Sea level: measuring the bounding surfaces of the ocean by Mark E. Tamisiea, Chris W. Hughes, Simon D. P. Williams, and Richard M. Bingley Philosophical.

Sea level: measuring the bounding surfaces of the ocean

by Mark E. Tamisiea, Chris W. Hughes, Simon D. P. Williams, and Richard M. Bingley

Philosophical Transactions AVolume 372(2025):20130336

September 28, 2014

©2014 by The Royal Society

Simple schematic illustrating the relationship between sea surface height (SSH), the geoid, and dynamic topography.

Mark E. Tamisiea et al. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2014;372:20130336


Eastward acceleration of the mean flow by time-dependent eddies, based on 13 years of satellite altimetry data (a dynamically passive, irrotational component has been removed).



(a,b) Fingerprint of relative sea-level change caused by a mass loss scenario equivalent to 1 mm per year of globally averaged sea-level rise from (a) Greenland and (b) West Antarctica.



Three reconstructions [49–51] of sea-level rise during the twentieth century derived from tide gauge data.



Tide gauge locations where the time series held by the PSMSL is greater than 50 years.



(a) Time series of the global average sea-level change from satellite altimetry (TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1 and Jason-2).



Difference between the trends calculated from the TOPEX/Poseidon altimetry mission using the default set of processing models and an updated set.



Estimate of the vertical land motion across the UK derived from a GNSS solution provided by the NERC British Isles continuous GNSS Facility (BIGF).



Sea level: measuring the bounding surfaces of the ocean by Mark E. Tamisiea, Chris W. Hughes, Simon D. P. Williams, and Richard M. Bingley Philosophical.

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Sea level: measuring the bounding surfaces of the ocean by Mark E. Tamisiea, Chris W. Hughes, Simon D. P. Williams, and Richard M. Bingley Philosophical.