Natural sources
of
Sweeteners
(Sweeteners: Part – II)
Presented by Dr. Sudhakar KokateDirector PPRC, India
AdvAntAges of nAturAl sweeteners
No calorific value
Cause the least possible side-effect
Qualitative & quantitative improvement of
sweeteners is within the reach of biologists
through modern breeding and biotechnology
techniques.
PPRC/INDIA 01
Thaumatococcus daniellii (Bennett) Benth.
PPRC/INDIA 02
Thaumatocacus danielli (Bennett) Benth.
Family: Marantaceae
Miraculous fruit
Distribution in West Africa
Aril of fruit
PPRC/INDIA 03
Sweetening principle: Protein – Thaumatin
(Trade name Talin I & II)
Sweetening intensity: 5000 times than sucrose
Uses: to sweeten bread, fruits, palm wine, tea,
coffee
Thaumatocacus danielli (Bennett) Benth.
PPRC/INDIA 04
Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels
PPRC/INDIA 05
Family: Menispermaceae
Berry from West Africa
Sweetening principle: Protein – Monellin
Sweetening intensity: 1500 – 3000 times
sweeter than sugar
Taste life: max 24 hrs.
Dioscoreophyllum cumminsii (Stapf) Diels
PPRC/INDIA 06
Stevia rebaudiana
PPRC/INDIA 07
Family: Asteraceae
Cultivated in Japan & S.E. Asia
Leaves are useful
Sweetening principle:
Diterpene glycosides
Rebaudioside A-E
Dulcoside A & B
Stevia rebaudiana
PPRC/INDIA 08
Sweetening intensity: 300 times sweeter than
sugar
Uses: Sweetening drinks, tea, coffee, used for
treating diabetes
Stevia rebaudiana
PPRC/INDIA 09
Citrus grandis, Citrus paradisii
PPRC/INDIA 10
From Malaysia, N.E. India
Common names: Seville orange or Shaddock,
Grapefruit
Part: Fruit
Citrus grandis, Citrus paradisii
PPRC/INDIA 11
Sweetening principle: Flavonoid derivatives,
Neohesperidin dihydrochalcones
Sweetening intensity: 600 – 1000 times
sweeter than sugar
Citrus grandis, Citrus paradisii
PPRC/INDIA 12
Zero calorie sweeteners
Brazzein: West Africa
Curculin: Fruit of Curculigo latifolia from
Malaysia
Lue Han Cuo: Monk fruit in China
Miraculin: West Africa
PPRC/INDIA 13
Monellin: Berry from Central & West Africa
Penadin: Climbing plant from West Africa
Stevia: Native to South America
Stevioside: Extract of plant from South
America
Zero calorie sweeteners
PPRC/INDIA 14
Polypodium glycyrrhiza D. Eaton
PPRC/INDIA 15
Family: Polypodiaceae
Known as Liquorice fern
Distribution: Coastal Alaska, Central
California
Plant part: Rhizome
Polypodium glycyrrhiza D. Eaton
PPRC/INDIA 16
Sweetening principle: Triterpene glycoside-
glycyrrhizin
Sweetening intensity: 50 – 100 times as sweet
as sugar
Polypodium glycyrrhiza D. Eaton
PPRC/INDIA 17
Polypodium vulgare Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 18
Family: Polypodiaceae
Wall fern, European polypody
Useful plant part: rhizome
Sweetening principle: steroid saponin, osladin
Sweetening intensity: 3000 times as sweet as
sucrose
Very low yield
Polypodium vulgare Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 19
Myrrhis odorata
PPRC/INDIA 20
Family: Apiaceae
Known as sweet cicely, sweet cheroil
Distributed in Europe, West Asia
Fresh whole plant useful
Sweetening principle: phenylpropanoid-trans anethole
Sweetening intensity: 13 times sweeter than sugar
Myrrhis odorata
PPRC/INDIA 21
Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.)
PPRC/INDIA 22
Tea of heaven
Distributed in Japan, Korea
Useful plant part: Leaves
Sweetening principle: Phyllodulcin, hydrangenol
Sweetening intensity: 400 times sweeter than
sugar
Hydrangea macrophylla (Thunb.)
PPRC/INDIA 23
Perilla frutescens (Linn.) Britt
PPRC/INDIA 24
Family: Lamiaceae
Known as Perilla mint, wild coleus
Whole plant is useful
Sweetening principle: Monoterpene-perillartine
(Perillaldehyde)
Sweetening intensity: 2000 times as sweet as
sugar
Perilla frutescens (Linn.) Britt
PPRC/INDIA 25
Engelhardia roxburghiana wall
PPRC/INDIA 26
Family: Juglandoceae
E. chrysolepis Hance
Known as Huang-qui (Chinese)
Distributed in India, China, Indo-china,
Malaysia
Leaves are useful
Engelhardia roxburghiana wall
PPRC/INDIA 27
Sweetening principle: Dihydroflavonol
glycoside-neoastibine huangqioside,
neohuangquiside
Leaves used to make sweet tea
Sweetness increases on heating
Engelhardia roxburghiana wall
PPRC/INDIA 28
Periandra dulcis Mart.
PPRC/INDIA 29
Family: Fabiaceae
Distributed in Brazil
Root useful part
Sweetening principle: Periandrin I-IV
Glycorrhizin
Used as Liquorice substitute
Periandra dulcis Mart.
PPRC/INDIA 30
Tessaria dodoneifolia (Hook & Arn.)
PPRC/INDIA 31
Family: Asteraceae
Arrow weed
Distributed in Paraguay, Tropical America
Young shorts useful
Sweetening principle: Dihydroflavanol
(Dihydroquercetin-3-acetate)
Sweetening intensity: 80 times sweeter than sugar
Tessaria dodoneifolia (Hook & Arn.)
PPRC/INDIA 32
Abrus precatorius Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 33
Family: Fabaceae
Known as Crab’s eye, Indian Liquorice
Distributed in tropics
Leaves are useful part
Abrus precatorius Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 34
Sweetening principle: Cycloartane glycoside
Glycorrhizin
Sweetening intensity: 30 – 100 times sweeter
than sugar
Abrus precatorius Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 35
Lippia dulci Trev.
PPRC/INDIA 36
Family: Verbenaceae
Known as Honey herb
Distributed in Central America, West Indies
A small shrubby herb, flowers are white
Aerial parts useful
Lippia dulci Trev.
PPRC/INDIA 37
Sweetening principle: Sesquiterpene-
hernandulcin
Sweetening intensity: 1000 times sweeter
than sugar
Lippia dulci Trev.
PPRC/INDIA 38
Illicium verum Hook F.
PPRC/INDIA 39
Family: Illicinaceae
Distributed in South China
A slow growing tree
Useful plant part: dried fruits
Used in flavouring liquors and medicines
Illicium verum Hook F.
PPRC/INDIA 40
Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoid-
trans-Anethole
Sweetening intensity: 13 times sweeter than
sugar
Illicium verum Hook F.
PPRC/INDIA 41
Piper marginatum Jacq.
PPRC/INDIA 42
Piper marginatum Jacq.
Family: Piperaceae
Dried leaves are useful
Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoid-
trans-Anethole
Sweetening intensity: 13 times sweeter than
sugarPPRC/INDIA 43
Curculigo latifolia Dryand ex Ait.
PPRC/INDIA 44
Curculigo latifolia Dryand ex Ait.
Family: Hypoxidaceae
Distributed in India and Malaysia
A rhizomatous polygamous herb
Useful part: Fruit
Sweetening principle: Protein “Curculin”
PPRC/INDIA 45
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
PPRC/INDIA 46
Foeniculum vulgare Mill.
Family: Apiaceae
Known as Fennel
Distributed in Europe, Mediterranean regions
A perennial herb
Fresh aerial parts are useful
Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoid-trans-
AnetholePPRC/INDIA 47
Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.
PPRC/INDIA 48
Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.
Family: Apiaceae
Also known as Smooth sweet cicely
Distributed in North and South America
A perennial herb
PPRC/INDIA 49
Osmorhiza longistylis (Torr.) DC.
Sweetening principle: Phenylpropanoid-
trans-Anethole
Sweetening intensity: 13 times sweeter than
sugar
PPRC/INDIA 50
Fraxinus spp.
PPRC/INDIA 51
Fraxinus spp.
Family: Oleaceae
European ash
Distributed in East Asia, North America,
Mediterranean regions
A small tree
Useful part: Stem
Sweetening principle: MannitolPPRC/INDIA 52
Thladiantha grosvenori (Swingle)C. Jeffrey
PPRC/INDIA 53
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Distributed in China
Tendril climber with root tubers
Sweetening principle: Cucurbitane glycoside -
mogroside V.
Thladiantha grosvenori (Swingle)C. Jeffrey
PPRC/INDIA 54
Tagetes filifolia Lag
PPRC/INDIA 55
Tagetes filifolia Lag
Family: Asteraceae
Known as Irish lace
Distributed in Mexico
Fresh whole much branched annual herb
PPRC/INDIA 56
Tagetes filifolia Lag
Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoids-
trans-Anethole and Estragole
Sweetening intensity: trans-Anethole is 13
times sweeter than sugar
PPRC/INDIA 57
Ocimum basilicum Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 58
Ocimum basilicum Linn.
Family: Lamiaceae
Known as Sweet Basil
Distributed in old world tropics
An aromatic herb
Fresh aerial parts are useful
PPRC/INDIA 59
Ocimum basilicum Linn.
Sweetening principle: Phenyl propanoids-
trans-Anethole and Estragole in volatile oil
Sweetening intensity: 13 times sweeter than
sugar
PPRC/INDIA 60
Taste modifying sugar substitutes
PPRC/INDIA 61
These plants have certain chemical principles
which have the property of modifying the taste
of foods, making sour or bitter foods taste
sweet.
They temporarily suppress the sensitivity to
sweet substances
PPRC/INDIA 62
Synsepalum dulcificum (Schum.) Daniell
PPRC/INDIA 63
Synsepalum dulcificum (Schum.) Daniell
Family: Sapotaceae
Miraculous berry / fruit
Found in West tropical Africa
Limited food application
Extraction difficult
PPRC/INDIA 64
Synsepalum dulcificum (Schum.) Daniell
The fruits contain a glycoprotein – Miraculin
which is taste modifier of sour foods with the
sweet taste persisting for 1 – 2 hours
PPRC/INDIA 65
Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.
PPRC/INDIA 66
Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.
Family: Asclepiadaceae
A large woody climber of Asia, Africa and
Australia
Ovate leaves, yellow flowers, follicles large
seeds winged
Leaves contain “gymnemic acid” a taste
modifying substancePPRC/INDIA 67
Cynara scolymus Linn.
PPRC/INDIA 68
Cynara scolymus Linn.
Family: Asteraceae
A coarse perennial herb
Pinnate leaves, purple flowers
Native of Mediterranean region
PPRC/INDIA 69
Cynara scolymus Linn.
Taste modifying substance Caffeolocunic acid,
Chlorogenic acid, Cynarin
Sweet taste persists for 4 – 5 hours
PPRC/INDIA 70
Larix decidua Mill. (L. europea) DC.
PPRC/INDIA 71
Larix decidua Mill. (L. europea) DC.
Family: Pinaceae
A tall conifer of Central Europe
Taste modifying substance: “Melezitore”
PPRC/INDIA 72
Roots and tubers of some plants contain high
quantity of Insulin which is converted to D-
Fructose, basically better tolerated by Diabetes
than any other carbohydrate
Therefore, high fructose sweeteners (HFS) are
being developed to suit diabetic nutrition charts
Diabetic bread, other confectionary using insulin
/ HFS are being manufactured
PPRC/INDIA 73
Dahlia
PPRC/INDIA 74
Helianthus
PPRC/INDIA 75
Inula
PPRC/INDIA 76
Cichorium
PPRC/INDIA 77
Castanea
PPRC/INDIA 78
Carpesium
PPRC/INDIA 79
Campanula
PPRC/INDIA 80
Thank you!!