Socio-economic Baseline Study
Agroforestry and Sustainable Vegetables Production in Southeast Asian WatershedCase Study: Nanggung Sub-district, Bogor, Indonesia
Suseno Budidarsono, Kusuma Wijaya and James Roshetko
World Agroforestry Centre – ICRAF Southeast Asia Regional OfficeBogor, Indonesia
Objective:
Provide a socio-economic data as a basis for socio-economic impact assessment of integrated vegetable-agroforestry system
Socio-economic data Farm characteristics Gender roles Household income and
consumption Labor availability
The scope of the study
The study site
KECAMATAN NANGGUNG
The study siteAttributes
Hambaro
Parakan
Muncang
Sukaluyu
Kecamatan Nanggung
Physical characteristics
1. Altitude (m above sea level)
400 – 700
300 – 400
300 – 700
200 – 1800
2. Area (ha)
~ Total Area 355.78 605.2 207.3 10,999.10
~ Agricultural Land (Excluded national park)
75.9% 85.4% 68.9% 63.8%
Demography
~ Population (person) 6,044 10,722 4,530 75,109
~ Number of households (hh) 1,268 1,536 1,047 19,321
~ Population Density (ps km-1) 1,699 1,772 2,185 683
~ Agriculture Density (ps ha-1) 22 21 32 11
Accessibility (km)
~ Distance to Nanggung Market
6.5 2 6
~ Distance to Leuwiliang Market
12 10 11
Household Survey Multistage Random Sampling with Propotional Stratification
3 Villages (Hambaro, Parakan Muncang, Sukaluyu village) 4,302 inhabitants (22.3% of total sub-district) 2,940 population of study (households who ‘controlling’ the
land) 185 households as respondent (households who practiced
vegetable farming)
Methods
HambaroParakan Muncang Sukaluyu Total
1. Inhabitants of Village 1,257 1,880 1,165 4,302
2. Population of the Study (Households controlling land) 577 1,545 818 2,940
3. Sample by Land Size (m2) n Popn
samplesn Pop
n samples
n Popn
samplesn Pop
n samples
5 – 100 33.6% 20 43.4% 26 15.6% 10 33.7% 56
101 – 1000 46.3% 28 40.1% 24 20.7% 12 35.9% 64
1001 – 2000 12.5% 7 9.6% 6 17.1% 10 12.3% 23
2001 – 4000 4.9% 3 4.6% 3 18.6% 11 8.5% 17
4001 – 6000 1.6% 2 0.8% 2 12.5% 8 4.2% 12
> 6000 1.2% 2 1.4% 2 15.5% 9 5.3% 13
Total 62 63 60 185
MethodsPopulation and Sample Size
Physical characteristics Socio Economic Characteristics Land ‘Ownership’Farming System Characteristics
Findings
Physical characteristics
Physical infrastructures and
Unit Ratio to the related significance unit.Public utilities of Nanggung Sub-District
Road network
- Paved/asphalted 70 km 636 m km-2,
- Gravelled 110.5 km 1,004 m km-2
- Dirt road 116.4 km 1,058 m km-2
Electricity supply (PLN) 7,619 houses in 9 villages 43.40%
Telephone line 1.010 households 5.22%
Education Facility
- Kindergarten 1
- Elementary school (SD/MI) 44 / 16
- Junior secondary school (SLTP/MT) 1/3
Health Facility
- Puskesmas - Public health centre 2
Marketing facilities
- Market 2
- Kios /warung 587
- Toko 39
- others 295
Socio Economic Characteristics
Nanggung
West Java Province
National
1. Population growth (% year-1) 0.4 2.2 1.5
2. Population density (ps km-1) 685 1100 114
3. Agricultural density (ps ha-1) 11 11 3
4. Working population (%) 66.10% 60.36% 65.72%
5. Working population engage in agriculture (%) 63.40% 32.90% 46.30%
6. Sex Ratio (male/female) 104.1 101.8 100.4
7. Average family member (ps hh-1) 5.2 3.5 3.8
8. Illiterate (%) 5.90% 9.07%
Comparing with Province and National Data
Socio Economic Characteristics
HambaroParakan Muncang
Sukaluyu Total
n = 62 n = 63 n = 60 n = 185
1. Total household members (persons) 343 328 289 960
2. Sex Ratio 111.73 105 97.95 105.13
3. Household Size
1 – 4 33.90% 33.30% 48.30% 38.40%
5 – 8 51.60% 63.50% 43.30% 53.00%
> 9 14.50% 3.20% 8.30% 8.60%
4. Range Household Size (persons/household) 2 – 11 1 – 12 2 – 10 1 – 12
5. Average family size 5.5 5.2 4.8 5.2
Age Structure
< 15 35.30% 24.10% 33.60% 30.90%
15 – 65 63.00% 72.30% 63.00% 66.10%
> 65 1.70% 3.70% 3.50% 2.90%
Labor Force
- Proportion of Labor Force 63.00% 72.30% 63.00% 66.10%
- Average labor force per household 3.5 3.8 2.9 3.4
Dependancy Ratio 58.80% 38.40% 58.80% 51.20%
Socio Economic Characteristics
Sources of Income
HambaroParakan Muncang
Sukaluyu Total
n Hh Total Income
n Hh Total Income
n Hh Total Income
n Hh Total Income
Total Agriculture Income 74% 22% 73% 9% 87% 14% 78% 14%
Off Farm
Off Farm Laborer 35% 14% 19% 6% 18% 5% 24% 8%
Trader/Merchant 65% 29% 68% 42% 43% 19% 59% 30%
Others Off Farm 53% 21% 40% 35% 47% 24% 46% 26%
Total Off Farm 94% 63% 95% 83% 95% 47% 95% 65%
Total Non-fixed Income 37% 15% 38% 8% 35% 39% 37% 21%
Household Income by Sources of Income
Socio Economic Characteristics
Income
HambaroParakan Muncang Sukaluyu Total
n Rp 000 % n Rp 000 % n Rp 000 % n Rp 000 %
Total Agriculture Income 46 12,737 22 46 8,004 9 52 11,070 14 144 31,812 14
Average time spent in agriculture activities (hours/day)
5.1 5.31 5.11 5.16
Off Farm Income 58 37,554 63 60 73,529 83 57 36,866 47 175 147,948 65
Average time spent in off-farm activities (hours/day)
5.54 5.83 5.34 5.59
Non-fixed Income 23 8,937 15 24 7,525 8 21 30,523 39 68 46,985 21
Total Household Income 62 59,228 100 63 89,058 100 60 78,459 100 185 226,745 100
Household Income by Sources of Income
Socio Economic Characteristics
ExpendituresHambaro
Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Total
n
Rp00
0 % N
Rp00
0 % n
Rp00
0 % n Rp 000 %
1. Food 62
21,730 66%
63
24,075 64%
60
18,733 56%
185
64,538
62%
2. Education 42
3,190 10%
33
2,983 8%
39
2,801 8%
114 8,974 9%
3. Health 28
1,084 3%
33
1,225 3%
38
1,455 4% 99 3,764 4%
4. Others 56
4100.3 12%
57
6,946 19%
46
6,367 19%
159
17,413
17%
5. Farm Inputs 60
3,059 9%
59
2,154 6%
53
4,084 12%
172 9,297 9%
Total Household Expenditure
62
33,163
100%
63
37,383
100%
60
33,440
100%
185
103,986
100%
Family Expenditure per household 535 593 557 562
Average Family Income 955 1,414
1,308 1,226
Household Expenditure
Socio Economic Characteristics
HambaroParakan Muncang
Sukaluyu
Sample
Villages
Number of surveyed household 62 63 60 185
Number of family member 281 265 229 960
Total family income (Rp 000/month) 59,228 89,058 78,459
226,745
Range (Rp 000/month)
Minimum 28 8 20 8
Maximum 9,306 12,967 3,95012,96
7
Average family income per household (Rp 000/month) 955 1,414 1,308 1,226
Income per capita (Rp 000/month) 173 272 271 236
Proportion of people below poverty line
~ of Indonesia (Rp 150,000 capita-1 month -1) 67.70% 38.10% 51.70%
52.40%
Poverty Line
Land ‘Ownership’
HambaroParakan Muncang
Sukaluyu Total
Total Land Size Surveyed (Ha)
20.60 27.05 29.22 76.87
Number of plot surveyed 103 102 105 310
Land Size Range (Ha) 0.003 - 3 0.002 - 20.003 -
1.80.002 - 3
Avg Land Size (Ha/Hh) 0.33 0.43 0.49 0.42
Avg Land Size (Ha/Fm) 0.07 0.12 0.12 0.1
Number of Plot Owned
57.1% 60.0% 58.9%
6.5% 4.8%
15.0%8.6%
100%100% 100% 100%
59.7%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Hambaro Parakan Muncang Sukaluyu Total
Village
% o
f h
ou
seh
old 1 plot
2 plots
3 plots
Land ‘Ownership’
Land Use Type
54%
35%
45%
10%
23%
1%
37%
20%22%
4%
16%
1% 0.1%1%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
IrrigatedPaddyfield
RainfedPaddyfield
Dry Land MonocultureGarden
SimpleAgroforest
Complexagroforest
Shrub
Type of Land Owned n plot Type of Land Owned ha
Land ‘Ownership’
Land holding size by household
37%
23%
12%8%
19%
5%
10%13% 12%
61%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
< 0.1 0.11 - 0.3 0.31 - 0.5 0.51 - 0.7 > 0.71
n household ha
Land ‘Ownership’
Land Distribution All Villages Sample
1.21%5.42%
14.89%
38.23%
100%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Proportion of the surveyed households
% o
f L
and
ho
ldin
gs
Land ‘Ownership’
Way Obtaining LandLand Status
Privatly Owned
Perhutani Land
National Park
Numpang
Total
Opened from Forest 2% 2%
Bought 21% 21%
Inheritage 65% 2% 67%
Using other persons land
3% 2% 0.3% 5% 10%
Total 89% 5% 0.3% 5% 100%
Way Obtaining Land by Land Status
Land ‘Ownership’
Farming System Characteristics
Irrigated Paddyfield
Rainfed Paddyfield Dry Land
Monoculture Garden
Simple Agroforest
1. Distance from Village (M2)
≤ 500 m 82% 83% 95% 78% 77%
500 - 1,000 m 5% 6% 0% 22% 19%
1,000m < 13% 11% 5% 0% 5%
2. Time Needed to go to the plot (Minutes)
1 – 15 80% 84% 89% 83% 63%
16 – 30 16% 13% 10% 11% 35%
31 – 60 4% 3% 1% 6% 2%
> 60
3. Plot Fertility
Quite Fertile to Very Fertile 87% 53% 87% 83% 67%
Less Fertile 13% 47% 12% 17% 33%
Not Fertile 1%
Plot Characteristics
Farming System Characteristics
Irrigated
PaddyfieldRainfed
PaddyfieldDry
Land
Monoculture
Garden
Simple Agrofor
est
4. Plot Slope
Flat to Slightly Slope 88% 64% 93% 89% 47%
Gently Slope 12% 36% 5% 11% 40%
Slightly Step to Step Slope 0% 0% 2% 0% 14%
5. Water Source for Irrigation
Technical Drainage 14%
Simple Drainage 9% 2% 2%
Direct from River 17% 5% 4% 11% 2%
Water Spring 53% 8% 14% 6% 7%
Rain Fed 6% 86% 80% 78% 91%
Others 1% 6%
Plot Characteristics
Farming System Characteristics
Irrigated Paddyfield
Rainfed Paddyfield
Dry Land
Monoculture Garden
Simple Agroforest
Total
Pisang (Musa sp.) 0.6% 7.1% 1.0% 2.6% 11.6%
Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis) 0.6% 3.2% 1.0% 4.8%
Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim) 1.0% 2.6% 1.0% 4.5%
Kucai (Allium tuberosum) 1.0% 2.3% 3.2%
Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris) 0.3% 1.3% 1.0% 2.6%
Cabe (Capsicum frutescens) 1.9% 0.3% 0.3% 2.6%
Lengkuas (Alpinia galangal) 1.6% 0.6% 2.3%
Jagung (Zea mays L.) 1.3% 0.6% 1.9%
Jahe (Zingiber offcinale) 0.3% 0.3% 1.0% 0.3% 1.9%
Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea ) 0.3% 0.3% 0.6% 0.3% 1.6%
Top Ten Vegetables Species Cultivated (% of plot number)
Farming System Characteristics
HambaroParakan Muncang Sukaluyu Total
n % n % n % n %
Household experienced 1 1.60% 3 4.80% 15 25.00% 19 10.30%
Household not experienced 61 98.40% 60 95.20% 45 75.00% 166 89.70%
Household experienced with Tree-annual crop Farming System
Farming System CharacteristicsTree Species Annual Crop Species
Alpukat (Persea Americana), Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
Kucai (Allium tuberosum)
Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa), Durian (Durio zibethinus)
Kucai (Allium tuberosum)
Jengkol (Pithecellobium jiringa), Petai (Parkia speciosa)
Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Kecapi (Sandoricum koetjape), Sengon (Paraserianthes falkataria), Mangga (Mangifera indica)
Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla King), Sengon (Paraserianthes falkataria) Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon)
Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon) Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus), Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum)
Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Petai (Parkia speciosa) Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis), Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim)
Pinus (Pinus sp) Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim), Kucai (Allium tuberosum), Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Sengon (Paraserianthes falkataria) Kucai (Allium tuberosum), ,Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis,)Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim)
Melinjo (Gnetum gnemon), Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus)
Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis)
Farming System CharacteristicsAverage Level of Labour Input by land use type (ps-day/ha/year)
Labor inputsIrrigated Paddyfiel
d
Rainfed Paddyfiel
dDry Land
Monoculture
Garden
Simple Agrofore
st
1.1 Land Preparation 121.5 117.2 160.3 78.6 57.2
1.2 Nursery 10.9 10.6 1.7 0.1 0.3
1.3 Planting 57 50.8 80.9 24.1 33.8
1.4. Maintaining 64.5 52.4 107.7 33.1 27.5
1.5. Fertilizing 13.5 14.9 20.8 10.1 6.7
1.6. Harvesting 66.6 56 49.1 19.1 16
Farming System Characteristics
Land size (ha) by household
Irrigated Paddyfiel
d
Rainfed Paddyfiel
d
Dry Land
Monoculture
Garden
Simple Agrofores
t
Average Labor Input (ps-day/ha)
< 0.1 483 433 580 274 185
0.11 - 0.3 234 215 261 93 118
0.31 - 0.5 128 59 160 19 124
0.51 - 0.7 113 45 30
> 0.71 254 45 73 21
Labor inputs by land holding size and land use type
Farming System Characteristics
Irrigated Paddyfiel
d
Rainfed Paddyfie
ldDry Land
Monoculture
Garden
Simple Agrofore
st
Chemical Fertilizer (%)
Urea 100 97 39 44 23
SP-36 91 94 54 56 35
KCL 24 16 20 39 16
NPK 2 22
Other 5 2 5 5
Organic Fertilizer (%) 21 16 52 78 30
Pesticide (%) 88 91 33 44 16
Level of External Farm Inputs by type of land use type (% of plot)
Farming System Characteristics
Irrigated Paddyfiel
d
Rainfed Paddyfiel
d Dry LandMonoculture Garden
Simple Agrofore
st
Chemical Fertilizer (Kg/Ha)
Urea 426.5 691.7 179.5 180.6 28.7
SP-36 160 228.8 105 117.8 17.7
KCL 30.6 22.1 72 48.7 4.3
NPK 1.5 11.9
Other 5.1 2.3 91.4 - 7
Organic Fertilizer (Kg/ha) 348.9 721.1
3,836.00 4,049.70 972
Pesticide (ml/ha)
6,368.60
2,402.50
10,214.10 1,087.50 364
Level of External Farm Inputs by type of land use type (ps-day/ha/year)
Farming System Characteristics
Commodity Unitn = plot
Price (Rp/unit
)
Average Yield
(per ha)
Income (Rp000/h
a)
Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim) kg 14 975 8,999 8,774
Cabe (Capsicum frutescens) kg 8 7,500 1,007 7,549
Jagung (Zea mays L.) kg 6 3,000 1,904 5,713
Caesin (Brassica rapa L.) kg 4 1,500 3,400 5,100
Kacang kedelai (Soya max piper) kg 1 2,000 2,500 5,000
Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea batatas) kg 1 1,000 5,000 5,000
Bayam (Alternanthera amoena voss) bundle 1 500 9,000 4,500
Jahe (Zingiber offcinale) kg 6 2,167 1,735 3,759
Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L) kg 5 2,200 1,680 3,696
Kunyit (Curcuma longa) kg 5 833 3,824 3,187
Farm income by Species cultivated (per ha)
Farming System Characteristics
Commodity Market CollectorConsum
erWholes
eller
Bayam (Alternanthera amoena voss) 100%
Cabe (Capsicum frutescens) 33.30% 33.30% 33.30%
Caesin (Brassica rapa L.) 25.00% 75.00%
Jagung (Zea mays L.) 100%
Jahe (Zingiber offcinale) 75.00% 25.00%
Kacang kedelai (Soya max piper) 100%
Kacang tanah (Arachis hypogaea L) 100%
Kunyit (Curcuma longa) 66.70% 33.30%
Ubi Jalar (Ipomoea batatas) 100%
Marketable commodities and the marketing chain (in % by commodities)
Farming System Characteristics
Irrigated Paddyfie
ld
Rainfed Paddyfiel
d
Dry Land
Monoculture Garden
Simple Agrofo
restTotal
Land Preparation
~ Proportion of male (%) 99.70 99.20 99.20 100 99.60 99.40
~ Proportion of female (%) 0.30 0.80 0.80 0 0.40 0.60
Nursery
~ Proportion of male (%) 73.40 92.70 100 100 100 82.40
~ Proportion of female (%) 26.60 7.30 0 0 0 17.60
Planting
~ Proportion of male (%) 59.60 54.70 83.30 84.90 94.10 71.10
~ Proportion of female (%) 40.40 45.30 16.70 15.10 5.90 28.90
Maintaining
~ Proportion of male (%) 56.10 52.10 78.20 78.70 88.30 67.90
~ Proportion of female (%) 43.90 47.90 21.80 21.30 11.70 32.10
Average Level of Labour Input by land use type and gender (% plot)
Farming System Characteristics
Irrigated Paddyfiel
d
Rainfed Paddyfie
ld
Dry Land
Monoculture
Garden
Simple Agrofo
restTotal
Fertilizing
~ Proportion of male (%) 75.10 98.00 89.80 70.50 99.50 87.10
~ Proportion of female (%) 24.90 2.00 10.20 29.50 0.50 12.90
Harvesting
~ Proportion of male (%) 66.50 70.40 78.90 88.30 98.30 72.50
~ Proportion of female (%) 33.50 29.60 21.10 11.70 1.70 27.50
Total Labor Input
~ Proportion of male (%) 76.00 77.90 87.90 90.40 95.90 82.40
~ Proportion of female (%) 24.00 22.10 12.10 9.60 4.10 17.60
Average Level of Labour Input by land use type and gender (% plot)
Farming System Characteristics
HambaroParakan Muncang
Sukaluyu
Total
Family Head (%) 79.00 85.70 81.70 82.20
Wife (%) 17.70 4.80 6.70% 9.70
No agricultural expenditure (%) 3.20 9.50 11.70 8.10
Who control the expenditure for Agricultural inputs
Concluding Remarks1. The Kecamatan Nanggung includes 7,022.3 (63.8%) hectare of arable land.
The remaining area is housing and other infrastructures and other uses .
2. Population growth (since 2003-2006) was 0.40% per year, lower than West Java Province and National growth. Population density of the area is 683 persons per square kilometers (ps.km-2), lower than for West Java.
3. 63.4% of working population (economically active population) engages in agriculture, higher than national data (46.3%).
4. Largest proportion of family income were spent on food (62%)
5. Agricultural income contributed 14% to the total households’ income. In Term the poverty line, the study found that 52% of the surveyed households are below poverty line, and thus are categorized as poor.
6. Unequal land distribution is a characteristic of the study site, where the bottom 60% of the surveyed household controlled only 15% of total landholding size, while the top 20% controlling about 62% of the total landholding size.
Concluding Remarks7. Intensive agriculture (paddy field, dryland and monoculture garden) mostly
takes place in the relatively flat area, more than 80% of the plots are considered by the respondents as gently to slightly steep area.
8. The top five vegetables species found in of plots samples were : Pisang (Musa sp.), Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis), Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim), Kucai (Allium tuberosum) and Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris). This species mostly cultivated in dryland and simple agroforest.
9. Kacang panjang (Vigna sinensis), Timun (Trichosanthes cucumeroides maxim), Kucai (Allium tuberosum) and Buncis (Phaseolus vulgaris), are the most common annual crops cultivated by farmer under Dudukuhan system.
10.The number of ps-days involve in land preparation is much higher than in other activities. Number of ps-days involved in nursery activities and fertilizing activities is the lowest compare with the others activities.
11.The use fertilizer common in all sample plots in the study site, except for complex agroforests and fallow lands. The fertilizer rate of every land use category varies according to land use category and varies among plot within the land use category.
Concluding Remarks12.Almost all commodities harvested in the plot were sold by the surveyed
households. Most of the harvested yields (89% or more) are sold for 22 annual commodities. Only 76.5% of corn yields are sold and 29.6% of rice. All (100%) of the sawi produced is consumed by households.
13.Data recorded from the surveyed household shows that high value species (Cabe, Caesin, Kacang kedelai ) mosly sold directly through consumer, this show that farmers lack adequate market information and market access.
14.Women involved in agriculture is limited to certain activities, in paddy field, women had proportion more than 15% of labor input only in nursery, maintaining, fertilizing, and harvesting activities. But for others land use, proportion of women labor very small.
Thank You