AN OVERVIEW OF AN OVERVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS
AND ARMED AND ARMED CONFLICT CONFLICT
SITUATION SITUATION IN ASIAIN ASIARey TyRey Ty
PEOPLE OF THE WORLDRey Ty
GLOBAL VILLAGE?1996
IF THE WORLD HAS 100 PERSONS:
57 FROM ASIA21 FROM EUROPE15 FROM N. AND S.
AMERICA51 WOMEN
49 MEN
WORLD RELIGIONSRey Ty
• 390 CHRISTIANS, OF WHOM• 187 CATHOLIC• 84 PROTESTANTS• 31 ORTHODOX• 178 MOSLEMS• 167 NON-RELIGIOUS• 132 HINDUS• 60 BUDDHISTS• 45 ATHEISTS• 3 JEWS• 86 ALL OTHERS
MAP OF ASIARey Ty
ASIARey Ty
• PACIFIC
• NORTHEAST ASIA
• SOUTHEAST ASIA
• SOUTH ASIA
• CENTRAL ASIA
• WEST ASIA
SOUTHEAST ASIARey Ty
FRAMEWORKFRAMEWORKRey Ty
Linking Society, Economy, Politics, and
Culture
WHAT ARE HUMAN WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS?RIGHTS?Rey Ty
CIVIL ANDPOLIT ICAL
RIG HT S
ECONOM IC,SOCIAL, & CULT URAL
RIG HT S
HUM ANRIG HT S
VIOLENCE, RIGHTS VIOLENCE, RIGHTS AND LAWAND LAW
Rey Ty
VIOLENCE(J. GALTUNG)
RIGHTS AND LAW(U.N.)
1 STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE ECON, SOC, & CULT RTS.2 CRIMINAL VIOLENCE CRIMINAL LAW3 STATE VIOLENCE CIVIL & POL RTS.4 REVOLUTIONARY VIOLENCE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT
HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS AND ARMED AND ARMED CONFLICTCONFLICT
Rey Ty
TYPES OF ARMED CONFLICT
ILHR
ILAC
LAW OF HR AND WAR
Rey Ty
Peace Riots Conspiracy Internal Internal Internal Civil Anti-Racist War of International Disturbances Tensions Strife War Struggles Liberation War
QUANTIFYING HR QUANTIFYING HR RESPECT AND RESPECT AND
ABUSESABUSESRey Ty
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1970 1980 1990 2000
Econ Rts.Soc. Rts.Cult. Rts.Civil Rts.Pol. Rts.
ECONOMIC RIGHTSECONOMIC RIGHTSIN THE WORLDIN THE WORLD
Rey Ty
200 RECEIVE 75% OF INCOME
200 RECEIVE ONLY 2% OF INCOME
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
INDEXRey Ty
Top (highest) tier: Singapore, Brunei, Thailand, and Malaysia
Second tier: Philippines, Indonesia
Third tier: Vietnam, Burma, Laos
Fourth tier: Cambodia
ECONOMIC RIGHTSECONOMIC RIGHTSRey Ty
GDP/CAPITA 1999
Singapore$26,000 ’98 Brunei 17,400 Malaysia 3,745 Thailand 2,000 Philippines 886 Indonesia 690 Vietnam 330 Burma $300 Cambodia 300
GDP/CAPITAPurchasing Power Parity
1999
Rey TySingapore $27,800 ’98
Brunei 17,400
Malaysia 10,700
Thailand 6,400
Philippines 3,600
Indonesia 2,800
Vietnam 1,850
Laos 1,300
Burma 1,200
Cambodia 710
East Timor Unavailable
ECONOMIC RIGHTSECONOMIC RIGHTSRey Ty
PHILIPPINE GDP 1999
Richest 30% earned 63.4% of national income Poorest 30% received 9% of national income
SOCIAL RIGHTSSOCIAL RIGHTSRey Ty
330 ARE CHILDREN50% IMMUNIZED670 ADULTS50% ADULTS ARE ILLITERATE60 ARE OVER 65 YRS OLD
LESS THAN 50%MARRIED WOMENHAVE ACCESS TOMODERNCONTRACEPTIVES
SOCIAL RIGHTSSOCIAL RIGHTSRey Ty
IN THE GLOBAL
VILLAGE: THERE ARE --
-5 SOLDIERS -7 TEACHERS -1 MEDICAL DOCTOR
SOCIAL RIGHTSSOCIAL RIGHTSRey Ty
930 DO NOT HAVE A CAR70 OWN AT LEAST 1 CAR
70% WITHOUT CLEAN WATER30% WITH CLEAN WATER
CULTURAL RIGHTSCULTURAL RIGHTSRey Ty
GLOBAL VILLAGE?1996
IF THE WORLD HAS1,000 PERSONS:
165 SPEAK MANDARIN86 HINDI & URDU64 SPANISH58 RUSSIAN37 ARABIC
CULTURAL RIGHTSCULTURAL RIGHTSRey Ty
THE OTHER HALFSPEAK
(IN DESCENDING ORDER):
BENGALIPORTUGUESEBAHASA INDONESIAJAPANESEGERMANFRENCH& 200 OTHERLANGUAGES
JAPANESE JAPANESE AGGRESSION IN AGGRESSION IN
THE PACIFIC THE PACIFIC DURING WORLD DURING WORLD
WAR IIWAR IIRey Ty
1. CRIME AGAINST PEACE
2. WAR CRIMES
3. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY
ARMED CONFLICTS IN ASIA 1940s-2000
Rey TyWORLD WAR II ASIA-PACIFIC
ETHNIC TENSIONSINDONESIA, MALAYSIA, S. LANKA
TERRITORIAL DISPUTES & BORDER CLASHES
INDIA-PAKISTAN-BANGLADESH, PRC-ROC, CHINA-INDIA, PRC-USSR, N-S KOREA, SPRATLYS
NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS
ACEH, E. TIMOR, MORO MINDANAO, TIBET, XINJIANG
COMMUNIST ARMED STRUGGLE
MALAYSIA, PHILIPPINES, THAILAND
REVOLUTIONSCHINA, KAMPUCHEA, VIETNAM
CIVIL UNRESTBURMA, INDONESIA, PHILIPPINES, THAILAND
REFUGEES & “INTERNAL REFUGEES”
BURMA, CAMBODIA, PHILIPPINES, S. LANKA, VIETNAM
HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS
Rey TyVIOLATIONS
EXTRA-JUDICIAL KILLINGS
DISAPPEARANCES
TORTURE
TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON
PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE
UNFAIR TRIALS
DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL
JUDICIAL EXECUTION
DEATH SENTENCE
ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES
1992-161 countries
-injustice and inhumanity in every region of the world
-In dozens of countries, prisoners of conscience are in jails and camps.
-scores of GOV’T sanction the torture or rape of prisoners.
-Thousands of people "disappear" or are murdered by government agents and "death squads”
-armed POL. GROUPS also commit abuses
1993
1. Governments around the world imprison, torture, and kill their opponents.
2. Some armed opposition groups seek to gain advantage by taking hostages and killing defenseless bystanders.
3. Human Rights Activists work to defend the weak and hold the powerful to account.
1994 WOMEN
-raped, mutilated and killed by both government and opposition forces, and held as prisoners of conscience. -invisible victims
-Millions of women resist repression & stand up for their rights.
-part of growing a international movement of women's organizations and human rights groups.
-human rights violations suffered by women, men and children in 151 countries
1995WORLD
VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES
POL. KILLINGS 63
MISSING 49
TORTURE 114
TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON
54
POCs 85
UNFAIR TRIALS 27
DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL
43
EXECUTION 41
DEATH SENTENCE 58
ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES
41
1995ASIA
VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES
POL. KILLINGS 12
MISSING 4
TORTURE 21
TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON
11
POCs 18
UNFAIR TRIALS 3
DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL
9
EXECUTION 12
DEATH SENTENCE 13
ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES
6
1995ASIA
VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES
POL. KILLINGS AUSTRALIA, BANGLADESH, INDIA, INDONESIA, E. TIMOR, PAKISTAN, PNG, PHILIPPINES, S.LANKA
MISSING INDIA, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, PHILIPPINES, S.LANKA
TORTURE BANGLADESH, CAMBODIA, CHINA, INDIA, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, PAKISTAN, PHILIPPINES
TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON
INDIA, MONGOLIA, MYANMAR, PAKISTAN
POCs CHINA, AFGHANISTAN, INDIA, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, MYANMAR, NEPAL, S.KOREA, S.LANKA
UNFAIR TRIALS CHINA, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, VIETNAM
DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL
9CHINA, S.LANKA, PAKISTAN, MALAYSIA, BANGLADESH
EXECUTION CHINA, SINGAPORE, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, JAPAN, MALAYSIA, PAKISTAN, S.KOREA, TAIWAN, VIETNAM
DEATH SENTENCE INDIA, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, JAPAN, S.KOREA
ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES
AFGHANISTAN, CAMBODIA, INDIA, PHILIPPINES, S.LANKA
1995POSITIVE
DEVELOPMENTSMYANMAR, NEPAL, PHILIPPINES, SOUTH KOREA
RELEASE OF POLITICAL PRISONERS
PAKISTAN SET UP H.R. MINISTRY
OSAKA, JAPAN
(NOVEMBER)
NGO PARALLEL MEETING
BEIJING 4TH U.N. WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN
EAST TIMORRey Ty
Indonesian annexation of ET started the whole series of
HRVs & HLVs. In the period of transition to independence,
pro-integration or pro-Indonesia forces continue to commit HR
& HL abuses. in the post-independence stage, the
economic rehabilitation & the dev’t of pol. institutions of ET would be difficult and requires massive international human,
material, & financial support.
BURMARey Ty
The current political crisis in Burma started in 1990 when the
military junta refused to recognize the results of the legislative elections and to hand over
political power to the victorious oppositionists. The Burmese
military junta’s refusal to enter into dialogue with the opposition and its unwillingness to cede pol.
power to the popularly elected civilians is a major cause of the
worsening HR situation in Burma today. The stronger the
repression, the stronger the
opposition, thus, the stalemate.
CAMBODIARey Ty
1. During the Cold War period, C. was a victim of US-SU rivalry and the
S.U.-PRC. The “hot war” the U.S., S.U., PRC, & Vietnam waged in
Kampuchea resulted in a very brutal armed conflict & massive HRVs. 2. The post-Cold War Cambodian
society inherits and still has to process its Cold-War-period problems.
Among these are: armed conflict and civil war, the destruction of the
economy, poverty, genocide, land mines, & the personality cult.
3. New issues that emerged during the Post-Cold War period include
following issues: the rule of law, HR, the trafficking in women girl-children
& HIV/AIDS.
1995-Torture, extra-judicial
execution, disappearance, thousands remained incarcerated after unfair trials.
-Women, children & the elderly were all victims
1995
TORTURE• Afghanistan, 100s cases of
torture & rape solely because they belonged to a rival ethnic group, or to extract money from their families.
• In China, torture of political and criminal detainees widespread, often to force confessions or to intimidate and punish
• prisoners, with many victims tortured with electro-shock weapons.
1995
• In India, torture of detainees was endemic in every state, with many victims from underprivileged sections of society.
• Torture was also reported in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia and East Timor and the Philippines.
1995• Many people died as a result of
torture or ill-treatment in detention.
• In Myanmar, more than 1,300 prisoners died because of illness and
ill-treatment when they were forced to work on road building projects. Many of these prisoners were made to labor long hours, breaking rocks while held in leg-irons and denied adequate food or sleep.
1995• 100 people died in custody in
Mongolia, some due to starvation and illness. Prisoners must work for their food.
• In Pakistan, at least 70 people died in custody as a result of torture, deaths which the police often tried to disguise as suicides.
• Prisoners also died as a result of ill-treatment in detention in
• Afghanistan, Bangladesh and India.
1995• 21 aboriginal people died
in custody or during police operations in Australia - the highest number since records started being kept in 1980 - and police reportedly continued to harass relatives who were unwilling to accept official explanations and called for further investigations.
1995 UNFAIR TRIALS-China-Indonesia & East Timor: 20
prisoners of conscience were sentenced to prison terms after unfair trials & some 150 political prisoners continued to serve sentences of up to life imprisonment after
unfair trials in previous years. -In Viet Nam, members of
religious groups were among those given prison sentences after unfair trials.
1995PRISONERS FO CONSCIENCE
China 2,200
Afghanistan 1,000
Sri Lanka 300
1995DEATH PENALTY
CHINA 3,110 DEATH SENTENCES
CHINA 2,190 EXECUTIONS
SINGAPORE 50 EXECUTIONS
TAIWAN 15 SENTENCES
JAPAN, MALAYSIA, S.KOREA, VIETNAM
SENTENCES
1995EXTRA-JUDICIAL
EXECUTIONJAMMU & KASHMIR
SCORES KILLED
KARACHI, PAKISTAN
SCORES
INDONESIA, EAST TIMOR, PHILIPPINES, BANGLADESH
HUNDREDS AND
THOUSANDS
1995ARMED (OPPOSITION)
GROUPSAFGHANISTAN
SRI LANKA Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
(LTTE)
PHILIPPINES ABU SAYYAF
CAMBODIA, INDIA,
MYANMAR
1996WORLD
VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES
POL. KILLINGS 69
MISSING 30
TORTURE 124
POCs 94
EXECUTION 41
1996ASIA
VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES
POL. KILLINGS: HUNDREDS 15: AFGHAN, BANGLA, CAMBODIA, INDIA, INDONESIA & E.TIMOR, MALAYSIA, NEPAL, PAKISTAN, PNG, PHIL, S.LANKA
MISSING: HUNDREDS; 3,000 TOTAL 9: PAKISTAN & S.LANKA
TORTURE: TENS OF THOUSANDS 24: AFGHAN, AUS, BANGLA, PRC, INDIA, INDONESIA & ET, JAPAN, N.& S. KOR, MYANMAR, NEPAL, PAKISTAN, PHILIPPINES, S.LANKA, VIETNAM
TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON: 322
8: CAMBODIA, INDIA, NEPAL, PAKISTAN, PNG
POCs: 4,000 22: AFGHAN, CAMBODIA, PRC, INDIA, INDONESIA & ET, MYANMAR, SINGAPORE
UNFAIR TRIALS: THOUSANDS CHINA, CAMBODIA, INDONESIA & ET, MALDIES, MYANMAR, PAKISTAN, TONGA
DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL: 29,000
19: CHINA, BANGLADESH, INDIA, S.LANKA, INDONESIA & ET, MALAYSIA, MYANMAR, NEPAL
EXECUTION: 6,337 11: CHINA (3,500), SINGAPORE (38), AFGHAN, INDIA, JAPAN, N.KOR, MALAYSIA, PAKISTAN, TAIWAN, THAI, VIETNAM
DEATH SENTENCE: 6,337 11
ARMED OPPOSITION GROUPS’ ABUSES 11: AFGHAN, CAMBODIA, INDIA, NEPAL, PAKISTAN, PNG, PHIL, S.LANKA
1996ASIA
• HRVs were committed in virtually every country of the Asia Pacific region.
• Security forces and armed opposition groups were responsible for widespread extra-judicial executions and "disappearances", while torture and ill-treatment was commonplace in police stations and prison cells. Thousands of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience languished in jails with or without often unfair trials.
1996ASIA
• -Sri Lanka, 220 "disappearances“-mostly in the Jaffna peninsula.-highest level since 1992 as hostilities continued between the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam forces.
1996ASIA
FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION & ASSOCIATION
-In July, the Indonesian government launched the most severe crackdown on pro- democracy activists for 20 years. Members of unofficial opposition parties and trades unionists were among those detained and currently facing unfair trials for subversion.
1996ASIA
• In India, security forces and armed opposition groups both violently attacked and abducted journalists covering the elections in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Journalists have been jailed in Pakistan for exposing human rights abuses, and journalists were harassed and killed in Cambodia, allegedly with the involvement of the security forces.
1996ASIA
NGOs
-The leader of a Malaysian women's NGO was put on trial for exposing allegations of HR abuses
-in South Korea the government introduced new legislation which maintained restrictions on the basic rights of trades unionists.
1996ASIA
• In Nepal, around 100 Amnesty International members and Tibetan activists were detained for up to two days for peacefully calling for human rights reform in China.
• In February, Albert Langer became the first prisoner of conscience in Australia since the Viet Nam war.
1996ASIA
• In Taleban controlled areas of Afghanistan, women and girls found their freedom of movement and association severely restricted. Some were beaten with chains for being outside their homes or not wearing the burqua, others were banned from attending work and schools.
1996ASIA
-State security laws used to imprison and silence their critics
-In China, the authorities continued to jail human rights activists and others brave enough to voice a dissenting opinion, while thousands more remained in prison. In the Xinjiang and Tibet Autonomous Regions, the authorities harshly repressed people calling for more religious and political freedoms.
1996ASIA
• Hong Kong: return to Chinese sovereignty in 1997: “ONE COUNTRY, TWO SYSTEMS”
• The Philippines government sentenced 127 people to death, while police brutality and forced confessions continued.
• As a result of its "Strike Hard" campaign China sentenced at least 6,000 people to death, more than 3,500 of whom were confirmed to have been executed.
1997ASIA
VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES
POL. KILLINGS 11
MISSING 5
TORTURE 22
TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON
11
POCs 18
UNFAIR TRIALS 3
DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL
12
EXECUTION 12
DEATH SENTENCE 15
ARMED OPPOSITION GROUPS’ ABUSES
9
1997ASIA
• EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC CRISIS ON HR
• ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, MIGRANT LABOR, MINORITY GROUPS
1997ASIA
• CHINA: WORKERS PROTESTING VS. CORRUPTION—INJURED & ARRESTED
• VIETNAM: NEWSPAPER EDITOR DETAINED W/O TRIAL FOR WRITING ABOUT CORRUPTION
• INDONESIA: 26 DETAINED FOR 3 DAYS FOR ORGANIZING A LABOR RIGHTS WORKSHOP
• S. KOREA: 650 POL. PRISONERS ARRESTED—TRADE UNION LEADERS
1997ASIA
• INDIA: HUNDREDS OF PROTESTERS ARRESTED FOR DEMONSTRATING VS. POWER PLANT CONSTRUCTION
• MALAYSIA: DAYAK IBAN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY MEMBERS ARRESTED OVER PROTESTS ABOUT LAND RIGHTS
• MALAYSIA: NATIONAL SECURITY ACT VS. RELIGIOUS ACTIVISTS & VS. CURRENCY SPECULATIONS
• SINGAPORE: GOVT BROUGHT OPPOSITION LEADERS TO CIVIL SUIT
1997ASIA
• N. KOREA: 3 YEARS OF FOOD SHORTAGE; SEVERAL THOUSAND CHILDREN DYING MONTHLY; 2 MILLION DEATHS IN THE PAST 3 YEARS
• CHINA: REPRESSION IN XINJIANG & TIBET FOR ADVOCATING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM OR INDEPENDENCE
• MYANMAR: EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLINGS, FORCIBLE RELOCATIONS, TORTURE OF ETHNIC MINORITIES
1997ASIA
• PAKISTAN: POLICE ATTACKED CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY IN PUNJAB; TRIALS VS. RELIGIOUS MINORITIES
• BHUTAN: 150 PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE FROM SARCHOP COMMUNITY DETAINED
• AFGHANISTAN: THOUSANDS DETAINED & TORTURED BECAUSE OF THEIR ETHNICITY OR “UN-ISLAMIC” BEHAVIOR
1997ASIA
• AUSTRALIA: ARRIVING REFUGEES W/O PAPERS AUTOMATICALLY DETAINED
• MYANMAR: FORCED REPATRIATION FROM BANGLADESH OF 400 ROHINYA REFUGEES
• THAILAND: 6,000 REFUGEES SENT BACK TO MYANMAR
• MALDIVES: 17 TURKISH ASYLUM SEEKERS HELD IN BAD CONDITIONS
• JAPAN: FOREIGN NATIONALS ILL-TREATED
1997ASIA
• AFGHANISTAN: HUNDREDS OF UNARMED CIVILIANS KILLED IN ATTACKS & MASSACRES BY VARIOUS ARMED GROUPS
• CAMBODIA: 16 KILLED IN PEACEFUL OPPOSITION DEMONSTRATION
• INDIA: UNARMED CIVILIANS KILLED IN CROSSFIRE
1997ASIA
• MYANMAR: TENS OF THOUSANDS OF KAREN & SHAN REFUGEES FLEE TO THAILAND TO ESCAPE ILL-TREATMENT & FORCED PORTERING FOR THE ARMY
• NEPAL: 700 SUSPECTED OF BEING INVOLVED IN “PEOPLE’S WAR” WERE JAILED W/O TRIAL
• NEPAL: ARMED OPPOSITION GROUP KILLED 18
1997ASIA
• PAPUA NEW GUINEA: HUNDREDS OF EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS & DISAPPEARANCES
• SRI LANKA: THOUSANDS ARRESTED & P.O.C.s; 80 DISAPPEARANCES
• PAKISTAN: LAW GIVES SWEEPING POLICE POWER TO USE LETHAL FORCE VS. ANYONE SUSPECTED OF COMMITTING TERRORISM; 50 EXTRAJUDICAL EXECUTIONS
1997ASIA
• ALL OVER ASIA: REPRESSIVE LAW TO INTIMIDATE OPPOSITION
• INDIA: THOUSANDS OF POL. PRISONERS IN JAIL, INCL. HR DEFENDERS; 3OO DIED IN CUSTODY
• INDONESIA: 300 POCs IN JAIL; TORTURE
• MYANMAR: 1,200 POL. PRISONERS; SHORT-TERM DETENTION TO INTIMIDATE OPPOSITION
• PAKISTAN: HUNDREDS OF POL. PRISONERS DETAINED W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL; TORTURE
1997ASIA
• SOME GOVTS CHALLENGE INTL HRLAW
• AUSTRALIA: MOVED TO LEGISLATE LAW ALLOWING DISREGARD FOR RATIFIED I. HR LAW
• N. KOREA: WITHDRAW FROM ICCPR
• PHILIPPINES: 450 UNDER DEATH SENTENCE; USE OF TORTURE TO EXTRACT CONFESSION
• TAIWAN: USE OF DEATH PENALTY
1997ASIA
POSITIVE DEVELOPMENTS• BANGLADESH, FIJI, SRI LANKA, NEPAL,
THAILAND: SET UP NAT’L HR COMMISSIONS
• CHINA: SIGNED ICESCR, ABOLISH DEATH PENALTY FOR JUVENILES
• INDIA: SIGNED CONVENTION VS. TORTURE
• S. KOREA: KIM DAEJONG (FORMER POC) ELECTED AS PRESIDENT IN DECEMBER; PROMISED RELEASE OF POL. PRISONERS & HR REFORM
• SRI LANKA: SECURITY FORCES TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DISAPPEARANCES
• THAILAND: ADOPTED NEW CONSTITUTION W/ STRONG HR PROVISIONS
1998ASIA
VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES
POL. KILLINGS 9
MISSING 7
TORTURE 22
TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON
11
POCs 16
UNFAIR TRIALS 4
DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL
9
EXECUTION 8
DEATH SENTENCE 16
ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES
10
1998ASIA
• S. KOREA: 150 POL. PRISONERS RELEASED
• INDONESIA & E. TIMOR: 179 POL. PRISONERS RELEASED
• VIETNAM: 7,000 POL. PRISONERS RELEASED
• INDONESIA: LEGAL REFORM; RATIFIED CONVENTION VS. TORTURE
1998ASIA
• TAIWAN: REVISED CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
• NEPAL: ABOLISHED DEATH PENALTY BY SIGNING PROT. II TO ICCPR
• SRI LANKA: 5 SECURITY FORCE MEMBERS GUILTY OF MURDER, RAPE, DISAPPEARANCES
1998ASIA
• ECON. CRISIS LED TO HR ABUSES
• S. KOREA: TRADE UNIONISTS DETAINED AFTER PROTESTS OVER JOB LOSSES
• THAILAND: BURMESE ASYLUM SEEKERS ARRESTED & DETAINED AS ILLEGALS
• INDONESIA: MIL. KILLED 4 STUDENTS AFTER PROTEST OVER ECON. CRISIS
• N. KOREA: THOUSANDS MORE DIE DUE TO FOOD SHORTAGES
1998ASIA
• ABUSE OF SECURITY LAW TO SILENCE OPPOSITION
• CHINA: NEW STATE SECURITY LAW OF 1997 USED TO TRY & SENTENCE DISSIDENTS TO 11-13 YEARS PRISON TERMS
• MALAYSIA: INTERNAL SECURITY ACT USED TO ARREST 17 POL. ELITE
1998ASIA
• INDIA: ARMED FORCES SPECIAL POWERS ACT FACILITATES HRV IN JAMMU & KASHMIR
• PAKISTAN: SUMMARY MIL. COURTS ISSUE DEATH SENTENCES & LEAD TO EXECUTIONS
• NEPAL: 1,800 ARRESTS, INCL. POCs
• BHUTAN: NAT’L SECURITY ACT USED TO ARREST & DETAIN PRO-DEMOCRACY PEOPLE
1998ASIA
• SRI LANKA: THOUSANDS OF TAMILS ARRESTED & DETAINED
• MYANMAR: HUNDREDS OF NLD ACTIVISTS & STUDENTS ARRESTED
• SINGAPORE: GOVT MIS-USED DEFAMATION SUITS TO SILENCE OPPOSITION
• CAMBODIA: SECURITY FORCES DETAINED MANY FOR EXPRESSING POL. VIEWS
1998ASIA
• AFGHANISTAN: MINOR-ITY GROUPS TAKEN PRISONER, INCL. SUS-PECTED TALIBAN OPPONENTS & NON-PASHTUN MINORITIES (E.G. HAZARAS); TORTURE & KILLING
• INDIA: ARMED OPPOSITION GROUPS KILL DOZENS OF UN-ARMED HINDU-MINORITY WOMEN, MEN, & CHILDREN IN JAMMU & KASHMIR
1998ASIA
• CHINA: CRACKDOWN ON UIGHUR, XINJIANG MUSLIM LEADERS & TIBETAN NATIONALISTS
• MYANMAR: MIL. SEIZE ETHNIC MINORITIES FOR FORCED LABOR
1998ASIA
HARSH CRIMINAL JUSTICE
JAPAN• INTERNAL RULES
GOVERNING PRISONERS’ LIVES ARE CONFIDENTIAL FOR “NATIONAL SECURITY” REASONS
• IF PRISONERS LOOK AT OTHER PRISONERS, THEY ARE FORCED TO KNEEL OR SIT IN THE SAME POSITION EVERY DAY FOR 2 MONTHS
1998ASIA
• AUSTRALIA: NEW JUVENILE
JUSTICE POLICIES DETAIN MINORS (ESP. ABORIGINES) IN SOMETIMES CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING CIRCUMSTANCES; 11 YR-OLD SUSPECTS SOMETIMES DETAINED IN ADULT POLICE CELLS 1,500 KM. FROM HOME
• PHILIPPINES: SET DATE FOR 1ST EXECUTION SINCE 1976
1999ASIA
VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES
POL. KILLINGS 7
MISSING 5
TORTURE 23
POCs 12
UNFAIR TRIALS 9
DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL
11
EXECUTION 9
DEATH SENTENCE 14
ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES
9
1999ASIA
• TORTURE, DISAPPEARANCES, ARBITRARY DETENTION
• EAST TIMOR: VOTED FOR INDEPENDENCE; HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE KILLED; TENS OF THOUSANDS EVACUATED
• INDONESIA: HUNDREDS KILLED IN COUNTER-INSURGENCY OPERATIONS, COMMUNAL VIOLENCE & POL. PROTESTS; 10 MEN JAILED IN 1965 & OTHER PPs & POCs RELEASED
1999ASIA
• SOLOMON ISLANDS: INTER-ETHNIC VIOLENCE; 100s DEAD & INJURED; 1000s DISPLACED
• INDIA: 100s KILLED IN JAMMU & KASHMIR; 100s DISPLACED
• AFGHANISTAN: INTER-ETHNIC FIGHTING; TELEBAN FORCES BURNED HOMES, DESTROYED ORCHARDS, WHEAT FIELDS, IRRIGATION SYSTEM; DISPLACED 100,000 TAJIK PEOPLE; TALIBAN COURT ORDERED FLOGGINGS, AMPUTATIONS & EXECUTIONS AFTER UNFAIR TRIALS
1999ASIA
• PHILIPPINES: 1ST EXECUTION IN 23 YEARS; 6 KILLED BY LETHAL INJECTION
• TAIWAN: 24 EXECUTIONS• VIETNAM: SCORES SEN-
TENCED TO DEATH, PUB-LIC EXECUTION BY FIRIGN SQUAD
• SINGAPORE: DEATH PENALTY MANDATORY FOR DRUG TRAFFICKING, MURDER, TREASON & FIREARMS OFFENSES; 1 OF WORLD’S HIGHEST EXECUTION RATES
1999ASIA
• NEPAL: ABOLISHED DEATH PENALTY; BUT 44 DISAPPEARED AFTER POLICE ARREST
• MALAYSIA: HUNDREDS OF ANTI-MAHATHIR ON TRIAL
• VIETNAM, LAOS, CHINA: RESTRICTIONS ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM
1999ASIA
• CHINA: POLICE ARBITRARILY DETAINED 1000s & SOME SENTENCED TO LONG PRISON TERMS AFTER UNFAIR TRIALS OR SENT TO FORCED LABOR CAMPS
• CHINA: 18,000 EXECUTIONS IN 1990S
1999ASIA
• JAPAN: 5 EXECUTED; MANY HELD FOR DEATH SENTENCE IN SOLITARY CONFINEMENT
• S. KOREA: SOLITARY CONFINEMT
• N. KOREA: 100s CROSS INTO CHINA FOR FOOD; N. KOREAN SECURITY FORCES SHOT SOME
1999ASIA
-MYANMAR: 200 SENTENCED TO LONG PRISON TERMS; 1,200 EXISTING POL. PRISONERS; MIL. INVOLVED IN FORCED RELOCATION, FORCED PORTERING, & KILLING OF ETHNIC MINORITIES; ICRC VISIT DETAINEES
-CAMBODIA: NEGOTIATIONS W/ U.N. ON BRINGING KHMER ROUGE TO TRIAL FOR HRVs
1999ASIA
• SOUTH ASIA: WOMEN SUBJECTS TO ACID ATTACKS & HONOR KILLINGS
• PAKISTAN: GOVT FAILED TO INVESTIGATE HONOR KILLINGS OF 100s OF GIRLS & WOMEN & TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN
• BANGLADESH: GOVT FAILED TO PROTECT WOMEN FROM ACID ATTACKS & DOWRY-RELATED MURDERS OR INVESTIGATE RAPE IN CUSTODY BY POLICE; SOME POLICE ASK FOR BRIBE TO INVESTIGATE
1999ASIA
• INDIA: ATTACKS ON DALITS & TRIBALS APPARENTLY W/ CONNIVANCE OF POLICE & LOCAL AUTHORITIES; WOMEN W/ PROBLEM TO ACCESS JUSTICE; HR WORKERS BECOME VICTIMS THEMSELVES
• SRI LANKA: EXHUME 15 REMAINS OF THOSE MISSING SINCE MID-1996; LTTE KILLED MPs & LOCAL COUNCILLORS
1999ASIA
• NEW ZEALAND: NEW LAW DETAINS ASYLUM-SEEKERS ARRIVING W/O PAPERS
• AUSTRALIA: 4,000 REFUGEE APPLICANTS & BOAT PEOPLE WERE W/O JUDICIAL CONTROL
HUMAN RIGHTS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES
1995-1999Rey Ty
0
5
10
15
20
25
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
POL. KILLINGS
MISSING
TORTURE
TORTURED TODEATHPOCs
UNFAIR TRIAL
ARB. DETENTION
EXECUTION
DEATH SENTENCE
ARMEDOPPOSITION ABUSE
HUMAN RIGHTS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES
1995-1999Rey Ty
0
5
10
15
20
25
POL.KILLING UNFAIR TRIALS
19951996199719981999
CONSTRAINTS OR CONSTRAINTS OR CHOICE?CHOICE?
Rey TyRey Ty
1 ABUSE RESPECT
2GROSS VIOLATIONS OFHUMAN RIGHTS
INDIVIDUAL PETITION
3ALTERNATIVE TOURISMORECO-TOURISM
ECO-TERRORISM
456
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. PREVENTIVE-PRO-ACTIVE-PROMOTION-EDUCATION-INFORMATION 2. CURATIVE-DEFENSE-RELIEF-REHABILITATION