1Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
Space Radiation EnvironmentSpace Radiation Environment
2Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
IntroductionIntroduction
Introduction The Earth's magnetic field Charged particle motion The radiation belts
Description South Atlantic Anomaly Dynamics of the radiation belts Models
The sources of energetic particles outside the magnetosphere Solar flares Cosmic rays Magnetospheric shielding
Sensitivity of orbits to the radiations
3Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
IntroductionIntroduction
B ow choc M agnetopause
Plasm asheet
Pseudo trappingRadiation belts
Polar cap
C osm ic rays and solar eruption
Sol
ar w
ind
Onde de choc
Ceintures de Radiation
Feuillet Neutre
Magnétopause
Cosmiques et Eruption s
Cornet Polaire
Pseudo PiégeageVent
Sol
aire Injectionsg
shock
4Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The Earth's magnetic fieldThe Earth's magnetic field
Dipolar magnetic field lines
Ngeo
Sgeo
South Atlantic Anomaly
Dipolar magnetic field tilted
and off-center with respect to Earth
5Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The Earth's magnetic fieldThe Earth's magnetic field
70°
80°
90°
80°
76°
Earth's magnetic field, external component.
Tsyganenko 1982 model
B
L
r
Axe du dipôle Dipole axis
Magnetic coordinates
6Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
Charged particle motionCharged particle motion
F = q.V B Lorentz force
α
VF
(q,m)
B
V
α: pitch angle
• Giration motion
Larmor radius:
Cyclotron period:
Magnetic moment:
qB
mVrL
qB
mTg
2
gL T
qriS 2
csteB
mV
2
2
7Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
Charged particle motionCharged particle motion
Beq
V
αeq
Bm
90°
αc
*
Mirror points
Loss cone
• Bounce motion
csteB
mV
2
2
eq
eqm
meq
eq
BB
B
mV
B
mV
2
2
sin
22
sin
8Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
Charged particle motionCharged particle motion
q<0
q>0
• Drift motion
qB
mVrL
9Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
Charged particle motionCharged particle motion
B
ElectronProton
Drift shell
1 MeV particle at L=2
Period (larmor radius)
Electron Protons
Giration 10-6 s (1km) 10-2 s (25 km)
Bounce 0.1 s 1 s
Drift 1000 s 1000 s
10Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - DescriptionThe radiation belts - Description
Particle Energy Extension (Earth radii)
e- 1 keV-30 MeV 1-10Earth
p+ 1 keV-100 MeV 1-7
11Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - descriptionThe radiation belts - description
Proton radiation belt Electron radiation belt
12Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - descriptionThe radiation belts - description
LANL 1989-046 / 315-500 keV electron
Drift shells
12 LT 24 LT
06 LT
18 LT
GEOLocal noon Local noon
13Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - The South Atlantic AnomalyThe radiation belts - The South Atlantic Anomaly
Ng
Sg
Low Earth Orbit
Radiationbelts
Polar horne
Dipole axis
SAA
[MeV-1 cm-2 s-1 sr-1]
9.4 MeV proton - 710 km - SAC-C/SPICA
[MeV-1 cm-2 s-1 sr-1]
460. keV electron - 710 km - SAC-C/SPICA
14Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - Dynamics of the radiation beltsThe radiation belts - Dynamics of the radiation belts
1 9 7 6 1 9 8 0 1 9 8 4 1 9 8 8 1 9 9 2 1 9 9 6
1 0 4
1 0 3
1 0 2
1 0 1
Flu
x (p
roto
ns/
cm2 s
)2 5 0
2 0 0
1 5 0
1 0 0
5 0
F10.7L = 1 , 2 0
L = 1 , 1 8
L = 1 , 1 6
L = 1 , 1 4
2 5 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0
3 5 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0
4 5 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 01 . E + 0 2
1 . E + 0 3
1 . E + 0 4
1 . E + 0 5
1 . E + 0 6
1 . E + 0 7
H
H e
O
#/cm
3C
ount
s/s
D e n s i t é sa t m o s p h é r i q u e s8 0 0 k m , 0 o , 0 o
N e u t r o n sc o s m i q u e s
Atmospheric
densities
Cosmic
neutrons
Protons
Solar cycle time scale
15Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - Dynamics of the radiation beltsThe radiation belts - Dynamics of the radiation belts
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
année
flu
x (keV
-1cm
-2s-1
sr-
1) 61.24
88.74
125.5
183.71
266.22
396.86
612.37
908.3
1284.52
50-75 keV
75-105 keV
105-150 keV
150-225 keV
225-315 keV
315-500 keV
500-750 keV
750-1100 keV
1100-1500 keV
Flu
x (k
eV-1
cm
-2 s
-1 s
r-1)
Year
Electrons
Solar cycle time scale
16Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - Dynamics of the radiation beltsThe radiation belts - Dynamics of the radiation beltsElectrons - Magnetic storm time scale
100 keV
12:00
00:00
18:00
06:00
17Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - Dynamics of the radiation beltsThe radiation belts - Dynamics of the radiation beltsElectrons - Magnetic storm time scale
500 keV
12:00
00:00
18:00
06:00
18Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - ModelsThe radiation belts - Models
[cm-2 s
-1]
[cm-2 s
-1]Static models - NASA AP8 AE8
Species Radial extend Energy Solar cycle
AE 8 Electron L=1.2-11 40 keV-7MeV MIN/MAX
AP 8 Proton L=1.15-6.6100 keV-400
MeVMIN/MAX
E > 10 MeV E > 1 MeV
19Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - ModelsThe radiation belts - ModelsStatic models - NOAA PRO & POLE
Species Radial extend Energy Solar cycle
NOAAPRO
Proton 800 km> 16, 30, 80
MeVyes
POLE Electron GEO 30 keV-2 MeV yes
NOAA PRO
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
-2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
30 keV
50 keV
100 keV
150 keV
250 keV
500 keV
1000 keV
2000 keV
Year relative to solar maximum
(keV
-1 c
m-2 s
-1)
POLE
20Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - ModelsThe radiation belts - ModelsDynamic models - CRRESPRO & CRRESELE
9 .7 M e V26 .3 M eV
4 .3 M e V
5 7 M e V0
2
4
6
J, L
og1
0 (/
cm2
s sr
MeV
)
1 2 3 4L p a ra m e te r
1 2 3 4
1 06
1 04
1 02
1 00
L p a ra m eter
/cm
² sec
sr
MeV 4 .3 M eV
9 .7 M eV
2 6 M eV5 7 M eV
CRRES QUIET PROTON MODEL CRRES ACTIVE PROTON MODEL
Species Radial extend Energy
CRRESPRO Proton L=1.15-5.5 1 - 100 MeV
CRRESELE Electron L=2.5-6.5 700 keV-5 MeV
21Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
The radiation belts - ModelsThe radiation belts - ModelsComments
50
100
150
200
250
300
janv-58 janv-62 janv-66 janv-70 janv-74 janv-78 janv-82 janv-86 janv-90 janv-94 janv-98
F10.7 Watt/m2/Hz
AP8
AE8
NOAAPRO
POLE
CRRESPRO
CRRESELE
ESA SEE1
22Space technology course : Space Radiation Environment and its Effects on Spacecraft Components and Systems
Space radiation environment
Sensitivity of orbits to the radiationsSensitivity of orbits to the radiations
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
1.E+03
1.E+04
1.E+05
1.E+06
1.E+07
1.E+08
1.E+09
0.01 0.1 1 10
1.E-06
1.E-05
1.E-04
1.E-03
1.E-02
1.E-01
1.E+00
1.E+01
1.E+02
10 100 1000
35500 km - 0 deg
20000 km - 55 deg
1400 km - 52 deg
800 km - 98 deg
800 km - 30 deg
E (MeV) E (MeV) E (MeV)
AP8 min AE8 max Feynman 80%
(MeV-1 cm-2 s-1) (MeV-1 cm-2 s-1) (MeV-1 cm-2 s-1)