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Product !a"e# $C%&' R!P Total (ages# )*
$C%&' R!+ Handover
'lgorith" 'nalysis and
Para"eter Configuration
,uidance
For internal use only
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Reviewed -y# %ate#
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
Revision Record
%ate Rev.
Version
%escri(tion 'uthor
2003/12/15 Initial transmittal Znag Liang
2005/03/16 1.0 Change the date, no content udated. !in"an
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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#a$le o% Contents
"ntroduction((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((()
%Handover Algorithm Analysis((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((()%("Handover Measurement((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((()
%("(" Intra&'re(uenc" )easurement(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((*%("(% Inter&'re(uenc" )easurement((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((("&%("(& Inter&*"stem )easurement((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((("#%("(# + Internal )easurement((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((("'
%(%Handover Algorithms((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((("+
%(%(" *o%ter -andover and *o%t -andover lgorithms((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((("+%(%(% Intra&'re(uenc" -ard -andover lgorithm((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((")%(%(& Inter&'re(uenc" -ard -andover lgorithm((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((")%(%(# Inter&*"stem -andover lgorithm((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((",%(%(' -andover Caused $" Load alancing(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((",%(%(+ Cell enalt"((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%-%(%()ctive *et *"nchroniation )aintenance(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%"%(%(* irect Retr" lgorithm((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%%%(%(, rincile %or enerating d4acent Cell List(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%&
&Handover Parameter .etting(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%#
&("Descri/tion(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%#&(%Handover Common Parameters(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%'
&(%(" )aimum um$er o% Cells in ctive *et(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%+&(%(% enalt" #ime((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%+&(%(& vent 6' #rigger #hreshold(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%)&(%(# vent 6 #rigger #hreshold((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%)&(%(' #ime&torigger arameters %or vents 6' and 6((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%*&(%(+ *ervice -andover Rate ecision #hreshold((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%*
&(%() *o%t -andover )ethod *elect *7itch((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%,&(%(* -andover lgorithm *7itches(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&-
&(&ntra$Fre0uency Handover Measurement Algorithm Parameters((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&"
&(&(" *o%t -andover Relative #hresholds(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&"&(&(% *o%t -andover $solute #hresholds((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&%&(&(& Intra&'re(uenc" )easurement 'ilter Coe%%icient 8'ilterCoe%9((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&&&(&(# -"steresis Related to *o%t -andover((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&'&(&(' #ime&torigger arameters Related to *o%t -andover(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&+&(&(+ :I-#(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&)&(&() etected *et *tatistics *7itch((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&*
&(#nter$Fre0uency Handover Algorithm Parameters(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&*
&(#(" Inter&'re(uenc" )easurement 'ilter Coe%%icient 8'ilterCoe%9((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&*
&(#(% Cell Location roert"((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((&,&(#(& -"steresis Related to Inter&'re(uenc" -andover(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#-&(#(# #ime&torigger arameters Related to Inter&'re(uenc" -ard -andover((((((((((((((((((((((((((#"&(#(' Comressed )ode na$le/isa$le #hreshold enoted $" R*C((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#%&(#(+ Comressed )ode na$le/isa$le #hreshold enoted $" c/o((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#%&(#() Inter&'re(uenc" -ard -andover R*C #hreshold(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#&&(#(* Inter&'re(uenc" -ard -andover c/o #hreshold(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((##
&('inter$system handover measurement algorithm /arameter((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((##
&('(" inter&s"stem measurement %ilter coe%%icient 'ilterCoe%(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((##&('(% Inter&*"stem -ard -andover ecision #hreshold((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#'&('(& Inter&s"stem -ard -andover -"steresis(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#'&('(# #ime&torigger arameter %or Inter&*"stem -ard -andover((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#+
&('(' Inter&*"stem )easurement eriodic Reort Interval(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#+&(+Com/ressed Mode Algorithm Parameter(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#)&(+(" C' ;%%set to na$le Comressed )ode((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#)
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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&(+(% *reading 'actor #hreshold(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#*&()Direct Retry Algorithm Parameter(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#*
&()(" )aimum irect Retr" #imes((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#*&()(% Candidate *et $solute #hreshold((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#,&()(& )inimum c/o
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
List o% #a$les
ta1le " Recommended .oft Handover Hysteresis .ettings for Different Movement ./eeds((((((((((((((&'
ta1le % Recommended #ime&torigger *ettings %or i%%erent )ovement *eeds ((((((((((((((((((&+ta1le & Recommended Inter&'re(uenc" -ard -andover -"steresis *ettings %or i%%erent)ovement *eeds(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#-
ta1le # Recommended Inter&'re(uenc" -ard -andover #ime&torigger *ettings %ori%%erent )ovement *eeds(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((#"
List o% 'igures
'igure 1 )easurement )odel((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((*'igure 2 amle o% vent 1 and #rigger ela"((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((,'igure 3 eriodic Reorting #riggered $" vent 1((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((("-'igure = amle o% vent 1C(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((""
'igure 5 amle o% vent 1(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((""'igure 6 Restriction o% measurement reorting $" means o% h"steresis(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((("%'igure > amle o% vent 1((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((("%'igure ? amle o% vent 11'(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((("&'igure @ o7er Control #iming((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%"'igure 10 ))L Client((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((%'
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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$C%&' R!+ Handover 'lgorith" 'nalysis and Para"eterConfiguration ,uidance
Ae" 7ordsB handover algorithm, so%t handover, hard handover, inter&s"stem handover, arameter
setting
$stractB #his document %irst descri$es the measurements involved in the handover algorithms,
and then anal"es the measurement control and decision rules in the imlementation o%
the algorithm o% each t"e o% handover. 'inall", it rovides a detailed guidance %or the
setting o% various t"es o% handover arameters, so that correct and e%%ective handover
arameter ad4ustments can $e carried out $ased on the actual re(uirements during
net7or otimiation.
List o% a$$reviationsB 8;mitted9
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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1 Introduction
-andover t"es include so%ter handover, so%t handover, intra&%re(uenc" hard handover,
inter&%re(uenc" hard handover and inter&s"stem hard handover. t"ical handover rocess isB
measurement control measurement reort handover decision handover eecution
ne7 measurement control. ased on the measurement value, handover control method and
handover t"e selection re(uired %or the handover decision, the handover algorithm determines
ho7 the + carr" out handover measurements and reort the measurement result, and then
maes handover decision and guides the handover eecution according to the reorted
measurement result. Handover algorithms largel" resent themselves in the con%iguration o%
measurement control arameters.
In Chater 2, this document discusses the measurement control, reorting rules and related
handover decision algorithms involved in various t"es o% handover. In Chater 3, $ased on the
no7ledge o% the handover algorithms, this document rovides detailed descritions o% the
seci%ic arameter setting methods value assignment recommendations and ranges o% e%%ect o%
the related algorithms o% various t"es o% handover, so as to rovide a clear and ractical
guidance %or arameter ad4ustments in net7or otimiation.
2 Handover 'lgorith" 'nalysis
)o$ilit" management is an imortant art o% radio resource management, 7hile handover
algorithms arethe most imortant art o% mo$ilit" management. handover algorithm involves
such contents as measurement control and handover decision. #here%ore, to anal"e a handover
algorithm, 7e should %irst anal"e handover measurement.
2.1 Handover &easure"ent
#he radio resource management module 8RR)9 initiated measurements include dedicated
measurement and common measurement. ll the measurements in the + are dedicated
measurement. -andover measurement is seci%ic to the h"sical la"er, 7hich rovides
measurement o% various items %or the higher la"ers, so as to trigger various %unctions, including
handover.
#he measurement result 7ill go t7ice through smoothening rocessing. #he %irst rocessing
is in the h"sical la"er, and the urose is to %ilter o%% the in%luence o% %ast %ading $e%ore the
h"sical la"er reorts the measurement result to the higher la"er. #he second rocessing is
imlemented $" the higher la"er on the measurement result reorted $" the h"sical la"er $e%ore
event evaluation. #his rocessing is to determine the %ilter coe%%icient according to the time
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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relation and imlemented 7eighted averaging rocessing o% the measurement result. #he latest
measurement result a%ter L3 %iltering is used %or evaluation o% the reorting rule, and as the
reorted result. #he rocess is as %ollo7sB
A D2 C
C3
L1
%iltering
L3
0arameter 0arameter
,valuation
o% reorting%ilteringrule
'igure 1 )easurement )odel
#he reorting t"es include Don&demand reortingE, Deriodic reortingE and Devent triggered
reortingE 8vent to vent '9. enerall", the last t7o t"es o% measurement reorting are
involved in handover.
In the +, measured cells are divided into the %ollo7ing three t"esB
ctive set cellsB Cells in an active set communicate 7ith the + simultaneousl". ctive set
cells re%er to those that are demodulated and correlativel" com$ined at the + and
communicate 7ith the + in the ' mode, namel" in so%t handover and so%ter handover.
Cells in an active set are surel" intra&%re(uenc" cells.
)onitored set cellsB mong the cells included in the ad4acent cell list delivered $" the RC,
some ad4acent cells ma" have alread" entered the active set at the time o% so%t handover,
and the remaining cells are in monitored sets. )onitored sets include intra&%re(uenc"
monitored sets, inter&%re(uenc" monitored sets and inter&s"stem monitored sets.
etected set cellB etected set cells re%er to those cells detected $" the + itsel%, rather than
the cells in the active sets and monitored set.
#he t"es o% measurement involved in handover include intra&%re(uenc" measurement,
inter&%re(uenc" measurement and inter&s"stem measurement, 7hich 7ill $e discussed in the
%ollo7ing aragrahs.
2.1.1 IntraFre2uency &easure"ent
+#R uses the measurement control message to in%orm the + 7hat events need to
trigger measurement reorting. ll intra&%re(uenc" measurement reort events are identi%ied 7ith
1F.
3vent 1'# ' (ri"ary (ilot channel enters the re(orting range
I% the net7or, in the measurement reort mechanism %ield, re(uires the + to reort event
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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1 7hile the + has entered the CellGC- state, then 7hen a rimar" ilot channel enters the
reorting range, the + 7ill send a measurement reort.
:hen the measurement values satis%" the %ollo7ing %ormulas, the + deems that a rimar"
ilot channel has entered the reorting rangeB
1. ath lossB
45%67"-4"7"-"- ""
aBest
N
i
iNew HRLogMWMLogWLogMA
++
=
2. ;ther measurement valuesB
45%67"-4"7"-"- ""
aBest
N
i
iNew HRLogMWMLogWLogMA
+
=:here,
MNewis the measurement result o% the cell that has entered the reorting range
Miis the measurement result o% the cells in the active set
NAis the num$er o% cells in the current active set
MBestis the measurement result o% the $est cell in the current active set
Wis the 7eight %actor
Ris the reorting range. :ith the signal strength as an eamle, R e(uals to the signal strength
o% the $est cell in the current active set minus a value
H1ais the h"steresis value o% event 1
In order to reduce the signaling tra%%ic %lo7 o% the measurement reort, the #I)&
#RIR arameter is used so that the + 7ill not trigger measurement reorting $e%ore the
rimar" ilot enters the reorting range and is maintained %or a certain eriod o% time. #his
arameter is also used in other events. n eamle o% measurement reorting triggered $" event
1 is given $elo7B
Re/orting
event "A
Measurement
0uantity
8ime
8ime$to$trigger
P CPCH "Re/orting
range
P CPCH %
P CPCH &
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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'igure 2 amle o% vent 1 and #rigger ela"
enerall", i% event 1 is triggered, the + 7ill send a measurement reort to +#R, and
+#R 7ill deliver an C#I
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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MBestis the measurement result o% the $est cell in the current active set
Wis the 7eighted %actor
Ris the reorting range
H1ais the h"steresis value o% event 1
I% several cells satis%" the reorting condition simultaneousl" a%ter the trigger dela", the +7ill sort the cells according to the measurement values and reort all the measurement results.
3vent 1C# The (ri"ary (ilot channel in a non active set is -etter than the (ri"ary (ilot
channel in an active set
#his event can $e descri$ed through the %ollo7ing eamleB
Re/orting
event "C
Re/orting
event "C
Measurement
0uantity
8ime
P CPCH %
P CPCH "
P CPCH &
P CPCH #
'igure = amle o% vent 1C
In this eamle, the cells 7here CIC- 1, CIC- 2 and CIC- 3 are $elong to an
active set, 7hile that o% CIC- = does not. #his event is used to relace the oor cells in the
active set, i% the num$er o% cells in the active set reaches or eceeds active set relacement
threshold.
3vent 1%# The -est cell changes
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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Re/orting
event "D
Measurement
0uantity
8ime
P CPCH %
P CPCH "
P CPCH&
'igure 5 amle o% vent 1
In order to revent %re(uent triggering o% event 1 due to signal %luctuations 7hen the
channel di%%erence is small, 7hich results in unnecessar" increase o% the air inter%ace signaling
tra%%ic %lo7, 7e can use the h"steresis arameter, as sho7n $elo7B
Hysteresi
Re/orting
event "D
Hysteresis
Measurement
0uantity
8ime
P CCPCH "
P CCPCH %
'igure 6 Restriction o% measurement reorting $" means o% h"steresis
s 7e can see, as the h"steresis condition is not met at the second time, event 1 reorting
is not triggered. #his arameter can also $e used in other events.
3vent 13# The "easure"ent value of a (ri"ary (ilot channel e5ceeds the a-solute
threshold
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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A1solute
threshold
Re/orting
event "9
Measurement
0uantity
8ime
P CPCH "
P CPCH %
P CPCH &
'igure > amle o% vent 1
vent 1 can $e used to trigger the measurement reorts o% cells including those detected
$" the + $e%ore it receives the ad4acent cell list.
3vent 1F# The "easure"ent value of a (ri"ary (ilot channel is lower than the a-solute
threshold
A1solute
threshold
Re/orting
event "F
Measurement
0uantity
8ime
P CPCH "
P CPCH %
P CPCH &
'igure ? amle o% vent 11'
2.1.2 InterFre2uency &easure"ent
Inter&%re(uenc" measurement events are identi%ied 7ith 2F. #he %re(uenc" (ualit"
estimation involved in events 2, 2, 2C, 2 and 2 is de%ined as %ollo7sB
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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5"-4"7"-"-"
HLogMWMLogWLogMQ jBestj
N
i
jijjcarrierjcarrier
jA
+
==
=
:here,
Qcarrierjis the logarithmic %orm o% the estimated (ualit" value o% %re(uenc" 4
Mcarrier jis the estimated (ualit" value o% %re(uenc" 4
Mi jis the measurement result o% cell i 7ith the %re(uenc" o% 4 in the virtual active set
NA jis the num$er o% cells 7ith the %re(uenc" o% 4 in the virtual active set
MBest jis the measurement result o% the $est cell 7ith the %re(uenc" o% 4 in the virtual active set
Wjis the 7eight %actor
His the h"steresis value
e%ore 7e descri$e events 2, 7e should mae the %ollo7ing t7o concets understoodB
Dnon&used %re(uenc"E re%er to the %re(uenc" that the + needs to measure $ut that is not in the
active set, and Dused %re(uenc"E re%ers to the %re(uenc" that the + needs to measure and that is
in the active set.
3vent '# The -est fre2uency changes
I% the estimated (ualit" value o% the non&used %re(uenc" is $etter than that o% the $est cell in
the used %re(uenc", and the h"steresis value and the Dtime to triggerE conditions are satis%ied,
event 2 7ill $e triggered.
3vent 4# The esti"ated 2uality value of the used fre2uency is lower than a certain
threshold and that of the nonused fre2uency is higher than a certain threshold
I% the estimated (ualit" value o% the used %re(uenc" is lo7er than the threshold de%ined $" I
D#hreshold used %re(uenc"E delivered in the measurement control message, 7hile that o% the
non&used %re(uenc" is higher than the threshold de%ined $" I D#hreshold non&used %re(uenc"E
delivered in the measurement control message, and the h"steresis value and the Dtime to triggerE
condition are satis%ied, event 2 7ill $e triggered.
3vent C# The esti"ated 2uality value of the nonused fre2uency is higher than a
certain threshold
#his threshold is seci%ied $" I D#hreshold non&used %re(uenc"E in the measurement control
message delivered $" +#R.
3vent %# The esti"ated 2uality value of the used fre2uency is lower than a certain
threshold
vent 2 can $e used to ena$le the comressed mode to er%orm inter&%re(uenc"
measurement. #his threshold is seci%ied $" I D#hreshold used %re(uenc"E in the measurement
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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control message delivered $" +#R. #his t"e o% arameters can $e modi%ied through ))L
commands.
3vent 3# The esti"ated 2uality value of the nonused fre2uency is lower than a
certain threshold
#his threshold is seci%ied $" I D#hreshold non&used %re(uenc"E in the measurement control
message delivered $" +#R.
3vent F# The esti"ated 2uality value of the used fre2uency is higher than a certain
threshold
vent 2' can $e used to disa$le the comressed mode to sto inter&%re(uenc"
measurement. #his threshold is seci%ied $" I D#hreshold used %re(uenc"E in the measurement
control message delivered $" +#R.
2.1.3 Inter/yste" &easure"ent
Inter&s"stem measurement events are identi%ied 7ith 3F. #he (ualit" estimation o% a +#R
active set involved in events 3, 3, 3C and 3 is de%ined as %ollo7sB
5"-4"7"-"-
"
Best
N
i
iUTRANUTRAN LogMWMLogWLogMQA
+
==
=
:here,QUTRANis the logarithmic %orm o% the estimated (ualit" value o% the +#R %re(uenc" currentl" in
use
MUTRANis the estimated (ualit" value o% the +#R %re(uenc" currentl" in use
Miis the measurement result o% cell i in the active set
NAis the num$er o% cells in the active set
MBestresult is the measurement result o% the $est cell in the active set
Wis the 7eight %actor
3vent *'# The esti"ated 2uality value of the used TR'! fre2uency is lower than a
certain threshold and that of the other syste" is higher than a certain threshold
I% the estimated (ualit" value o% the used +#R %re(uenc" is lo7er than the threshold
de%ined $" I D#hreshold o7n s"stemE delivered in the measurement control message, 7hile that
o% the other s"stem is higher than the threshold de%ined $" I D#hreshold other s"stemE delivered
in the measurement control message, and the h"steresis value and the Dtime to triggerE condition
are satis%ied, event 3 7ill $e triggered.
3vent *4# The esti"ated 2uality value of the other syste" is lower than a certain
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threshold
#his threshold is seci%ied $" I D#hreshold other s"stemE in the measurement control
message.
3vent *C# The esti"ated 2uality value of the other syste" is higher than a certain
threshold
#his threshold is seci%ied $" I D#hreshold other s"stemE in the measurement control
message.
3vent *%# The -est cell in the other syste" changes
2.1.4 3 Internal &easure"ent
#7o + internal measurement events are involved in the handover algorithmsB 6' and 6.
3vent 6F# The ti"e difference -etween downlin7 receiving and u(lin7 trans"ission of
the 3 is -igger than an a-solute threshold
#his threshold is seci%ied in I D+ R time di%%erence thresholdE delivered $" +#R.
3vent 6,# The ti"e difference -etween downlin7 receiving and u(lin7 trans"ission of
the 3 is s"aller than an a-solute threshold
#his threshold is seci%ied in I D+ R time di%%erence thresholdE delivered $" +#R.
2.2 Handover 'lgorith"s
#his section 7ill descri$er the handover&related algorithms alread" suorted $" RC
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29 %ter event 1 or 1 is received, i% the num$er o% cells in the active set is 3, no
rocessing 7ill $e imlemented.
39 :hen neither the relative threshold nor the a$solute threshold 8event 1 and 1'9 is
satis%ied, it is deemed as the trigger condition %or removing a so%t handover $ranch.
=9 I% handover is triggered 7hen either event 1 or event 1' is received, $ut the triggered
cell is the $est cell, then no rocessing 7ill $e made.
59 :hen the + active set is %ull, event 1 and event 1 reorting is stoed, and event 1C
reorting starts
69 vent 1C is the trigger condition %or cell relacement in the active set.
>9 vent 1 occurs in the active set cell, and measurement control changes, $ased on the
$est cell oeration algorithm.
?9 vent 1 occurs in the monitored set cell, and this cell is added into the active set. I% the
active set is %ull, remove an" cell among non&$est cells and then add the reorted $est cell, and
mar it as the $est cell. %ter success%ul oeration, the measurement control change rocess is
started.
2. Relative threshold algorithm
19 :hen event 1 reort is received, i% the active set is not %ull, then lins are se(uenced
and added in the order o% good (ualit" to oor (ualit" 8CIC- c/o9 8in case that multile cells
reort event 19, until the active set is %ullH i% the active set is alread" %ull, no rocessing 7ill $e
made.
29 :hen event 1 is received, i% there are more than one lins in the active set, then the
$raches are se(uenced and removed in the order o% oor (ualit" to good (ualit" 8CIC- c/o9
8in case that multile cells reort event 19, until onl" one lin is le%tH i% there is onl" one in the
active set, no rocessing 7ill $e made.
39 In case o% event 1C, the + 7ill reort the relacing and relaced cells in the event
trigger list. I% the active set is not %ull, then the triggered cell lin 7ill $e addedH i% the active set is
alread" %ull at this moment and the relaced cell is not the $est cell in the active set, then this cell
lin 7ill $e removed.
=9 In case o% event 1, i% the triggered cell is an active set cell, then it 7ill $e mared as the
$est cell and measurement control is udatedH i% the triggered cell doe not $elong to the active
set, then this cell lin 7ill $e added 8i% the active set is %ull, one o% the non&$est cell 7ill $e
removed $e%ore this lin is added9 and mared as the $est cell, 7ith measurement control
udated.
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2.2.2 IntraFre2uency Hard Handover 'lgorith"
Intra&%re(uenc" hard handover 7ill occur in t7o casesB 1, handover $et7een intra&%re(uenc"
ad4acent cells that $elong to di%%erent RCs, $et7een 7hich no Iur inter%ace is availa$leH 2,
handover o% high&rate * est %%ort services that eceeds the rate threshold, $ecause too much
%or7ard caacit" 7ill $e occuied i% so%t handover is adoted in this case.
vent 1 is used as the 4udgment criterion %or event intra&%re(uenc" hard handover.
amel", the event 1 triggered cell acts as the target cell o% the handover.
2.2.3 InterFre2uency Hard Handover 'lgorith"
1. asic concets
Carrier coverage verge cellB a cell located at the outmost verge o% a carrier coverage area.
#he characteristic is that the cell does have an intra&%re(uenc" ad4acent cell in a certain direction.
Carrier coverage center cellB a cell other than carrier coverage verge cells. #he
characteristic is that the cell has intra&%re(uenc" ad4acent cells in all directions.
In a carrier coverage verge cell, 7hen the + moves to7ards the direction in 7hich the cell
has no intra&%re(uenc" ad4acent cell, the CIC- c/o changes slo7l" $ecause CIC- R*C
has the same seed 7ith the %ading o% inter%erence. *imulation sho7s that CIC- c/o can still
reach &12d or so 7hen CIC- R*C is alread" lo7er than the demodulation threshold 8a$out
&110dm9. t this moment, the inter&%re(uenc" handover algorithm $ased on CIC- c/o
measurement has actuall" %ailed. #here%ore, %or a carrier coverage verge cell, it is more suita$le
and more e%%icient to use CIC- R*C as the inter&%re(uenc" measurement (uantit".
'or a carrier coverage center cell, CIC- R*C can also $e used as the inter&%re(uenc"
measurement (uantit", $ut CIC- c/o can $etter re%lect the actual lin communication (ualit"
and the load situation o% the cell.
2( na$ling/disa$ling inter&%re(uenc" measurement
ecause inter&%re(uenc" measurement ma" use the comressed mode, 7hich usuall"
a%%ects the lin (ualit" and s"stem caacit", 7e generall" hoe that inter&%re(uenc" measurement
is not ena$led unless necessar". Currentl", RC
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c/o or R*C measurement (uantit" and thresholds 7ill $e adoted resectivel" according to
the location roert" o% the $est cell in the active set 8carrier coverage center or carrier coverage
verge as reviousl" descri$ed9. I% the measurement (uantit" is lo7er than the ena$ling
threshold , event 2 7ill $e reorted, and inter&%re(uenc" measurement 7ill $e ena$led through
decisionH i% the active set (ualit" rises and $ecomes higher than the disa$ling threshold, then
event 2' reorting 7ill $e triggered and inter&%re(uenc" measurement 7ill $e stoed.
3( Inter&%re(uenc" hard handover decision
resentl", the eriodic measurement reorting mode is used %or inter&%re(uenc"
measurement. In RC
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=9 'or inter&s"stem handover, CIC- R*C is used as the h"sical measurement (uantit"
and events 2 and 2' are used to decide ena$ling or disa$ling the comressed mode.
59 'or inter&s"stem handover, three comressed mode st"le se(uences are used %or
concurrent measurement o% *) R**I, *IC identi%ication and *IC recon%irm, and thecon%iguration o% arameters is oriented to the cell t"e, namel", the arameters can $e selected
and con%igured $ased on the cell characteristics and user mo$ilit" statistics characteristics.
69 eriodic measurement reorts are used %or inter&s"stem handover, and the RC decides
7hether to imlement hard handover according to the measurement reorts.
2.2.5 Handover Caused -y Load 4alancing
:hen the loads o% the ad4acent cells $ecome un$alanced, the load control algorithm 7ill
$alance the loads $et7een the ad4acent cells through handover. enerall", the algorithm
imlements load $alancing $" changing the o7er o% the common ilot channel $et7een
ad4acent cells. *ince handover algorithms o$tain the c/o o% the common ilot channel o%
ad4acent cells through the measurement $" the +, 7hile the handover thresholds o% various
cells are also o$tained through the RC data$ase, the load $alancing control algorithm is
transarent to handover algorithms, 7ithout an" direct inter%ace in $et7een.
:hen the loads $ecome un$alanced among cells o% di%%erent %re(uencies in the same ode
, the er%ormance o% the entire s"stem ma" deteriorate. In this case, the load control algorithm
7ill noti%" the handover algorithm to s7itch some +s on heav"&load carries onto light&load
carriers thus to $alance the loads. t this time, the load control entit" selects the seci%ic +s.
+on selecting the +s, the load control entit" sends the source cell in%ormation and the target
cell in%ormation to the selected +sJ -andover Control entities , and 7hat the handover entit"
should to do is 4ust to give out the handover command $ased on the message it has received.
Load $alancing $et7een di%%erent odes is transarent to the handover algorithm.
#here%ore, 7e mainl" anal"e handover re(uests caused $" load $alancing $et7een di%%erent
carriers in the same coverage area. In this ind o% handover, the handover entit" actuall" does
not mae an" seci%ic decision, $ut it onl" D%or7ardsE the decision command made $" the load
control entit". In this ind o% handover, t7o rinciles are %ollo7ed %or + selectionB
819 +s in so%t handover are not selected. *ince the target cellJs s"nchroniation in%ormation
ma" $e unavaila$le, the timming re&initiation hard handover rocedure is used here. s RC
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829 +s 7ith inconsistent *RC and CRC are not selected, $ecause this ind o% trans%er
involves signaling inter7oring on the Iur inter%ace, 7hile the Iur is an oen inter%ace, 7ithout this
t"e o% signaling.
+on receiving the load trans%er signaling, the handover entit" %irst imlements handoverdecision to 4udge 7hether the t7o conditions reviousl" mentioned are satis%ied. I% so, it 7ill
roceed 7ith the net ste o% rocessingH other7ise, it 7ill re4ect the re(uest and indicate the
reason.
2.2.6 Cell Penalty
#he urose o% cell enalt" caused $" handover %ailure is to revent the handover algorithm
%rom deciding again on the handover o% this + to a cell that alread" has no more caacit". Inorder to avoid maing redundant 4udgments, in case o% a handover %ailure 8including so%t
handover and hard handover9, the involved + 7ill $e restricted %rom initiating an" %urther
handover re(uest to the same cell 7ithin the enalt" time, and the event eriodic reorting
interval is re(uired to $e e(ual to the enalt" time. #hus, a%ter a handover %ailure, on one hand
enalt" is eerted on the target cell involved in the handover %ailure, and on the other the eriodic
reorting interval is made e(ual to the enalt" time, so that large 7aste o% rocessing caa$ilit"
is avoided.
#he Connection&oriented cell enalt" algorithm is as %ollo7sB
819 #he cell enalt" algorithm is to den" an" handover access to the cell in enalt" 7ithin
the seci%ied eriod o% time, namel", the involved + is not allo7ed to initiate an" %urther
handover re(uest to this cell. #he enalt" %lag is set to 1H
829 %ter the enalt" time eires, the enalt" is released, and the enalt" %lag is set to 0.
2.2.7 'ctive /et /ynchroni8ation &aintenance
ccording to the 25.21= rotocol, %rom the do7nlin receiving moment o% the + to the
corresonding ulin transmission moment, there should $e a 102=&chi dela", so as to ensure
the normal 1&slot ulin and do7nlin o7er control, as sho7n $elo7B
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Data%Data"
;"5% 8he .R measurement /eriods illustrated here are e6 8102=M1=?9 chis, the +&end rocessing time 7ill $e reduced,
and, as result, it 7ill $e liel" that the do7nlin 1&slot o7er control cannot $e guaranteedH 7hen
the R time di%%erence is greater than 11>2 8102=1=?9 chis, the ode&end rocessing 7ill$e reduced, and it 7ill $e liel" that the ulin 1&slot o7er control cannot $e guaranteed.
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#here are t7o + internal measurement events %or the measurement o% the rotocol&
rovided s"nchroniation maintenance in%ormationB event 6' and event 6, as descri$ed
reviousl".
lgorithm descritionB
a9 %ter the + enters the CLLGC- state, the algorithm ena$les the + to reort event
6' and event 6 through measurement control.
$9 #he thresholds, dela"s and h"steresis values o% events 6' and 6 are used as algorithm
arameters, 7hich can $e ad4usted through $acground con%iguration.
c9 ;nce event 6' or event 6 occurs on a radio lin, the net7or side 7ill release this radio
lin.
9 #he cell 7ith its lin released ma" retrigger other events and then ne7 RL could $e
added to the active set.
2.2.8 %irect Retry 'lgorith"
:hen the + re(uests to leave the IL mode and enter the C;C#I; mode, i% the
admission %ails, another $est cell 7ill $e selected %or an access attemt $ased on the RC-
measurement reort reviousl" reorted $" the +. *uch an access attemt is called direct retr".
#he direct retr" algorithm needs the %ollo7ing arametersB
19 R)aum$erB the maimum direct retr" times %or each direct retr" candidate cell
29 RC*#hresholdB a $asic threshold %or entering the candidate set
39 )aRelating#imeB the maimum time that the RC- measurement reort can continue
to $e used
=9 Linear'actorB the linear %actor %or the relative threshold and time interval during candidate
set screening
59 )in*ignalRe(uiredB $asic access threshold.
lgorithm descritionB
819 #he direct retr" algorithm is e%%ective onl" 7hen the + initiates RRC setu re(uest.
829 #he direct retr" algorithm $u%%ers the cell measurement value in the RC- measurement
reort o% the +, deletes the originall" saved cell measurement in%ormation a%ter the RC
receives a ne7 RC- measurement reort, $u%%ers the cells o% 7hich the measurement signal
CIC- c/o is greater than )in*ignalRe(uierd 8$asic access threshold9, and records the
reorting time.
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839 :hen the + initiates an RRC setu re(uests, i% the connection setu %ails, the RC 7ill
choose a ne7 cell 7ith the $est (ualit" %or a %urther access attemt $ased on the cell
measurement in%ormation in the RC- measurement reort carried in the RRC C;C#I;
R!+*# message, until all the availa$le cells 8candidate cells9 %ail and the num$er o% attemts
reaches the maimum retr" times.
8=9 Candidate cells are iced u as %ollo7sB
19 Read the current s"stem time, calculate the $u%%ering time o% the cell measurement value,
and discards the cells o% 7hich the $u%%ering time is $igger than )aRelating#ime
29 ased on the measurement value in the $u%%ered RC- reort and the Linear'actor,
convert the estimated value o% the current cell signal (ualit"B cell measurement value 8CIC-
c/o9 M $u%%er time 8s9 N Linear'actor 8d/s9
39 ut the cells o% 7hich the estimated (ualit" value is greater than RC*#hreshold into
the candidate set o% the direct retr" algorithm.
859 Retr" 7ith the cell having the $est estimated (ualit" %rom the candidate set cells. I% retr"
%ails, continue to retr", until the num$er o% attemts reaches the maimum retr" times
8R)aum$er9.
2.2.9 Princi(le for ,enerating 'd9acent Cell List
#here are t7o ad4acent cell list control methodsB
1(d4acent cell list control method $ased on the $est cell
:hen the ad4acent cell list is controlled $ased on the $est cell, the $asic olic" is as %ollo7sB
819 I% there onl" one cell, the ad4acent cell list 7ill $e controlled $ased on this cellH
829 I% a cell is added $" event 1, a%ter it is success%ull" added, the ad4acent cell list 7ill $e
controlled $ased on this cellH
839 I% a cell is added $" an event other than event 1, the ad4acent cell list 7ill not $e
changedH
8=9 I% the $est cell has not $een removed, the ad4acent cell list 7ill not $e changedH
859 I% the $est cell has $een removed, a ne7 $est cell 7ill $e selected $ased on the
in%ormation o$tained during the removal action, and the ad4acent cell list 7ill $e modi%ied a%ter
success%ul removal o% the $est cellH
869 I% event 1 occurs on a cell in the active set, the ad4acent cell list 7ill $e modi%ied.
8>9 #his method is relative simle, $ut is ma" $ring the ro$lem o% inaccurate control %or
+s under the macro diversit".
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2( Control method $ased on all the cells in the active set
control method that can tae the ad4acent cells o% all the cells in the active set is a good
olic". #he ad4acent cell list is generated $" means o% the %ollo7ing methodB
*te 1B dd active set cellsH
*te 2B dd the common ad4acent cells o% the cells o% all the active sets 83 active sets9 into
the ad4acent cell list. I% there are more than 32 ad4acent cells a%ter this action, remove randoml"
cells added in this steH
*te 3B dd the common ad4acent cells o% ever" t7o active set cells into the ad4acent cell
list. I% there are more than 32 ad4acent cells a%ter this action, remove randoml" cells added in this
steH
*te =B Consider adding the common ad4acent cells o% each active set cell into the ad4acent
cell list, starting %rom the ad4acent cells o% the $est cell. I% there are more than 32 ad4acent cells
a%ter this action, remove cells $" starting %rom the 7orst cell.
oteB #he RC
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'igure 10 ))L Client
ccording to the %unctioning scoe, handover algorithm arameter con%iguration commands
are divided into categoriesB RC&oriented glo$al arameter con%iguration and cell&oriented
arameter con%iguration.
-andover common arameter con%iguration is RC&oriented glo$al arameter setting.
oth RC&oriented setting commands and cell&oriented setting commands are availa$le %or
the con%iguration o% intra&%re(uenc" handover measurement algorithm arameters, inter&
%re(uenc" handover measurement algorithm arameters and inter&s"stem handover
measurement algorithm arameters. enerall", the ad4ustments o% these arameters during
net7or otimiation are all cell&oriented settings, 7hile RC&oriented glo$al arameter
con%iguration commands %acilitate modi%ication o% 7hole&net7or handover arameters. 'or one
same arameter, the cell&oriented command has higher riorit".
3.2 Handover Co""on Para"eters
3.2.1 &a5i"u" !u"-er of Cells in 'ctive /et
%efinition
)aCellInctive*et, maimum num$er o% cells in the active set
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/co(e
er RC
Range and unit
Integer81..39
$or7ing range
Integer81..39
Reco""ended value
3
4alance in setting
)odi%ication o% value is not recommended.
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, use the command set
hoco""H to vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst
hoco"".
3.2.2 Penalty Ti"e
%efinition
enalt"#ime, cell enalt" time arameter, as descri$ed in *ection 2.2.6.
/co(e
er RC
Range and unit
Integer81..2559, s.
$or7ing range
Integer81..609
Reco""ended value
30, namel" the enalt" time is 30 seconds
4alance in setting
#he setting o% this arameter is related to tra%%ic statistics. ccording to the general tra%%ic
statistics result, the average duration o% a call is 60s, so the actual value range o% this
arameter is 1 to 60 seconds. I% this value is too small, the resources 7ill not $e timel"
released, and there%ore the enalt" is meaninglessH i% this value is too $ig, radio lins 7ill
%ail to $e timel" added, and this is $ad %or lin !o* imrovement.
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, use the command set
hoco""H to vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst
hoco"".
3.2.3 3vent 6F Trigger Threshold
%efinition
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
R#to#rig6', the trigger threshold o% event 6'. amel", i% the time interval $et7een the
+Js do7nlin receiving and the corresonding ulin transmission is greater than this
a$solute threshold, event 6' 7ill $e triggered.
/co(e
er RC
Range and unit
Integer8>6?..12?09, chi.
$or7ing range
Integer8102=..12?09chi
Reco""ended value
11>2
4alance in setting
#he value o% this arameter should not $e too close to 102=H other7ise radio lins 7ill $e
removed too earl". It is recommended that this arameter $e ad4usted 7ithin the range o%
11>2K3 chis. #o guarantee the 1&slot o7er control, decrease the value o% this arameterH
other7ise, it could $e increased.
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, use the command set
hoco""H to vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst
hoco"".
3.2.4 3vent 6, Trigger Threshold
%efinition
R#to#rig6, a$solute threshold %or triggering event 6.
/co(e
er RC
Range and unit
Integer8>6?..12?09, chi.
$or7ing range
Integer8>6?..102=9chi
Reco""ended value
?>6
4alance in setting
#he value o% this arameter should not $e too close to 102=H other7ise radio lins 7ill $e
removed too earl". It is recommended that this arameter $e ad4usted 7ithin the range o%
?>6K3 chis. #o guarantee the 1&slot o7er control, increase the value o% this arameterH
other7ise, it could $e increased.
&odification:2uery
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, use the command set
hoco""H to vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst
hoco"".
3.2.5 Ti"etoTrigger Para"eters for 3vents 6F and 6,%efinition
#ime&to&trigger arameters %or event 6' and event 6, including #rig#ime6' and
#rig#ime6.
/co(e
er RC
Range and unit
num80, 10, 20, =0, 60, ?0, 100, 120, 160, 200, 2=0, 320, 6=0,
12?0, 2560, 50009, ms.$or7ing range
num80, 10, 20, =0, 60, ?0, 100, 120, 160, 200, 2=0, 320, 6=0, 12?0, 2560, 50009ms
Reco""ended value
2=0.
4alance in setting
+ R time di%%erence t"e1 is measured once er 100ms, 7ith measurement accurac"
$eing 1.5 chis. #o avoid 7rong 4udgment caused $" measurement errors o% the +, a
dela" can $e set in the event trigger time, so that the + can er%orm measurement at
least t7ice %or 4udgment. #he time dela" on internal rocessing shall also $e taen into
consideration. :e recommend that this arameter $e set at 2=0ms.
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, use the command set
hoco""H to vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst
hoco"".
3.2.6 43 /ervice Handover Rate %ecision Threshold
%efinitionitRate#hd. :hen the * service rate eceeds this threshold, intra&%re(uenc" hard
handover 7ill $e imlementedH 7hen it is lo7er than this threshold, so%t handover 7ill $e
imlemented.
/co(e
er RC
Range and unit
num 8?, 32, 6=, 12?, 1==, 256, 3?=9, corresonding to 8?, 32, 6=, 12?,
1==, 256, 3?=9 $s.
$or7ing range
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
num8?,32,6=,12?,1==,256,3?=9
Reco""ended value
6=.
4alance in setting
It is the rate decision threshold deciding 7hether so%t handover is to $e imlemented %or
the service. :hen the maimum rate o% the service transmission channel is smaller
than this threshold, the s"stem 7ill er%orm so%t handover %or the service user so as to
ensure the !o* %or the userH 7hen the maimum rate o% the service transmission
channel eceeds this threshold, the s"stem 7ill imlement intra&%re(uenc" hard handover
%or the service user so as to revent ecessive in%luence on the s"stem caacit" caused
$" so%t handover.
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, use the command set
hoco""H to vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst
hoco"".
3.2.7 /oft Handover ðod /elect /witch
%efinition
*-;)echod, used to select the loose&mode algorithm or the relative threshold algorithm
%or so%t handover decision.
/co(e
er RC
Range and unit
num8*-;G)#-;1, *-;G)#-;29, so%t handover algorithm 1, so%t handover
algorithm 2
$or7ing range
num8*-;G)#-;1, *-;)#-;29
Reco""ended value
*o%t handover algorithm 2.
4alance in setting
lgorithm 1 is the loose&mode algorithm that adds a cell into the active set no matter the
cell triggers event 1 or event 1, and removes a cell onl" a%ter it triggers $oth event 1
and event 1' simultaneousl". lgorithm 2 is the relative threshold algorithm, 7hich does
not involve events 1 and 1'. It adds a cell into the active set as soon as it triggers event
1, and removes a cell %rom the active set as soon as it triggers event 1.
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, use the command set
hoco""H to vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst
hoco"".
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
3.2.8 Handover 'lgorith" /witches
%efinition
#his arameter de%ines the s7itches o% various algorithms related to connection&oriented
handover. #he seci%ic algorithm arameters can %unction onl" a%ter the corresonding
algorithm s7itches $eing ena$led.
/co(e
er RC
Range and unit
32 $its, 0O=2@=@6>2@5H each $it can $e set at 0 or 1 to control a handover algorithm.
Currentl" there are the 1> handover algorithm s7itches, arranged as %ollo7s %rom the
lo7est $it to the highestB
*o%t handover
Comressed mode maintenance algorithm at so%t handover s"nchroniation
Intra&%re(uenc" hard handover
Inter&%re(uenc" hard handover
3&2 inter&s"stem hard handover
2&3 inter&s"stem hard handover
Comressed mode
+lin comressed mode
6 P 6' measurement
Cell enalt"
Location
R## enhanced location
Relocation
Relocation $ased on time dela" otimiation
Relocation $ased on Iur transmission resource otimiation
C* + relocation $ased on Iur transmission resource otimiation
irect retr"
$or7ing range
Integer80O32>6>9
Reco""ended value
115@, namel" 00000010010000111B
*o%t handover Q ;n ;1H
$, i% the cell covers su$ur$s, the intra&%re(uenc" %ilter coe%%icient can $e 6H
c, i% the cell covers rural area, the intra&%re(uenc" %ilter coe%%icient can $e 3.
#a$le 1 'ilter Coe%%icient vs. Intra&'re(uenc" #racing #ime
'ilter
coe%%icient
0 1 2 3 = 5 6 > ? @ 11
Iteration
times
1 2 3 5 > 10 15 21 30 =2 ?5
#he ta$le a$ove lists the iteration times re(uired 7hen di%%erent %ilter coe%%icients
are used to o$tain ?5S o% the %inal outut value. ccording to 25.133, in the
CLLGC- state, L1 reorts the intra&%re(uenc" measurement result to L3 at a
c"cle o% 200ms. :hen the iteration times are su$stituted 7ith Intra&%re(uenc"
tracing time, the ta$le a$ove 7ill $ecomeB
'ilter
coe%%icient
0 1 2 3 = 5 6 > ? @ 11
Intra&
%re(uenc"
tracing
time 8s9
0.2 0.= 0.6 1 1.= 2 3 =.2 6 ?.= 1>
&odification:2uery
#o imlement cell&oriented settings, use the commands add:"od:r"v:lst cellintrafre2ho.
;ther7ise, use the RC&oriented glo$al settings con%igured 7ith the command set:lst
intrafre2hoas the con%iguration %or the concerned cell.
3.3.4 Hysteresis Related to /oft Handover
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
%efinition
-"steresis %or event triggering, including -"st%or1, -"st%or1, -"st%or1C, -"st%or1,
-"st%or1 and -"st%or1'
/co(e
er RC/CLL
Range and unit
Integer80..159 , corresonding to 0..>.5dH con%iguration ste 180.5d9
$or7ing range
ta1le " Recommended Soft Handover Hysteresis Settings for Different Movement Speeds
*eed 8m/h9 Range Recommended
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
%efinition
#ime&to&trigger arameters, including #rig#ime1, #rig#ime1, #rig#ime1C, #rig#ime1,
#rig#ime1 and #rig#ime1', corresonding to the si events %or intra&%re(uenc"
measurement resectivel".
/co(e
er RC/CLL
Range and unit
num80, 10, 20, =0, 60, ?0, 100, 120, 160, 200, 2=0, 320, 6=0,
12?0, 2560, 50009, corresonding to 80, 10, 20, =0, 60, ?0, 100, 120, 160, 200, 2=0,
320, 6=0, 12?0, 2560, 50009ms
$or7ing range
num80, 200, 2=0, 6=0, 12?0, 2560, 50009
Reco""ended value
ta1le % Recommended #ime&torigger *ettings %or i%%erent )ovement *eeds
*eed 8m/h9 Range 8ms9 Recommended value 8ms9
5 6=0, 12?0 12?0
50 2=0, 6=0 6=0
120 2=0, 6=0 6=0
#"ical con%iguration 6=0, 12?0 6=0
4alance in setting
*imulation sho7s that the setting o% the h"steresis value can e%%ectivel" reduce the
average handover times and mis&handover times, and thus can revent the occurrence o%
un7anted handover. #he $igger the h"steresis value is, the less the average handover
timers 7ill $e. -o7ever, the increase o% the h"steresis value 7ill $ring more riss o% call
dro. It is stiulated in #* 25.133
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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latter t"e o% events, the time&to&trigger setting can $e roerl" $ig. 'or events that remove
cells %rom the active set 8event 1and event 1'9, the time&to&trigger value is set mainl" to
reduce ing&ong handoverH the initial setting can $e the same as that %or event 1 and
event 1, and can $e roerl" ad4usted $ased on the actual net7or statistics result.
&odification:2uery
#o imlement cell&oriented settings, use the commands add:"od:r"v:lst cellintrafre2ho.
;ther7ise, use the RC&oriented glo$al settings con%igured 7ith the command set
intrafre2hoas the con%iguration %or the concerned cell.
3.3.6 $3I,HT
%efinition
:eighted %actor 8see %ormulas on *ection 2.1.19
/co(e
er RC/CLL
Range and unit
Integer80..209, corresonding to 0..2H steB 0.1
$or7ing range
Integer80..109
Reco""ended value
10, namel" 14alance in setting
#his arameter is used to determine the so%t handover relative threshold $ased on the
measurement value o% each cell in the active set. #he $igger this arameter is, the higher
the relative threshold o$tained under the same condition 7ill $e. :hen :0, the
determination o% so%t handover relative threshold is related to onl" the $est cell in the
active set.
&odification:2uery
#o imlement cell&oriented settings, use the commands add:"od:r"v:lst cellintrafre2ho.;ther7ise, use the RC&oriented glo$al settings con%igured 7ith the command set
intrafre2hoas the con%iguration %or the concerned cell.
3.3.7 %etected /et /tatistics /witch
%efinition
etect*tat*7itch, used to control 7hether the + measurement reort contains the
in%ormation o% cells in the detected set, so as to rovide statistics data %or %uture net7or
otimiation.
/co(e
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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er RC/CLL
Range and unit
num8;, ;''9
$or7ing range
num8;,;''9
Reco""ended value
;''
4alance in setting
In the $eginning o% net7or oeration, 7hen "ou are not a$solutel" sure a$out the ad4acent
cell con%iguration, this s7itch can $e set to ; so that missed ad4acent cells can $e
detected and thus handover can $e smoothl" imlemented. %ter net7or otimiation, this
s7itch can $e set to ;''.
&odification:2uery
#o imlement cell&oriented settings, use the commands add:"od:r"v:lst cellintrafre2ho.
;ther7ise, use the RC&oriented glo$al settings con%igured 7ith the command set
intrafre2hoas the con%iguration %or the concerned cell.
3.4 InterFre2uency Handover 'lgorith" Para"eters
3.4.1 InterFre2uency &easure"ent Filter Coefficient ;FilterCoef, ?, @, 11, 13, 15, 1>, 1@9, corresonding
to 80, 1, 2, 3, =, 5, 6, >, ?, @, 11, 13, 15, 1>, 1@9
$or7ing range
num80, 1, 2, 3, =, 5, 6, >, ?9Reco""ended value
=, namel" =
4alance in setting
*ee *ection 3.=.1. #he $igger this arameter value is, the $etter the signal %iltering e%%ect
7ill $e, and the stronger the anti&%ading caa$ilit" 7ill $e, $ut the 7eaer the signal tracing
caa$ilit" 7ill $e.
&odification:2uery
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
#o imlement cell&oriented settings, use the commands add:"od:r"v:lst cellinterratho.
;ther7ise, use the RC&oriented glo$al settings con%igured 7ith the command set
interrathoas the con%iguration %or the concerned cell.
3.5.2 Inter/yste" Hard Handover %ecision Threshold%efinition
*)Rssi#hd, namel" the R**I threshold re(uired %or handover to the *) s"stem.
/co(e
er RC/CLL
Range and unit
Integer80..639, corresonding relationB 81B&110H 2B&10@H ...H 63B&=? 9 dm.
$or7ing range
Integer80..639Reco""ended value
26, namel" &?5dm
4alance in setting
#he (ualit" re(uirement %or inter&s"stem cells during inter&s"stem handover. oteB E0E in
the arameter value range means the value is smaller than &110dm. #his value should $e
ad4usted according to the actual net7or situation.
&odification:2uery
#o imlement cell&oriented settings, use the commands add:"od:r"v:lst cellinterratho.
;ther7ise, use the RC&oriented glo$al settings con%igured 7ith the command set
interrathoas the con%iguration %or the concerned cell
3.5.3 Intersyste" Hard Handover Hysteresis
%efinition
-"st#hd, inter&s"stem hard handover h"steresis.
/co(e
er RC/CLL
Range and unitInteger80..159, corresonding to 0..>.5dH con%iguration steB 180.5d9
$or7ing range
Integer80..159
Reco""ended value
=82d9
4alance in setting
#his arameter and the inter&s"stem (ualit" threshold 4ointl" decide 7hether to trigger a
inter&s"stem handover decision. #his value can $e roerl" decreased in areas 7ith small
shado7 %ading and roerl" increased in areas 7ith $ig shado7 %ading.
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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&odification:2uery
#o imlement cell&oriented settings, use the commands add:"od:r"v:lst cellinterratho.
;ther7ise, use the RC&oriented glo$al settings con%igured 7ith the command set
interrathoas the con%iguration %or the concerned cell.
3.5.4 Ti"etoTrigger Para"eter for Inter/yste" Hard Handover
%efinition
#ime#o#rig'or*"s-o, time to trigger
/co(e
er RC/CLL
Range and unit
num80, 10, 20, =0, 60, ?0, 100, 120, 160, 200, 2=0, 320, 6=0,
12?0, 2560, 50009, corresonding to 80, 10, 20, =0, 60, ?0, 100, 120, 160, 200, 2=0,320, 6=0, 12?0, 2560, 50009ms
#he value range o% #ime#o#rig'or*"s-o is 0 to 6=000ms
$or7ing range
num80, 200, 2=0, 6=0, 12?0, 2560, 50009
Reco""ended value
5000
4alance in setting
I% the inter&s"stem (ualit" satis%ies the decision condition %or inter&s"stem handover 7ithin
the time seci%ied $" this arameter, the net7or 7ill start the inter&s"stem handover
rocess. 'or cells 7here there are more high&seed moving mo$ile stations, this value can
$e relativel" small, 7hile %or cells 7here there are more lo7&seed moving mo$ile stations,
this value can $e relativel" $ig. #he setting can $e roerl" ad4usted $ased on the actual
net7or statistics result.
&odification:2uery
#o imlement cell&oriented settings, use the commands add:"od:r"v:lst cellinterratho.
;ther7ise, use the RC&oriented glo$al settings con%igured 7ith the command set
interrathoas the con%iguration %or the concerned cell.
3.5.5 Inter/yste" &easure"ent Periodic Re(ort Interval
%efinition
RtInterval, the time interval at 7hich the + reorts the inter&s"stem measurement result
to the RC.
/co(e
er RC/CLL
Range and unit
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
num8250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, =000, 6000, ?000, 12000, 16000,
20000, 2=000, 2?000, 32000, 6=0009 ,corresonding to the h"sical range o% 8250,
500, 1000, 2000, 3000, =000, 6000, ?000, 12000, 16000, 20000, 2=000, 2?000, 32000,
6=0009 ms
$or7ing range
num8250, 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, =000, 6000, ?000, 12000, 16000,
20000, 2=000, 2?000, 32000, 6=0009
Reco""ended value
1000
4alance in setting
I% the value this arameter is too $ig, the measurement result ma" %ail to $e timel"
reorted, and thus the $est handover chance ma" $e missed, resulting in handover %ailure.
I% the value o% this arameter is too small, the measurement result 7ill $e %re(uentl"
reorted, resulting in increase o% the signaling $urden o% the s"stem.
&odification:2uery
#o imlement cell&oriented settings, use the commands add:"od:r"v:lst cellinterratho.
;ther7ise, use the RC&oriented glo$al settings con%igured 7ith the command set
interrathoas the con%iguration %or the concerned cell.
3.6 Co"(ressed &ode 'lgorith" Para"eter
3.6.1 CF! +ffset to 3na-le Co"(ressed &ode
%efinition
eltaC'. In order to ensure that the + and the ode ena$le the comressed mode
simultaneousl", the dela" o% the comressed mode ena$ling moment in relation to the
current rocessing moment should $e reset.
/co(e
er RC
Range and unitInteger80..2559 , %rame
$or7ing range
Integer80..2559%rame
Reco""ended value
?0
4alance in setting
#he value o% this arameter deends on the sum o% the maimum dela" in the
transmission o% signaling %rom the RC to the + and ode and hard7are rearation
time re(uired to start the comressed mode, and it is generall" $et7een 500 and 1500ms.
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
In :C), the duration o% one %rame is 10ms, so the recommended value o% this
arameter is $et7een 50 and 150.
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, use the command set c"cfH to
vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst c"cf.
3.6.2 /(reading Factor Threshold
%efinition
*'#urnoint, a arameter used to select the comressed mode imlementation method.
:hen the sreading %actor used in the do7nlin is greater than or e(ual to this arameter,
the comressed mode 7ill $e imlemented in riorit" $" means o% the sreading %actor
minus hal%H other7ise the comressed mode 7ill $e imlemented $" means o% the
unching method in riorit"./co(e
er RC/CLL
Range and unit
num8=,?,16,32,6=,12?,2569, corresonding to =,?,16,32,6=,12?,256
$or7ing range
num8=,?,16,32,6=,12?,2569
Reco""ended value
6=
4alance in setting
one
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, use the command set c"cfH to
vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst c"cf. lternativel",
use the command add:"od:lst:r"v cellc"cfto add/modi%"/remove cell&oriented
arameter settings, 7hich has a higher riorit".
3.7 %irect Retry 'lgorith" Para"eter
3.7.1 &a5i"u" %irect Retry Ti"es
%efinition
R)aum$er, the maimum allo7ed retr" times %or the direct retr" module a%ter the
initial %ailure, as descri$ed in *ection 2.2.?.
/co(e
er RC
Range and unit
Integer81..59
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
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$or7ing range
Integer81..59
Reco""ended value
2
4alance in setting
one
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, use the command set drdH to
vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst drd.
3.7.2 Candidate /et '-solute Threshold
%efinition
Cs#hreshold. :hen the signal (ualit" o% a cell is higher than this threshold, this cell 7ill $eincluded in the direct retr" candidate set.
/co(e
er RC/CLL
Range and unit
Integer8&[email protected]
$or7ing range
Integer8&[email protected]
Reco""ended value
&16
4alance in setting
%ter the + %ails to initiate an access rocess, the direct retr" algorithm 7ill automaticall"
initiate direct retr" re(uest to the cells in the candidate set. I% this threshold is too high, it
7ill $e di%%icult %or the ad4acent cells to enter the candidate set, and thus the + 7ill not $e
a$le to access timel" the ad4acent cells, 7hich maes direct retr" meaninglessH i% this
threshold is too lo7, man" cells can enter the candidate set $ut the" ma" $e all o% lo7
(ualit", and a large amount o% time 7ill $e used on retr" attemts, 7hich 7ill all turn out to
$e %ailures.
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, use the command set drdH to
vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst drd. lternativel",
use the command add:"od:lst:r"v celldrdto add/modi%"/remove cell&oriented arameter
settings, 7hich has a higher riorit".
3.7.3 &ini"u" 3c:!o Value
%efinition
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
)in*ignalRe(uired. #he $asic access threshold descri$ed in *ection 2.2.?, namel" the
minimum re(uirement o% the + %orm the receiving CIC- c/o densit" during normal
demodulation.
/co(e
er RC/CLL
Range and unit
Integer8&[email protected]
$or7ing range
Integer8&[email protected]
Reco""ended value
&1?
4alance in setting
In the direct retr" algorithm, the cell signal measurement value in the RC- reort must $e
higher than this threshold $e%ore the direct retr" algorithm can consider this cellH other7ise
the cells 7ith oor signal (ualit" 7ill $e neglected. #his arameter and the candidate set
a$solute threshold can 4ointl" revent the occurrence o% latter case mentioned a$ove.
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, +se the command set drdH to
vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst drd. lternativel",
use the command add:"od:lst:r"v celldrdto add/modi%"/remove cell&oriented arameter
settings, 7hich has a higher riorit".
3.7.4 Linear Factor of Relative Threshold and Ti"e Interval
%efinition
Linear'actor, the linear %actor %or the relative threshold and time interval during candidate
set selection, as descri$ed in *ection 2.2.?.
/co(e
er RC
Range and unit
Integer80..1009, 7hich means 0 to 1.00H steB 0.01
$or7ing range
Integer80..1009
Reco""ended value
?0
4alance in setting
#his arameter re%lects to 7hat an etent the signal (ualit" varies 7ith the time. In areas
7ith $ig shado7 %ading 8such as a to7n center %ull o% tall $uildings9, this arameter can $e
roerl" increased, 7hile in areas 7ith small shado7 %ading 8such as oen areas or the
su$ur$s9, this arameter can $e roerl" decreased.
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, +se the command set drdH to
vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst drd.
3.7.5 &a5i"u" Relating Ti"e for %irect Retry %ecision%efinition
)aRelating#ime, the maimum time that the RC- measurement reort can continue to
$e used %or the direct retr" candidate set.
/co(e
er RC
Range and unit
Integer80..2@9, meaning 0 to 2@00msH steB 100
$or7ing rangeInteger80..2@9
Reco""ended value
20
4alance in setting
I% the duration %rom the time the measurement reort is received to the time the
measurement reort is rocessed eceeds the value o% this arameter, the measurement
reort 7ill $ecome invalid. #his arameter re%lects the maimum e%%ective time o% the
measurement reort used %or direct retr". I% the value o% this arameter is too $ig, the
measurement result used %or 4udgment ma" var" %rom the actual situation due too long a
duration and a%%ect the 4udgmentH i% it is too small, then a lot o% use%ul measurement
in%ormation is liel" to $e discarded.
&odification:2uery
#o con%igure this RC&oriented glo$al handover arameter, +se the command set drdH to
vie7 the current con%iguration o% the arameter, use the command lst drd.
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WCDMA RNO Handover Algorithm Analysis and Parameter
Configuration Guidance For ntanal !se
List o% re%erencesB
>"? 3 R@@ 25Gseries, 2002/0@
>%? Fie Zhi$in, 3handover lanning, 2001/0?
>&? Li Zhen, :C) RC #? Li Zhen, :C) RC '? Zhou Fin4ie, :C) R *"stem arameter *etting uidance, 2003/0=