb da politikurad sasurvel efeqtebs
iwveven, iseTs, rogoricaa ekonomikuri zrda, materialuri
usafrTxoeba, SemTxveviTi kanondarRvevebisagan dacva da yvela is
piroba, romelic individis srul ganviTarebas uwyobs xels.
“gaZlebaSi” Cven vgulisxmobT imas, rom demokratiuli institutebi
efeqtianad aregulireben yvela mTavar konfliqts da rom wesebi
mxolod wesebis mixedviT ganisazRvreba. rogorc empiriuli monacemebi
asabuTebs, arsebobs safuZveli virwmunoT, rom is demokratiebi
romlebic muSaobs, yovel SemTxvevaSi, ekonomikuri TvalTaxedviT
mainc, savaraudod, gamZlea. 1951-1988 wlebSi im qveynebs Soris, sadac
erT sulze Semosavali 5 000 aSS dolari an naklebi iyo,
demokratiebs, romlebic izrdeboda, mimdinare wels vergadarCenis 4,2%
Sansi hqondaT, maSin, rodesac im demokratiebs, romlebic ar
izrdeboda, damarcxebis 9,6%-iani safrTxe emuqreboda. lipsetis (1960)
hipoTezas adasturebs isic, rom uRaribesi demokratiebi yvelaze
mgrZnobiare iyo ekonomikuri mdgomareobis mimarT: erT sulze 1000 aSS
dolarze naklebi Semosavlis mqone qveynebSi, maT, romlebic
izrdeboda, gaaCndaT gadarCenis 96, 7%-iani Sansi, maSin, rodesac maT,
romlebic ar ibrZodnen, gadarCenis mxolod 81, 0% Sansi (pSevorski da
limoni 1993) hqondaT. rogorc edvard murelma (1988) aRmoaCina,
demokratiebi, TavisTavad, metismetad mgrZnobiarea Semosavlis
araTanabrobis mimarT.
romelia da rodis yalibdeba is pirobebi, romlebSic
demokratiebi muSaobs da Zlebs? miuxedavad imisa, rom Cveni pasuxebi
mravalferovania, analizis umetesi nawili aqcents saxelmwifos
rolze akeTebs. ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi reJimebsa da
bazrebze aqcenti mwavave deficits ganicdida. konkretulad, o’donelis
395
statiam (1992) dagvanaxa, rom Cven saxelmwifos mimarT, romelic adre
politikosebisa da mecnierebis mxridan kvlevisa da yuradRebis
gansakuTrebul sagans warmoadgenda, sibrmaves viCendiT. magram
realurad, efeqtiani saxelmwifos gareSe SeuZlebelia bazrisa da
demokratiis arseboba. rogorc o’donelma gvaCvena, demokratizaciis
gavlena politikur da ekonomikur pirobebze damokidebulia
instituciur sicocxlisunarianobasa da saxelmwifos institutebis
efeqtianobaze. amdenad, rodesac Cven viziarebT farTod gavrcelebul
mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom zogierT qveyanaSi saxelmwifo metismetad
gafarTovda, politikurad da ekonomikurad araefeqtiani gaxda, Cven
mimdinare reformebis antisaxelmwifoebrivi damaxinjebis momxreni
vxdebiT. ase rom, Cveni mosazrebiT, neoliberaluri receptebis mTavari
Secdoma is aris, rom isini saxelmwifo institutebis rols saTanadod
ver afaseben jgufebisa da individebis kerZo Tu sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis organizebis saqmeSi. Tuki demokratia stabiluria,
saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos teritoriuli mTlianobisa da
fizikuri usafrTxoebis garantia, man unda SeinarCunos pirobebi
moqalaqeobis efeqtianad gamoyenebisaTvis, unda moaxdinos
sazogadoebrivi danazogebis mobilizeba, resursebis ganTavsebis
koordinacia da Semosavlis swori gadanawileba. da Tuki saxelmwifo
institutebs SeswevT unari am amocanebis SesrulebisaTvis, maSin maTi
Semcireba ki ara, reorganizacia unda moxdes. amdenad, Cveni mTavari
sazrunavi aris is, rom SeviswavloT saxelmwifos namdvili roli
rogorc politikur, aseve ekonomikur sistemaSi. Cveni argumenti
saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb Seexeba mis rols teritoriuli
mTlianobis dacvis, demokratiuli moqalaqeobis SenarCunebis efeqtiani
pirobebis Seqmnis, materialuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis da
ekonomikuri resursebis ganTavsebis saqmeSi.
saxelmwifos rolis sakiTxi teritoriuli mTlianobis
SenarCunebis mogvarebaSi dadga yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi da
iugoslaviaSi ganviTarebuli movlenebis Sedegad: ratom moxda, rom
zogierTma mravlerovnulma qveyanam gauZlo avtoritaruli reJimis
damxobas da zogma vera? espaneTisagan gansxvavebiT, demokratizacia
bolo dromde iseT qveynebSi xdeboda, sadac teritoriuli mTlianoba
396
problemas ar warmoadgenda. sabWoTa kavSiris, iugoslaviis da
Cexoslovakiis dangrevam sakiTxebis axali nakadi wamowia, radgan iq
demokratizaciam erovnuli damoukideblobisaTvis moZraoba gaaZliera.
amasTan, zogierTi politikuri ZalisaTvis demokratizacia erovnuli
TviTgamorkvevis da avtoritaruli reJimis mier SenarCunebuli
mravalerovani qveynis daSlis sinonimi aRmoCnda. aseT pirobebSi,
hobsis pirveli problema – rogor ar movakvlevinoT Tavi sxvebs –
logikurad da istoriulad win uswrebs meore problemas – rogor
davicvaT erTi sazogadoebis wevrebi erTmaneTis kvlisagan.
saxelmwifo aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom politikuri
sazogadoebis yvela wevrisaTvis Seqmnas moqalaqeobis efeqtiani
gamoyenebis pirobebi. demokratia aris uflebebis da
pasuxismgeblobebis sistema, magram maTi gamoyenebis pirobebi ar aris
avtomaturad uzrunvelyofili demokratiuli institutebis arsebobiT:
sicocxlisunariani saxelmwifo imisaTvis aris aucilebeli, rom maTi
gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli gaxados. amdenad, saxelmwifos, moqalaqeobis
da demokratiis urTierTobis sakiTxi upirvelesia da unda uswrebdes
demokratiis analizs.
yvela demokratia erTmaneTs ar hgavs. warmomadgenlobiTi
sistemebi, Zalauflebis ganawilebisa da xelmZRvanelobis SeTanxmebebi,
interesebis organizaciis stili, sakanonmdeblo doqtrinebi da
moqalaqeobasTan dakavSirebuli uflebebisa da movaleobebis nakrebi
mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan demokratiulad aRiarebul
sxvadasxva reJimebSi. es gansxvavebebi, romlebic institucionalur
TvisebebSi vlindeba, kombinaciis SemTxvevaSi warmoSobs iseT Sedegebs,
rom miuxedavad oriaTaswliani arsebobisa da gamokvlevisa, Zalian
rTuli gasagebia. Cven mainc Sors varT imisagan, rom pasuxi gavceT
rusos mier mis poloneTis konstituciaSi 1771 wels dasmul SekiTxvas:
romel institutebs ra Sedegebi moaqvs da romel istoriul
pirobebSi?
institutebis sicocxlisunarianoba da Sedegebi damokidebulia
politikur da kolturul pirobebze, romlebSic isini warmoiSoba da
funqcionirebs. . . . garda amisa, isini damokidebulia ekonomikur
pirobebzec. komunizmis ngrevam aRmosavleT evropasa da sabWoTa
397
kavSirSi, romelsac adgili hqonda kapitalistur qveynebSi mzardi
neoliberaluri politikis ganxorcielebis fonze, ganapiroba im
rwmenis gavrceleba, rom CvenTvis cnobili erTaderTi
sicoxlisunariani ekonomikuri modeli kapitalizmia. Tanac,
antikomunisturi eiforiis dasawyisSi dagegmili modelis
ganxorcieleba naTeli da gansazRvruli Canda. marTalia
saxelmwifosa da bazris rolis dapirispireba, sakuTrebis formebisa
da ganviTarebis strategiis sakiTxebi kvlav ZalaSi rCeba, magram iseTi
formulebi, rogoricaa “normaluri ekonomikis mimarTulebiT svla”,
“ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier istoriulad miRebuli modelis
ganxorcieleba”, “dasavluri sabazro ekonomikis mSenebloba”, ar aris
sakmarisi ekonomikuri transformaciis marTvisaTvis arc aRmosavleTSi
da arc samxreTSi, radgan “normaluri” ekonomikuri sistemebi
erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian saxelmwifos Carevis xarisxiT, firmebis
organizaciiT, finansuri institutebiT, koleqtiuri garigebis
sistemebiT da socialuri keTildReobis uzrunvelyofiT. amerikis
SeerTebuli Statebis imitireba ar uzrunvelyofs Sveciisa da iaponiis
mimarTulebiT svlas. ufro metic, aravin aris darwmunebuli imaSi,
rom aRmosavleT evropis winaSe mdgari alternativebi im modelebiT
aris SezRuduli, romlebic sxva qveynebma ukve gamoscades.
pirvelyovlisa, reformirebuli saxelmwifo seqtori samomavlodac
gaagrZelebs erovnuli produqtis umetesi nawilis warmoebas. meore,
muSebis TviTmenejmentis sistema Zlieri rCeba.2
Cven vakritikebT mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom komunizmis
erTaderTi alternativa aris an saxelmwifos intervenciis ararseboba,
an sazogadoebrivi sawarmoebis masobrivi privatizeba. kapitalizmis
efeqtianobis sayovelTao rwmena, gagebuli rogorc bazrebisa da
produqtiul resursebze kerZo sakuTrebis kombinacia, efuZneba Semdeg
debulebebs: 1)konkurentuli bazrebi sakmarisia efeqtianobisaTvis da
2)kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba gvTavazobs swor stimulebs da
informacias ekonomikur agentebze. Tumca, amasTan, kargadaa cnobili,
rom sabazro meqanizmi ver umklavdeba (dadebiT da uaryofiT)
eqsternaliebs warmoebasa da moxmarebaSi, sazogadoebrivi saqonlis
warmoebas, informacias da transaqciul danaxarjebs, romlebic
398
zogierTi bazris arsebobas aZnelebs. Tu stiglicis (1991: 12) citatas
moviyvanT, “adam smitis uCinari xeli ufro imperatoris axal
tansacmels waagavs: is uCinaria, imitom rom ar arsebobs.” mosazreba
imis Sesaxeb, rom Tuki Tavs gavanebebT, “bazari” efeqtianad moaxdens
SezRuduli resursebis ganTavsebis koordinacias, sakmaod sustia.
miurelis (1991: 73) sityvebiT, mis mier standartul neoklasikur
modelebze dafuZnebuli reformis kritikis mTavari amosavali
debuleba iyo is, rom “ekonomistTa Soris debatebis dros Teoriul
receptebs araferi esaqmeba”. yvela kapitalistur ekonomikaSi
saxelmwifos Careva aRadgens sabazro Cavardnebs da bazris mier
resursebis ganTavsebis Semdeg samarTlian gadanawilebas gvTavazobs.
marTlac, rogorc sazogadoebrivi saqonlis Sesaxeb gamarTuli
debatebi gviCvenebs, is ubralo faqti, rom “bazari raimes ar akeTebs”
sulac ar gulisxmobs imas, rom amas saxelmwifo ufro kargad
ganaxorcielebs. Cven mainc gvWirdeba vifiqroT decentralizebul
ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis Sesaxeb, sadac zogierTi bazari ar
arsebobs da informacia arasrulyofilia. neoklasikosi ekonomistebis
(stigleri 1975, tolisoni 1982) mier xazgasmuli safrTxe, rom
saxelmwifos unari, CaerTos warmoebiT saqmianobaSi da kerZo
proeqtebis mimarT gansxvavebuli midgomebi gamoavlinos, aucileblad
gamoiwvevda korufcias – realuria. Tumca, SekiTxva, Tu rogor
movaxerxoT saxelmwifos institutebis organizeba ise, rom isini
mxolod iseT saqmianobaSi CaerTon, romlebic socialurad
sasargebloa da kerZo interesebs ar exmianeba, jer kidev Riaa.
ekonomikuri literatura efeqtianobasa da zrdaze saxelmwifos
avtonomiis gavlenis Sesaxeb or konfliqtur Sexedulebas gvTavazobs.
ukanaskneli drois neoklasikuri modelebi reJimebis Sesaxeb
(pSevorski 1990, baro 1991, findli 1990, olsoni 1991) saxelmwifos
avtonomiis nebismier formaSi xedaven imas, rom es gamoiwvevs
mTavrobis momsaxurebis miwodebis an naklebobas, an siWarbes.
sawinaaRmdegod, zogierTi empiriuli gamokvleva ganviTarebis birTvad
Tvlis “saxelmwifos SesaZleblobas, ekonomikuri marTvis xasiaTi
moklevadiani korufciuli interesebis wnexidan Zlier interesTa
jgufebSi gadazardos” (bardhani 1988: 137; ix. agreTve hagardi 1990).
399
marTalia es winaaRdegoba gadalaxulia, magram pasuxi, rom
saxelmwifos xeli unda SevuSaloT nebismieri saxis diskreciul
intervenciaSi, romelic Sesabamisad zRudavs “individualuri
sawarmoebis Tavisuflebis” xelisSemwyob mis rols, ubralod
arasakmarisia. institucionaluri dizainis problemebi SeuZlebelia
Tavidan iqnas acilebuli ekonomikidan saxelmwifos gaZevebiT.
amis mizezi isaa, rom institucionaluri SekiTxvebi ar aris
SemosazRvruli “saxelmwifos” roliT. nebismieri kapitalisturi
ekonomika, sadac bazari arasrulyofilia da konkretul ekonomikur
agentebs gaaCniaT sxvadasxva informaciis miRebis SesaZlebloba,
moicavs ramodenime urTierTobas xelmZRvanelebsa da agentebs Soris:
menejerebsa da daqiravebulebs, mesakuTreebsa da menejerebs,
kreditorebsa da mewarmeebs, moqalaqeebsa da politikosebs Soris.
firmebis da saerTod, ekonomikis mdgomareoba damokidebulia im
institutebis dizainze, romlebic am urTierTobebs aregulireben.
mniSvnelovani isaa, aqvT Tu ara daqiravebulebs stimulebi da
SeiZleba Tu ara maTi Zalisxmevis maqsimizaciis monitoringi; aqvT Tu
ara menejerebs stimulebi da SeiZleba Tu ara mogebis maqsimizaciis
monitoringi; aqvs Tu ara saxelmwifos stimulebi da SeiZleba Tu ara
Semowmdes, pasuxobs Tu ara igi sxvadasxva jgufebis specialur
interesebs. Tavad “bazris” ena, romelic aris “Carevis” sagani, asaxavs
realur sakiTxebs: problema, romelsac Cven vawydebiT aris ara
saxelmwifosa da bazris dapirispireba, aramed specifiuri
institucionaluri meqanizmebi, romlebic yvela ekonomikur agents,
saxelmwifos CaTvliT, mianiWebda stimulebs da miawvdida iseT
informacias, romelic maT koleqtiurad racionaluri moqmedebisaken
ubiZgebda.
genetikuri sakiTxebi saxelmwifos rols Seexeba resursebis
ganTavsebis koordinaciis, keTildReobis da sakuTrebis alternatiuli
struqturebis gamanawilebeli Tvisebebis, ganviTarebis strategiis,
Tuki aseTi saerTodac arsebobs, kuTxiT. am problemebs xangrZlivi
istoria aqvs, romlis ganxilvac Cven aq ar gvWirdeba. Cven ganvixilavT
mxolod im SekiTxvebs, romlebic aRmosavleTsa da samxreTSi
dResdReobiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.
400
Cveni argumentis mixedviT, sabazro orientaciis reformebis
ganxilva unda moxdes imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad gamococxlda
ekonomikuri zrda demokratiuli institutebis pirobebSi da
ganisazRvra centraluri dilema, romelsac es reformebi waawyda
axal demokratiebSi. Cveni midgomis mixedviT, reformebi zrdaze,
reformebis transnacionaluri efeqtebisagan materialuri
keTildReobis dacvaze da amasTan, reformebis politikis
formulirebasa da ganxorcielebaSi demokratiuli institutebis srul
gamoyenebaze unda iyos orientirebuli. Tumca, sabazro orientaciis
reformebis dinamika jer kidev ar aris naTlad gagebuli, rac
nawilobriv imis gamoc xdeba, rom mwiria warmatebuli gamocdileba.
amdenad, Cveni mizani ar aris SedarebiTi induqciuri masalebis
mowodeba TiToeul am sakiTxze. arc isaa Cveni mizani, rom
ganvaviTaroT iseTi politikis modeli, romlis gamoyenebac yvelgan
iqneba SesaZlebeli: reformebis strategiebi konfliqtis obieqtebs
unda irCevdes imisaTvis, rom TiToeuli situaciisaTvis specifikur
SezRudvebs Seesabamebodes. Tumca, Cveni mosazrebiT, zogierTi
alternativa – gansakuTrebiT, stabilizaciasa da zrdas Soris, an
socialur danaxarjebsa da zrdas, socialur danaxarjebsa da
reformebis mdgradobas, politikur monawileobas da reformebis
mdgradobas Soris im popularul modelebSi, romlebic modur
politikur receptebs iZleva, SecdomiTaa warmodgenili.
im ideis mxardaWeriT, rom efeqtianobisa da mdgradi
ekonomikisaTvis saWiroa konkurentuli bazrebis arseboba, Cven
vakritikebT mosazrebas, rom sruli masStabiT kerZo sakuTrebis
arseboba aucilebelia produqtiuli aqtivebis efeqtiani gamoyenebis
stimulebis arsebobisaTvis. marTalia sazogadoebrivi sawarmoebis
privatizacia sabazro orientaciis reformebis standartuli
receptebis nawils Seadgens, magram amasTan is mraval sadiskusio
sakiTxs warmoSobs.
1 SekiTxvis ase dasma sulac ar niSnavs rom axal demokratiebs naklebad SeswevT ekonomikuri krizisebis marTvis unari, vidre zrdasrul demokratiebs an avtoritarul reJimebs. zogierTi argumentis mixedviT, axali demokratiebis
401
SesaZlebloba, ganaxorcielon stabilizaciis programebi da struqturuli reformebi, mcirdeba ekonomikuri gaumjobesebis im uzarmazari molodinis gamo, romelsac interesTa jgufebis wnexis gavleniT sistema warmoSobs. sinamdvileSi ki saarCevno cikli da pluralisturi konkurencia amcirebs sistemis SesaZleblobas, ganaxorcielos grZelvadiani dagegmva (amesi 1987; Stalingsi da kaufmani 1989; mareri 1991). realurad, axali demokratiebi rTul periodebSi ekonomikuri disciplinis dasamyareblad sakmao SesaZleblobas floben. naklebad ganviTarebuli qveynebis ekonomikuri reformebis SedarebiTi kvlevebi gviCvenebs, rom sxvadasxva reJimebis mixedviT ar arsebobs sistematuri gansxvaveba ekonomikuri reformis strategiebisa (nelsoni 1990) da ekonomikuri politikis (remeri 1986; 1990; hagardi da sxv. 1990) arCevisas. marTalic rom iyos mosazreba avtoritaruli reJimebis ufro meti SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb ekonomikuri reformebis ganxorcielebisa da ekonomikis mdgradobis uzrunvelyofaSi, Cven vTvliT, rom demokratiis instrumentul faseulobebs ekonomikuri mdgomareobis da aqtivobis Sedegebis SefasebiT safrTxeSi CavagdebdiT. SekiTxva, romelsac Cven pasuxi unda gavceT, mdgomareobs ara imaSi, Tu ra gavlenas axdens reJimi ekonomikuri reformebis warmatebaze, aramed imaSi, Tu ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli demokratiis pirobebSi ekonomikuri zrdis miRweva. 2 brusti da saimoni (1991) cxra qveynis respondentebs ekiTxebodnen Tu romel sistemas amjobinebdnen isini. (1) sadac mesakuTreebi marTaven firmas an niSnaven menejerebs, (2) mesakuTreebi da daqiravebulebi erToblivad niSnaven menejerebs. (3) saxelmwifo aris mesakuTre da is niSnavs menejerebs da (4) daqriavebulebi floben sawarmos da niSnaven menejerebs. ukanaskneli alternativa iyo yvelaze popularuli bulgareTSi, litvaSi, rumineTSi, sloveniaSi da ukrainaSi. is meore adgilze iyo ungreTSi da poloneTSi, orive SemTxvevaSi erToblivi mmarTvelobis Semdeg.
402
daniel beli
momavali postindustriuli sazogadoeba
epilogi
3. meritokratia da Tanasworoba
1958 wels ingliselma sociologma g. iungma gamoaqveyna
fantastikuri moTxroba `meritokratiis amaRleba~. esa moTxroba 2033
wliT daTariRebuli `xelnaweris~ saxiT, romelSic Txroba ucabedad
wydeba, risi axsnac `mTxrobels~ ar ZaluZs. moTxrobis Temaa
inglisuri sazogadoebis gardaqmna XXI saukunis dasawyisSi imis
Sedegad, rom `miRwevis principma~ gaimarjva `dawesebis principze~
(sxva sityvebiT, sazogadoebaSi adgilis mopoveba kavSirebis meSveobiT
an memkvidreobiT). saukuneebis manZilze elitarul poziciebs
sazogadoebaSi ikavebdnen didgvarovanTa Svilebi memkvidreobiT
miRebuli uflebis safuZvelze. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis bunebaSia
is, rom `socialuri progresis tempi damokidebulia imaze, Tu
ramdenad SeeTavseba xelisufleba inteleqts". did britaneTs aRar
SeiZleba hyoloda iseTi mmarTveli klasi, romelsac ar eqneboda
teqnikuri codnis aucilebeli done. mTeli rigi saskolo reformebis
Semdeg TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda damsaxurebis mixedviT Sefasebis
principi. TiToeuli adamiani ikavebda Tavis adgils sazogadoebaSi
`individualuri ganviTarebisa da miRwevis koeficientis~ safuZvelze.
daaxloebiT 1990 wlisTvis mTeli mozrdili mosaxleoba, romlis
gonebrivi ganviTarebis koeficienti aRemateboda 125 qulas, Seadgenda
meritokratias.
magram am gardaqmnebs hqonda moulodneli Sedegi. winaT
talantebi ganawilebuli iyo sazogadoebis yvela fenaSi da TiToeul
klass an socialur jgufs hyavda Tavisi sakuTari lideri. amJamad
niWierma adamianebma Seadgines erTiani elita, xolo isini, vinc
imyofeboda socialuri kibis udables safexurze, ver poulobdnen
403
cxovrebiseuli warumateblobis gamarTlebas; isini atarebdnen
gariyulobis daRs, miCneul iyvnen ra dabali rangis adamianebad.
2034 wels populistebi aRdgnen. Tumca amboxebulTa
umravlesobas Seadgendnen dabali klasis warmomadgenlebi, maTi
liderebi gaxdnen maRali socialuri statusis mqone qalebi, maTi
umravlesoba wamyvani mecnierebis colebi iyvnen. gaTxovebis pirvelsave
wlebSi es qalebi dayvanil iyvnen diasaxlisTa mdgomareobamde imis
gamo, rom maT uxdebodaT inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis maRali donis
bavSvebis gazrda. amitom qalebma-aqtivistebma moiTxoves mamakacebisa
da qalebis Tanasworoba, SemdgomSi es moZraoba gadaizarda brZolaSi
TanasworobisaTvis yvelasTvis da uklaso sazogadoebis
CamoyalibebisaTvis. cxovreba ar unda aigos `maTematikuri modelebis~
principebiT, TiToeulma adamianma unda ganaviTaros Tavisi unari da
icxovros sakuTari sicocxliT. populistebma moipoves gamarjveba.
naxevarsaukunovani arsebobis Semdeg merokratiam Sewyvita arseboba.
iqneba Tu ara es postindustriuli sazogadoebis xvedri? Tavisi
pirveladi logikis mixedviT, is agreTve warmoadgens meritokratias.
is gansxvaveba, romelic arsebobs dakavebul mdgomareobasa da miRebul
Semosavals Soris ganpirobebulia im gansxvavebiT, romelic teqnikur
codnasa da ganaTlebis doneSia. am atributebis gareSe ar SeiZleba
Seesabamebode Sromis socialuri ganawilebis axal moTxovnebs, rac
warmoadgens axali sazogadoebis damaxasiaTebel niSans. maRali
Tanamdebobebis martooden umniSvnelo raodenobaa gaxsnili iseTi
pirebisaTvis, visac ara aqvs arc aucilebeli unar-Cvevebi da arc
codna. am TvalsazrisiT, postindustriuli sazogadoeba gansxvavdeba
meoce saukunis dasawyisis sazogadoebisagan. pirveli cvlilebebi,
rasakvirvelia, Tavs iCens profesiebis doneze. samocdaaTamde wlis win
jer kidev SeiZleboda `kanonebis ganmarteba, iuridiuli firmis qona
da iuristTa asociaciis wevroba umaRlesi ganaTlebis gareSe.
dResdReobiT medicinaSi, samarTalSi, finansur sferosa da
Tormetiode sxva sferoSi profesiuli miRwevebis dawyebisTvis
aucilebelia sauniversiteto diplomi da gamocdilebis Sedegad
Sesabamisi mowmobis miReba oficialuri komisiebisgan, romlebic
Seiqmna profesiuli asociaciebiT. mravali wlis manZilze meore
404
msoflio omis damTavrebamde biznesis skola iyo mTavari gza,
romelic iyo Ria im pativmoyvare da agresiuli adamianebisTvis,
romlebsac surdaT Tavis warmoCena da aRmasvla siRaribisgan
simdidremde (an ufroo zustad - klerkidan kapitalistamde; Tu Tvals
gavadevnebT rokfeleris, harimanis an karnegis karieras) da romelic
ufro moiTxovda Seupovrobasa da Seuwyaleblobas, vidre ganaTlebas
da maRal kvalifikacias. axlac Zveleburad SeiZleba sxvadasxva saxis
wvrili biznesis dawyeba ufro msxvili korporaciebisgan
(gansakuTrebuli uflebebis mopovebis gziT), magram aseTi
dawesebulebebis gafarToeba moiTxovs wina kvalifikaciisgan sruliad
gansxvavebul dones. korporaciis CarCoebSi menejmentis
profesionalizaciis kvaldakval mosamsaxureebi Zalian iSviaTad
airCevian dabali Tanamdebobebidan, isini ahyavT garedan, im pirTagan,
visac sauniversiteto ganaTleba aqvs, rac mowmobs maTi kvalifikaciis
dones. martooden politikaSi, sadac Tanamdeboba SeiZleba miRweul
iqnas momxreTa mizidvis unaris wyalobiT an partiuli
damokidebulebebis meSveobiT, Tanamdebobrivi winsvlis kibe SedarebiT
gaxsnilia da ar moiTxovs formalur kvalifikaciur mowmobebs.
postindustriul sazogadoebaSi teqnikuri unar-Cvevebi
warmoadgens imas, rasac ekonomistebi uwodeben `adamianur kapitals~.
`investiciebi~, romelic Cadebulia oTxwlian sauniversiteto
swavlebaSi g. bekeris gamoTvlebis Tanaxmad saSualod diplomirebuli
mamakacisTvis iZleva 13%-ian yovelwliur mogebas mTeli Semdgomi
SromiTi moRvaweobis manZilze. elitaruli universitetis damTavreba
kidev ufro did upiratesobas uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo masobriv
saswavlo dawesebulebebTan SedarebiT. amgvarad, universiteti,
romelic odesRac asaxavda sazogadoebis statusur sistemas,
dReisTvis gadaiqca iseT faqtorad, romelic winaswar gansazRvravs
klasobriv mdgomareobas. karis mcvelis msgavsad man SeiZina
sazogadoebis mudmivi stratifikaciis gansazRvris kvazimonopolia.
Tavisufal sazogadoebaSi nebismieri sazogadoeba, romelic iZens
kvazimonopolur gavlenas adamianis bedze, rogorc Cans, male gaxdeba
kritikis obieqti. gasaocaria, rom populisturi revolucia, romelic
m. iangma iwinaswarmetyvela mravali aTwleulis Semdeg, daiwyo
405
postindustriuli sazogadoebis dbadebis momentisTanave. es procesi
warmoCindeba gonebrivi ganviTarebis koeficientis mniSvnelobis
SemcirebaSi da im Teoriebis ugulebelyofaSi, romlebic qadageben
inteleqtis genetikur safuZvels; garda amisa, erovnuli umciresoba
moxovnaSi `Tavisuflad daiSvan~ ugiversitetebSi, im did saqalaqo
centrebSi, sadac es umciresobebi cxovroben; moTxovnaSi, gaizardos
universitetebSi Savkaniani studentebisa da maswavleblebis, qalebis
da erovnuli umciresobebis warmomadgenelTa ricxvi; mcdelobaSi, rom
diplomi da atestati, iseve rogorc Tavad ganaTlebis miRebis procesi
ar iyos iseTi faqtorebi, romlebic gansazRvraven adamianis socialur
statuss. postindustriuli sazogadoeba cvlis sazogadoebis
klasobriv struqturas axali teqnikuri elitebis Seqmnis gziT.
populisturma reaqciam, romelic daiwyo 1970-ian wlebSi, win wamoswia
didi `Tanasworobis~ moTxovna rogorc am axali tipis sazogadoebidan
gariyvisgan dacva. aqedan gamomdinareobs merokratiis da Tanasworobis
dapirispirebis problema.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
meritokratiis logikidan gamomdinare, adamianebma, romelTac
miRebuli aqvT maRali SefasebiTi qula, maTi socialuri
mdgomareobisgan damoukideblad, unda daikavon adgili sazogadoebis
mwvervalze, raTa maT SesZlon rac SeiZleba efeqturad gamoiyenon
Tavisi niWi. es warmoadgens T. jefersonis SesaZleblobebis
Tanasworobis liberaluri Teoriisa da im rwmenis safuZvels, rom
arsebobs `bunebrivi aristokratia~, romelic upirispirdeba
memkvidreobiT didgvarovnebas.
yovelive es gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiares xdis inteleqtisa da
genetikuri memkvidreobis damokidebulebis sakiTxs. gadaicema Tu ara
inteleqti memkvidreobiT? rogor aris SesaZlebeli gavmijnoT
bunebrivi niWi da mizandasaxuleba im codnisa da unar-Cvevebisgan,
romelic ganaTlebis procnsSi miiReba? universitetdamTavrebulTa
gonebrivi ganviTarebis saSualo koeficienti udris 120-s, maSin roca
saSualo skoladamTavrebulTa - ar aRemateba 107-s. rogorc aRniSnavda
prinstonis universitetis profesori f. maxlupi,
universitetdamTavrebulTa Semosavlebis ufro maRali done saSualo
406
skoladamTavrebulebTan SedarebiT ueWvelad didwilad warmoadgens
(daaxloebiT 40%) ufro maRali pirovnuli niWisa da didi
pativmoyvareobis Sedegs. ar iqneboda swori, migvewera yvela danamati
SromiTi SemosavlebisTvis martooden sauniversiteto ganaTlebaSi
Cadebuli investiciebisTvis.
es logika SemdgomSi gaagrZela harvardlelma fsiqologma r.
gorSteinma. man gamoiyena a. iensenis monacemebi, romlebic mowmobs, rom
adamianis gonebrivi ganviTarebis done 80%-iT damokidebulia
memkvidreobaze da martooden 20% -iT - gare faqtorebze.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
genetikis damokidebuleba inteleqtisa da socialur-klasobrivi
statusisadmi moicavs xuT sakamaTo sakiTxs. pirveli exeba imas, Tu
ramdenadaa SesaZlebeli zustad dafiqsirdes genetikuri
memkvidreobiTobisa da garemos gavlenis xarisxi inteleqtze . . . . . . .
meore sakiTxi mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu sinamdvileSi ra izomeba
gonebrivi ganviTarebis testebiT - martooden raRac SeZenili codnis
jami Tu ufro zogadi da adamianSi Rrmad Cadebuli inteleqti? mesame
daiyvaneba imaze, Tu ramdenad ganisazRvreba testebisa da gamocdebis
Sinaarsi sazogadoebis kulturiT; . . . . . meoTxe sakiTxi mdgomareobs
Semdegis garkvevaSi - xom ar warmoadgens mSoblebis socialuri
mdgomareoba ufro mniSvnelovan faqtors, vidre inteleqtualuri
ganviTareba universitetSi Cabarebisas an profesiis arCevisas?
dabolos, yvelaze mniSvnelovans warmoadgens Semdegi sakiTxi: icvleba
Tu ara droTa ganmavlobaSi da Tu icvleba, ramdenad
urTierTdamokidebuleba gonebriv ganviTarebas, socialur
mdgomareobas da sxva faqtorebs Soris, da amdenad xdeba Tu ara
sazogadoeba ufro meritokratiuli?
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meritokratiuli sazogadoeba warmoadgens `sertifikatebis
mqoneTa sazogadoebas~, sadac damowmeba gamocdiT - samecniero
xarisxis, kvalificirebuli gamocdis an licenziis meSveobiT - xdeba
ufro prestiJuli samuSaos miRebis piroba. amgvarad ganaTleba xdeba
socialuri TviTdacvis aucilebeli instrumenti. . . . . ganaTleba
iqceva im xarjebis dacvis formad, romlebic icaven adamianis adgils
407
bazarze. rac ufro farTovdeba ganaTlebuli samuSao Zalis klasi, da
rac ufro swrafad izrdeba is, miT ufro aucilebeli xdeba aseTi
saxis damcavi xarjebi.
am saSiSroebis logikur Sedegs daCagruli socialuri jgufis
mxridan warmoadgens universitetebSi `Tavisufali Cabarebis~ moTxovna:
am moTxovnis savaraudo racionaluri safuZvelia imis mtkiceba, rom
mSobelTa socialur-klasobrivi warmoSoba gamodis rogorc ZiriTadi
faqtori, romelic gansazRvravs arCevans dasaqmebis sistemaSi da imas,
rom kolejSi Tavisufali moxvedra, miuxedavad ufro dabali
Sefasebis miRebisa, saSualebas miscemda umciresobebs sazogadoebaSi
ufro warmatebuli konkurirebisa. . . . . . optimisturi amerikuli
rwmena mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yvela studentisTvis meti ganaTlebis
uzrunvelyofa mas gaxdis ukeTess.
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-
magram zogierTma moqalaqem es moTxovnebi aRiqva rogorc Seteva
meritokratiul principze. am mosazrebis erT-erTi momxre werda:
`iqamde, sanam Tavisuflad moxvedra SeiZleba martooden ramdenime
institutSi, is ar uqmnis saSiSroebas meritokratias. elitis
formireba damokidebulia ara imaze Cairicxeba Tu ara adamiani
kolejSi, aramed imaze, Tu romel kolejSi Cairicxeba is. rac Seexeba
sayovelTao Tavisufal moxvedras, is gaanadgurebda im mWidro
kavSirs, romelic arsebobs meritokratiasa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis
sistemas Soris, garda amisa TavisTavad ierarqiulobis principis
uaryofis faqti kolejSi CaricxvisTvis, mas eWvis qveS daayenebda
mTeli danarCeni sazogadoebisaTvis".
es mosazreba, dayvanili Tavis logikur ukiduresobamde niSnavs,
rom qveynis yvelaze umaRles saswavlebelSi miReba . . . unda
ganisazRvros kenWisyriT. aqedan ki gamomdinareobs sxva daskvna: Tu
elitaruli universitetebi ganisazRvreba maswavleblebis xarisxiT,
maSin umaRlesi saswavleblebis erovnul sistemaSi daniSvna
saprofesoro Tanamdebobaze agreTve unda gadawydes kenWisyriT.
saboloo jamSi saxelmwifo kontroli dayvanil iqna Semdeg
sakiTxze: ramdenad Seesabameba TiToeuli kategoriis warmomadgenlebis
408
dasaqmeba maT wils mosaxleobis raodenobaSi? Tu sadoqtoro xarisxis
mqoneebSi 30%-s Seadgenen qalebi, uzrunvelyofili aqvT Tu ara maT
maswavleblebSi adgilebis 30%.
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magram gaamaxvila ra yuradReba jgufur mikuTvnebulobaze da
ara pirad Tvisebebze, sadoqtoro xarisxis mqone qalebis raodenobis
meqanikuri gatolebiT TanamdebobaTa raodenobasTan, romelic maT
unda daikavon, saxelmwifom amieriadn dauSva, rom `ganaTlebuli
samuSao Zala~ `homogenuria~ da rom individualuri talanti an
miRweva naklebad mniSvnelovania, vidre (korporatiuli jgufisadmi)
mikuTvnebuloba. SesaZloa es samarTliania bevri profesiis mimarT,
magram ara universitetSi maswavleblobis an samecniero muSakebis
mimarT, sadac piradi Rirsebebi - erTaderTi kriteriumia. . . . .
viRacisTvis Tanamdebobis miniWeba mTeli sicocxlis manZilze, rac
moitans sam meoTxed milion dolar Semosavals - es srulebiT ar aris
igive, rac Savkaniani xelosnis daqiraveba TeTrkanianis nacvlad;
samecniero xarisxis qona ar uzrunvelyofs maRali Tanamdebobis
dasakaveblad aucilebel kvalifikacias.
metic, kvotebisa da upiratesobebis arseboba samsaxurSi
Caricxvisas niSnavs, rom kvalificirebuli moTxovnebis sistema
irRveva an imsxvreva.
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TavisTavad kvotebis ideac ar aris martivi. Tu
`warmomadgenlobiToba~ unda iyos kriteriumi Tanamdebobis
dasakaveblad,maSin raSi mdgomareobs am principis gavrceleba
martooden qalebze, Savkanianebze, meqsikelebze, puertorikanelebze,
amerikel indielebze, filipinelebze, Cinelebsa da iaponelebze,
romlebic jandacvis, ganviTarebis da socialuri uzrunvelyofis
saministros sistemis mixedviT gamoyofilia cirkulariT
gansakuTrebul kriteriumad? ratom ar unda mivakuTvnoT maT
irlandielebi, italielebi, polonelebi da sxva eTnikuri jgufebi? da
Tu warmomadgenlobiTobis principi warmoadgens kriteriums, maSin ra
Seadgens TviT warmomadgenlobiTobis safuZvels?
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409
warmomadgenlobiTobis moTxovnis istoriuli ironia
miwerilobis principis safuZvelze mdgomareobs maT srul
winaaRmdegobaSi radikalur da humanistur principebTan. liberalebi
da radikalebi Tavisi Setevisas diskriminaciaze gamodiodnen imis
winaaRmdeg, rom adamians uars eubnebian imis uflebaze, rom man
daikavos adgili, romelic man samarTlianad daimsaxura imis gamo, rom
miekuTvneba erT-erT specifikur mosaxleobis jgufs. adamiani ar
iTvleba pirovnebad, aramed ganixileba - da iricxeba - rogorc raRac
jgufis warmomadgeneli. axla ki dgeba moTxovna, rom adamianma miiRos
Tanamdeboba ZiriTadad jgufuri mikuTvnebulobis principiT. amis
Sedegad adamiani rogorc pirovneba qreba. rCeba martooden misi
socialuri mikuTvnebuloba.
Tanasworobis axleburi gaazreba
ganaTlebis, Semosavlebis da statusis problemebi moxvdnen
socialuri politikis sferoSi, vinaidan Tanasworoba yovelTvis
warmoadgenda amerikuli politikuri sistemis erT-erT ZiriTad
Rirebulebas. magram arasodes ar arsebobda Tanasworobaze mkafio
warmodgena da am ideis interpretaciis pirveli forma, romelic XVII^
saukuniT TariRdeba, mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda im Sexedulebisgan,
romelic Camoyalibda XIX saukunis mesame aTwleulSi. isini, vinc
daaarsa koloniebi - yovel SemTxvevaSi axal inglisSi, pirveli
gadasaxlebulebidan dawyebuli, Tavs miiCnevdnen yovelmxriv Rirseul
adamianebad, urTierT dakavSirebulebad RvTiuri kavSirebiT. es iyo
Tanasworoba, magram puritanulad gagebuli rogorc rCeulTa
Tanasworoba. amerikuli konstituciis SemqmnelTa azrovnebis tipi
gansazRvravda siqvelis ideas rogorc gamorCeulobas niWiT (da ara
RvTis wyalobiT). maTi ena savse iyo respublikur wyobaze romauli
warmodgenaTa da azrovnebis lokiseuli elementebis ucnauri nareviT,
vinaidan erTnic da meorec xazs usvamdnen agraruli siqveleebisa da
sasoflo Sromis rols. centralur problemas warmoadgenda
damoukidebloba da is pirobebi, romelic adamians Tavisufals
xdidnen. magram lokiseuli enis gamoyeneba ukve gulisxmobda
410
Sefarulad ierarqiulobis ideis miRebas - inteleqtis ierarqiulobas.
vinaidan pirvel adgilze gamodioda azrovneba, amitom igulisxmeboda,
rom zogierTi adamiani `azrovnebs~ ukeT, vidre danarCenebi, isini
ufro niWierebi arian, ufro inteligenturni, da amdenad, qmnian
bunebriv aristokratias.
erTaderT gamonakliss warmoadgenda `jeksonis sarwmunoeba~ (m.
meieris sityvebiT). aq azrs enacvleba Sexeduleba da grZnoba, da
TiToeuli adamianis guneba-ganwyoba ganixileba rogorc sxva adamianTa
grZnobebis tolfasovani.
XIX saukunis amerikaSi Tanasworobis koncefcia arasodes ar iyo
zustad gansazRvruli. Tavis zogad gamonaTqvamebSi is daiyvaneboda im
Sexedulebaze, rom TiToeuli adamiani iseTive kargia, rogorc
nebismieri sxva, da arcerTi adamiani ar jobia sxvas. praqtikulad es
niSnavda, rom aravis ar unda ecada gamxdariyo aristokrati da
ebrZanebina sxva adamianebisTvis. am azriT, idea warmoadgenda sapasuxo
reaqcias Zlierad stratificirebul evropul sazogadoebaze, da
amerikis mcxovreblebs swored ase esmodaT es idea im dros. pozitiur
planSi Tanasworoba aRniSnavda winsvlis Sanss, romelic ar iyo
damokidebuli adamianis warmomavlobaze; igulisxmeboda, rom am gzaze
ar arsebobs formaluri barieri an mkacrad Semoxazuli CarCoebi.
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dRes sakiTxi dgeba Tanasworobis cnebis gadasinjvis Taobaze.
principi, romelic warmoadgenda veeberTela socialuri sistemis
Secvlis saSualebas - SesaZleblobaTa tolobis principi - dRes
TiTqos iwvevs axal ierarqiis warmoqmnas da momentis moTxovna
daiyvaneba imaze, rom `ufrosobis samarTliani sqema~ j. lokis
gamoTqmiT, moiTxovs yvela saxis uTanasworobis gadalaxvas an
rezultatebis Tanasworobis Seqmnas - Semosavlebis, statusis da
Zalauflebis TvalsazrisiT - sazogadoebis yvela wevrisTvis. es
sakiTxi warmoadgens postindustriuli sazogadoebis Rirebulebrivi
orientaciis ZiriTad problemas.
SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobis principi gamomdinareobs
klasikuri liberalizmis im fundamenturi debulebidan, romelSic
naTqvamia, rom adamiani - da ara ojaxi, Temi an saxelmwifo -
411
warmoadgens sazogadoebis erTaderT ujreds da rom socialuri
mowyobis mizani mdgomareobs imaSi, rom uzrunvelyos adamianis
miznebis realizaciis Tavisufleba - Tavisi Sromis wyalobiT
moipovos sakuTreba, gacvlis gziT daikmayofilos sakuTari
moTxovnilebebi, vertikaluri mobilurobis Sesabamisad miaRwios
Tanamdebobas, romelic eTanadeba mis niWs. igulisxmeboda, rom
adamianebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan - Tavisi bunebrivi unarebiT,
energiiT, mizandasaxulobiTa da motivaciiT, Tavisi warmodgenebiT
sasurvelze, - da socialurma institutebma unda daadginon
konkurenciisa da gacvlis samarTliani regulirebis wesebi, romelic
aucilebelia am gansxvavebuli survilebis da unarebis
gansaxierebisTvis.
rogorc principi, SesaZleblobebis Tanasworoba, uaryofs
dabadebis prioritets, ojaxurobas da mfarvelobas, iseve rogorc
sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis gansazRvris nebismier sxva kriteriums
samarTliani konkurenciis garda, romelic Riaa talantebisa da
ambiciebisaTvis. parsonsis gansazRvrebiT, aseTi Tanasworoba
amkvidrebs universalizms da ara partikularizms, miRwevebs da ara
miwerilobebs. is warmoadgens ideals, memkvidreobiT miRebuls
ganmanaTleblobis epoqidan, rogorc is Camoayaliba kantma
individualuri Rirsebebis principis saxiT, miyvanils kategoriul
imperativamde.
Tanamedrove sazogadoebis socialuri struqtura - misi fulis
universalizmis burJuaziuli formiT, misi ambiciebis moZalebis
romantiuli formiT, misi codnis prioritetis inteleqtualuri
formiT - efuZneba am princips. tradiciuli sazogadoebebi (XVIII^
saukunis da ufro adrindeli) `sapatio~ prioritets aniWebdnen miwas,
armias, eklesias, da martooden dabadebiT an memkvidreobiT miRebuli
uflebebi uzrunvelyofdnen am institutebSi SeRwevas.
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modernis epoqis dadgena niSnavda am stratificirebuli wesrigis
aRmofxvras Riaobis principis cvalebadobisa da socialuri
mobilurobis meSveobiT. kapitalisti da mewarme Seenacvlnen
memamulur aristokratias, samTavrobo Cinovnikebma miiRes Zalaufleba
412
armiaze, inteleqtualebma daikaves RvTismsaxurTa adgili da
principSi yvela es axali posti, Tanamdeboba Ria aRmoCnda niWieri
adamianebisTvis. amgvarad, moxda namdvili socialuri revo;ucia:
cvlileba moxda statusisa da Zalauflebis bazaSi da gaCnda
sazogadoebrivad mniSvnelovan poziciebsa da privilegiebSi SeRwevis
axali forma.
postindustriuli sazogadoeba umatebs axal kriteriums bazisa
da SeRwevis gansazRvrebebs: teqnikuri unar-Cvevebi iqcevian
operatiuli Zalauflebis pirobad, xolo umaRlesi ganaTleba - maTi
mopovebis saSualebad. saboloo jamSi adgili aqvs cvlilebas
Zalauflebis ganawilebaSi, ris Sedegadac sazogadoebis sakvanZo
institutebSi ganmsazRvreli faqtori xdeba teqnikuri kompetenturoba:
mrewvelobaSi saojaxo kapitalizmi icvleba mmarTvelobiTi
kapitalizmiT, mTavrobaSi mfarvelobas cvlis saxelmwifo samsaxuri
da biurokratizacia, universitetebSi im Zveli socialuri elitebis
monopolia, romelic yalibdeboda Cveulebriv anglosaqsonuri
warmoSobis da protestantuli rwmenis amerikelebisgan da romelsac
damTavrebuli hqonda axali inglisis uZvelesi universitetebi, irRveva
sxva eTnikuri jgufebiT, gansakuTrebiT ebraelebiT. yvelaze ufro
metad axali profesiebis warmomadgenlebi, gansakuTrebiT inJinrebi da
ekonomistebi, iwyeben gadamwyveti rolis Sesrulebas sazogadoebrivi
gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi. postindustriuli sazogadoeba statusisa
da Zalauflebis am WrilSi warmoadgens meritokratiis logikur
gagrZelebas, is akanonebs axal socialur wyobas, romelic efuZneba
ganaTlebuli niWis prioritets.
amgvarad, realurad meritokratia warmoadgens stratifikaciis
erTi principis Secvlas meore principiT: miwerilobebisa miRwevebiT.
warsulSi - da amaSi Tavs iCens liberalizmis progresuli xasiaTi -
es axali principi ar iTvleboda samarTlianad. adamianebi unda
dafasebuliyvnen - da dajildovebuliyvnen - ara warmoSobisa an
naTesauri kavSirebis mixedviT, aramed individualuri Rirsebebis
wyalobiT. dRes es principi gadaiqceva uTanasworobisa da socialuri
- Tu ara fsiqologiuri - usamarTlobis axal wyarod.
413
meritokratiis sawinaaRmdego mosazrebebi
sociologiuri da filosofiuri mosazrebebi meritokratiis
winaaRmdeg atarebs urTierTsawinaaRmdego da urTierTgadamkveT
xasiaTs.
1. genetika da inteleqti. - Tu davuSvebT, rom meritokratia
yalibdeba martooden inteleqtis safuZvelze, xolo Tavad inteleqti
damokidebulia memkvidreobiT miRebul genetikur gansxvavebebze,
aRmoCndeba, rom adamiani xvdeba priviligirebul mdgomareobaSi
genetikuri latareis safuZvelze, da es Seadgens sakmaod SemTxveviT
safuZvels socialuri samarTlianobisTvis.
2. socialuri klasi. - arasodes ar SeiZleba arsebobdes wminda
meritokratia, vinaidan maRali statusis mqone mSoblebi ueWvelad
Seecdebian gadascen Svilebs Tavisi poziciebi, an Tavisi gavlenis
gamoyenebiT, an ubralod kulturuli upiratesobebis ZaliT; amdenad
ukve erTi Taobis Semdeg meritokratia gadaiqceva Caketil
priviligirebul klasad.
3. SemTxvevis roli. - SeerTebul StatebSi adgili aqvs
mniSvnelovan socialur mobilurobas, magram is naklebadaa
damokidebuli ganaTlebaze, niWze an ojaxur warmomavlobaze, vidre
aramaterialur da SemTxveviT faqtorebze, rogoricaa iRbali da
kompetenturoba, romelic miiReba konkretul samuSao adgilze.
4. principi - an iluzia - imisa, rom meritokratia aZlevs
saazogadoebas konkurenciis grZnobas, romelic vnebs maT, vinc marcxs
ganicdis. rogorc wers j. karabeli, `meritokratia ufro
konkurentunariania, vidre naTlad gamoxatuli klasobrivi
sazogadoeba, da es mudmivi konkurencia iTxovs safasurs rogorc
damarcxebulebisgan, romelTa TviTpativiscema ilaxeba, ise
gamarjvebulebisgan, romelTac SeuZliaT ufro mikerZoebuli
damokidebuleba gamoavlinon Tavisi elitaruli statusis mimarT,
vidre zogierTi tradiciuli mmarTveli dajgufebebi akeTebdnen amas.
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5. SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobis principi, Tundac mTlianad
realizebuli talantis safuZvelze, kvlav aRadgens uTanasworobas
414
yvela axal TaobaSi da amgvarad xdeba konservatuli socialuri Zala.
Tavisi yvelaze vulgaruli formiT es argumenti daiyvaneba imaze, rom
SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworoba warmoadgens xerxs calkeuli
jgufebisTvis (magaliTad, ebraelebisTvis) gaiyvanos `Tavisianebi~
sazogadoebis maRal doneebze da dagvianebulebs (magaliTad,
Savkanianebs) moaklos samarTliani sikeTeebis wili.
415
frederik jeimsoni
postmodernizmi anu gviani kapitalizmis
kulturuli logika
Sesavali
sruliad uvnebeli iqneboda, Tuki postmodernizmis cnebas
ganvsazRvravdiT, rogorc awmyos istoriulad gaazrebis mcdelobas
epoqaSi, romelmac sruliad daiviwya, Tu rogor unda viazrovnoT
istoriulad. aseT SemTxvevaSi, es cneba an “gamoxatavs” ufro
siRrmiseul gadmoucemel istoriul impulsebs (Tumca sakmaod
uxeirod), an efeqturad “gvTavazobs” da anawilebs mas imgvarad, rom
garkveulwilad inarCunebs damokidebulebas savsebiT misaReb
bundovanebaze. aqedan postmodernizmi, postmodernuli cnobiereba
SeiZleba moicavdes araumetess, vidre misive SesaZleblobis pirobebis
Teoriuli gaazrebaa, rac, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs mimdinare
cvlilebebis da modifikaciebis pirdapir aRnusxvas. modernizmi aseve
savaldebulod Tvlis siaxlis gaazrebas da cdilobs is cocxlad
aRiqvas (am mizniT is igonebs registraciis da aRnusxvis iseT
saSualebebs, romlebic gvagonebs istoriuli drois ar mqone
fotografias), magram postmodernizmi ufro wyvetebs, ufro movlenebs
eZebs, vidre axal samyaros, radgan raRacaze TxrobisTanave wamierad
is ukve sxvaa; radgan, rogorc gibsoni ambobs, “rodesac-yvelaferi-
ukve-Secvlilia”, an, ukeT, ukan mouxedavad icvleba rogorc saganTa
reprezentaciebi, aseve Tavad cvalebadobis saxeebic. modernistebi
ufro imiT iyvnen dainteresebulni, Tu ra saxes miiRebda aseTi
cvlilebebi samomavlod da rogoria ganviTarebis zogadi tendencia:
isini umTavresad Tavad sagnebis, substanciurad, utopiuri an arsebiTi
wesiT gaazrebas cdilobdnen. postmodernizmi am mxriv ufro
formaluria, ufro “Wkuidan SeSlili”, rogorc amas ityoda valter
beniamini. is mxolod Tavad variaciebs iTvlis da Zalze kargad esmis,
rom Sinaarsebi mxolod warmosaxuli xatebia. modernizmisaTvis,
416
rogorc amis Cvenebas Sevecdebi qvemoT, “bunebis” an “yofierebis”
morCenil zonebSi jer kidev arsebobs Zveli, arqauli; kulturas jer
kidev SeuZlia raRac gaukeTos am bunebas da imuSaos am “referentis”
formirebaze. postmodernizmis xana dgeba maSin, rodesac sruldeba
modernizaciis procesi da buneba saqonlad gadaqceviT kvdeba. ...
amgvarad, postmodernul kulturaSi, “kultura” xdeba misi sakuTari
uflebamosilebis produqti; bazaric Tavis Tavs anacvlebs iseve,
rogorc masze gamotanili produqti anacvlebs sakuTar Tavs.
modernizmi mcired da tendenciurad upirispirdeboda yovelives
saqonlad gadaqcevas da sakuTari Tavis transcendirebis mcdelobebs.
amisgan gansxvavebiT postmodernizmi saqonlis warmoebis procesis
momxmarebelia. super-saxelmwifos cxovrebis stili, srulad aris
relaciaSi marqsis gagebiT saqonlis fetiSizmTan, msgavsad imisa,
rogorc warmatebuli monoTeizmia relaciaSi primitiul animizmTan an
rudimentur kerpTmsaxurebasTan. sinamdvileSi postmodernizmis yoveli
soliduri Teoria unda iTvaliswinebdes horkhaimeris da adornos
“kulturis industriis” doqtrinas, aseve MTV-s da satelevizio
serialebs.
amasobaSi Seicvala Tavad Teoriac da daitvirTa misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli misteriis bundovanebiT. sinamdvileSi,
postmodernizmis erTi yvelaze gavleniani Tavisebureba is gzaa,
romliTac, postmodernizmSi, aqamde sruliad gansxvavebuli saxis
tendenciuri analizebis mTeli rigi _ ekonomikis, marketingis,
kulturis kritikis, axali Terapiebis, narkotikebis akrZalva-
nebadarTulobis irgvliv arsebuli diskusiebis, xelovnebis Sous
mimoxilvebi, nacionaluri filmebis festivalebi, religiuri
"gamocxadbebi" da kulti _ yvela isini Tavmoyrilia axali diskursis
CanasaxSi, romelsac aseve "postmodernistuli Teoria" SegviZlia
vuwodoT da romelic misi sakuTari uflebianobisaTvis garkveul
yuradRebas moiTxovs. aSkaraa, rom es aris klasi, romelic Tavad aris
misi sakuTari klasis wevri da me sulac ar msurs gavarkvio momdevno
Tavebi aseT "postmodernistul Teorias" warmoadgenen, Tu isini
mxolod misi magaliTebia.
417
me msurs winaswari RonisZiebebi mivmarTo postmodernizmis Cemi
Teoriis dasacavad _ romelic warmoadgens mis naxevradavtonomiur da
SedarebiT damoukidebel xasiaTebs an Tvisebebs _ imisagan, rom
SevuerTdeT araistoriulobis simptoms, raRac iseTs, rac Tavad
Znelad Tu modis konotaciaSi ueWveli wesiT postmodernizmis
mocemulobasTan, rogorc amas gaakeTebdnen mowmed moyvanili glexebi,
esTetikosebi, bavSvebi, liberaluri ekonomistebi an analitikosi
filosofosebi. Znelia vimsjeloT “postmodernistul Teoriaze”
nebismieri zogadi wesiT imgvarad, rom ar mivmarToT istoriuli
siyruis mizezs, im gamaRizianebel pirobas (imis daSvebiT, rom Tqven
mas acnobierebT), romelic gansazRvravs spazmur da monacvle, Tumca
TavaSvebuli ukandabrunebis mcdelobebs. postmodernistuli Teoria
erTi amgvari mcdelobaTagania: aris mcdeloba gaigos saukunis
temperatura raime instrumentebis gareSe, Tanac situaciaSi,
romelSiac Cven arc Tu ise darwmunebulni varT, rom kidev arsebobs
iseTi koherentuli ram, rogoricaa “saukune”, Zeitgeist-i (drois suli),
“sistema” an “Tanamedrove situacia”. amitom postmodernizmi
dialeqtikuria imdenad, ramdenadac mas unari aqvs Seafasos
bundovaneba, rogorc pirveli Zafi, romelsac is CaeWideboda, rogorc
ariadnes Zafs, romelic SeiZleba araferSi gamogvadges labirinTidan
TavdasaRwevad.
swored amitom me viReb rogorc aqsiomaturad mocemuls, rom
“modernistuli istoria” (bonito-olivias versiiT postmodernistuli
Teoriis Sesaxeb) aris postmodernizmis periodis pirveli danaklisi
da mistiuri ar arseboba: xelovnebaSi mainc cocxali rCeba progresis
da telosis cneba, romelic TiTqmis dRevandelobamdea SemorCenili
misi yvelaze auTenturi, naklebad briyvuli da karikaturuli formiT,
romelSiac yoveli namdvili nawarmoebi moulodnelad, magram
logikurad axmianebs mis winamorbeds. dialeqtikuri istoria, aSkarad,
amtkicebs, rom mTeli istoria am wesiT, marcxena fexiT moZraobda
progresis gzaze, rogorc es aRniSna anri lefevrma, katastrofebis da
ngrevis gavliT; Tumca ufro cotas esmis, vidre sjera es
modernistuli esTeturi paradigma, romelic miRebuli iyo, ufro
418
rogorc virtualuri religiuri doxa (rwmena), romelic moulodnelad
gaqra yovelgvari kvalis gareSe.
kapitalizmis kulturuli logika
bolo ramdenime weli aRiniSna Sebrunebuli milenianizmiT,
romelSiac momavlis winaTgrZnoba, katastrofuli Tu mxsneli
Secvala amisa Tu imis (maT Soris ideologiis, xelovnebis, socialuri
klasis, leninizmis krizisis, socialuri demokratiis an, bolos,
keTildReobis saxelmwifos da a.S.) dasasrulis grZnobam; yovelive es,
erTad aRebuli, albaT, Seadgens imas, rasac sul ufro xSirad
uwodeben postmodernizms. misi arsebobisaTvis ganmsazRvrelia
hipoTeza 50-iani wlebis miwuruls da 60-iani wlebis dasawyisSi
momxdari gardatexis Sesaxeb.
rogorc Tavad sityva gvarwmunebs, es gardatexa yvelaze ufro
xSirad asocirebulia asi-wlis-asakis modernistuli moZraobis (an
misi ideologiuri, Tu esTeturi principebis) klebasa da CaqrobasTan.
amgvaria absteraqtuli eqspresionizmi mxatvrobaSi, eqsistencializmi
filosofiaSi, reprezentaciis bolo formebi romanSi, didi avtorebis
filmebi an poeziis modernistuli skola (rogorc is
institucionalizirebuli da kanonizirebuli iyo uoles stivenis
SromebSi), yvela isini, Cans, warmoadgendnen maRali modernizmis
saboloo, warmaval impulsebs, romlebac Caiara da ganidevna masTan
erTad. msgavsi fenomenebis Semdgomi CamoTvla xdeba empiriuli,
qaoturi da heterogenuli: aseTia endi uoroli da pop arti, masTan
erTad fotorealizmi da mis miRma kidev "axali eqspresionizmi"; igive
iTqmis jon keigis momentze musikaSi iseve, rogorc klasikuri da
“popularuli” stilebis sinTezze iseT kompoziciebSi, rogoric
Seqmnes fil grasma da teri railma. amas unda davumatoT pankebi da
axali moZraoba rokSi (bitlzebi da rolingebi axla gamoiyurebian,
rogorc maRali modernistuli momenti ufro Tanamedrove tradiciisa);
yovelive amas unda davumatoT godaris da post-godaruli xanis
419
filmebi, eqsperimentaluri kino da video, mTeli seria komerciuli
filmebisa. ..es sia SeiZleba gagrZeldes usasrulod; magram, gana amiT
gavigebT raimes ufro mets fundamentur cvlilebebze, an gardatexaze,
vidre perioduli stilis da modis cvlilebaa, romelic
gansazRvrulia stilisturi inovaciebis Zveli maRali modernizmis
imperativebiT?
ufro dramatuladaa viTareba arqiteqturis sferoSi, sadac
gacilebiT ufro iolia esTetikuri cvlilebebis SemCneva da sadac
ufro centralizebulad da artikulitebuladaa warmodgenili
Teoriuli problemebi: swred arqiteqturaSi gamarTulma debatebma
gansazRvra Cemi damokidebuleba da interesi postmodernizmis mimarT _
rac naCvenebi iqneba Semdeg gverdebze. ufro mkveTrad vidre
xelovnebis sxva sferoebSi an mediaSi, postmodernistuli pozicia
arqiteqturaSi mouwyveteli iyo maRali modernizmis da frenk loid
raitis an egreT wodebuli internacionaluri stilis (le korbuzie,
maisi da a.S.) mimarT warmoebuli mkacri kritikisagan, sadac
formaluri kritricizmi da analizi (Senobebis maRali modernizmis
normebis Sesabamisad virtualur skulpturebad gardaqmnis mimarT)
imavdroulad warmoadgenen gaazrebebs urbanizmis da esTetikis
problemebis Sesaxeb. maRali modernizmi iTvleboda tradiciuli
qalaqis da misTvis damaxasiaTebeli mezoblobis kulturis fabrikuli
stilis destruqciad maSin, rodesac Tanamedrove winaswarmetyveluri
elitizmi da avtoritarizmi momnanied identificirebulia
qarizmatuli xelovanis qedmaRlur JestTan.
amisgan gansxvavebiT postmodernizmi arqiteqturaSi TavisTavad
warmoadgens esTeturi populizmis logikurad sakmaris dones, rogorc
es warmodgenilia venturis gavleniani manifestis saTaurSi _
“swavlebani las vegasidan”. Tumca, Cven, saboloo jamSi, SesaZloa
visurvoT am populisturi ritorikis Sefaseba, is sakmarisad
gamosadegia saimisod, rom yuradReba gagvamaxvilebinos
zemoTCamoTvlili postmodernizmis dargebis sxvadasxva fundamentur
Tvisebebze. kerZod, maRal kulturasa da masobriv, anu komerciul
kulturebs Soris sazRvrebis moSlaze, axlad gaCenili teqstebis
aRrevaze igive kulturuli industriisaTvis damaxasiaTebel im
420
formebTan, kategoriebTan da SinaarsebTan, razedac esoden mgznebared
laparakobdnen modernis yvela ideologebi, dawyebuli adornodan da
frankfurtis skolidan, kurt levinasiT da amerikuli axali
kriticizmiT dasrulebuli. postmodernizmma Tavisi mimdevrebi
daatyveva ZiriTadad iaffasiani produqciis da kiCis sruli
degradirebiT, satelevizio serialebiT da flideris daijestebis
kulturiT, reklamebiTa da motelebiT, Sous viani tipebiT, B xarisxis
holivuduri filmebiT, e.w. paraliteraturiT, romelsac Tan axlavs
goTikis da romantizmis elementebi, popularuli biografiebiT,
mkvlelTa misteriebiT da fantastikiT, erTi sityviT, masaliT,
romelSiac joisis an maleris msgavsad metad aRar mimarTaven
“citirebas”, aramed es masala pirdapir Sedis substanciis sxeulSi.
postmodernizmis Teoriebi _ sul erTia isini warmatebulia, Tu
moraluri siZulvilis da gakicxvis enas afareben Tavs _ TavisTavSi
atareben Zlier ojaxur msgavsebas yvela im ambiciur sociologour
ganzogadoebasTan, romlebic, igive dros, cnobebs gvawvdian sruliad
axali tipis sazogadoebis Sesaxeb, romelic, yvelaze ufro metad
cnobilia “postindustriuli sazogadoebis” (daniel beli) saxeliT
da, romelsac aranakleb xSirad momxmareblur, media, eleqtronul an
maRali teqnologiebis da a/S. sazogadoebas uwodeben. aseT Teoriebs
gaaCniaT savsebiT konkretuli ideologiuri misiis demonstrireba,
maTive reliefurobisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli sazogadoeba metad aRar
emorCileba klasikuri kapitalizmis, kerZod ki industriuli
produqciis pirveladobis da klasobrivi brZolis yovlismomcvelobis
kanonebs. swored amitom ewinaaRmdegeba maT esoden mZvinvared
marqsistuli tradicia, ekonomist ernst mandelTan erTad, romlis
wigni “gviani kapitalizmi” cdilobs mogvces am axali sazogadoebis
ara mxolod anatomia ( rac, Tavis mxriv, xasiaTdeba, rogorc mesame
safexuri an etapi kapitalis bunebis ganviTarebaSi), aramed gviCvenebs,
rom is aris, Tuki aris saerTod raime, kapitalizmis ufro wminda saxe,
vidre romelime winamorbedi. am arguments me kidev davubrundebi gvian;
amjerad is savsebiT sakmarisia saimisod, rom garkveuli molodini
gagviCinos imisa, rac me-2 TavSi iTqmeba, kerZod, rom postmodernizmis
yoveli pozicia kulturaSi _ sul erTia, gamamarTlebeli Tu
421
gamkicxavi _ erTsa da imave dros da aucileblobiT, impliciturad Tu
eqspliciturad aris politikuri mecniereba dRevandeli
multinacionaluri kapitalizmis bunebis Sesaxeb.
da bolos erTi sityva meTodis Sesaxeb: rac qvemoT iTqmeba, ar
unda wavikiTxoT rogorc stilisturi deskripcia, rogorc sxvebis
gverdiT erTi kulturuli stilis an moZraobis aRricxva. me ufro is
msurs, rom warmovadgino hipoTeza periodizaciis Sesaxeb da, swored
im momentSi, rodesac aseTi koncefcia istoriuli periodizaciis
Sesaxeb Zalze problematurad gamoiyureba: yvela SemTxvevaSi,
“genealogiis” koncefcia farTod emyareba SemorCenil tradiciul
sazrunavs e.w. linearuli istoriis, magaliTad, “stadiebis” da
teleologiuri istoriografiis problemebTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca
mocemul konteqstSi, am Temaze xangrZlivi Teoriuli diskusiebis
nacvlad, SemovizRudebiT ramdenime arsebiTi SeniSvniT.
erT-erTi midgoma, romelic xSirad Tavs iCens periodizaciis
hipoTezasTan dakavSirebiT aris diferenciaciis moSlis tendencia da
istoriuli periodis, rogorc masiuri homogenurobis proeqcirebis
idea. es aris mizezi imisa, Tu ratomaa arsebiTi CemTvis gavigoT
postmodernizmi ara rogorc stili, aramed ufro rogorc kulturuli
dominanti. amgvari midgoma saSualebas mogvcems warmovadginoT da
erTianobaSi moviyvanoT Zalze diferencirebuli, Tundac erTmaneTs
daqvemdebarebuli Tvisebebi.
ganvixiloT, magaliTad, Zlieri alternatiuli pozicia, romlis
mixedviTac postmodernizmi aris raRac mcired ufro meti stadia
modernizmze (Tu ara ufro Zvel romantizmze): sinamdvileSi, SegviZlia
davTmoT da vTqvaT, rom postmodernizmis yvela zemoT Cems mier
CamoTvlili Tviseba SeiZleba gamovlenili, gaSlili iyos modernizmis
ama Tu im precendentSi. (iseTi TvalsaCino winaswarmetyvelebis
CaTvliT, rogoricaa gertruda stini, raimon ruseli an marsel
duSami, romlebic SegviZlia CavTvaloT aSkara postmodernistebad
avant la letrre). is, rasac es Tvalsazrisi ver iTvaliswinebs, aris Zveli
modernizmis socialuri pozicia, an ukeT rom iTqvas, Zveli
viqtorianuli da postviqtorianuli burJuaziis mier, Tavdadebuli
uaryofa imisa, ris formebs da eToss igi aRiqvamda rogorc
422
ukiduresad maxinj, disonansur, bundovan, skandalur, ukvdav,
gamanadgurebel da zogadad “antisocialur” movlenad. SegviZlia
vamtkicoT, rom msgavsi mutaciebi kulturis sferoSi arqaulad
iTvleboda. amjerad pikaso da joisi metad aRar miiCneva maxinj
movlenad, aramed ufro “realistebad”, rac warmoidgineba Tanamedrove
moZraobis kanonizaciad da akademikur institucionalizaciad, rac XX
saukunis 50-iani wlebidan xorcieldeba. es, albaT, Tavad
postmodernizmis warmoSobis yvelaze ufro misaRebi axsnaa, mas Semdeg
rac gasuli saukunis 60-iani wlebis axalgazrda Taoba daupirispirda
erT dros opoziciur modernistul moZraobas, romelic mkvdari
klasikis grovad aRiqmeboda.
rac Seexeba postmodernistul amboxs yovelive amis mimarT, aseve
unda aRiniSnos, rom misi Semtevi Tvisebebi dawyebuli bundovani da
seqsualurad Ria masalidan, fsiqologiuri siRatakiT da politikuri
da socialuri gamomwvevi qcevis Ria gamoxatviT, romlebic gadian
yovelive imis miRma, rac SeiZleba CaiTvalos eqstremaluri
modernizmis Semadgenel momentad _ yovelive es metad aRar iwvevs
vinmeSi sakandalur ganwyobas da aRar aRiqmeba didi kmayofilebiT,
aramed institucionalizirebulia da xdeba dasavluri sazogadoebis
oficialuri an sajaro kulturis nawili.
rac Sedegad miiReba, dRes is aris, rom esTetikuri produqcia
gardaiqmneba da zogadad sasaqonlo produqciaSi integrirdeba:
sasaqonlo ekonomikuri ukiduresoba mudam axlad gamomzirali moduri
produqciis warmoebisa (tansacmelidan dawyebuli TviTmfrinavebamde
dasrulebuli), sul ufro da ufro mzardi fasebiT, axla iTvleba
esTetikuri inovaciis da eqsperimentalurobis gamorCeulad arsebiT
struqturul funqciad. aseTi ekonomikuri aucileblobebi pouloben
aRiarebas sxvadasxva saxis institucionalur mxardaWeraSi axali
xelovnebisaTvis patronaJis iseTi formebiT, rogoricaa fondebis da
grantebis saxiT muzeumebisaTvis gaweuli daxmareba. xelovnebis sxva
saxeobebidan, arqiteqtura konstituciurad yvelaze ufro axlos dgas
ekonomikasTan, romelTanac is virtualurad gauSualeblad aris
dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva dawesebulebebiT, Tu miwis gadasaxadiT.
swored amitom ar unda gagvikvirdes, rodesac aRmovaCenT axali
423
postmodernistuli arqiteqturis uCveulo ayvavebas, rac emyareba
saerTaSoriso bizness, am ukanasknelis eqspansia da ganviTareba ki
pirdapir droSi Tan misdevs mas. ufro gvian me wamovayeneb varauds,
rom es ori fenomeni gacilebiT ufro Rrma dialeqtikur
urTierTkavSirSi imyofeba erTmaneTTan, vidre ama Tu im konkretuli
proeqtis erTi-erTze dafinansebaa. da mainc, me msurs Sevaxseno
mkiTxvels, rom savsebiT cxadi ram, kerZod, rom es globaluri, mainc
amerikuli postmodernuli kultura aris Sinagani da zestruqturuli
gamoxatuleba mTel msoflioSi amerikis samxedro da ekonomikuri
batonobisa: am azriT, rogorc mTeli klasTa brZolis istoriis
ganmavlobaSi, kulturis miRma, axlac dgas sisxli, wameba, sikvdili
da terori.
pirveli rac unda gavakeToT periodizaciis koncefciasTan
dakavSirebiT is gaxlavT, rom maSinac ki rodesac postmodernizmis
konstituciuri Tvisebebi identuria modernizmis Sesabamis terminebTan
_ anu miviRoT pozicia, romelic me imTaviTve mcdarad mimaCnia, Tumca
romelic aris erTaderTi, romelsac SeuZlia zedmeti gaxados
modernizmis Semdgomi kvleva-Zieba _ es ori fenomeni mainc arsebiTad
gansxvavebuli iqneba maTi mniSvnelobiT da socialuri funqciiT, imis
wyalobiT, Tu ra pozicia ukavia postmodernizms gviani kapitalizmis
ekonomikur struqturaSi da imiT, rogorc is gardaqmnis Tanamedrove
sazogadoebis kulturis mTel sferos.
am sakiTxebs Semdgom ufro detalurad ganvixilavT wignis
bolos. axla msurs vupasuxo periodizaciis Taobaze sxvadasxva saxis
kritikul SeniSvnas, heterogeneturobis amoSlis mcdelobebs, rasac
yvelaze ufro xSirad mimarTaven memarcxeneebi. aq unda movixsenioT
kvazi-sartrianuli ironia _ “gamarjvebulis damarcxebis” logika _
romelsac aqvs tendencia totaluri dinamikiT Semosos “sistemis”
aRweris yoveli mcdeloba, rogorc es vlindeba Tanamedrove
sazogadoebriv moZraobebSi. rac Sedegad miiReba, is aris, rom rac
ufro mZlavria totaluri sistemis an logikis xedva _ fukos wigni
cixeebis Sesaxeb amis dasturia _ ufro uRonod grZnobs Tavs
mkiTxveli, ramdenadac mogebuli rCeba Teoretikosi, daxuruli da
teroristuli manqanis agebiT, imdensave wagebasaa is, radgan
424
ukiduresad paralizebadad moqmedebs misi Sromis kritikuli paTosi,
iwvevs uaryofis da amboxis impulsebs, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
socialur transformaciaze, romlis aucilebloba warmodgenili
modelis fonze aRaraviTar eWvs aRar iwvevs.
me vfiqrobdi, rom mxolod dominanturi kulturuli logikis
zogierTi koncefciis an gabatonebuli normebis fonze iyo
SesaZlebeli yovelive amis gazomva da Sefaseba. me sulac ar msurs
vamtkico, TiTqos Tanamedroveobis yvela kulturuli monapovari
“postmodernulia”, am terminis im farTo mniSvnelobiT, romelsac me
mas vaniWeb. miuxedavad amisa, postmoderni warmoadgens Zalas,
romelSiac sxvadasxva saxis kulturuli impulsebi _ rasac raimon
uiliamsma Zalze warmatebiT uwoda kulturuli produqciis “narCeni”
da “emerjentuli” formebi _ Tavis gzas aRweven. Tu Cven ver vaRwevT
kulturuli dominantobis zogad sazriss, maSin Cven mogviwevs
davubrundeT da SevafasoT Tanamedrove istoria rogorc sruli
heterogeneturoba, mouwesrigebeli diferenciacia da mtruli
sapirispiro Zalebis Tanaarseboba, risi efeqturoba sruliad
gaurkvevelia. yvela SemTxvevaSi amas aqvs politikuri suli,
romelSiac naanderZevia Semdegi saxis analizi: axali sistemuri
kulturuli normebis da maTi reproduqciebis rigi koncefciebis
producireba imisaTvis, rom ufro adeqvaturad avsaxoT Tanamedrove
radikaluri kulturuli politikis yvelaze efeqturi formebi.
Sedegad SegviZlia warmovadginoT postmodernizmis Semdegi
konstituciuri Tvisebebi: axali siRrmiseuloba, romelic gagrZelebas
poulobs rogorc Tanamedrove "TeoriaSi", aseve xatebis anu
simulakrebis axal kulturaSi. amis Sedegi aris istoriulobis
dasustebaSi, rogorc socialur istoriasTan mimarTebiT, aseve Cveni
temporalobis axal formebSi, romlis "Sizofreniuli" struqtura (Tu
lakans mivyvebiT) gansazRvravs sintaqsis axal tipebs anu sintagmatur
mimarTebebs ufro temporalur xelovnebis saxeebSi; amiT, Tavis mxriv,
ganisazRvreba emociuri safuZveltonis sruliad axali tipi _ rasac
me "intensiurobas" vuwodeb _ romelic ukeT SeiZleba gagebuli iyos
sublimaciis Zvel TeoriebTan dabrunebiT, yovelive amis ufro
siRrmiseuli konstituciuri mimarTebiT axal teqnologiebTan, rac
425
warmoadgens mTel axal msoflio ekonomikur sistemas da
davubrundebiT Tavad agebuli sivrcis cocxal aRqmaSi
postmodernistuli mutaciebis mokle aRricxvis Semdeg, warmovadgenT
mosazrebebs politikuri xelovnebis amocanebis Sesaxeb gviani an
multinacionaluri kapitalizmis damabnevel axali samyaros sivrceSi.
modiT daviwyoT maRali modernizmis vizualur xelovnebaSi
erTi kanonikuri SromiT. van gogis cnobili tilo glexis
fexsacmelebiT, romlis nimuSi, rogorc Tavad van gogi fiqrobda, ar
yofila yulubryvilod an stiqiurad SerCeuli. me minda SemogTavazoT
am suraTis wakiTxvis ori gza, romelTagan orive Taviseburad or
etapad anu ori donis procesad axdens am Sromis rekonstruqcias.
pirveli gulisxmobs, rom Tu kopirebuli reproduqcia ar
mcirdeba ubralo dekoraciis donemde, is Cvengan moiTxovs ramodenime
sawyisi situaciis rekonstruqcias, rac dasrulebul saxes aZlevs
Sromas. amis gareSe _ rac ikargeba warsulSi – situacia rogorRac
mentalurad rekoinstruirdeba ise, rom naxati mxolod inertul
obieqtad rCeba. es ki SeuZlebels xdis saboloo produqti gavigoT,
rogorc simboluri aqti yvela misi uflebiT, rogorc praqsisi da
produqcia.
es ukanaskneli termini gulisxmobs, rom sawyisi situaciis
rekonstruqciis erTi gza, romlis mimarTac naxati rogorRac
pasuxismgebelia mdgomareobs nedli masalis gaformebaSi, im sawyis
SinaarsSi, romelsac is upirispirdeba da gadaamuSavebs, gardaqmnis
da gasagebs xdis. van gogTan Sinaarsi, romlis sawyisi nedli masala
Cemi varaudiT martivad unda iqnas gagebuli, rogorc sofluri
ubadruki cxovrebis samyaros mTliani obieqti, rogorc sofluri
siRatakis sruli gamoxatuleba mZime, welSigamzneqavi glexuri Sromis
rudimentuli adamianuri samyaro, romelic dayvanilia yvelaze ufro
sastik, xifaTis Semcvel, primitiul da marginalizirebul
mdgomareobamde.
xexili samyaroSi ukve didi xnisaa, romlis totebi amosulia
Raribi niadagidan: soflis mosaxleoba SromiT aris gadaRlili da
warmoadgens karikaturas bazisuri adamianuri Tvisebebis mqone tipebis
Zireul groteskze. rogor aris maSin, rom van gogis SemoqmdebaSi
426
iseTi sagnebi, rogoric aris vaSlis xeebi gamovlindeba feris,
halucinatorul zedapirze, maSin, rodesac soflis stereotipebi
moulodnelad da mkveTrad miyveba wiTel da mwvane tonebs. me mokled
varaudob, rom am pirvel interpretaciaSi glexuri samyaros
damTrgunavi ferebis obieqtebi, nebelobiTa da Zalismierad
trasformirdeba Raribi ferebis brwyinvale materializaciaSi, rac
Sesrulebulia zeTis saRebavebSi da rac mTlianobaSi SeiZleba
aRqmuli iyos, rogorc utopiuri Jesti. es aris kompensaciis aqti,
romelic asrulebs grZnobebis an sul mcire umaRlesi grZnobebis
sruliad axali utopiuri samyaros producirebas – igulisxmeba
mxedveloba, vizualuri aRqma da Tvalis SegrZneba. es samyaro
warmodgenilia CvenTvis, rogorc naxevrad avtonomiuri sivrce yvela
misi uflebiT, rogorc kapitalis struqturaSi, Sromis axali
danawilebis momenti, rogorc axali fragmentacia gamovlenili
mgrZnobelobisa, romelic imeorebs garkveul droSi kapitalistis
cxovrebis specializaciasa da ganawilebas, rac Tavis mxriv
imavdroulad saWiroebs swored aseT fragmentacias maTTvis
uperspeqtivo utopiis asagebad.
cxadia, arsebobs van gogis naxatis meore wakiTxvac, romelsac
Znelia ar gauwioT angariSi, rodesac Cven Tvals ver vaSorebT am
qmnilebas. es gaxlavT haidegeris centraluri analizi, mocemuli der
Ursprung des Kunstwerkes-Si, romelic organizebulia im ideis irgvliv,
rom xelovnebis qmnileba warmoiSveba miwasa da zecas Soris arsebul
ufskrulSi, an rogorc me ufro vamjobineb vTargmno, rogorc
mniSvnelobas moklebul sxeulsa da bunebas, erTi mxriv da bunebasa
da istoriis da socialuri realobis mier miniWebul mniSvnelobebs
Soris. am sakiTxs Cven kidev davubrundebiT; aq is savsebiT sakmarisia
rom gavixsenoT is cnobili frazebi, romlebic im procesis
modelirebas ewevian, romlis ZaliTac es SemdegSi ilustrirebuli
glexis fexsacmelebi nela axdenen maTsave Sesaxeb mTeli aqamde ar
mocemuli samyaros obieqtebis _ romlebic erT dros maT cocxal
konteqsts warmoadgendnen _ rekreacias. "maTSi _ ambobs haidegeri _
igrZnoba miwis mdumare Zaxilis rxeva ... ". van gogis mxatvroba gaxsnis
imas, Tu ras warmoadgens glexis wyvili fexsacmeli WeSmaritad. es
427
arsi cxaddeba misi yofierebis daufaraobaSi, rac gaSualebulia
xelovnebis nawarmoebis roliT, romelic gvaxsenebs mTel naxatze ar
mocemul samyaros da miwas misi sakuTari Tavis gamocxadebaSi. swored
amis wyalobiTaa, rom Cven vgrZnobT glexi qalis mZime nabijebs,
mindvris mosawyen biliks, qoxs mowmendil amindSi, miwaze dayril
gamoyenebul da damsxvreul Sromis iaraRebs. haidegeris analizi aq,
albaT, saWiroebs dasrulebas imaze miTiTebiT, rom Sromas mudmivad
ganaxlebadi materialuroba axasiaTebs da, rom es materialuroba
mudam transformirdeba erTi formidan _ vTqvaT, Tavad dedamiwa,
bilikebi masze da fozikuri obieqtebi _ materialurobis meore iseT
formaSi, rogoricaa zeTis saRebavebiT Seqmnili mxatvroba, romelsac
Tavisi, vizualuri siamovnebis momniWebeli specifika gaaCnia.
yvela SemTxvevaSi orive wakiTxva SegviZlia aRvweroT, rogorc
hermenevtikuli im azriT, ra azriTac es nawarmoebi misi inertuli,
obieqturi formiT warmodgenilia rogorc mimTiTebeli saSualeba an
simptomi sxva ufro mniSvnelovani realobisa, romelsac is
Caenacvleba rogorc saboloo instanciis WeSmariteba. axla Cven
gvWirdeba sxvagvar fexsacmelebs SevxedoT da siamovnebiT SevZloT
gamoviyvanoT ukve aRwerili figuris msgavsi obieqti Tanamedrove
vizualuri xelovnebis centrSi. endi uorolis "margalitis mtvriani
fexsacmeli" van gogis fexsacmelebis msgavsi mosaubre rodia; ufro
metic, is saerTod araferze ar gvelaparakeba. am naxatSi araferia
organizebuli mayureblisaTvis Tundac minimaluri adgilis
dasaTmobad, romelic am naxats waawydeboda auxsnel bunebriv sagnebSi
Cakarguli muzeumis koridorSi. Sinaarseul doneze Cven saqme gvaqvs
aSkara fetiSTan, rogorc froidianuli, aseve marqsiseuli azriT.
saxezea mxolod tiloze Camokidebuli mkvdari obieqtebis
mouwesrigebeli grova, romelic sruliad moklebulia Tavis winandel
sasicocxlo samyaros. amitom uorolTan ver vipovniT gzas, romelic
daasrulebda hermenevtikul Jests da Sesworebebs Seitanda im
ucnaurobaSi rac axlavs farTo cocxali konteqstis saxiT sacekvao
anda sabale darbazs, elitaruli samyaros modas an brwyinvale
maRaziebs. Tumca, yovelive es ufro paradoqsulad gamoiyureba
biografiuli informaciis Suqze: uorolma Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi
428
kariera daiwyo rogorc moduri fexsacmlis komerciulma
ilustratorma da vitrinebis dizainerma, romelic mudmivad
gamoafenda sxvadasxva saxis sabalo da oTaxis fexsacmels. gviCndeba
cduneba wamovWraT erTi centraluri sakiTxi _ romelic amasobaSi
sakmaod momwifda _ Tavad postmodernizmis da misi politikuri
ganzomilebis Sesaxeb: endi uorolis suraTs centraluri adgili
uWiravs imgvari Tanamodifikaciebis garemocvaSi, rogoricaa sareklamo
dafaze gamofenili didi koka-kolas boTli an kempbelis sapnis
SefuTva, romlebic eqspliciturad gviCveneben gviani
kapitalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sasaqonlo fetiSizmis safuZvlebs,
rac Tavis mxriv, SeiZleba warmoadgendes mZlavr da kritikul
politikur sabuTs. Tuki isini raRac sxvaa, maSin darwmunebiT
SegviZlia vikiTxoT _ ratom? _ da, rogorc pasuxi am kiTxvaze ufro
meti seriozulobiT unda davinteresdeT politikuri an kritikuli
xelovnebis SesaZleblobebze gviani kapitalizmis postmodernul
periodSi.
Tumca arsebobs sxva aranakleb mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba maRal
modernizmsa da postmodernistul momentebs Soris, razedac Cven axla
Zalzed mokled unda SevCerdeT. pirveli da yvelaze ufro TvalsaCino
gaxlavT sibrtyisa da siRrmis axali saxis, zedapiris gansxvavebuli
tipis warmoSoba, rac mTeli postmodernis uZiriTades formalur
Tvisebas warmoadgens.
Semdegi, razedac Rirs yuradRebis gamaxvileba, aris
fotografiis da fotografiuli negativis roli am saxis Tanamedrove
xelovnebaSi. swored is aniWebs mkvdris iersaxes uorolis qmnilebas,
romlis yinulovani eleganturi mokvdavoba materializebulia
mayureblis TvaliT imgvarad, rom Sinaarsis doneze verafers uxerxebs
sikvdils, akviatebul azrs, an wuxils sikvdilis Sesaxeb. rogorc
vvaraudobdiT, aq saqme gvaqvs van gogis utopiuri Jestis inversiasTan:
ufro adreul naSromSi morRveul samyaros nicSeanuri dekreti da is
aqti axlavs, romelic mTel nawarmoebs utopiur ferebSi gardasaxavs.
...
yovelive amas mivyavarT mesame TvisebasTan, romelic calke unda
ganvixiloT da, romelsac me vuwodeb klebis afeqts posmodernul
429
kulturaSi. ra Tqma unda, araswori iqneboda gvevarauda, rom yvela
grZnoba an emocia, subieqturoba sruliad gaqra axali suraTidan.
sinamdvileSi "margalitis mtvrian fexsacmelebSi" adgili aqvs
represiis erTgvar dabrunebas, ucnaur, makompensirebel, dekoraciul
mxiarulebas, romelic eqspliciturad dafiqsirebulia ukve
saxelwodebaSi, romelic brWyvialebs oqros mtvriT, elvarebs
mooqrovili qviSiT, romelsac beWdad azis suraTis zedapirs da
iqedan gvanaTebs. gnebavT, ganvixiloT grimbaudis magiuri yvavilebi
"rac Semogcqeris" an rilkes arqauli berZnuli torsisadmi miZRvnili
agvistos elvareba, romelic afrTxilebs burJua subieqts Seicvalos
cxovrebis wesi; araferi msgavsi ar gvaqvs finaluri dekoraciis am
graciozul zedapirulobaze. am eses italiuri versiis saintereso
mimoxilvaSi remo kaseranim gaavrcela es fexsacmlis fetiSizmi ormag
saxeSi, romelic van gogi-haidegeris fexsacmelebis mconare
"modernistul" eqspresiulobas umateben uolter evansis da jeims egis
"realistur" paToss.
430
manuel kastelsi
identurobis Zala
uZluri saxelmwifo?
“is, rac kapitalisturi saxelmwifosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli”, werda
nikos pulancasi 1978 wels, “mdgomareobs mis mier sazogadoebrivi
droisa da sivrcis absorbirebaSi, droisa da sivrcis matricebis
CamoyalibebaSi da droisa da sivrcis organizebis monopolizebaSi;
saxelwifos moqmedebiT isini gardaiqmnebian dominirebisa da
Zalauflebis qselebad. es aris is gza, romliTac saxelwmifos mier
iqmneba Tanamedrove eri”1. dReidan es ase aRar xdeba. sivrcesa da
droze saxelmwifos kontrols sul ufro gverds uvlian kapitalis,
saqonlis, momsaxurebis, teqnologiebis, komunikaciisa da informaciis
nakadebi. saxelmwifo, mis mier tradiciis miTvisebiTa da nacionaluri
identurobis (re)konstruqciiT flobda istoriul dros, rasac dRes
upirispirdeba avtonomiuri subieqtebis mier formirebuli mravlobiTi
identuroba. saxelmwifos mcdeloba ze-nacionaluri institutebis
Seqmnis gziT saerTaSoriso arenaze sakuTari Zalis ganmtkicebisa
kidev ufro asustebs mis suverenobas. xolo saxelmwifos mcdeloba
aRidginos legitimuroba administraciuli xelisuflebis
decentralizebiT, misi gadacemiT adgilobriv da regionul doneebze,
aZlierebs centrifugul tendenciebs, vinaidan moqalaqeebis
xelisuflebasTan daaxloebis paralelurad zrdis maT gaucxoebas
eri-saxelmwifosgan. amgvarad, mTel msoflioSi globaluri
kapitalizmis ayvavebisa da nacionalisturi ideologiebis aRmocenebis
paralelurad, eri-saxelmwifo, im formiT, romliTac is istoriulad
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi Camoyalibda, rogorc Cans, kargavs Tavis
Zalas, Tumca ki, rac arsebiTia, ara Tavis gavlenianobas2. . .
431
eri-saxelmwifos krizisi da saxelmwifos Teoria
devid heldi, Tavis klasikur statiaSi demokratiis, eri-saxelmwifosa
da globaluri sistemis Sesaxeb ajamebs analizs Semdegi sityvebiT:
“dRevandeli saerTaSoriso wesrigi xasiaTdeba rogorc
suverenul saxelmwifoTa sistemis mdgradobiT, aseve
Zalauflebis mravlobiTi struqturebis ganviTarebiT. amgvari
hibriduli sistemisadmi SesaZlebelia seriozuli pretenziebis
wayeneba. SeiZleba daveWvdeT - marTlac gvTavazobs is raime
models Tanamedrove politikuri azrovnebis fundamenturi
problemebis gadasaWrelad, romelic cdilobs, sxva sakiTxebTan
erTad, gamarTleba da safuZveli mouZebnos wesrigsa da
Semwynareblobas, demokratiasa da angariSvaldebulebas,
legitimur mmarTvelobas?”3
marTalia, SemdgomSi heldi gvTavazobs sakuTar optimistur xedvas
imisa, Tu rogor unda moxdes saxelmwifos re-legitimacia mis
postnacionalur reinkarnaciaSi, magram saxelmwifos suverenobis
gagrZelebis SeuZleblobis safuZvliani dasabuTeba, romelic mas wina
gverdebze mohyavs, gasagebs xdis meryev daskvniT winadadebas:
“arsebobs damajerebeli argumentebi imisTvisac, rom optimisturad
SevxedoT momavals – da imisTvisac, rom SevxedoT mas pesimisturad”.4
am konteqstSi CemTvis cota gaugebaria, Tu ras niSnavs “optimisturad”
da “pesimisturad”. me ar gamaCnia raime gansakuTrebuli simpaTia
Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifoebis mimarT, romlebic kacobriobis
istoriis yvelaze sisxliani – meoce – saukunis ganmavlobaSi didi
mzadyofniT axdendnen sakuTari xalxebis mobilizebas urTierT
JletvisTvis.5 magram es Sexedulebebzea damokidebuli. namdvilad
arsebiTi aris is, rom axali Zalauflebis sistema xasiaTdeba, da me
amaSi devid helds veTanxmebi, Zalauflebis (authority) wyaroebis
pluralizmiT, romelTagan eri-saxelmwifo mxolod erT-erTia.
istoriulad es viTareba, faqtobrivad, gamonakliss ar warmoadgens.
rogoc spriti (Spruyt) amtkicebs, Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifos hyavda
rigi ‘metoqeebisa”: qalaqi-saxelmwifo, savaWro kavSirebi, imperiebi,6 da,
432
me davamatebdi, aseve samxedro da diplomaturi aliansebi, romlebic
ki ar gaqra, aramed Tanamedrove xanaSi eri-saxelmwifosTan
Tanaarsebobs misi ganviTarebis paralelurad. miuxedavad amisa is, rac
amJamad viTardeba, am TavSi moyvanili mizezebis gamo eri-saxelwifos
rolis centralurobis dakninebas warmoadgens gaziarebuli
suverenitetis im sivceSi, romelic axasiaTebs Tanamedrove samyaros
politikur arenas. hirsti da tompsoni, romlebic mkacrad akritikeben
globalizaciis gamartivebul xedvas da xazs usvamen imas, rom eri-
saxelmwifoebi kvlavindeburad inarCuneben Tavis mniSvnelobas, mainc
acnobiereben saxelwmifos axlebur rols:
“saerTaSoriso bazrebis marTvis axlad warmoqmnad formebSi da
sxva saerTaSoriso procesebSi monawileoben didi erovnuli
mTavrobebi, magram axlebur rolSi: saxelmwifoebma unda
ifunqcioniron ufro rogorc saerTaSoriso “politiis”
komponentebma, vidre rogorc “suverenulma” warmonaqmnebma. maSin
eri-saxelmwifos centraluri funqcia xdeba ze-erovnuli da
erovnulze dabla mdgomi doneebis mmarTvelobis meqanizmebis
legitimizeba da maTi angariSvaldebulebis uzrunvelyofa.”7
metic, garda imisa, rom eri-saxelmwifo aris kompleqsur
urTierTdamokidebulebaSi politikuri Zalauflebis/
warmomadgenlobis mravalferovan gamomJRavnebebTan, mas mzard
konkurencias uweven Zalauflebis iseTi wyaroebi, romlebic
ganusazRvrelia da, zogjer, gaurkvevelic. esenia kapitalis,
warmoebis, komunikaciis, danaSaulis, saerTaSoriso institutebis, ze-
erovnuli samxedro aparatis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebis,
transnacionaluri religiebis da sazogadoebrivi azris Semqmneli
moZraobebis qselebi. xolo saxelmwifos qveS arian Temebi, tomebi,
adgilobrivi wes-Cveulebebi, kultebi da bandebi. ase rom, Tumca ki
eri-saxelmwifo kvlavac agrZelebs arsebobas, da gaagrZelebs kidec
winaswarmetyvelebad momavalSi, is aris, da sul ufro gaxdeba,
Zalauflebis ufro farTo qselis kvanZi. am qselSi is xSirad
aRmoCndeba konkurenciaSi Zalauflebis sxva nakadebTan, romlebic
uSualod movlen winaaRmdegobaSi misi uzenaesobis ganxorcielebasTan,
433
da es mosdis kidec centralur bankebs, rodesac maT aqvT iluzia
rom umklavdebian globaluri bazris gavlenas konkretul valutaze. .
. .
aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifos Teoria dominirebuli iyo
paeqrobiT institucionalizms, pluralizmsa da instrumentalizms
Soris maT nairnair versiebSi.8 institucionalistebi, veberiseuli
tradiciis Sesabamisad, xazs usvamen saxelmwifo institutebis
avtonomiurobas, romelic istoriulad mocemuli saxelmwifos Sida
logikidan momdinareobs mas mere, rac istoriis qariSxlebma Carges
misi Teslebi im teritoriaze, romelic misi erovnuli safuZveli
gaxda. pluralistebi saxelmwifos struqturasa da evolucias xsnian
mravalferovani gavlenebiT, romlebsac warmoSobs saxelmwifos
(re)formirebis gauTavebeli procesi pluraluri samoqalaqo
sazogadoebis dinamikis Sesabamisad, konstituciuri procesis mudmiv
ganxorcielebaSi.
instrumentalistebi, marqsistebi an istoricistebi saxelmwifos
ganixilaven rogorc socialuri aqtorebis iaraRs, romlebic misdeven
sakuTar interesebs da aRweven dominirebas, iqneba es dominireba
ukonkurento saxelmwifos SigniT (saxelmwifo - “burJuaziis
aRmasrulebeli komiteti”), Tu is warmoadgens brZolebis, aliansebisa
da kompromisebis arastabilur Sedegs. magram azrovnebis yvela
skolis mier, rogorc amas gidensi, gueheno (Guehenno) da heldi
uTiTeben, urTierToba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris, da,
amdenad, saxelmwifos Teoria, iazreba eris konteqstSi da
orientirebulia eri-saxelmwifoze rogorc aTvlis wertilze. ra
xdeba im dros, rodesac, heldis formulirebiT, “erovnuli erToba”
aRar warmoadgen, rogorc aseTi, “Sesabamisobis mqone erTobas” amgvari
aTvlis wertilisTvis?9 rogor unda warmovidginoT ara-erovnuli,
diversificirebuli socialuri interesebi, romlebic warmodgenilia
saxelmwifoSi an ibrZvian masze zegavlenis mosapoveblad? mTeli
samyaro? magram erToba, romelic kapitalis mimoqcevasTanaa kavSirSi,
sxva aris, vidre samuSao Zalis, sazogadoebrivi moZraobebis, an
434
kulturuli identurobebis Sesabamisi erTobebi. rogor gavaerTianoT
interesebi da Rirebulebebi, romlebic gamoxatulia, adgilobrivad da
globalurad, cvladi geometriiT, eri-saxelmwifos struqturasa da
politikasTan? es niSnavs imas, rom, Teoriis Tvalsawieridan, Cven unda
movaxdinoT kategoriebis rekonstruireba raTa SegveZlos
Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebis gaazreba am winaswari pirobis - erisa
da saxelmwifos aucilebeli gadaxlarTulobis - moTxovnis gareSe,
anu identurobisa da instrumentalobis urTierTgayofiT. axali
Zalauflebrivi urTierTobebi, romlebic uZluri saxelmwifos miRmaa,
unda iyos gagebuli rogorc globaluri instrumentuli qselis
kontrolis SesaZlebloba, romelic xorcieldeba specifiuri
identurobebis safuZvelze, an, danaxuli globaluri qselis
Tvalsawieridan, rogorc SesaZlebloba nebismieri identurobis
CarTvisa transnacionaluri instrumentuli miznebis ganxorcielebaSi.
eri-saxelmwifos kontroli, asea Tu ise, xdeba ubralod erT-erTi
saSualeba Zalauflebis mosapoveblad . . .
. . . amdenad, komunalizmi namdvilad ayalibebs/inarCunebs
saxelmwifoebs axleburad globalizebul samyaroSi, magram, amave
dros, is namdvilad asustebs eri-saxelmwifos rogorc is Camoyalibda
Tanamedroveobis xanaSi, da kiTxvis qveS ayenebs eri-saxelmwifos
cnebas imiT, rom Slis mas kerZo identurobebad.
informaciuli politika da demokratiis krizisi
Sesavali: sazogadoebis politika
. . . eri-saxelmwifos sazRvrebis simkafiovis daknineba bundovans xdis
moqalaqeobis ganmartebas; Zalauflebis mkafio adgilmdebareobis
ararsebobis pirobebSi asustebs socialur kontrols da aqucmacebs
politikur gamowvevebs. komunalizmis zrda, mis nairnair formebSi,
asustebs politikuri danawevrebis princips, romelsac efuZneba
demokratiuli politika. saxelmwifos mzardi uunaroba akontrolos
kapitalis moZraoba da uzrunvelyos socialuri usafrTxoeba
435
aqveiTebs mis mniSvnelobas rigiTi moqalaqis TvalSi. mmarTvelobis
adgilobrivi institutebis win wamoweva zrdis manZils politikuri
kontrolis meqanizmebsa da globaluri problemebis menejments Soris.
socialuri kontraqtis gaqroba kapitals, Sromasa da saxelmwifos
Soris yvelas saxlebSi abrunebs sakuTari interesebis dasacavad,
mxolod sakuTari Zalebis imediT. rogorc gueheno wers,
“liberaluri demokratia efuZneboda or postulats, romlebic
amJamad eWvis qveS dgeba: arsebobs politikuri sfero, rogorc
socialuri konsensusisa da saerTo interesis adgilsamyofeli;
da arseboben sakuTari energiis mqone aqtorebi, romlebic
axorcieleben Tavis uflebebs, axdenen sakuTari Zalis
demonstrirebas manamdec ki, sanam sazogadoeba Camoayalibebs maT
avtonomiur subieqtebad. dResdReobiT avtonomiuri subieqtebis
nacvlad arsebobs mxolod efemeruli viTarebebi, romlebsac
eyrdnobian saxeldaxelo aliansebi, uzrunvelyofilebi
TiToeuli calkeuli SemTxvevis saWiroebisTvis mobilizebuli
SesaZleblobebiT. politikuri sivrcis - koleqtiuri
solidarobis adgilsamyofelisgan gansxvavebiT isini
warmoadgenen mxolod dominantur warmodgenebs, iseTive
efemeruls, rogor interesebi, romlebic maTiT manipulireben.
Tanadroulad xdeba atomizacia da homogenizacia. sazogadoeba,
romelic gauTaveblad fragmentacias ganicdis, romelsac ar
gaaCnia arc mexsiereba da arc solidaroba, sazogadoeba,
romelic ibrunebs Tavis erTobas mxolod gamosaxulebaTa im
rigis meSveobiT, romelsac media mas yovelkvireulad ubrunebs.
es aris sazogadoeba moqalaqeTa gareSe, da, sabolood, ara-
sazogadoeba. es krizisi ar aris – rogorc amas misgan
gadasarCenad evropelebi imedovneben – kerZo, amerikuli modelis
krizisi. SeerTebulma Statebma namdvilad ukiduresobamde
miiyvanes interesebis konfrontaciis logika, romelic Slis
saerTo interesis ideas; xolo koleqtiuri Sexedulebebis
marTva aRwevs amerikaSi iseT doneebs, romlebic arnaxulia
evropaSi. magram ukiduresi SemTxvevebi gvexmareba saerTo
436
viTarebis gaazrebaSi, xolo amerikis krizisi naTels hfens Cvens
momavals.”10
qselur sazogadoebebSi politikisa da demokratiuli procesis
transformireba kidev ufro Rrmaa, vidre es am analizSia
warmodgenili. amis mizezia am transformaciis momcveli umTavresi
faqtori, romelsac me xsenebul procesebs davamatebdi, anu axali
informaciuli teqnologiebis pirdapiri zegavlena politikur
debatebze da Zalauflebis moZiebis strategiebze. es teqnologiuri
ganzomileba urTierTqmedebs rogorc ufro farTo tendenciebTan,
romlebic axasiaTebs qselur sazogadoebas, aseve komunalur
reagirebasTan im dominantur procesebze, romelic socialur
struqturaSi viTardeba. magram igi am transformacias mZlavr brunviT
moments amatebs, romelsac me informaciul politikas vuwodeb. ase,
Tumca ki bobio marTalia, rodesac xazs usvams mTel msoflioSi
politikur memarjveneobasa da politikur memarcxeneobas Soris
arsebuli sxvaobis mdgradobas, (arsebiTad, socialuri Tanasworobis
sakiTxebisadmi maTi mkveTrad gansxvavebuli midgomis gamo)11
memarjveneebma, memarcxeneebma da centrma, Tu maT undaT sazogadoebaze
gasvla, unda warmarTon Tavisi strategiebi da proeqtebi msgavsi
teqnologiuri mediumis meSveobiT, raTa sakmarisi raodenobis
moqalaqeTa mxardaWera hpovon saxelmwifoze zegavlenis mosapoveblad.
me vamtkiceb, rom es teqnologiuri monawileoba qmnis TamaSis axal
wesebs, romlebic am wignSi warmodgenili socialuri, kulturuli da
politikuri transformaciis konteqstSi dramatul gavlenas axdens
politikis arsze. mTavari aris is, rom eleqtronuli media (ara marto
televizia da radio, aramed komunikaciis yvela forma, gazeTebisa da
internetis CaTvliT) gaxda politikis privilegirebuli sivrce. ara
marto mTeli politika SeiZleba dayvanil iqnas saxeebze, bgerebze an
simbolur manipulirebaze, aramed amis gareSe ar arsebobs
Zalauflebis mopovebisa an ganxorcielebis Sansi. amdenad, yvela
sabolood erTsa da imave TamaSs, TamaSobs Tumca ki ara erTnairad da
gansxvavebuli miznebiT.
437
gaugebroba rom ar moxdes, unda movuwodoT mkiTxvels ar gaiziaros
ori gamartivebuli, mcdari versia im Tezisisa, romlis mixedviTac
eleqtonuli media dominirebs politikaze. erTis mxriv, zogjer
amtkiceben, rom media Tavis politikur Sexedulebebs Tavs axvevs
sazogadoebriv azrs. es ase ar xdeba, vinaidan…. . .media metad
mravalferovania. misi kavSirebi politikasa da ideologiasTan
uaRresad rTulia da arapirdapiri, Tumca ki arsebobs gamonaklisebi,
romelTa sixSire damokidebulia qveyanaze, periodze da konkretul
mediaze. faqtobrivad, xSir SemTxvevaSi, mediaSi gamarTuli kampania
SeiZleba aRmoCndes mimarTuli sazogadoebis politikuri
istebliSmentis winaaRmdeg, rogorc es moxda amerikaSi uotergeitis
krizisis dros, an 1990 wels italiaSi, rodesac mediis udidesma
nawilma mxari dauWira iuridiul anti-korufciul moZraobas orive
tradiciuli partiis, da berluskonis winaaRmdeg, imisda miuxedavad,
rom es ukanaskneli sam erovnul telearxs flobda. meores mxriv,
sazogadoebrivi azri xSirad ganixileba gzavnilobebis pasiur
mimRebad, romliTac advilia manipulireba. es, aseve, baTildeba
empiriuli monacemebiT. . . mediasa da mis auditorias Soris arsebobs
ormxrivi interaqciis procesi, rac cvlis gzavnilobis realur
zegavlenas. gzavniloba yovelmxriv isinjeba, miiReba, da zogjer
trialdeba auditoriis mier. grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, rogorc amas
politikuri strategiebisadmi moqalaqeTa ganwyobebis peijisa da
Sapiros mier Catarebuli analizi cxadyofs, amerikul konteqstSi,
rogorc wesi, koleqtiuri sazogadoebrivi azri damoukidebelia da
saR azrs eyrdnoba.12 mTlianobaSi, medias aqvs fesvebi sazogadoebaSi
da misi gadakveTa politikur procesTan uaRresad gaurkvevelia,
damokidebulia konteqstze, politikuri aqtorebis strategiebze, da
socialur, politikur da kulturul sakiTxebs Soris interaqciis
Taviseburebebze.
Tanamedrove politikaSi eleqtronuli mediis kritikuli rolis
xazgasmiT me sxva ramis Tqma minda. me vambob, rom tradiciuli
politikuri sistemebis krizisisa da axali mediis gavrcelebis
uaRresad farTo zrdis gavlenaTa konvergenciis Sedegad politikuri
438
komunikacia da informacia ZiriTadad qceulia mediis sivrceSi. mediis
sivrcis miRma arsebobs mxolod politikuri marginaloba. is, Tu ra
xdeba am media-dominirebul politikur sferoSi, ar aris
ganpirobebuli mediis mier: es aris Ria socialuri da politikuri
procesi. magram eleqtronuli mediis logika, da organizeba ayalibebs
da astruqturirebs politikas . . . politikis es formireba misi
moqceviT mediis sivrceSi (informaciuli xanis maxasiaTebeli trendi)
gavlenas axdens ara marto arCevnebze, aramed politikur
organizaciebze, gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaze, mmarTvelobaze, sabolood
cvlis urTierTobebs saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris. da
vinaidan dRes arsebuli politikuri sistemebi jer kidev imeoreben
industriuli xanis droindel organizaciul formebsa da politikur
strategiebs, is politikurad moZvelda, da maTi avtonomiuroba
ilaxeba informaciis im nakadebiT, romlebzedac isini damokidebulebi
arian. es aris informaciul xanaSi demokratiis krizisis fundameturi
wyaro.
1 Poulantzas (1978: 109) 2 Tilly (1975); Giddens (1985); Held (1991,1993); Sklair (1991); Camilleri and Falk (1992); Guehenno (1993); Horsman and Marshall (1994); Touraine (1994); Calderon et al. (1996) 3 Held (1991:161). 4 Held (1991:167) 5 Tilly (1995) 6 Spruyt (1994) 7 Hirst and Thompson (`1996: 171) 8 Carnoy (1984) 9 Held (1991: 142-3) 10 Guehenno (1993) 11 Bobbio (1994) 12 Page and Shapiro (1992) bibliografia: Bobbio, Norberto (1994) Destra e sinistra : ragioni e significati de una distinzione politica, Roma : Donzelli editore. Calderon, Fernando et al. (1996) Esa esquiva modernidad: desarrollo, cuidadania y cultura en America Latina y el Caribe, Caracas: Nueva Sociedad/UNESCO Camilleri, J.A. and Falk, K. (1992) The End of Sovereignty, Aldershot: Edward Elgar Carnoy, Martin (1984) The State and Political theory, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Giddens (1985) A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, vol. II: The nation –state and Violence, Berkley: University of California Press Guehenno, Jean Marie (1993) La fin de la democratie, Paris: Flammarion. Held, David (1991) “Democracy, the nation-state and the global system”, Economy and Society, 20 (2): 138-72 Held, David (ed) (1993) Prospects for Democracy, Cambridge: Polity Press.
439
Hirst, Paul and Thompson, Grahame (1996) Globalization in Question: the International Economy and the Possibilities of Governance, Cambridge: Polity Press Horsman, M. and Marshall, A. (1994) After the Nation State, New York: Harper-Collins Page, Benjamin I. and Shapiro, Robert Y. (1992) The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in American’s Policy Preferences, Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Poulantzas, Nikos (1978) L’Etat, le pouvoir, le socialisme, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France – Politiques Sklair, Leslie (1991) The Sociology of the Global System, London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf. Tilly, Charles (ed.) (1975) The Formation of Nation States in Western Europe, Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. Spruyt, Hendrik (1994) The Sovereign State and its Competitors, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Tilly, Charles (1995) “State-incited violence, 1900-1999”, Political Power and Social theory, 9: 161-79 Touraine, Alan (1994) Qu’est-ce que la democratie? Paris: Fayard
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2. Carl Schmitt, Der Bergriff des Politischen, Duncker& Humblot, (1932The Concept of the
Political, Chicago, The University of Chicago Press, 1996)
3. Jürgen Habermas, Faktizität und Geltung. Beiträge zur Diskurstheorie des Rechts und
des demokratischen Rechtsstaats, 1992, Suhrkamp Verlagh (Habermas H., Between Facts
and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, Cambridge,
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4. Michael Walzer, Spheres of Justice, New York: Basic, 1983
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8. Raymond Aron, L’Opium des Intellectuels. Paris, Calmann-Levy, 1955
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442
informacia avtorebis Sesaxeb
almondi, gabriel (Almond, 1911) - amerikeli
politologi, specialisti zogadi Teoriebisa da SedarebiTi
politologiis sferoSi. ufro meti aRiareba almonds moutana misma
Sromebma politikuri sistemis Teoriisa da politikuri kulturis
Sesaxeb.
almondis mier SemuSavebuli politikuri sistemis modelSi umetesi
yuradReba eqceoda "Senatanis" da "Sedegis" funqciebs. amerikelma
politologma SeZlo damajereblad eCvenebina urTierTkavSiri im
politikur organizaciebs Soris, romlebic Seadgenen politikuri
kulturis Sinaarss da politikuri sistemis funqcionirebis xasiaTs.
g. almondis da s. veberis erTobliv naSromSi "samoqalaqo
kultura" (1963) - komparativistuli (SedarebiTi) politikuri analizis
meTodi demonstrirebulia xuTi qveynis xalxTa politikuri kulturis
Sedarebis magaliTze: aSS, meqsika, italia, didi britaneTi da germania.
almondis ZiriTadi naSromebia: "SedarebiTi politika: ganviTarebis
koncefcia" (1966), "ganviTarebadi regionebis politika" (1968), "SedarebiTi
politika dRes" (1988).
aroni, raimon (Aron, 1905-1983) - frangi sociologi da
politilogi. misi samecniero interesebis fokusSia - demokratiis
problemebi, politikuri Tavisuflebani, Tanamedrove politikuri
reJimebis tipologia, politikuri sistemis SedarebiTi analizi.
aroni - industriuli sazogadoebis Teoriis erT-erTi Semqmnelia.
mas miaCnda, rom civilizaciis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze iqmneba
sazogadoebis erTiani tipi (erTiani industriuli sazogadoeba), romlis
gansxvavebul modifikacias warmoadgens dasavleTis (demokratiuli) da
sabWoTa (totalitaruli) modelebi. industriuli civilizaciis
konfliqtebs mecnieri xedavs industriuli sazogadoebis moTxovnebisa
(centralizacia, mkacri ierarqizacia) da demokratiis idealebis
(Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba) Soris dapirispirebaSi. am mowinaaRmdege
443
tendenciebis dapirispirebis gamo industriuli sazogadoeba ganwirulia
arastabilurobisTvis.
aronis ZiriTadi naSromebia - "opiumi inteligenciisaTvis" (1955),
"imedgacrueba progresSi" (1967) da sxv.
beli (Bell) , daniel (daibada 1919 w.) - amerikeli sociologi da
politologi, harvardis universitetis profesori. Tavisi moRvaweoba
daiwyo 30-40-ian wlebSi memarcxene radikalur moZraobaSi monawileobiT;
iziarebda marqsizmisa da socializmis ideebs. mogvianebiT, 50-iani
wlebis dasawyisSi Seicvala ra pozicia, gadavida liberalur
reformizmze.
XXI^ saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gaxda deideologizaciis koncefciis
erT-erTi avtori aronTan, lipsetTan da SilzTan erTad. am ideebma
Tavisi asaxva hpoves wignSi `ideologiis dasasruli~ (1969). am
koncefciis arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom xdeba ra sul ufro da ufro
ganaTlebuli, Tanamedrove adamiani upiratesobas aniWebs ara
Rirebulebebs, idealebs an religiur mrwamsa da politikur lozungebs,
aramed zust codnas, mecnierul monacemebs. SemdgomSi, 70-ian wlebSi
beli iZulebuli gaxda eRiarebina, rom `Zveli ideologiis amowurvisas
Cndeba axali ideologiis moTxovnileba~. deideologizaciis koncefciis
sanacvlod, man wamoayena reideologizaciis koncefcia, romelSic aCvena,
rom xalxis politikuri da socialuri cxovreba damokidebulia
ideologiur faqtorze.
60-iani wlebis dasasruls - 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi belma
SeimuSava `postindustriuli sazogadoebis~ Teoria, romelic man
warmoadgina wignebSi: `momavali postindustriuli sazogadoeba~ (1973) da
`kapitalizmis kulturuli winaaRmdegobebi~ (1976). am Teoriis Tanaxmad,
sazogadoeba teqnologiisa da codnis gavleniT gadis ganviTarebis
evoluciur gzas winaindustriuli sazogadoebidan industriulamde da,
bolos, samecniero-teqnikuri progresis zemoqmedebiT transformirdeba
postindustriul sazogadoebad.
SemdgomSi belis Sexedulebebma ganicades evolucia da
Camoyalibdnen `saSualo donis~ Teoriebad, romlebic aRweren calkeul
socialur sferoebs da qvesistemebs. kerZod, politikur sferosTan
444
mimarTebaSi belma SeimuSava meritokratiis Teoria (meritokratiis
Teoriis Semqmnelia ingliseli sociologi mitCel iangi).
beli Tavs uwodebs `socialists ekonomikaSi, liberals
politikaSi da konservators kulturaSi~. is socialuri prognozirebis
erT-erTi udidesi specialistia.
berki, edmund (Burke)(1729-1797) - ingliseli politikuri
moRvawe, filosofosi da publicisti. igi iTvleba klasikuri
konservatizmis damfuZneblad.
1790 wels gamoqveynda misi umTavresi naSromi "fiqrebi safrangeTis
revoluciis Sesaxeb", romelSic Camoyalibebuli iyo konservatizmis
ZiriTadi principebi: adamianis gonebrivi sferos SezRuduloba, da
Sesabamisad universaluri moraluri wesrigis umTavresi mniSvneloba,
wesrigisa, romelic sanqcirebulia da mxardaWerili religiis mier; "is
rac SeiZleba ar Seicvalos, ar unda Seicvalos"; rwmena xalxis
tradiciisa da "siZvelis uflebisa"; rwmena imisa, rom klasebsa da
wodebebs Soric mkacri sazRvrebis arseboba aucilebelia socialuri
stabilurobisaTvis; kerZo sakuTrebis gareSe Tavisufleba SeuZlebelia,
xolo sazogadoeba ganwirulia dasaRupad; adamianis ganxilva, rogorc
arasrulyofili arsebisa, romelic eqvemdebareba codvian qcevas;
prezumpcia mmarTvelobis nebismieri damkvidrebuli sistemis
sasargeblod, nebismieri gamoucdeli (gamouyenebeli) proeqtis
winaaRmdeg; da a.S.
e. berkis mixedviT awmyo arasodes da arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar aris
Tavisufali warsulisagan. igi werda: "WeSmariti politikuri sibrZne
mdgomareobs imaSi, rom gamoswordes, gaumjobesdes da ara ganadgurdes
adrindeli institutebi".
saxelmwifo cxaddeba berkis mier samudamo da ucvlel organizmad,
romelic pirovnebaze maRla dgas da ar eqvemdebareba mis nebas. tradicia
aris yvelaze saimedo avtoriteti, radgan masSi gansaxierdeba "adamianTa
modgmis koleqtiuri neba".
445
diuverJe (Duverger) , moris (daibada 1917 wels) - frangi
politologi da sociologi, sorbonis universitetis politikuri
sociologiis profesori. is iyo mTeli rigi mTavrobebis konsultanti
konstituciisa da saarCevno sistemebis sakiTxSi. man daaarsa da saTaveSi
Caudga politikuri sistemebis SedarebiTi analizis centrs. is aris aSS-
s mecnierebaTa da xelovnebaTa akademiis wevri. farTo sazogadoebaSi
diuverJe cnobilia rogorc politikuri partiebis Teoriisa da
politikis fundamenturi da gamoyenebiTi problemebis Taobaze wignebis
avtori.
diuverJes azriT, politika warmoadgens nebismieri sazogadoebis
gansazRvruli tipis aqtiurobas. misi koncefciis Tanaxmad, politikuri
sistemebis imdeni varianti arsebobs, ramdenic socialuri sazogadoebaa.
politika moicavs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela Tu ara, TiTqmis
yvela sferos. sakuTriv mecniereba politikis Sesaxeb (politikuri
sociologia) aris socialuri mecniereba xelisuflebis, mmarTvelobisa
da avtoritetis Sesaxeb.
demokratia, diuverJes mixedviT, warmoadgens `yvelaze realur
Tavisuflebas~. is SesaZlebelia marto Zalian mkacri pirobebis
Sesrulebis pirobebSi. dasavleTSi am formam gaiara ganviTarebis gza
liberaluri demokratiidan teqnodemokratiamde, romelic efuZneba
organizaciebis Zalauflebas. Tanamedrove demokratiul qveynebSi xdeba
Zalauflebis axleburi dayofa: umravlesobis Zalauflebad da
opoziciis Zalauflebad.
diuverJes `savizito baraTia~ politikuri partiebis Teoria. misi
koncefciis Tanaxmad, politikuri partiebi - es iseTi organizaciebia,
romlebic gamoirCeva aSkara midrekilebiT damoukideblad
ganaxorcielon politikuri Zalaufleba an iyolion Tavisi
warmomadgenlebi saxelmwifo organoebSi. saxelmwifos arseboba
uciloblad gulisxmobs brZolas misi institutebisTvis. partiul
xasiaTs es brZola Rebulobs martooden saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
saarCevno organoebis gaCenis Sedegad. amitom partiebis gaCena da
ganviTareba didwilad ganpirobebulia parlamentarizmis ganviTarebiT.
446
elsteri (Elster) , jon daibada 1940 wlis 22 Tebervals
norvegiaSi. ganaTleba norvegiasa da safrangeTSi miiRo. sadoqtoro
disertacia daicva parizis universitetSi 1972 wels. vidre kolumbiis
universitetSi daiyebda muSaobs, igi parizSi, oslosa da CikagoSi
aswavlida. amJamad aris kolumbiis universitetis profesori. misi
kvleviTi interesebi moicavs racionaluri arCevanis Teorias,
ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis Teorias da socialuri azrovnebis
istorias (marqssa da tokvils). is amjerad muSaobs konstituciis Seqmnis
procesebis SedarebiT analizze da reqtroaqtiuli samarTlianobis
Seswavlaze im qveynebSi, romlebic avtoritaruli an totalitaruli
reJimidan bolo dros aRmocenda.
veberi, maqs (Weber) (1864-1929) - erT-erTi udidesi
warmomadgeneli dasavluri sociologiisa da politikuri mecnierebisa.
veberis politikur naazrevSi centralur adgils ikavebs
Zalauflebis problema. Zalauflebas, romelic dafuZnebulia brZanebasa
da morCilebaze, veberi uwodebda batonobas. batonobis safuZvelia
legitimuroba. yoveli batonoba saWiroebs TviTgamarTlebas, aRiarebas
da mxardaWeras. vebers mxedvelobaSi aqvs ara iuridiuli, aramed
sociologiuri maxasiaTeblebi batonobisa (Zalauflebisa) da mTavar
mniSvnelobas aniWebs Zaladobis (Zalis) monopoliuri gamoyenebis
faqtors.
veberma gamoyo legitimuri batonobis sami ZiriTadi tipi:
tradiciuli, xarizmatuli da legaluri (racionalur- biurokratiuli).
uaRresad mniSvnelovania veberis wvlili biurokratiis Teoriis
damuSavebaSi. biurokratia, veberis mixedviT, teqnikurad warmoadgens
legaluri batonobis yvelaze wminda tips. mis mier iqna Camoyalibebuli
ZiriTadi moTxovnebi biurokratiisadmi (moxeleebisadmi): moxele
pirovnulad Tavisufalia da emorCileba mxolod saqmian samsaxurebriv
vals (valdebulebas); aqvs gansazRvruli kompetencia; muSaobs
kontraqtis safuZvelze (Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze); muSaobs
specialuri kvalifikaciis Sesabamisad; iRebs mudmiv gasamrjelos;
ganixilavs Tavis samsaxurs, rogorc erTaderT da mTavar profesias;
447
eqvemdebareba mkacr, erTian samsaxurebriv disciplinasa da kontrols da
sxv.
veberis interesTa sfero uaRresad farToa da misi naSromebi mTel
socialur mecnierebaTa speqtrs moicavs.
ingleharti (Inglehart) , ronald ronald inglhartma
daamTavra Cikagos universitetis magistratura da aqve daicva
sadoqtoro disertacia 1962 wels. igi 1978 wlidan dRemde miCiganis
universitetis politikuri mecnierebis profesoria. agreTve aris
miCiganis universitetTan arsebuli socialuri kvlevis institutis
politikuri kvlevis centris programis direqtori. misi publikaciebidan
aRsaniSnavia “Cumi revolucia – cvalebadi faseulobebi da politikur
stili dasavleTis sazogadoebebSi”, gamocemuli 1977 wels prinstonis
universitetis gamomcemlobis mier. agreTve igive gamomcemlobis mier 1990
wels dastambuli “kulturuli naxtomi ganviTarebul industriul
sazogadoebebSi” da 1997 wels dastambuli “modernizacia da
postmodernizacia: kulturuli, ekonomikuri da politikuri cvlilebebi
43 sazogadoebaSi.” misi bolo dros gamoqveynebuli statiebidan
aRsaniSnavia 2000 wlis zamTarSi « Washington Quarterly »-Si gamoqveynebuli
“globalizacia da postmodernistuli faseulobebi” da “kultura da
demokratia”, romelic samuel hantingtonisa da lorens harisonis
redaqciiT 2000 wels dastambul wignSi “kulturas aqvs mniSvneloba”
aris CarTuli.
istoni, devid (Easton) (1917 - ) – erT-erTi wamyvani amerikeli
politologi. istonis ZiriTadi wvlili politikur mecnierebaSi
dakavSirebulia sistemuri analizis principebisa da meTodebis
gamoyenebasTan politikuri sistemebis funqcionirebis Seswavlisas.
istoni gansazRvravs politikur sistemas, rogorc
urTierTqmedebebs, romelTa meSveobiTac sazogadoebaSi xorcieldeba
faseulobaTa ganawileba da am safuZvleze aRikveTeba konfliqtebi
sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris. istonis ZiriTadi naSromebia :
« politikuri sistema » (1953), « konceptualuri struqtura politikuri
448
analizisTvis » (1965), « politikuri cxovrebis sistemuri analizi »
(1965).
kastelsi, manueli (Castells) (1942 -) amerikeli sociologi
da ekonomisti. daibada espaneTSi. amJamad kaliforniis universitetis
sociologiisa da qalaqebis da regionuli gegmarebis profesoria.
urbanuli sociologiis Seswavlisas is aqcents akeTebs socialur
moZraobebze, romlebic did rols asruleben urbanuli lanSaftis
formirebaze mTel msoflioSi. dawyebuli 1983 wlidan kastelsi
swavlobs socialur da ekonomikur transformacias, romelic
gamowveulia informaciuli teqnologiebis danergviT. misi
Sexedulebebis SuagulSi dgas mtkicebuleba imis Taobaze, rom
sazogadoebebs sul ufro aformirebs bipolarulo opozicia qselsa da
individs Soris. misi ZiriTadi naSromebia: “qalaqi da misi mobinadreebi”
(1983), “informaciuli qalaqi” (1989), trilogia “informaciuli
sazogadoeba: ekonomika, sazogadoeba da kultura”. “galaqtika interneti:
refleqsia internetze, biznessa da sazogadoebaze” (2001).
manini (Manin) , bernard daibada 1951 wlis 19 aprils
marselSi, safrangeTSi. sadoqtoro disertacia politikur mecnierebaSi
daculi aqvs parizis politikis Seswavlis institutSi. 1996 wlidan
dRemde aris niu-iorkis universitetis politikis fakultetis profesori
da parizis politikis Seswavlis institutis profesori. bernar maninis
wignebis umetesoba miZRvnilia social-demokratiuli reJimis
Seswavlisadmi, aseve Tamedrove demokratiis sakiTxebisadmi.
manhaimi, karl (Manheim) (1893-1947) - germaneli filosofosi
da sociologi, codnis sociologiis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli. misi
ZiriTadi naSromebia "ideologia da utopia" (1929), "adamiani da
sazogadoeba gardaqmnis epoqaSi" (1935), "Cveni drois diagnozi: omis
drois narkvevebi, dawerili sociologis mier".
Tavis naSromSi "ideologia da utopia" manhaimi aRniSnavs, rom nebismieri
ideologia - es aris arsebuli wyobis apologia, Teoretizebuli
449
Sexedulebebi gabatonebuli klasisa, romelic dainteresebulia status-
qvos SenarCunebaSi. "ideologiebs" yovelTvis upirispirdeba "utopiebi" -
rogorc wesi, arasakmarisad Teoretizebuli, emociurad Seferili
"sulieri warmonaqmnebi". "utopiebs" qmnian daCagruli klasebi, fenebi an
jgufebi, romelnic miiswrafian socialuri revanSisaken, da amdenad,
iseve subieqturni da winaswarganwyobilni arian, rogorc "ideologebi".
arsiT, "utopiebi" arfriT gansxvavdebian "ideologiebisagan", ramdenadac
iseve eswrafian "warmoadginon nawili mTelad" - Tavisi calmxrivi
simarTle absolutur WeSmaritebad. Cagruli klasebis xelisuflebaSi
mosvlis SemTxvevaSi "utopiebi" avtomaturad iqcevian "ideologiebad".
marqsi, karl (Marx) (1818-1883) - marqss miekuTvneba
istoriis materialisturi koncefciis damuSaveba, romelic xazs usvams
ekonomikuri sferos gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi.
marqsizmis filosofiuri da ekonomikuri moZRvrebidan gamomdinareobs
misi politikuri Teoriis Taviseburebebi. politikis marqsistuli
gagebis RerZi - es aris moZRvreba klasobrivi brZolis Sesaxeb,
orientacia klasobrivi miznebis upiratesad Zalismieri wesiT
realizebaze. proletariatis klasobrivi brZolis Sinaarsisa da formis
ganxilvisa da gamokvlevis Sedegad marqsi da engelsi mividnen
daskvnamde, rom am brZolis ZiriTadi da umTavresi mizania
proletariatis diqtaturis damyareba, romelic warmoadgens antipods
eqsplotatoruli klasebis diqtaturisa da, romelsac mivyevarT uklaso
sazogadoebis aSenebisaken, saxelmwifos TandaTanobiTi kvdomisaTvis
pirobebis Seqmnisaken.
klasebis, fenebis, socialuri jgufebis sazogadoebrivi
mdgomareobis analizi marqsizmSi warmoadgens sawyis punqts masebis,
jgufebisa da liderebis politikuri qcevis gagebisaTvis.
marqsis ZiriTadi Sromebia: "komunisturi partiis manifesti" (1848,
engelsTan erTad), "lui bonapartis Tvrameti briumeri" (1852), "kapitali"
(1867-1894) da sxv.
450
mili, jon stiuart (Mill) (1808-1873) - ingliseli filosofosi,
ekonomisti, liberaluri politikuri moazrovne, saxelmwifo moRvawe.
mili sakvanZo politikur da samarTlebriv problemebs ganixilavs
individis Tavisuflebis TvalTaxedviT. es aris liberalizmisaTvis
tradiciuli problemebi: pirovnebis Tavisuflebis winapirobebi da
Sinaarsi, Tavisufleba, wesrigi da progresi, optimaluri politikuri
mowyoba da a.S.
individualuri Tavisufleba niSnavs adamianis absolutur
damoukideblobas moqmedebis im sferoSi, romelic uSualod exeba
mxolod mas. individualuri Tavisuflebis niSnebad mili gamoyofs
Sexedulebisa da azris Tavisuflebas, Tavisuflebas sxva individebTan
erTad qmedebisa, arCevanis Tavisuflebas, sakuTari bedis gansazRvrisa
da cxovrebis miznebis arCevis Tavisuflebas.
pirovnebis, kerZo piris Tavisufleba pirveladia politikur
struqturebTan da maT funqcionirebasTan mimarTebaSi. aqedan
gamomdinare, saxelmwifoebrioba imgvaria, rogoricaa Tavad sazogadoeba
mTlianobaSi, da amitomac igi, sazogadoeba pasuxismgebelia saxelmwifos
mdgomareobaze. Rirseuli saxelmwifos arsebobis mTavari piroba - es
aris xalxis Tavisufleba, adamianuri Tvisebebis maRali xarisxi,
sazogadoebis im wevrTa, romelTaTvis arsebobs da mowodebulia
ifunqcioniros saxelmwifom.
mili cdilobda moeZebna gzebi da saSualebebi, romlebic
uzrunvelyofdnen erTis mxriv amomrCevelTa farTo monawileobas
arCevnebSi, xolo meores mxriv inteleqtualuri, ganaTlebuli elitis
gavlenis SenarCunebas.
mixelsi, robert (Michels) (1876- 1936) - germaneli
politologi, politikuri partiebis Seswavlis erT-erTi pioneri da am
mimarTulebis fuZemdebeli. misi mTavari naSromia: "politikuri partiebi:
Tanamedrove demokratiis oligarqiuli tendenciebis sociologiuri
gamokvleva" (1911).
451
mixelsi mivida im daskvnamde, rom pirdapiri demokratiis, masebis
uSualo mmarTvelobisa da batonobis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia. amis
Sedegia masebis mier calkeuli wevrebis delegireba specialur
organoebSi maTi interesebis gamosaxatavad da dasacavad. Zalauflebis
warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis, politikuri partiebis da msgavsi
institutebis warmoqmnisas Cndeba oligarqiulobis pirveli niSnebi -
gabatonebuli zedafenis (elitis) mowyveta masebisagan da misi gadaqceva
Caketil klasad.
mixelsi miuTiTebs sam mTavar mizezze, romelnic xels uwyoben
oligarqias, pirveli - viwro specializacia mmarTvelobaSi, rac xels
uSlis kontrols mmarTvelze. meore mizezi mdgomareobs Tavad masebis
fsiqologiur TvisebebSi - politikuri indiferentizmi, Zlieri
Zalauflebis moTxovnileba da sxva amgvari. mesame - es aris beladTa
xarizmatuli Tvisebebi, maTi unari Tavs moaxvion Tavisi neba marTulebs.
oligarqiuli Zalauflebis warmoqmnisa da organizaciis mizezTa
da meTodTa erTobliobas mixelsma uwoda "oligarqiis rkinis kanoni".
nisbeti, robert (Nisbet) (1913-1996) - konservatori
sociologi, komunitarianuli filosofiis Teoretikosi. man didi
wvlili Seitana konservatorul politikur azrovnebaSi da komiunitis
(erTobis) dacvaSi. misi mTavari Tema iyo is, rom Tanamedrove,
biurokratiuli centralizebuli saxelmwifos zrda xorcieldeba
eklesiis, samezoblos, ojaxisa da erTobis xarjze. amiT sustdeba
sazogadoeba. adgilobrivi erTobebis Senacvleba saxelmwifo programebs
ar SeuZlia. is mxars uWerda kulturis mravalferovnebas, asociaciebis
siWreles da xelisuflebis dayofas. man Seqmna iseTi naSromebi,
rogorebicaa « sociologiuri tradicia » (1966), « tradicia da
revolucia » (1968), « socialuri filosofosebi : komiuniti da
konfliqti dasavlur azrovnebaSi » (1973) da sxv.
olsoni, mankur (Olson) (1932-1998) – olsoni aRiarebulia
rogorc erT-erTi iSviaTi mkvlevari, romelmac gardaqmna ekonomikis
swavleba imgvarad, rom politika gaxda ekonomikuri azrovnebis da
452
strategiuli gadawyvetilebebis SemuSavebis Semadgeneli nawili. misma
naSromebma aCvena, rom qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas pirvel rigSi
gansazRvravs qveynis ekonomikuri politika da samarTlebrivi
institutebis funqcionirebis xarisxi. olsonma didi praqtikuli muSaoba
gaswia ruseTis ekonomikis transformaciis mxardasaWerad da sxva
tranzituli ekonomikebis gansaviTareblad. misi xelmZRvanelobiT
dafuZnda IRIS – araformaluri seqtoris institucionaluri reformis
centri, romelic emsaxureba misi naazrevis safuZvelze ganviTarebadi da
yofili sabWoTa ekonomikebis gardaqmnas. olsonis ori naSromi –
koleqtiuri moqmedebis logika da erebis aRzeveba da daknineba
warmoadgnen ganTqmul klasikur naSromebs ekonomikisa da politikuri
mecnierebis sferoebSi.
poji, janfranko (Poggi) (1934-) – sociologiisa da
politikuri mecnierebis profesori. misi interesebi ZiriTadad or Temas
exeba : Tanamedrove politikuri institutebis buneba da ganviTareba (mas
ekuTvnis ori wigni Tanamedrove saxelmwifoze) da klasikuri socialuri
Teoriis Sinaarsi da Tanamedrove mniSvneloba (misi sami wigni am
sferoSi ixilavs tokvilis, marqsis, diurkhaimis, veberisa da zimelis
naSromebs). DdaamTavra ra samarTlis fakulteti paduas universitetSi,
SemdgomSi man miiRo ganaTleba sociologiaSi (doqtorantura) berkliSi
kaliforniis universitetSi. SemdgomSi man imuSava bevr evropul,
amerikul da avstraliur universitetebSi, amJamad aris trentos
universitetis profesori. mas aqvs gamosaqveyneblad momzadebuli axali
wignebi : « emil diurkhaimi » da « socialuri Zalauflebis formebi da
maTi urTierTmimarTeba ».
pSevorski, adami (Przeworski)- amerikeli politologi. igi iyo
erT-erTi ZiriTadi monawile saerTaSoriso proeqtisa "avtoritarizmidan
demokratiaze gadasvlebi", romelic dasrulda 4-tomiani masalebis
gamocemiT hopkinsis universitetSi (aSS). es naSromi Seicavda samxreT
evropaSi da laTinur amerikaSi avtoritarizmidan demokratiaze
gadasvlis TaviseburebaTa analizs.
453
pSevorskis ZiriTadi naSromebia - "kapitalizmi da social-
demokratia" (1985), "demokratia da bazari. politikuri da ekonomikuri
reformebi aRmosavleT evropasa da laTinur amerikaSi" (1991).
rastou, dankvart (Rustow) - amerikeli politologi,
wamyvani politologiuri Jurnalis « Comparative Politics » mTavari
redaqtori 1978-1995 wlebSi. amave JurnalSi 1970 wels d.rastous mier
gamoqveynebulma statiam : « transformacia demokratiisaken : dinamikuri
modeli » moaxdina inspirireba mTeli mimarTulebis Camoyalibebisa,
romelic dRes « tranzitologiis » saxeliT moixsenieba.
roulzi (Rowls) , joni (1926-2002) - liberalur-reformistuli
mimarTulebis mqone amerikeli filosofosi, harvardis universitetis
profesori. misi ZiriTadi naSromebia: `samarTlianobis Teoria~, `kantis
konstruqtivizmi moralur TeoriaSi~, `samarTlianoba rogorc
patiosneba: politikuri da ara metafizikuri~, `jvaredini konsensusis
idea~, `politikuri liberalizmi~. roulzma scada SeemuSavebina
samarTlianobis Teoria, romelic adekvaturi iqneboda kapitalisturi
sazogadoebis ganviTarebis axali stadiisa - `socialuri sabazro
ekonomikis Teoria~. man ori amocana dasva - pirveli, samarTlianobis
iseTi zogadi principebis SemuSaveba, romelic adekvaturi iqneboda
Tanamedrove moralisa; meore, iseTi Teoriis Camoyalibeba, romelic
alternatiuli iqneboda utilitarizmis yvelaze gavrcelebuli versiisa.
roulzis samarTlianobis Teoriis mniSvneloba Tanamedrove
politikuri filosofiisTvis, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia
imasTan, rom man moaxerxa `gaedo xidi~ `memarjvene~ liberalizmsa da
memarcxene utilitarizms Soris. misi Teoria Zalian naTlad warmosaxavs
samarTlianobas, romelic iTvaliswinebs kapitalisturi sazogadoebis
aqtualur problemebs. es Teoria gansxvavdeba samarTlianobis
interpretaciebis sxva variantebisagan upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom is
Seicavs sazogadoebis gaazrebul struqturebs, romlebic gulisxmobs
rogorc individualur Tavisuflebas, ise materialuri sikeTeebis
samarTlian ganawilebas.
454
roulzis Teoria mniSvnelovania agreTve meTodologiuri
TvalsazrisiT. is warmoadgens imis magaliTs, Tu rogor unda moxdes
istoriulad sawinaaRmdego mimdinareobebis SeTanxmeba politikur-
filosofiuri azris Camoyalibebisas.
smiti (Smith) , entoni – sociologiis profesori londonis
ekonomikis skolaSi. smitis naSromTa umetesoba eZRvneba eTnosisa da
nacionalizmis kvlevas. gansakuTrebiT faseulia misi wvlili eris
Teoriis damuSavebaSi. misi ZiriTadi naSromebia « nacionalizmis
Teoriebi » (1971), « eTnikuri aRorZineba » (1981), « erebis eTnikuri
sawyisebi » (1986), « erovnuli identuroba » (1991). misi kvleva
fokusirebulia erebis warmoSobisa da Camoyalibebis istoriul da
socialur safuZvlebze, gansxvavebiT Tanamedrove « modernistuli »
Tvalsazrisebisgan, romelnic cdiloben axsnan Tanamedrove erebis
buneba da xasiaTi mxolod eTnikuri mexsierebiT, miTebiTa da
simboloebiT.
seligmani (Seligman) , adam muSaobs religiis profesorad
bostonis universitetSi. amave dros, igi aris mkvlevari amave
universitetTan arsebul ekonomikuri kulturis Semswavlel institutSi.
igi aswavlida ara mxolod amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi, aramed
israelsa da ungreTSi, sadac is fulbraitis stipendiiT iyo
wargzavnili 1990-1992 wlebSi. misi publikaciebidan aRsaniSnavia 1992
wels gamocemuli “samoqalaqo sazogadoebis idea”, 1997 wels
gamocemuli “ndobis problema”, aseve mark liCbahTan erTad 2000 wels
gamocemuli “bazari da sazogadoeba”. misi axali wigni “zomieri
gancxadebebi, dialogi da eseebi tolerantobasa da tradiciaze”
gamoqveyndeba notr-damis universitetis gamomcemlobis mier 2003 wels.
tokvili (Tocqueville) , aleqsis de (1805-1889) - frangi
sociologi, politikuri moazrovne da sazogadoebrivi moRvawe, 1848
wels iyo safrangeTis sagareo saqmeTa ministri.
455
1831-1832 wlebSi man imogzaura amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi
penitencialur sistemasTan gacnobis mizniT. amerikis sinamdvilis Rrma
Seswavlam tokvili ufro Rrma sakiTxebis kvlevamde miiyvana.
safrangeTSi dabrunebisTanave tokvilma daiwyo fundamentalur naSromze
muSaoba, saxelwodebiT `demokratia amerikaSi~, romlis pirveli da meore
tomi gamovida 1835 wels da maSinve saxeli gauTqva mis avtors. 1840 wels
gamovida III da IV tomi.
`demokratia amerikaSi~ warmoadgens pirvel kompleqsur naSroms
demokratiis sociologiis Taobaze, romelic ki gamosula politikuri
azrovnebis sferoSi, amasTan aq moyvanilia farTo empiriuli masala.
winasityvaobaSive tokvili aRniSnavs, rom is demokratia, romelic
Camoyalibda amerikaSi, warmoadgens evropaSi momavali ganviTarebis
gamoxatulebas. `Cven vcxovrobT - werda is - didi demokratiuli
revoluciis epoqaSi. yvela amCnevs amas, magram yvela ase ar afasebs~.
amerikuli demokratiis analizisas tokvili gamoyofs sami rigis
mizezebs, romlebic apirobeben anglo-amerikelebis sazogadoebrivi
ganviTarebis xasiaTs: 1) gansakuTrebuli situacia, romelSic aRmoCnda
amerikuli sazogadoeba; 2) kanonebi; 3) zne-Cveulebebi. tokvili iyo
pirveli politikuri moazrovne, romelic ganixilavda demokratias
rogorc ara marto politikur, aramed socialur wyobas.
tokvili erT-erTi pirvelTagania politikuri azrovnebis
istoriaSi, vinc akavSirebda demokratias adamianis iseTi Tvisebis
ganviTarebasTan, rogoricaa individualizmi. upirispirebs ra mas
egoizms, tokvili axasiaTebs individualizms rogorc awonil, mSvid
grZnobas, romelic ubiZgebs TiToeul moqalaqes gaemijnos masas.
tokvilis meore cnobili naSromia `Zveli wesrigi da revolucia~
(1856 w.), romelSic tokvili didi franguli revoluciis magaliTze
ikvlevs Zveli reJimis socialuri da politikuri krizisis mizezebs,
romlebic revoluciis mizezi gaxdnen.
tokvilis ideebma didi gavlena moaxdines liberaluri
sazogadoebriv-politikuri azris Semdgom ganviTarebaze. meore msoflio
omis Semdeg politikur mecnierebaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki demokratiis
TeoriaSi, kvlav gaiRviZa interesma tokvilis Teoriuli naazrevisadmi.
misi aqtualoba dResac Zalze maRalia.
456
uolceri (Walzer), maikl – wamyvani amerikeli specialisti
politikis TeoriaSi, 1980 wlidan aris mowinave kvlevaTa institutis
(Institute for Advanced Studies) socialuri mecnierebis profesori (prinstoni,
niu jersi). mas ekuTvnis naSromebi politikuri Teoriisa da moralis
filosofiis sakiTxTa farTo speqtrze : politikuri valdebulebebi,
samarTliani da usamarTlo omebi, nacionalizmi da eTnikuroba,
ekonomikuri samarTlianoba da sayovelTao keTildReobis saxelmwifo.
man Seasrula mniSvnelovani roli praqtikuli, problemebze
orientirebuli eTikis gamococxlebaSi da politikuri da moraluri
cxovrebisadmi pluralisturi midgomis ganviTarebaSi. amJamad is muSaobs
« gansxvavebebis » yvela formis toleraciisa da damkvidrebis
sakiTxebze. man dawera rigi mniSvnelovani monografiebisa, maT Soris :
« toleraciis Sesaxeb » (1997), « samarTlianobis Sesaxeb : pluralizmisa
da Tanasworobis dasacavad » (1983) ; « eTnikurobis politika » (1982) ;
« wmindanTa revolucia ; radikaluri politikis sawyisebis Seswavla »
(1965)
Smiti (Smitt) , karl (1888-1987) - konservatuli orientaciis
germaneli iuristi da politologi. XXs-is 20-ian da 30-ian wlebSi
gamodioda liberaluri filosofiisa da politikis mkacri kritikiT.
misi azriT, umTavresi politikuri gansxvaveba, gamijvna - aris
gansxvaveba megobrisa da mtrisa. maT Soris mimdinareobs brZola
ganadgurebamde. umaRles politikur erTobad Smiti miiCnevda
saxelomwifos.
Sumpeteri (Shumpetter) , iozef (1883-1950) - XXs-is erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi ekonomisti, sociologi da politologi.
Sumpeteris mixedviT, kapitalizmis gageba SeuZlebelia mxolod
ekonomikuri procesebis logikidan gamomdinare. kapitalizmis
gagebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvT socialur, politikur da
kulturul faqtorebs. am faqtorebis ganxilvis Sedegad Sumpeteri
mivida "demokratiis gansxvavebuli Teoriis" ("elitaruli demokratiis")
457
formulirebamde. es Teoria upirispirdeba demokratiis klasikur Terias,
romelic efuZneba saxalxo suverenitets, saerTo nebisa da saerTo
sikeTis, warmomadgenlobis da amomrCevlis politikuri racionalobis
ideebs. yvela es cnebebi, miiCnevs Sumpeteri, kargaven azrs Tanamedrove
kapitalizmis pirobebSi, rodesac politika xdeba ekonomikis uSualo
gamoxatuleba da gagrZeleba. amave dros, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
ekonomika organizebulia racionalur-biurokratiuli da ara
Tavisufali sabazro wesiT, rogorc es warmoudgenia liberalizms, da
rogoric igi (ekonomika) iyo garkveulwilad wina epoqaSi.
politikur process Sumpeteri ganixilavs rogorc sabazro
process: amomrCevlebi - ayeneben moTxovnebs, politikosebi da
biurokratebi - akmayofileben am moTxovnebs.
Sumpeteris ZiriTadi naSromebia: "ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Teoria"
(1912), "kapitalizmi, socializmi da demokratia" (1942) da sxv.
jeimsoni (Jameson) , frederik (1934 - ) amerikeli socialuri
filosofosi, postmodernuli kulturis marqsistuli koncefciis
avtori. mis Semoqmedebaze yvelaze Zlieri gavlena iqonies
neomarqsistulma Teoriebma (adorno, altiuseri) da struqturalistuma
meTodologiam (klod levi-strosi). jeimsoni eZebs pozitivisturi
midgomis alternativas. is yvela teqsts istoriul WrilSi ixilavs. es
istoriuli Wrili kapitalizmis ganviTarebis etapebs eyrdnoba,
romlebsac Seesabameba realizmi, modernizmi da postmodernizmi.
jeimsonis mixedviT, analitikosi sakuTar naSromebs aseve maT istoriul
perspeqtivaSi unda ganixilavdes. ZiriTadi naSromebia : « sartri :
stilis sawyisi » (1961), « marqsizmi da forma : meoce saukunis
literaturis dialeqtikuri Teoria » (1971), « politikuri
gaucnobierebeli : narativi rogorc socialur-simboluri aqti » (1981),
« postmodernizmi anu gviandeli kapitalizmis kulturuli logika »
(1991), « drois wyaroebi » (1994) da sxv.
habermasi (Habermas) , iurgen (daibada 1929 wels) - germaneli
sociologi da politikuri filosofosi. frankfurtis skolis meore
458
Taobis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli. 1971-1983 wlebSi
plankis saxelobis samecniero-teqnikuri samyaros kvlevis institutis
Tanadireqtori iyo StarnburgSi, Semdeg ki goeTes saxelobis
frankfurtis universitetis profesori.
`gviani kapitalizmis~ problematikas habermasi aRwers `kritikuli
Teoriis~ terminologiis gamoyenebiT, magram `axali memarcxeneebis~
radikaluri paTosis gareSe, romelTac is gaemijna 60-iani wlebis
bolos.
saarCevno uflebis demokratias habermasi miiCnevs dasavluri
politikuri kulturis did miRwevad, magram es demokratia rCeba
legitimaciis formalur procesad, romelic qmnis masobriv
loialurobas masebis monawileobis gareSe politikuri nebis
gamoxatvaSi. strategiulad aseTi demokratia emsaxureba umciresobis
interesebs.
habermasis politikuri filosofia mimarTulia demokratiis
rogorc cxovrebiseuli formis moZiebaze, romelSic yvela legitimuri
interesi ganxorcieldeba fundamentaluri interesis - TviTgamorkvevisa
da monawileobis - cxovrebaSi gatarebisas. misi azriT, demokratia aris
koleqtiuri nebis formirebis institutebis srulyofis procesi. misi
Sexeduleba gansxvavdeba social demokratiis oficialuri
ideologebisgan imiT, rom warmomadgenlobiTi demokratia mas esmis
rogorc formaluri.
habermasi kvlavac rCeba memarcxene politikuri speqtris wamyvan
Teoretikosad, romelic afasebs radikalur alternativebs rogorc
liberaluri sazogadoebis wamonazardebs.