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The variables are:
manipulated (independent) variable or What T o Change ( WTC ) responding (dependent) variable or What T o Observe/Measure ( WTO ) constant (fixed) variable or What To Keep The Same ( S M! )
What to observe/measure (WTO) Responding Variable
- Thing that is being OBSERVED / E!S"RED /#$VEST#%!TED /RE&ORDED / T'E RES" T o an investigation*
What to +hange (WT&) , anipulated Variable
- Thing that is &'!$%ED ( diferent ) or being manipulated inan investigation and it has an e-e+t on thing that isobserved*
What to .eep the same
- Thing that is al a0s the S! E ( unchanged ) and .ept+onstant in an investigation*
Recognising variables (WTC, WTO and SAME) in the investigations
Example !
Number of bulb Brightness of the bulb3 Bright2 Brighter 1 Brightest
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variable is something that can var" or change
WT WTO
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Example "!
Example#!
!0
"0
#0
$0
40
30
20
10
20 40 #0 !0 100
Example $!
A gr%&' %( '&'i)s *+rrie, %&t + (+ir test t% (i , %&t the .%/e.e t %( t% *+rs &si g
,i((ere t number of wheels &t %( the s+.e size. The distance traveled by thetoy cars +re .e+s&re,
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Te.'er+t&re 2! 4$
The /%)&.e %( 5+ter )e(t .) 20 1$
3
WT
WTO
R& i g ,ist+ *e .etre
The &. ers %( *hest.%/e.e t i + .i &te
WT
WTO
WT
Si6e %( the 5hee)s
Wh+t t% 7ee'the s+.e
WTO
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Example %!
8i+gr+. sh%5s t5% *ir*&its th+t 5ere 're'+re, A.ir&,,i i + i /estig+ti%
Be)%5 is + % ser/+ti% th+t is re*%r,e, A.ir&,,i
O ser/+ti% 9 The &) s i *ir*&it : +re brighter th+ the &) s i *ir*&it
Wh+t t% 7ee' the s+.e9 N&. er T 'e %( +tteries N&. er T 'e %( &) s
#ote$ 1or ever0 variable2 it is important to rite the parameterand the ob3e+t together*
E4ample5 Si6e o the to0 +ar
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7arameter The senten+emount
Si%e#umber&uantit"'eightWidthMass
The amount of The si%e of The number of The uantit" of The height of The *idth of The mass of
4
B&) R
B&) S
Bright ess %( the &) WTO
B&) P B&) ;
8i+gr+. sh%5s t5% ,i((ere t*ir*&its < series *ir*&it + ,
'+r+))e) *ir*&it There(%re thethi g th+t *h+ ge is the TYPEOF CI C!IT =WT >
Re(er t% the ,i+gr+.
The '+r+.eter The % ?e*t
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7arameter The senten+eTime+istance,resenceConditionTemperature'otness
bilit"Thic-nessStrengthStabilit"&ualit"T"pe.rightnessShapeMovement
oughnessSmoothness.ase area
rea0ocation,osition+iameterColour+irection+uration,art1ro*th2olume0engthSpeed
The time ta-en of The distance of The presence of The condition of The temperature of The hotness of The abilit" of The thic-ness of The strength of The stabilit" of The ualit" of The t"pe of The brightness of The shape of The movement of The roughness of The smoothness of The base area of The area of The location of The position of The diameter of The colour of The direction of The duration of The part of The gro*th of The volume of The length of The speed of
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8uestion samples5
a) Based on the investigation, state:
i) what to change / thing to change :ii) what to observe / thing to observe/measure
b) State what to change in the investigation above
c) Write down two variables from the investigation above: _________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
d) From the data given, identify what to:
i) keep the same :ii) to change :
iii) to observe/measure :
e) State what is kept the same in the investigation.
f) Write two information based on the investigation above.
g) State two information gathered in the investigation above.
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E"E CI#E#
1 R+6+7@ K+.i)+ + , S&resh *% ,&*t + st&, t% ,eter.i e the re)+ti% shi' et5ee the,ist+ *e %( the )ight s%&r*e (r%. the % ?e*t + , the si6e %( the sh+,%5 The re*%r,their % ser/+ti% s i the (%))%5i g t+ )e
$istance of light source
from ob%ect &cm'#ize of shadow &cm'
# 1#10 :14 !1! #
+ B+se, % the res&)t + %/e@ st+te9
i Wh+t t% *h+ ge =.+ i'&)+te, /+ri+ )e>
ii Wh+t t% % ser/e =res'% ,i g /+ri+ )e>
2 Three *% t+i ers R@S + , T@ *% t+i i g e &+) +.%& ts %( g+r,e s%i) +re ')+ te, 5ith e+ see,)i gs %( the s+.e height The see,)i gs +re ')+ te, $ *. (r%. e+*h %therThe *% t+i er +re )e(t i the %'e + , 5+tere, 5ith the s+.e +.%& t %( 5+ter ,+i)A(ter three 5ee7s the +/er+ge height %( the see,)i gs i the *% t+i ers +re t+7e Theres&)ts +re sh%5 i the t+ )e
Container (umber of seedlings )verage height of seedlings&cm'P 3 1#; # 12R C !
D the i /estig+ti% @ st+te
i 5h+t is ei g *h+ ge,
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ii 5h+t is ei g .e+s&re,
iii 5h+t is 7e't the s+.e
3 F%&r 5hite .i*e +re '&t i t% *+ge M + , 12 i t% *+ge N The *+ges +re %( si.i)+r
si6e D e+*h *+ge@ the &. er %( .+)es + , (e.+)es +re the s+.e The .i*e i *+ge N +re gi/e the s+.e +.%& t %( (%%, + , 5+ter +s the .i*e i *+ge M e+*h ,+ E+*h%( the .i*e i the *+ge M + , N is 5eighe, +(ter 3 5ee7s The +/er+ge 5eight %( the.i*e i e+*h *+ge is % t+i e,
Cage (umber of mice )verage mass of the mice
M 4 "2 g N 12 $0 g
+ D the i /estig+ti% + %/e@ st+te
i Wh+t is ei g *h+ ge,
ii 5h+t is ei g .e+s&re,
iii 5h+t is 7e't the s+.e
4 The t+ )e e)%5 sh%5s the ti.e t+7e (%&r '&'i)s t% *%.')ete their M+the.+ti*s test
+> D this +*ti/it @
i> Wh+t is 7e't the s+.e 9
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Pu*il Time ta+en to com*lete the test & minute '
R+(i $A7.+) 108+ ish 20A6h+r 12
!
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ii> Wh+t is .e+s&re, 9
iii> Wh+t is ei g *h+ ge, 9
$ D + i /estig+ti% @ three + es 5ith ,i((ere t 5i,ths +re &se, t% *h%' 5%%, The t+ )e e)%5 sh%5s the res&)ts %( the i /estig+ti%
),e P - idth of the bac+ of the blade &mm' 3 # C
(umber of wooden bloc+ cho**ed in /0 minutes 4 ! 12
+ Wh+t is 7e't the s+.e i this i /estig+ti% G
St+te t5% /+ri+ )es (r%. the i /estig+ti% + %/e
i>
ii>
# A i /estig+ti% is *+rrie, %&t t% st&, the re)+ti% shi' et5ee *% s&.ers + , theirs%&r*es %( (%%, i + h+ it+t Dt i /%)/e, r+ts + , s +7es i + '+,, (ie), The % ser/+ti% si the i /estig+ti% +re re*%r,e, i the (%))%5i g t+ )e
ee+ 1 2 3 4(umber of sna+e C 14 1! 23(umber of rats 4! 3! 32 22
+ D the i /estig+ti% @ st+te
i Wh+t is ei g *h+ ge,
ii 5h+t is ei g .e+s&re,
iii 5h+t is 7e't the s+.e
" The t+ )e sh%5s + % ser/+ti% i + e 'eri.e t *% ,&*te, + (e5 '&'i)s
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F%&r % ?e*ts 5ith ,i((ere t height 5ere &se, t% s&''%rt the s)%tte, 5eight
Ob%ect P ; R S1ass that can be
su**orted&g '
$0 100 1$0 200
+> St+te the
i> M+ i'&)+te, /+ri+ )e 9
ii> Res'% ,i g /+ri+ )e 9 ! 100.) %( 5+ter is '%&re, i + %i)i g t& e + , the te.'er+t&re %( 5+ter is .e+s&re,
The @ the 5+ter is he+te, e/er 2 .i &tes & ti) the .i &te %( #
B+se, % the res&)t sh%5 i the +r *h+rt9
+> St+te the thi g th+t is 7e't the s+.e
> St+te two i (%r.+ti% g+there, (r%. the i /estig+ti% + %/e
C The +r *h+rt i ,i+gr+. e)%5 sh%5s the +re+ %( (%rest *)e+re, (r%. 2003 t% 200"
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Time &minute'
ater tem*erature&2C'
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=+> St+te9
i 5h+t t% *h+ ge9
ii 5h+t t% % ser/e9 10 A gr%&' %( '&'i)s +re +s7e, t% *% str&*t three t%5er .%,e)s %( e &+) height &si g .+ i)+
*+r,s The three .%,e)s *% str&*te, the gr%&' +re sh%5 i t+ )e e)%5
E+*h .%,e) is ')+*e, % + i *)i e, ')+ e t% i /estig+te its st+ i)it The res&)ts %( thest&, is % ser/e, +s e)%5
+ B+se, % the i /estig+ti% + %/e@ st+te the (%))%5i g
i Thi g t% *h+ ge =.+ i'&)+te, /+ri+ )e>
ii Thi g t% 7ee' the s+.e =*% st+ t /+ri+ )e>
11 M+ + *+rr %&t + (+ir test T5% .i*e +re 7e't se'+r+te) i t5% *% t+i ers +s sh%5 i ,i+gr+. e)%5 B%th *% t+i ers +re )e(t (%r + 5ee7
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1odel " 1odel Y 1odel 3
11
M%,e) H is the (irst t% t%'')e@ (%))%5e, .%,e) : M%,e) I ,%es %t t%'')e
)rea of forestcleared &hectares'
Year
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+>
>
St+te the (%))%5i g9
i> Wh+t t% *h+ ge
ii> Wh+t t% .e+s&re
Wh+t .&st e 7e't the s+.e i the (+ir test + %/eG
12 A st&,e t *+rrie, %&t + e 'eri.e t t% sh%5 th+t s& )ight is + +si* ee, %( ')+ ts B%th %(
the ')+ ts 5ere ')+*e, +t the s+.e )%*+ti%
St+te 5h+t .&st e 9
i> *h+ ge, ii> .e+s&re,
iii> 7e't the s+.e
13 The ,i+gr+. e)%5 sh%5s the 'h+ses %( the M%% (r%. the (irst t% the (i(tee th ,+ +se, % the )& +r *+)e ,+r
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+>
>
Wh+t t% 7ee' the s+.e i the i /estig+ti% + %/eG
Wh+t is % ser/e, i the i /estig+ti% + %/eG
14 Se)/i '%&rs 100 .) %( (resh .i)7 + , 100 .) %( sh+.'%% i t% t5% e+7ers res'e*ti/e) She re*%r,s the ti.e t+7e (%r e+*h )i &i, t% ()%5 *%.')ete)
+> St+te t5% i (%r.+ti% g+there,
i
ii
1$ A gr%&' %( '&'i)s +rr+ ge, three .%,e)s +s sh%5 i the ,i+gr+. e)%5t% i /estig+te the st+ i)it %( the .%,e)s
Whe the *+r, %+r, 5+s i *)i e, s)%5) @ the '&'i)s re*%r,e, their % ser/+ti% s +s (%))%5s9i M%,e) I t%'')e, %/er (irst@ (%))%5e, .%,e) H
ii M%,e) H t%'')e, %/er (irst@ (%))%5e, .%,e) :
B+se, % the i /estig+ti% + %/e@ st+te 9
i 5h+t is *h+ ge,9
ii 5h+t is 7e't the s+.e 9
iii 5h+t is % ser/e, 9
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*+r, %+r,
.%,e)s %( '%) st re e
.i)7 sh+.'%%
Ti.e 2 se*% ,s Ti.e ! se*% ,s
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1$# 8i+gr+. ! sh%5s + i /estig+ti% *+rrie, %&t + gr%&' %( '&'i)s
B+se, % the (+ir test + %/e@ st+te
i 5h+t is *h+ ge,
ii 5h+t t% % ser/e
iii 5h+t is 7e't the s+.e
1" D + i /estig+ti% @ + gr%&' %( '&'i)s &se, + s'ri g-'%5ere, t% *+r +s sh%5 e)%5
The t+ )e e)%5 sh%5s their % ser/+ti% s
(umber of thes*ring is wound
$istanced traveled&cm'
Time ta+en&second'
3 40 10$ 40 !" 40 #
St+te t5% /+ri+ )es i this i /estig+ti%
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%& g ')+ ts
()%5er '%t
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1! Je+ e *+rries %&t + i /estig+ti% r%))i g three +))s %( ,i((ere t .+ss ,%5 + i *)i e, ')+ e The +))s 5%&), hit + 5%%,e )%*7 + , the ,ist+ *e the )%*7 .%/es is re*%r,e,
The t+ )e e)%5 sh%5s the res&)t %( the e 'eri.e t
4all 1ass of the ball &g' $istance the wooden bloc+ moves &cm'5 100 # $6 200 ! 01 300 10 3
Fr%. this i /estig+ti% @ st+te
i> 5h+t t% *h+ ge 9
ii> 5h+t t% .e+s&re 9
1C A i /estig+ti% h+s ee *+rrie, %&t Kh+iri % three ,i((ere t )i &i,s J@K + , L Theres&)ts %( the i /estig+ti% s sh%5 i the t+ )e e)%5
Ty*e of li7uid Effect on litmus *a*erJ B)&e )it.&s '+'er *h+ ges t% re,K Re, )it.&s '+'er *h+ ges t% )&eL N% *h+ ges %( re, + , )&e )it.&s '+'er
Fr%. the res&)t %( the (+ir test + %/e@ st+te 9
i> Wh+t t% *h+ ge 9
ii> Wh+t t% % ser/e 9
20 8i ie tries t% re+7 t5% r&)ers %( the s+.e si6e &t .+,e &' %( ,i((ere t .+teri+)s er
JPN PERAK 1$
ball Woodenbloc
!ncline "lane
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% ser/+ti% s +re re*%r,e, i the (%))%5i g t+ )e A s5er the (%))%5i g &esti% s
P)+sti* r&)er Stee) r&)er
Ty*e of ruler ObservationP)+sti* r&)er + e r%7eStee) r&)er + %t e r%7e
+> St+te the thi g th+t is
i> *h+ ge, 9
ii> % ser/e, 9
21 The ,i+gr+. e)%5 sh%5s the h+r/esti g .eth%,
8arvesting method 6and size of harvesting&hectar'
&.+ )+ %&r 1 $
+r/esti g .+*hi e $
St+te the thi g th+t is
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i> *h+ ge, 9
ii> % ser/e, 9
22 The (ig&re e)%5 sh%5s t5% +*ti/ities : + , H th+t +re *+rrie, %&t F+i6+) A*ti/it : sh%5s the he+/iest % ?e*t th+t F+i6+) *+ )i(t 5ith%&t &si g + '&))e A*ti/it H sh%5s the he+/iest % ?e*t th+t F+i6+) *+ )i(t &si g % e '&))e
A*ti/it : A*ti/it H
The % ser/+ti% %( the i /estig+ti% is +s (%))%5s 9
)ctivity (umber of *ulley The weight of ob%ect thatcan be lifted
: 0 " 7gH 1 14 7g
23 A gr%&' %( '&'i)s *+rrie, %&t + i /estig+ti% t% (i , %( i( .i*r%%rg+ is.s *+ gr%5 Thes'ri 7)e, + 'ie*e %( re+, 5ith + (e5 ,r%'s %( 5+ter The re+, 5+s )e(t i + ')+sti* +g (%rthree 5ee7s The +r *h+rt sh%5s the res&)t % t+i e,
=+> B+se, % the *h+rt@ st+te the (%))%5i g@i Thi gs t% *h+ ge =.+ i'&)+te, /+ri+ )e>
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+> D this i /estig+ti% @ st+te the thi g th+t is
i> *h+ ge, 9
ii .e+s&re, 9
1"
0
5
10
15
20
1 2 3
(umber of blac+ *atches
ee+
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ii Thi gs t% % ser/e =res'% ,i g /+ri+ )e>
iii Thi g t% 7ee' the s+.e =*% st+ t /+ri+ )e>
24 S+. + , his (rie ,s +re *+rr i g %&t + i /estig+ti%
8i+gr+. 1 =i> sh%5s S+. is tr i g t% .%/e + )%+, &si g + )e/er e (i ,s it is ,i((i*&)tt% .%/e the )%+,
8i+gr+. # =i>
S+. .%/es the (&)*r&. *)%ser t% the )%+, +s sh%5 i 8i+gr+. 1 =ii>The he (i ,s th+t it is e+sier t% .%/e the )%+,
8i+gr+. # =ii>
+> B+se, % the e 'eri.e t@ st+te t5% /+ri+ )es
i>
ii>
> Wh+t t% 7ee' the s+.e i the e 'eri.e t
2$ S*ie tists *+rr %&t + i /estig+ti% t% st&, the te.'er+t&res % the ,i((ere t ')+ ets + ,their ,ist+ *es (r%. the S& Their (i ,i gs +re +s (%))%5s9
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B+se, % the i /estig+ti% + %/e@ st+te
=i> Wh+t t% *h+ ge9
=ii> Wh+t t% % ser/e9
JPN PERAK1C
Planet P 9 very high tem*eraturePlanet - 9 very low tem*erature