Systems of Systems & Emergent Systems of Systems & Emergent Properties: Systems & Control Properties: Systems & Control
ChallengesChallenges
Professor Nicos Karcanias
Engineering Systems Sustainability 2015 31 March 2015, City University London31 March 2015, City University London
Systems & Control Research CentreSchool of Mathematics, Computer Sciences & Engineering
EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS OF EXAMPLES OF SYSTEMS OF SYSTEMSSYSTEMS
What is a System of Systems ?
Air traffic
Freeways
Industrial Production
AircraftTransportation SoS: Roads +GPS+ ONSTAR
System System of of SystemsSystems
Empirical Characterisation
• SoS: A meta-system consisting of multiple autonomous embedded complex systems that can be diverse in:
Technology Technology Context Context Operation Operation Geography Geography Conceptual frameConceptual frame
Distinctions• An airplane is not SoS, but the design of a new airplane, or an
airport is an SoS.• A robot is not a SoS, but a robotic colony (a swarm) is an
SoS
Examples:
●The system of dance in the singing societies ●The system of the crew in a ship●The family (the household)
KALLICRATIDES NOTION OF THE SYSTEM
BASIC ELEMENTS OF THE DEFINITION
● BASIC ELEMENTS, OBJECTS
● RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN OBJECTS
● PURPOSE OF THE SYSTEM, GOALS
● SYSTEM ENVIRONMENT
●The Lakonian, and Pythagorean Kallicratides:
(«Περί οίκων ευδαιμονίας» (Doric dialect in the Anthology of J. Stobaei, Economicos, 16, 485):
“Any system consists of contrary and dissimilar elements, which unite under one optimum and return to the common purpose”.
Research QuestionsResearch Questions
QUESTIONS: ● What is systems Complexity ?
● How can you characterise Sustainability as an
Emergent property in Complex Systems ?
● How do you formally define Systems of Systems
(SoS) ?
● What is the difference of SoS from the
notion of “composite systems” (CoS) ?
● How do we design, re-design complex systems
to improve emergent properties?
CLASSIFICATION OF TYPES OF COMPLEXITY
UNIT BEHAVIOURAL
COMPLEXITY (Subprocess Level)
LARGE- SCALE MULTICOMPONENT
COMPLEXITY (system Level)
COMPUTATIONAL
COMPLEXITY
(system Level)
TOTAL LOCAL COMPLEXITY
(System & subprocess Level) ENVIRONMENT INDUCED
COMPLEXITY
(Total Nature)
DESIGN PROCESS
COMPLEXITY (System & Subprocess Level)
EVOLUTIONARY LIFE-CYCLE
COMPLEXITY (System & Subprocess Level)
EVOLUTIONARY LIFE-CYCLE
COMPLEXITY (System & Subprocess Level)
ORGANISATIONAL
COMPLEXITY (System Level)
HYBRID BEHAVIOURAL
COMPLEXITY (System Level)
INTERCONNECTION
TOPOLOGY COMPLEXITY (system Level)
Integrated Systems as SoS
Designer
Risk
SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS
Systems Safety
Reliability, Maintenance
EMERGENT PROPERTIES
Logistics
Quality of Products, Services
Human Resources,Management,
Finance
PHYSICAL LAYER
COMMUNICATIONS, INFORMATION LAYER
Assurance Sustainability
OPERATIONS LAYER
THE INTEGRATED INTELLIGENT SYSTEM
THE INTELLIGENT SYSTEM: Signal Processing, Modelling, Estimation, Computations Decision Making and Control
INTERACTION WITH OTHER SYSTEMS
DECISION
IDENTIFICATION
PLANT
ESTIMATION
MODELLING
REALITY
d
u z
yCONTROL
SIGNAL PROCESSING
r'
OPERATIONAL INSTRUCTIONS
OVERALL GOALS
r
Input Influences
Output Influences
INTEGRATED SYSTEMSUPERVISORY
ACTIVITIES
AUTONOMOUS INTELLIGENT AGENT
CONTROLLER
x̂
SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS
A Collection of independent systems
interacting through an interconnection topology which are part of a central goal defining game.
▲ Composite Systems : Composite notion
● Subsystems are not necessarily integrated. ● An interconnection topology is defined on the information Structures of the subsystems.
▲ System of Systems : Composite notion
● Subsystems are integrated systems acting
as Independent intelligent agents.
+ ● The new notion of the “play” is introduced where the subsystems behave as “actors” and possibly lack of system boundaries between subsystems
+ ● A central Goal, frequently associated with a Game is defined where the subsystems participate as agents subject to the constraints of the play.
SYSTEM PLAY: A RULE, SENARIO DEFINING THE OPERATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE INTEGRATED AND INTELLIGENT SUBSYSTEMS
APPROACHES FOR CHARACTERISATION OF THE SYSTEMS PLAY:
♦ CO-OPERATIVE CONTROL
♦ MARKET-ECONOMICS BASED COORDINATION
TECHNIQUES
♦ POPULATION CONTROL METHODS
♦ COALITION GAMES ● ● ●
SYSTEM SYSTEM PLAY AND ITS PLAY AND ITS DESCRIPTION DESCRIPTION
Research AgendaResearch Agenda
♦ CLASSIFICATION OF SoS
♦ METHODS FOR FORMAL CHARACTERISATION OF THE SYSTEM PLAY ACCORDING TO SoS NATURE
♦ SYSTEM ORGANISATION, GOAL AND HOLONICS
♦ FORMAL DEFINITION OF EMERGENT PROPERTIES
♦ RE-ENGINEERING SoS
♦ DECISION AND CONTROL PROBLEMS ON SoS
CHALLENGING APPLICATIONS