Skeletal System
General Info
• Organs called bones• Adult human has 206
bones
Functions of Bones• Framework
– Supports muscle, fat and skin
• Protection– Surrounds vital organs– EX: skull, ribs, pelvis
• Levers– Muscles attach to bones to provide movement
• Production of blood cells– Red and white blood cells and platelets
• Storage– Calcium
Bone Anatomy
• Long Bones
Shaft – diaphysis2 ends – epiphysisLayers Periosteum
Medullary canalred marrowyellow
marrow
Endosteum
Skeleton Sections
• Axial– Main Trunk
• Composed of skull, spinal column, ribs and breastbone
• Appendicular– Extremities
• Shoulder girdle, arm bones, pelvic girdle, leg bones
Bones of the Body
• Skull
FontanelsSoft Spots – allow the skull to
enlarge as the brain grows
Sinuses
• Air spaces in the bones
• Act as resonating chambers for the voice
• Lined with mucous membranes
Ribs
• 12 Pairs• True ribs
– First 7 pairs– Attach to thoracic
vertebrae and sternum
• False ribs– Next 5 pairs– Attach to the cartilage of
the ribs above– Floating ribs
• Last 2 pairs of false ribs• Have no attachment in
the front
Sternum
• Three parts– Manubrium– Body– Xiphoid process
Spinal Column
• 26 Vertebrae
Spinal Section Reference
• Cervical– C1 to C7
• Thoracic– T1 to T 12
• Lumbar– L1 to L5
• Sacral
• Coccyx
Shoulder Girdle
• Each side composed of– 1 clavicle– 1 scapula
Arm Bones
• Humerus– Upper arm bone
• Ulna– Lower arm bone
• Radius– Lower arm bone– On thumb side
Wrist, Hand and Fingers
• Wrist– 8 carpals
• Hand– 5 Metacarpals– Palm of the hand
• Fingers– 14 Phalanges
Pelvic Girdle
• Composed of 2 os coxae• Ilium, ischium and the pubis
Upper Leg Bones
• Femur– Largest bone in
the body
Lower Leg Bones
• Tibia– Large lower leg bone
• Fibula– Small lower leg bone
• Patella– Knee cap
Ankle, Foot and Toes• Tarsals
– 7 bones– Ankle
• Metatarsals– 5 bones– Instep
• Phalanges– 14 bones– Toes
• Calcaneous– Heel bone
Joints
• Area where 2 or more bones come together
• Held together by ligaments
• Types– Ball and socket– Hinge– Slightly movable– Immovable– Pivot– Gliding– Saddle
Types of Joints
Diseases• Arthritis
– Inflammation of the joint
– Types• Osteoarthritis• Rheumatoid
– Terms• Acute• Chronic
Fracture
• Greenstick– Common in children– Bone bent and splits
Simple and Compound Fractures
• Simple – Clean break in the
bone
• Compound– Bone breaks and
pierces skin
Spiral Fracture
Impacted Fracture Comminuted Fracture
Depressed Fracture
Treatment of Fractures
• Reduction– Closed
Open Reduction
Bone Repair
Dislocation
• A bone is forcibly displaced from a joint
SprainTwisting action tears ligaments
OsteoporosisSoftening of bone due to lack of
calcium
Curvatures of the Spine
• Scoliosisside-to-side, lateral curve
Lordosis
• Swayback• Abnormal inward
curve of the lumbar region
Kyphosis
• Hunchback• Rounding or bowing
of the back of the thoracic area
Vocabularyarthro- jointchondro- cartilagecost- ribcrani- skullcarp- wristmyelo- bone marrow, spinal cordosse-, ossi-, oste-, osteo - bone-ectomy surgical removal of-otomy to cut into-osis condition
Skeleton Jokes
Why doesn't a skeleton play music in a church?
He has no organ
What does a skeleton order at a restaurant?
Spare Ribs
The End
