Romanesque 3: What is Romanesque Style?
Benedictine abbey of San Vicente de Cardona (Catalonia), consecrated 1040
The First RomanesqueIII. Design on and off the pilgrimage route: Spain
Carolingian Empire in 843divided among Charlemagne’s heirs
Region of the so-called “First Romanesque” style
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions
Lotharingia
Catalan group of “first Romanesque” churches
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions
North Italian group of “first Romanesque” churches
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions
German (Rhine River valley) group of “first Romanesque” churches
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions
Lombardy, Italy
Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Southern France-Catalonia – Catalonia-Southern France-Northern Italy (Lombardy)“First Romanesque” linkages
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions
Speyer, Germany
Rome, Italy
Lombardy, Italy
“First Romanesque” linkages
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions
Holy Roman Empire-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Rome – Rome-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Holy Roman Empire
Speyer, Germany
Rome, Italy
Lombardy, Italy
Holy Roman Empire-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Rome – Rome-Northern Italy (Lombardy)-Holy Roman Empire
Developments after “First Romanesque”
Rhine Valley Germany
NorthernItaly
Definitions of Romanesque Geographic and stylistic divisions
Speyer Cathedral, Germany, 1030-1106 Modena Cathedral, Italy, 1099-1184
2.
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque Germany (Rhine Valley) vs. Northern Italy
blind arcades and dwarf galleries
Perhaps Romanesque architecture reveals the order of the universe?
“Beauty is a concordance and fittingness of . . . all the individual parts to themselves and to each other and to the whole, and that of the whole to all things” (Robert Grosseteste, 13th cen., a view based on Vitruvius).
Romanesque cathedral at Modena, Italy
II. Language of architecture: Theory
Speyer Cathedral, Germany, 1030-1106 Modena Cathedral, Italy, 1099-1184
II. Language of architecture: Theory Germany (Rhine Valley) vs. Northern Italy
Modena Cathedral, Italy, 1099-1184
sculptural frieze next to portal
II. Language of architecture: Visual appeal
Pisa Cathedral, Pisa, Italy 11th – 13th cen. (1063-1118 cathedral)
cathedral
baptistery
bell tower
II. Language of architecture: Theory + Visual appeal Central Italy: Tuscany
E.C. St. Peter’s
Romanesque Pisa CathedralEarly Christian St. Peter’s
Central Italy: Tuscany
blind arcades and dwarf galleries
II. Language of architecture: Theory + Visual appeal
Pisa Cathedral
3.
II. Language of architecture: symbolism Central Italy: Tuscany
blind arcades and dwarf galleries
The Morgan Beatus, 940, Spanish
Frontal of the shrine of Santo Domingo from the Abbey of Silos Spain (Burgos), 1140-50
Possible symbolism of arcades
II. Language of architecture: symbolism
Anglo-Norman Durham Cathedral, England, nave 1133clerestory passage (interior dwarf gallery)
II. Language of architecture: Function + Visual appeal Norman Architecture in England
Pisa Cathedral – details of exterior marble facing
Central Italy: TuscanyII. Language of architecture: Theory + Visual appeal
Pisa Cathedral, Pisa, ItalySt.-Sernin at Toulouse, France
French pilgrimage church v. Central ItalyII. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque
Pisa Cathedral5.
Central Italy: TuscanyII. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque
St.-Philibert at Tournus, France (Burgundy), nave 1060
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque piers
St.-Savin-sur-Gartempe, western France, nave 1100
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque piers
Anglo-Norman Durham Cathedral, England, nave 1133
cylindrical piers + compound piers
Anglo-Norman nave of Gloucester Cathedral, England, nave b. 1089
cylindrical piers
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque piers
Byzantine-Romanesque domed churches
Venice, ItalyPérigueux, France
Constantinople
II. Language of architecture: Mature Romanesque
St.-Front, Périgueux, France, 1120 St. Mark’s, Venice, Italy, b. 1063
The “pilgrimage church” transcends localism of Romanesque architecture
Strength of local schools: Example of Burgundy and its thin wall construction
III. Romanesque regional schools: Burgundy (France)
Abbey church Cluny III – 97' tall
Pilgrimage St.-Sernin Toulouse - 68' tall
Pilgrimage Ste. Foi, Conques68' tall
1077 1030
1088III. Romanesque regional schools: Burgundy
Abbey church of Cluny III, at Cluny, France, 11th- 12th century (1088-1130)
28
model of the abbey 1090-1130 destroyed (mostly) 1789-1823
fragment of one transept remains
III. Romanesque Burgundy the Cluniac model
Cluny II, ca. 1000 Cluny III, begun 1088, under Abbot Hugh of Cluny
Cluny III to rival the greatest churches in Christendom
III. Romanesque Burgundy the Cluniac model
30
Where the great nave of Cluny III once stood
III. Romanesque Burgundy the Cluniac model
thin wall construction
Cluny III model
clerestorey
tall nave arcade
triforium(no gallery)
Cluny III – reconstructive rendering of altar and ambulatory
flying buttresses added after vault collapsed in 1125
thin wall – clerestory and triforium, no gallery
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model
Kenneth Conant in 1931
Cluny III nave Cluny III surviving south transept arm
reconstruction
thin wall construction III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model
Cluny III
interior of transeptthis bay like nave elevation
What was the goal of the Cluniac designers? III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model
more light? more height? greater verticality?
Cluny III – 1088-1130 Cluniac priory at Paray-le-Moniale, France, 1100-06
(photomontage)
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model What was the goal of the designers?
Cluniac priory at Paray-le-Moniale
nave crossing
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model What was the goal of the Cluniac designers?
Cluny III – 1088-1130 Paray-le-Moniale, 1100-06So-called pilgrimage churches
Compare plans
Did the Cluniacs want to attract pilgrims? III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model
Cluny III - chevetSt.-Sernin at Toulouse - chevet
Did the Cluniacs want to attract pilgrims? III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model
The intellect and the senses
Cluny III choir
scale model
historiated capital depicting the 3rd tone of plain chant
III. Romanesque Burgundy: the Cluniac model