SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
Prof. Rajib Shaw, Keio University, Japan
Ms. Ambika Dabral
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Date: 21-09-21
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Outline of the Module
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
Disclaimer: The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this course do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part
of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
Prevention & mitigation
Preparedness
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02 04
03 05
Disaster management and
disaster risk management
Response
Disaster recovery
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Evolution of roles of
NGOs in DRR
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Disaster management and disaster risk management
• Disaster management is the organization,
planning and application of measures
preparing for, responding to and recovering
from disasters (UNDRR, 2016)
• Disaster Risk Management (DRM) is the
application of DRR policies and strategies to
prevent new disaster risk, reduce existing
disaster risk and manage residual risk,
contributing to the strengthening of
resilience and reduction of disaster losses(UNDRR, 2016)
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Fig 1. Conceptualization of Disaster risk management cycle
(GIDM,2020)
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Key phases
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
Fig 2. Spiral phases of pandemic management (Fakhruddin et al.,
2020)
• Activities under them serve specific
purpose and should be well-
integrated
• In practice, it may not always be
possible to distinguish one phase
from another
• In practice, transition of one phase
to another may not always be cyclic
• Example, pandemic management
follows spiral transition, cascading
or simultaneous disasters
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Prevention
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
• Prevention aims at avoiding existing and new
disaster risks (UNDRR, 2016)
• Prevention measures and actions are targeted to
completely avoid potential adverse impacts of
hazardous events
• These can also be taken during or after a disaster to
prevent secondary hazards or their consequences
• These can include structural or non-structural
measures
Fig 3. Illustration of risk prevention (Investopedia)
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Mitigation
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
• Mitigation aims at lessening or
minimizing of the adverse impacts of a
hazardous event (UNDRR, 2016)
• Unlike prevention, here the focus is on
substantially reducing the scale and
severity of adverse impacts of an
hazardous event which could not be
prevented
• Mitigation measures can be both
structural or non-structural
Structural measures
• Physical construction
• Use engineering techniques
or technology
Non-structural measures
• No physical construction
• Use knowledge, research,
policies, agreements,
awareness
Fig 4. Structural and non-structural measures (UNDRR, 2016)
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Preparedness
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
• Preparedness aims at developing knowledge and capacities of governments, response and
recovery organizations, communities and individuals to effectively anticipate, respond to
and recover from the impacts of likely, imminent or current disasters (UNDRR, 2016)
• It is not aimed at averting the occurrence of a disaster
Fig 5. Disaster preparedness session in Africa
(IFRC) Fig 6. Hands-on training of school children on fire
fighting in India (Focus Humanitarian)
Fig 7. Common signage for
emergency evacuation
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Preparing for effective response: Community based Organisations in Japan
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
Four types of CBOs:
• Suibo-dan (Flood Fighting)
• Syobo-dan (Fire Fighting): Over 900,000
active volunteer fire corps across Japan- six
times higher than career firefighters
• Jisyubo (Earthquake Disaster Management)
• Non-Governmental Organisations
• The indigenous knowledge is transferred from
generation to generation
• Their roles and responsibilities as part-time
government staff (including the compensation and
allowances)- clearly defined as per the Fire
Defense Organization Act.
Fig 8. Schematic understanding of different levels of help
Date: DD-MM-YY
(Font size- 20; Type- Times New Roman)
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Response
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
• Includes actions taken directly before,
during or immediately after a disaster
• Strives to save lives, reduce health
impacts, ensure public safety and meet
basic subsistence needs of the people
affected (UNDRR, 2016)
• Focuses on immediate and short-term
needs
• Undertaken by specialized agencies and
forces, called emergency services
• Community considered as first-responders
• Guided by rapid damage and needs
assessment
Transport
Early warning &
disseminationEvacuation
Fire fighting Search and rescue
Medical care Relief management
Public safety and law &
order
Restoration of servicesManagement of oil and
other hazardous material
Management of relief
camps
Dignified management
of the dead
Fig 9. Common Emergency Support Functions (ESFs)
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Response (contd.)
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
Fig 10. Search and rescue
operation in Jordan (JNRCS,
2016)
Fig 11. Monitoring and
verification of distributed
relief with the affected
communities post floods in
Yemen (IFRC, 2021)
Fig 12. Flood rescue in Saudi
Arabia (Arab News, 2019) Fig 13. Rescue operation during cyclone Mekunu in
Oman (The Watchers, 2018)
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Role of NGOs in emergency relief: Lessons from Japan
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management (Source: Sakamoto, 2012 and Shaw,2014 )
Post Kobe Earthquake, 1995:
Significance of volunteer
coordinating systems
Creation of “disaster volunteer council”,
“Shakai Fukushi Kyougikai” = Council
of Social Welfare
Need for legislations to facilitate
activities of NGOs, volunteers
Law to Promote Specified Nonprofit Activities,
certifications of Non-Profit Organizations
(NPOs), Provision of tax benefits
Great East Japan Earthquake, 2011:
2011> Era of NGOs/NPOsNew Public Commons: NGOs/NPOs liaison sat in
Government on-site HQ in Miyagi Prefecture
coordinating with government, private agencies, and
other NGOs/NPOs
NGOs/NPOs helped in :
assessment, provision of relief
items, relief distribution, search
& rescue, supporting evacuation
centres, children support, etc.
Creation of logistics support system-
“Tono Magokoro Network”= Tono City
Disaster Relief Network
Mobilizing unaffected communities to
support the affected ones.
Use of community radios: Disaster warning,
evacuation advisories, information on relief-
support, exchange of residents' opinion,
supporting psycho-social and physical health
assistance
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Disaster recovery
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
• Recovery aims at restoring or improving
livelihoods and health, as well as economic,
physical, social, cultural and environmental
assets, systems and activities of a disaster-
affected community (UNDRR, 2016)
• Recovery is guided and informed by Post-
Disaster Need Assessment (PDNA)
• Recovery measures should be aligned with the
principles of sustainable development and
build back better and greener for preventing
or mitigating future disaster risk (*need for
integration of new risks)
• It includes rehabilitation and reconstruction
Fig 14. Sustainable approach to disaster recovery
(IFRC, 2011)
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Disaster recovery (contd.)
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
PDNA
• Mechanism for joint assessment
and recovery planning after a
disaster
• Analyses sectoral damages, loss, and
impacts of the disaster
• Identifies recovery needs across
identified sectors(GFDRR et al, 2017)
Build back better and greener
• Use of disaster recovery measures to
enhance the resilience of affected
community
• Integrating DRR measures into the
restoration of physical infrastructure
and societal systems, and into the
revitalization of livelihoods,
economies and the environment.(UNDRR, 2016)
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Rehabilitation and reconstruction
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
• Rehabilitation is the restoration of basic
services and facilities for the functioning of a
disaster-affected community (UNDRR, 2016)
• Reconstruction involves medium- and long-
term rebuilding and sustainable restoration
of resilient critical infrastructures, services,
housing, facilities and livelihoods required
for the full functioning of a disaster-affected
community (UNDRR, 2016)Fig 15. Community-based reconstruction post Typhoon
Haiyan in the Philippines (World Bank, 2015)
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SPEC-01 Phases of Disaster Management
Ishinomaki Disaster Recovery Assistant Council (IDRAC)
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
Fig 16.Ishinomaki City Disaster Recovery Council,
(Sakamoto 2012)
Great East Japan Earthquake, 2011
• Ishinomaki city-severely affected by Tsunami
and lost office building of its Social Welfare
Council
• A new coordination system (NPO) to
integrate NGOs and volunteers
• Registering and coordinating with volunteers
• Liaison with Municipal Government
• Issue oriented and large scale coordination
system
• NGOs divided the areas to work on
• Recruited human resources and equipment
for clearing debris
• Aided in early recovery
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Evolution of roles of NGOs in DRRNGOs emerge to use disasters as entry points for social and policy change where they first
enter for supporting humanitarian aid while gradually advocating the need of vulnerable
groups and for invest more in proactive DRR (Luna, 2001)
Fig 17. Evolution of NGOs from humanitarian aid to disaster risk reduction (Lassa, et al, 2018)
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
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Roles of NGOs in DRR (contd.)
Fig 18. Conceptual model of
understanding roles of NGOs and
coordination mechanism in DRR
(Adapted from Shaw, 2003)
SPCE-01 Phases of Disaster Risk Management
Inter-agency Groups for sectoral
assessment, response and recovery
Supporting multi-
stakeholder coordination
and cooperation
Supporting and
promoting
community-based
initiatives
Connect with the last
mile
Acting as bridge and supporting localization
of risk-informed interventions
Enhancing the
understanding of local
risk and advocacy
Understanding local
needs and challenges
Thank you
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BSC-02 Global/regional frameworks