AQM 2005, 26-30 September 2005, Istanbul, Turkey
Severe Air Pollution in Lanzhou China
Peter C Chu, Naval Postgraduate School
Yuchun Chen and Shihua Lu,Institute of Cold & Arid Environment &
Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Central China
−500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Geography and isobaths
80oE 85oE 90oE 95oE 100oE 105oE 110oE 115oE
28oN
30oN
32oN
34oN
36oN
38oN
40oN
42oN
44oN
46oN
Yel
low
Riv
er
Yellow
Rive
r
Yangtse River
Yangtse River
Urumqi
Lhasa
DunhuangJiuquan
o+Lanzhou
o+Zhangye
QinghaiHu
T I A
NS H A N
QILIANSHAN
QING ZANG PLATEAU
Terim Basin
Topography around Langzhou, China
Lanzhou – One of the Most Polluted Cites in China
LANDSAT-TM imagery representing air pollution on 3 January 2001.
0.540.050.06Xigu (District-2)436.09103.63St-80.520.050.04Anning (District-4)1536.10103.74St-70.560.030.02Chengguan (District-1)1936.04103.92St-60.280.010.01Yuzhong County435.84104.09St-50.680.060.08Xigu (District-2)2236.10103.63St-40.740.050.05Qilihe (District-3)1536.08103.71St-30.570.040.03Chengguan (District-1)1136.07103.84St-20.690.060.08Chengguan (District-1)2536.04103.84St-1
TSPNOxSO2RegionHeight (m)LatitudeN
LongitudeESite
Location of observational stations and mean concentrations (mg m-3)
80oE 90oE 100oE 110oE 120oE 130oE
20 oN
25 oN
30 oN
35 oN
40 oN
45 oN
50 oN
2500m
2500m
1500
m
C1
C2C3
JunggarBasin
G1 G2
G3
LANZHOU
BEIJING
Qinghai−Tibet Plateau
Terim Basin
Taklamakan
M O N G O L I A
a
36.0oN
36.05oN
36.10oN
36.15oN
103.5oE 103.6oE 103.7oE 103.8oE 103.9oE 104.0oE
1
23
4
6
78
E
III
IIIIVL
LL
LH
HH
HHHH
Geography and isobaths (unit: m)
b
1700
160017001900
2300
21002000
1800 1700 1800
1600
17001800
1600
17001800
1700
1600
17001800
1600
2100
2400
1900 1900
1600
2400
1700
1800
2200
Baita
Gaolan
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA
st−1
SO
2(mg.
m−
3 )
st−1
NO
x(mg.
m−
3 )
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA
st−1
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA
st−3
SO
2(mg.
m−
3 )
st−3
NO
x(mg.
m−
3 )
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA
st−3
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA
st−4
SO
2(mg.
m−
3 )
st−4
NO
x(mg.
m−
3 )0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA
st−4
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA
st−7
SO
2(mg.
m−
3 )
1999 2000 2001
st−7
NO
x(mg.
m−
3 )
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA1999 2000 2001
st−7
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
OND J FMAM J J A SOND J FMA1999 2000 2001
Daily MeanConcentration
MeanMax
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
st−1
MeanMax
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
st−2
MeanMax
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
st−3
MeanMax
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
st−4
1999 2000 2001
MeanMax
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
st−5
MeanMax
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
st−6
MeanMax
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
st−7
MeanMax
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
st−8
1999 2000 2001
Monthly mean(■) and maximum(●) Concentrations (mg m-3) of TSP at St-1 to St-8.
Air Quality Management≤≤≤≤
Air pollution is severe; The general public is advised to reduce physical exertion and outdoor activities.
High-level pollution
V>300
Persons with existing heart or respiratory illnesses are advised to reduce physical exertion and outdoor activities.
Mid-level pollution
IV1
IV2
200-300
Persons should be careful in outdoor activities.
Low-level pollution
III1
III2
100-200
No action is needed.Good II50-100
No action is needed.Clean I< 50
Air Quality Description and Management
Air Quality Classification
Air Pollution Index
TSP
SO2
NOx
100
200
300
400
500
600
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
st−1
TSP
SO2
NOx
100
200
300
400
500
600
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
st−2
TSP
SO2
NOx
100
200
300
400
500
600
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
st−3
TSP
SO2
NOx
100
200
300
400
500
600
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
st−4
1999 2000 2001
TSP
SO2
NOx
100
200
300
400
500
600
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
st−5
TSP
SO2
NOx
100
200
300
400
500
600
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
st−6
TSP
SO2
NOx
100
200
300
400
500
600
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
st−7
TSP
SO2
NOx
100
200
300
400
500
600
O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A
st−8
1999 2000 2001
Monthly mean API at St-1 to St-8.
Dust Storms and (TSP, PM10) in January 2001
#5
7Sts
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 /2001
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0S S S S S S S S S→ → → → → → → → →
TS
P(m
g.m
−3 )
January
a
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 /2001
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8
2.1
2.4
2.7 S S S S S S S S S→ → → → → → → → →
PM
10(m
g.m
−3 )
b
Factors Affecting Air Quality
• Meteorological Conditions
Stable stratification especially Inversion
Low Winds
Valley Wind
• Pollution Sources
Mountain-Valley Wind (at Night)
Coupled RAMS-NYPACT Model
HYPACT
NCEP/ECData
DPREPModule
ISANModule
TopographyLand Surface
RAMS
REVUGraphicModule
Grads NCARV5D
Source Initialization
Model Description
• Nonhydrostatic
• Multi-grid System: 9 km, 3 km, 1 km
• 23 vertical levels, to 50 hPa
• 30”- Topography data
• Assimilation of observational data
• Land surface model
• Integration area: 720 km (E-W),540 km (N-S)
Centered at 103.8oE, 36.1oN
Multi-Grid System
Model Integration
• Winter Simulation (Dec 2000)• Initial Time: 08 BT, Dec 5, 2000• Initial Conditions (NCEP Reanalysis)• Lateral Boundary for the Largest Area
(Every Six Hours, NCEP Reanalysis)• ∆t: 60 s, 30 s, 10 s
Simulated Wind and Temperature Fields at 800 hPa on: (a) 08, (b)14, (c) 20, (d) 02 BT
Simulated (v, w) and T in the north-south cross-section across the GaoLanShan Mountain on: (a) 08, (b)14, (c)
20, (d) 02 BT
Dust Sources (1000 kg)
1700
1600
1550
1800
1800
1700
1600
15501600
17001800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
1800
1900
1700
18002000 19
00
1700
1800
1700
The Yan Chen in 2000(1000kg)
103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE36.00oN
36.02oN
36.04oN
36.06oN
36.08oN
36.10oN
36.12oN
36.14oN
36.16oN
22
1 9
2 40 1 4 75 51 11 541_ 19 7
19 23 32 240 39 16 106 25 25 9 1382_13 8 20 3 4 3 46 139_ 130126126133 80 42 25_9 112599_ 91 13 89 18 178 79172 54 38 76 3 1_
7 16 48 64 13337 25 23 71 121_ 18 35 22 12 1
3 2 28 11 13 166_ 3 272_ 48 23 336_ 79 98_ 9
9 3 20 40_ 15 5 19 66 1 33 3_ 6
3 5 24 71_ 290_ 41 22 46 67 19 62 4
15 81 61 14 4 4 1 104 8_ 50 48 44 37 1 11
38_ 14 14 349_ 15 8 37 66 63 96 14_106935_ 2 25 2 5 1_ 7 4_ 10
810_ 6_5730_ 5_ 7_ 1
0 8 5
543_ 6_ 27 389_ 1
H
H H
H
H H
H
H
H
H H
H H
1
23
4
6
7
8
◇ Industrial □ Residential
CO Sources (1000 kg)
1700
1600
1800
1700
1700
1600
1700
1600
1700
1800
1900
2100 1800 1900 1600 1800
The CO in 2000(1000kg)
103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE
36.02oN
36.04oN
36.06oN
36.08oN
36.10oN
36.12oN
36.14oN
36.16oN
11
18 3
0 451 0 1 24 107 3 117_ 6 2
1 7 15 606 18 5 28 25 6 9 55447_3 3 7 1 2 19 14 50_ 59 39 39 48 26 20 13_3 387395_ 22 6 28 7 58 40 56 16 13 36 1 0_
2 4 25 27 55 280 11 7 14 25_ 6 19 60 4 0
1 0 15 5 7 53_ 1 61_ 27 12 18_ 15 25_ 3
2 1 10 24_ 8 2 15 13 0 10 2_ 3
3 3 18 39_ 39_ 11 11 8 19 10 15 1
3 20 20 5 2 2 1 172 3_ 24 28 20 17 0 1
8_ 6 4 402_ 1 3 190 20 38 55 8_5 635_ 1 5 1 144 0_ 2 2_ 6
25521_ 287_ 393_ 3_ 2_ 0
0 3 1
8240_ 450_ 11 9_ 1
H
H H
H H
H
H
H H
H H
1
23
4
6
7
8
◇ Industrial □ Residential
SO2 –Sources in 2000 (1000kg)
◇ Industrial □ Residential
1700
16 00
1800
1700
1700
1600
1700
1600
1700
1800
1900
2100 18 00 1900 16 00 18 00
Topography and isobaths (m ), SO 2 Source in 2000(1000kg)
103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE
36.02oN
36.04oN
36.06oN
36.08oN
36.10oN
36.12oN
36.14oN
36.16oN
132
1 36
1 64 3 13 260 173 393471_ 69 21
9 79 160540 76 60 200 119 59 201143_38 27 76 16 20 11 124 338_ 538 394 452297 208 36 65_35 280 520_ 237 50 226 78 513 248556 192 125 83 11 5_
20 27 117 239 600131 70 83 153191_ 67 34 74 45 0
13 6 161 24 45 520_ 8 740_ 225 104 169_ 122 219_ 21
17 4 46 165_ 10 12 176 114 4 122 21_ 6
7 26 82 403_ 770_ 39 63 50 124 26 71 9
17 734 88 8 2 8 7 158 13_ 117 138 198140 0 4
84_ 42 141439_ 6 11 40 76 175 345 63_132256_ 1 28 7 4 5_ 25 19_ 4
873_ 17_15039_ 35_ 11_ 2
0 26 5
289_ 18_ 14 52_ 0
H
H H
H
H H H
H
H H
H
H
H
H
H H
1
23
4
6
7
8
NOx Sources in 2000 ( 1000 kg)
◇ Industrial □ Residential
1700
16 00
1550
1800
1800
1700
1600
15501600
17001800
1900
2000
2100
22 00
23 00
1800
1900
17 00
18002000 19
00
1700
1800
1700
T he NOx in 2000(1000kg)
103.6oE 103.65oE 103.7oE 103.75oE 103.8oE 103.85oE 103.9oE 103.95oE36.00oN
36.02oN
36.04oN
36.06oN
36.08oN
36.10oN
36.12oN
36.14oN
36.16oN
76
0 21
0 31 2 8 149 93 224638_ 40 12
5 45 91 308 44 35 164 68 33 11 421_24 19 43 9 11 6 70 301_ 302 223 256191 111 16 36_20 172 361_ 144 39 133 44 330 139315 111 70 40 6 3_
11 15 65 140 346 75 39 47 102137_ 38 16 41 26 0
8 3 92 16 33 360_ 6 528_ 134 60 102_ 80 158_ 12
10 2 27 90_ 4 7 100 65 2 69 12_ 3
3 14 109 231_ 724_ 21 35 28 69 13 40 5
9 59 80 5 1 4 4 80 7_ 59 76 12778 0 3
51_ 27 15 300_ 4 5 21 50 109 204 35_8 4242_ 0 15 4 2 1_ 14 11_ 1
138_ 290_19449_ 20_ 6_ 1
0 18 3
45_ 13_ 18 59_ 0
H
H
H
H
H
1
23
4
6
7
8
TSP Concentration at Sta-1 and Sta-8 Simulated (dashed), Observed (Solid)
Simulated and Observed SO2 Concentration (mg/m3) on
December 25, 2000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1# 2# 3# 4# 6# 7# 8#
观测值
模拟值
SimulatedSimulated ((⃞⃞), Observed (), Observed (⃟⃟))
NOx07h Dec 11, 2000
NOx13 h, Dec 11, 2000
NOx22h, Dec 11, 2000
NOx07h, Dec 12, 2000
TSP13h, Dec 11, 2000
TSP01h, Dec 12, 2000
TSP22h, Dec 16, 2000
Conclusions• Severe air pollution is caused by heavy pollution
sources
• Meteorological conditions take important roles:– Inversion (Stable Stratification)– Valley Winds
• RAMS-HYPACT simulates the transport of the pollutants.