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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Reconfigurable Communications Architecture for Adaptive Radios
Reconfigurable Communications Architecture for Adaptive Radios
Ernest TsuiErnest TsuiPrincipal Engineer, Radio Communications Lab/Corporate TechnologPrincipal Engineer, Radio Communications Lab/Corporate Technology Groupy Group
Contributor: Ben Manny Contributor: Ben Manny Director, Radio Communications Lab, Director, Radio Communications Lab, Corporate Technology Group (CTG)Corporate Technology Group (CTG)
Reconfigurable Computing TutorialReconfigurable Computing TutorialInternational Symposium on SystemInternational Symposium on System--onon--Chip ConferenceChip Conference
Tampere, FinlandTampere, Finland
Intel CorporationIntel Corporation
18 November 200318 November 2003Copyright © 2003 Intel Corporation.
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
?? Spectrum policy reform is in the airSpectrum policy reform is in the air
?? Update on UWB Update on UWB -- an Adaptive an Adaptive ProtocolProtocol
?? Introduction to an Introduction to an AdaptiveAdaptive RadioRadioApproachApproach
?? Low Power Approaches to Low Power Approaches to ReconfigurabilityReconfigurability
?? Intel Reconfigurable Design ApproachIntel Reconfigurable Design Approach
?? SummarySummary
Agenda
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
The Ultimate Vision for Wireless AccessThe Ultimate Vision for Wireless Access??Ubiquitous Internet Connections for all Mobile Ubiquitous Internet Connections for all Mobile
Client DevicesClient Devices??Laptops, PDAs, Cell phones, and Tablet PCsLaptops, PDAs, Cell phones, and Tablet PCs
??AlwaysAlways--on connection on connection –– closed lid computingclosed lid computing
??New Paradigm for Wireless Basestations New Paradigm for Wireless Basestations ??Agility across Multiple Bands Agility across Multiple Bands ??MultiMulti--Network handNetwork hand--offs (WLAN, WWAN, WPAN)offs (WLAN, WWAN, WPAN)
??New business models, and access policiesNew business models, and access policies
How do we get there?How do we get there?How do we get there?
Spectrum Policy Reform
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Spectrum UsageSpectrum Usage?Spectrum Policy Reforms?Spectrum Policy directional change?Transition from usage base to rule base?Sub-leasing of licensed spectrum ?Advances in radio technology e.g. UWB and Software
Defined Radios?Fair & equal access, Unlicensed bands
?Radio Certification Challenges?Partitioned Module Certification (certify once & radio adapts
operation for compliance anywhere)
?Regulation Changes?Working with the FCC on Spectrum reform for many years?International coordination of regulations for UWB solutions?Recent involvement in response to FCC Notice of Inquiry about
the reuse of the TV spectrum by unlicensed devices
Spectrum Policy Reform
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Underlay ApproachUnderlay Approach
?Simultaneous usage via low power levels?Transmission doesn’t harmfully interfere with current signals? UWB transmits at –41dBm/MHz (looks like noise)
Spectrum Policy Reform
1.6 1.9 2.4
Bluetooth,802.11b WLANCordless PhonesMicrowave Ovens
PC
S5
802.11a WLANCordless Phones
-41 dBm/Mhz“FCC Part 15 Limit”
Frequency (Ghz)
SignalPower
10.63.1Note: not to scale
UWB Spectrum
U-N
II b
and
ISM
ban
d
GP
S
Graph source Intel research and development
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
?Dynamic partitioning of spectrum?Can cut across any spectrum?FCC sets policy or “rules” to govern usage and priority?Example – unlicensed use of vacant TV bands?Example – prioritized usage e.g. Search & Rescue
Note: not to scale
440MHz
Available channels in the TV NOI
Frequency
EmittedSignalPower
… 21 30 33 40… …..
~800MHz
…
San Francisco
47
Safety Services
52+
…
Data is for illustrative purposes only.
Spectrum Policy Reform
Overlay Approach
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Overlay Approach
?Prioritize the usage of spectrum?Can cut across any spectrum?FCC sets policy or “rules” to govern usage and priority?Example – Search & Rescue has priority?Example – unlicensed TV band
440MHz
Available channels in the TV NOI
Frequency (Ghz)
EmittedSignalPower
… 23 28 33…..
~800MHz
…
San Jose
47
Safety Services
52+
….. 38 41..
Note: not to scale
Data is for illustrative purposes only.
Spectrum Policy Reform
Technology is allowing better and more efficient spectrum usage and influencing
spectrum policy.
Technology is allowing better and more efficient spectrum usage and influencing
spectrum policy.
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Ultra Wideband (UWB)
Ultra Wideband (UWB)
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
UWB UpdateUWB Update? IEEE?IEEE 802.15.3 UWB PHY/MAC specification in
development?24 PHY proposals made in March meeting? Intel facilitated collaboration on multi-band OFDM
approach, 18 companies merged proposals?Down selected from 6 proposals to single PHY – multi-
band OFDM approach in July 2003?UWB Demo? Intel demonstrates 252 Mbps UWB Tx/Rx with 7 sub
bands at IDF Japan in April, 2003
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Current Multi-band/OFDM ProposalCurrent Multi-band/OFDM Proposal
??Each subEach sub--band used OFDM modulationband used OFDM modulation
??Group A: 1Group A: 1stst generation devices (3.1 generation devices (3.1 –– 4.9 GHz).4.9 GHz).
??Group B: Reserved for future use (4.9 Group B: Reserved for future use (4.9 –– 6.0 GHz).6.0 GHz).
??Group C: Devices with improved Simultaneous Group C: Devices with improved Simultaneous Operating Piconet (SOP) performanceOperating Piconet (SOP) performance
??Group D: Reserved for future use (8.1 Group D: Reserved for future use (8.1 –– 10.6 GHz).10.6 GHz).
f3432MHz
3960MHz
4488MHz
5016MHz
5808MHz
6336MHz
6864MHz
7392MHz
7920MHz
8448MHz
8976MHz
9504MHz
10032MHz
Band#1
Band#2
Band#3
Band#4
Band#5
Band#6
Band#7
Band#8
Band#9
Band#10
Band#11
Band#12
Band#13
GROUP A GROUP B GROUP C GROUP D
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Next Steps for UWBNext Steps for UWB
?Define a UWB-based radio platform that becomes the PC/CE/mobile industry standard?Enable a single low cost radio?Drive UWB regulatory approvals?Facilitate compatibility and co-existence
UWB offers new opportunities for
high speed wireless personal
connectivity
UWB offers new opportunities for
high speed wireless personal
connectivity
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Cognitive Radio
Concepts
Cognitive Radio
Concepts
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
??Wireless Protocol PlethoraWireless Protocol Plethora??PAN (many protocols): Bluetooth*, 1394, UWBPAN (many protocols): Bluetooth*, 1394, UWB??WLAN (4 protocols): 802.11a,b,g (future HT/11n)WLAN (4 protocols): 802.11a,b,g (future HT/11n)??WAN (9 protocols): WAN (9 protocols): ??2G: IS2G: IS--95, GSM95, GSM??2.5G: GPRS/EGPRS, cdma20002.5G: GPRS/EGPRS, cdma2000??3G: WCDMA (FDD, TDD, SC), CDMA 1xE DV3G: WCDMA (FDD, TDD, SC), CDMA 1xE DV
??Possible SolutionsPossible Solutions??Increased Frequency ReIncreased Frequency Re--use use –– Many More Many More
Basestations Basestations ?? Increased costs Increased costs –– slows deployment slows deployment –– decreases revenuesdecreases revenues
??More Signal ProcessingMore Signal Processing??Exploits Moore’s law to achieve Shannon’s limitsExploits Moore’s law to achieve Shannon’s limits
??Obtaining more Spectrum from the FCC, etc.Obtaining more Spectrum from the FCC, etc.??Very Long processVery Long process
Anticipated Future Issues
Cognitive Reconfigurable Radios: Exploit available spectrum in Licensed AND Unlicensed
bands for given user location
Cognitive Reconfigurable Radios: Exploit available spectrum in Licensed AND Unlicensed
bands for given user location
* Bluetooth is a trademark owned by its proprietor and used by Intel Corpor ation under license.
Cognitive Radio Concepts
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
??Must sense or be Must sense or be cognitivecognitive of the environmentof the environment??Other user interference, multipath, noise, etc.Other user interference, multipath, noise, etc.??TimeTime--variationsvariations
??Must be Must be Intelligent Intelligent to analyze the situation and find to analyze the situation and find the optimal communications protocol, frequency, the optimal communications protocol, frequency, channel, etc.channel, etc.
??Must Must reconfigure reconfigure for the channel and protocol for the channel and protocol requiredrequired
??And…constantly And…constantly adaptadapt to mobile changing to mobile changing environmentsenvironments
Cognitive Reconfigurable RadiosCognitive Reconfigurable Radios
These radios “find the best protocol, frequency, and channel” to
communicate over
These radios “find the best protocol, frequency, and channel” to
communicate over
Cognitive Radio Concepts
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
RF PHY MAC
Fixed Baseband = PHY + MAC
FUTURETODAY
RF
Fix
ed B
aseb
and
RF..
RF..
RFN
RF1
Integrated,Variable Freq
RF transceivers
Rec
onfig
urab
leB
aseb
and
VariableBand-pass
filters
Air InterfaceAlgorithms
Engine
Softer “everything”
Opportunistically use the ‘best’ available spectrumOpportunistically use the ‘best’ available spectrumBuilds on software-defined radio (SDR) concept
(low-power and low-cost are critical)
Cognitive Reconfigurable RadioCognitive Radio Concepts
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Present Status of Soft RadiosPresent Status of Soft Radios?? Prior Infrastructure ApproachesPrior Infrastructure Approaches??DSP + ASICDSP + ASIC??Inflexible ASIC and Costly DSPInflexible ASIC and Costly DSP
??DSP + Closely Coupled AcceleratorsDSP + Closely Coupled Accelerators??Increased Power and Costly DSPIncreased Power and Costly DSP
??ReconfigurableReconfigurable??Hard to ProgramHard to Program??CostlyCostly
??High PowerHigh Power??Granularity problem has not been completely solvedGranularity problem has not been completely solved
??Need Evolved Architecture Need Evolved Architecture
Cognitive Radio Concepts
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Part II: System Protocol Requirements
and Architectural Optimizations
Part II: System Protocol Requirements
and Architectural Optimizations
Contributors:Contributors:Kumar Ganapathy, Hooman Honary, Rich Nicholls, Tony Chun, Kumar Ganapathy, Hooman Honary, Rich Nicholls, Tony Chun,
Lee Snyder, Amit Dagan, and Israel HirshLee Snyder, Amit Dagan, and Israel Hirsh
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Wireless RequirementsWireless Requirements??Seamless Client RoamingSeamless Client Roaming??Two to three concurrent wireless protocols selected from Two to three concurrent wireless protocols selected from
a set of five to fifteen protocolsa set of five to fifteen protocols
??Selected 802.11a and WCDMA as the models of Selected 802.11a and WCDMA as the models of computationally intensive protocolscomputationally intensive protocols
??Size (< tens of mmSize (< tens of mm22))
??Very Low Power (several hundred mW)Very Low Power (several hundred mW)??Digital Baseband is < 10% of total PHY powerDigital Baseband is < 10% of total PHY power
??Reconfigurable to allow Si ReReconfigurable to allow Si Re--useuse
??ScaleableScaleable
??Converging protocols to OFDM or CDMA or hybridConverging protocols to OFDM or CDMA or hybrid
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Computational Mix for Wireless Protocols
Computational Mix for Wireless Protocols
05
10152025303540
Filtering Sync MisclDSP
802.11aWCDMA
%
Significant “domain specific” operations
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
General Architectural Issues (I)General Architectural Issues (I)??Low power requires a Low power requires a highly distributedhighly distributed (e.g. (e.g.
spatially multiplexed) architecturespatially multiplexed) architecture??Low voltage helps quadratically lower powerLow voltage helps quadratically lower power??Low clock frequency linearly lowers powerLow clock frequency linearly lowers power??Large size penalties associated with spatially Large size penalties associated with spatially
distributed elements must be avoideddistributed elements must be avoided??What is the low power What is the low power interconnectinterconnect strategy?strategy?
??Small Size requires a highly Small Size requires a highly timetime--multiplexed multiplexed architecturearchitecture??Clock frequency is increased and possibly voltageClock frequency is increased and possibly voltage??Memory is also increasedMemory is also increased
??Conflicting requirements for low power Conflicting requirements for low power and small size (other than leakage)and small size (other than leakage)
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
General Architectural Issues (II)General Architectural Issues (II)
??FlexibilityFlexibility (less) is the other variable that can (less) is the other variable that can reduce both size and powerreduce both size and power??Determine the size of a Significant Computational Determine the size of a Significant Computational
Unit (Aop)Unit (Aop)
??This equals the Granularity for a true This equals the Granularity for a true reconfigurable architecturereconfigurable architecture??FPGA granularity is smaller (LUT) than the FPGA granularity is smaller (LUT) than the
significant computational unitsignificant computational unit??Pick the right “granularity”Pick the right “granularity”??Larger gives more power/area efficiencyLarger gives more power/area efficiency??Less gives more flexibilityLess gives more flexibility
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
General Architectural Issues (III)General Architectural Issues (III)??Granularity ExamplesGranularity Examples??Gate (very fine)Gate (very fine)
??3 input LUT (fine)3 input LUT (fine)
??ALU (composed of adderALU (composed of adder--like circuits or granules)like circuits or granules)
??Multiplier (medium)Multiplier (medium)
??Vector Multiplier (medium)Vector Multiplier (medium)
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
General Architectural Issues (IV)General Architectural Issues (IV)
LessLess(More (More
Interconnect)Interconnect)
MoreMorePower/Area Power/Area EfficiencyEfficiency
MoreMoreLessLess(Less variation (Less variation
possible)possible)
FlexibilityFlexibility
Decreased Decreased GranularityGranularity
Increased Increased GranularityGranularity
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
How Do the Architectures Compare?Multi-User Detector (Adaptive Filter-like) BenchmarkHow Do the Architectures Compare?Multi-User Detector (Adaptive Filter-like) Benchmark
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Power Area
GP-DSP(BWRC)DSP Exten.(BWRC)BerkeleyPleiades DedicatedHardware
BWRC and Lee Snyder
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Low Power Approaches to Reconfigurable Radios
(Part III)
Low Power Approaches to Reconfigurable Radios
(Part III)
Contributors:Contributors:Inching Chen, Tony Chun, Ram Krishnamurthy, Rich Inching Chen, Tony Chun, Ram Krishnamurthy, Rich Nicholls, Steve Pawlowski, Lee Snyder, Bart Zeydel Nicholls, Steve Pawlowski, Lee Snyder, Bart Zeydel
• 26 •Communications TechnologyCommunications Technology
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Wireless Everywhere but Nowhere
Wireless Everywhere but Nowhere
??Processing Requirements (Exponentially Processing Requirements (Exponentially increasing)increasing)??Measure “channels”Measure “channels”
??Adapt to the “channels”Adapt to the “channels”
??“Squeeze” more capacity out of the given “Squeeze” more capacity out of the given spectrumspectrum
??Power/Size (Limited)Power/Size (Limited)??Standby power is beginning to dominate active Standby power is beginning to dominate active
power: size ~ powerpower: size ~ power
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© 2003 Intel CorporationComplexity/Battery Trends Predict??Complexity/Battery Trends Predict??
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Battery Performance
Source: Hartenstein, Reiner: Reconfigurable Computing: A new business Model – and its impact on SoC Design; IEEE 2001
WirelessComplexity
Transistors/chip
2.5G
2G
3G
Normalized
Processor speed
DSP1G
810
910
1010
1110
1310
1210
510
410
310
210
110
010
710
610
DSP Limited by Power
How?
• 28 •Communications TechnologyCommunications Technology
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© 2003 Intel CorporationReconfigurable Communications Architectural Objectives
Reconfigurable Communications Architectural Objectives
??Exponentially increasing computational complexities Exponentially increasing computational complexities demand more MOPsdemand more MOPs
??Moore’s Law adding Transistors (MOPs) but Moore’s Law adding Transistors (MOPs) but Active Active powerpower per MIP is now also increasingper MIP is now also increasing
??More than Battery Capacity trendMore than Battery Capacity trend
??Most of the energy may be used in Wireless Standby Most of the energy may be used in Wireless Standby modes due to Submicron Leakagemodes due to Submicron Leakage
??Leakage PowerLeakage Power is proportional to Sizeis proportional to Size
??Size may also be a constraintSize may also be a constraint
??Need more MOPs/watts Need more MOPs/watts andand MOPs/mmMOPs/mm22
??What can we do??What can we do??
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Computations per Unit Power Issues
Computations per Unit Power Issues
??Must Decrease Watts/MOPs as in the past Must Decrease Watts/MOPs as in the past –– but how?but how???Active Watts/MIPs ~ Active Watts/MIPs ~ Granularity Granularity x x Load CapacitanceLoad Capacitance x x VVdddd
2 2 (ref.:Bob Brodersen, ISSCC 2001 Tutorial paper)
?Vdd decrease is being limited by leakage considerations??Load Capacitance (formerly decreasing with feature size) may be Load Capacitance (formerly decreasing with feature size) may be
increasing in the futureincreasing in the future??Granularity defined as size of the fundamental arithmetic unit pGranularity defined as size of the fundamental arithmetic unit plus lus
overhead (memory, interconnect, etc.) overhead (memory, interconnect, etc.) This must DECREASE with This must DECREASE with future Architecturesfuture Architectures
??Granularity Reduction OptionsGranularity Reduction Options??Reduce memory Reduce memory –– via spatially distributed processing vs time via spatially distributed processing vs time
multiplexingmultiplexing??Reduce overhead (e.g., per cycle instruction decoding, etc.) witReduce overhead (e.g., per cycle instruction decoding, etc.) with h
“reconfigure and forget datapath” architectures“reconfigure and forget datapath” architectures??More efficient implementations of fundamental datapath unitsMore efficient implementations of fundamental datapath units??Efficient Interconnect ArchitectureEfficient Interconnect Architecture
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Fixed Spatial (the ASIC style)Hardware optimized for the problem
“Spatially” implemented on silicon
Best performance and densityLittle to No Flexibility
Spatial vs. Time Multiplex Implementation vs. Reconfigurable
Time Multiplex (CPU/DSP Style)Instruction Decode/Cycle->
Load? Compute? Store paradigmSeveral loads/stores per operation
Function A
Function B
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© 2003 Intel CorporationLow Power Reconfigurability Summary
Low Power Reconfigurability Summary
??Future Requirements for MOPs and Battery Future Requirements for MOPs and Battery LifeLife??Require new Architectures that focus on low active power Require new Architectures that focus on low active power
and standby power (size reduction and leakage reduction)and standby power (size reduction and leakage reduction)
??Reduction of Granularity (or fundamental Reduction of Granularity (or fundamental arithmetic element size) is keyarithmetic element size) is key??Use ASIC Use ASIC –– type Spatial Multiplex Methods that can type Spatial Multiplex Methods that can
“reconfigure and forget”“reconfigure and forget”
??Efficient Connections of Granular computation modulesEfficient Connections of Granular computation modules
??Efficient Granular modulesEfficient Granular modules
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
How will Intel go about it?
How will Intel go about it?
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Flexibility, Power, and Cost Trades(Pick two only)
Flexibility, Power, and Cost Trades(Pick two only)
Flex.
Power Cost
Dedicated H/W
DSPRe-configurable Communication
Architecture
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
General Power, Area, Fclk TrendsGeneral Power, Area, Fclk Trends
Fclk
Power
(Po)
Fixed
Aop
Fixed Area (Ac)
Area
(Ac)
Voltage/Power
~ 50 MHz ~ 500 MHz ~ 5 GHz
100
10
1
Optimum Area
Flexibility
Interconnect Power
Granularity (may be less
than significant comp. unit)
Granularity
Nop
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Architecture Selection CriteriaArchitecture Selection Criteria??Define type of protocols desired, power, size, Define type of protocols desired, power, size,
and performance requirementsand performance requirements??Evaluate the protocol algorithmsEvaluate the protocol algorithms??Allows proper flexibility limitation of the processing Allows proper flexibility limitation of the processing
elementselements??Only the flexibility required, e.g. filter length Only the flexibility required, e.g. filter length
variation, etc.variation, etc.
??Architect the processing elementsArchitect the processing elements??Few selected typesFew selected types??Clock frequency dependent on load and processClock frequency dependent on load and process
??Connect elementsConnect elements??Scalable manner, e.g., mesh or similar approach Scalable manner, e.g., mesh or similar approach
(avoid bus, etc.)(avoid bus, etc.)
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Architecture ApproachArchitecture Approach??Interconnect with Nearest Neighbor MeshInterconnect with Nearest Neighbor Mesh??Eliminates High Speed (and power) buses [J. Rabaey, Silicon Eliminates High Speed (and power) buses [J. Rabaey, Silicon
Architectures for Wireless, Hotchips 2001 Tutorial]Architectures for Wireless, Hotchips 2001 Tutorial]
??PHY connections are 95% nearest neighborPHY connections are 95% nearest neighbor
??Heterogeneous Processing Elements (PEs)Heterogeneous Processing Elements (PEs)??Domain specific processors are more efficient (less flexible)Domain specific processors are more efficient (less flexible)??With the right granularityWith the right granularity
??Number of Processing Elements Number of Processing Elements ??Driven by:Driven by:
– Computational Load– Activity Factors (Standby vs Active)– Size and Power Constraints– Feature parameters (e.g., Average Load Capacitance, Vdd, etc.)
??Clock Frequency Choice Clock Frequency Choice –– optimal one for each situationoptimal one for each situation
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Reconfigurable Power Trend Summary
Reconfigurable Power Trend Summary
?? There is an optimum FThere is an optimum Fclkclk for a fixed Afor a fixed Aopop
??((AAopop is the fundamental processing size)is the fundamental processing size)??Optimum meets Size and Computational requirements and Optimum meets Size and Computational requirements and
minimizes power for the aboveminimizes power for the above??Higher FHigher Fclkclk increases power, lower Fincreases power, lower Fclkclk increases area and increases area and
interconnect powerinterconnect power?? There a similar optimum as AThere a similar optimum as Aopop is variedis varied??As AAs Aopop decreases decreases –– interconnect Power increases exponentially interconnect Power increases exponentially
??Simpler elements must be connected in a more complex manner to Simpler elements must be connected in a more complex manner to retain flexibilityretain flexibility
??As AAs Aopop increases increases -- the voltage requirement (and Power) increases the voltage requirement (and Power) increases ??More complex element requires timeMore complex element requires time--multiplexingmultiplexing
?? Thus, is there a globally “good” design?Thus, is there a globally “good” design???Conjecture:Conjecture:
??Determine the Minimum Aop (for the flexibility desired) and findDetermine the Minimum Aop (for the flexibility desired) and find the the optimum Foptimum Fclkclk
Communications TechnologyCommunications TechnologyLabLab
© 2003 Intel Corporation
Reconfigurable Communication ArchitectureUbiquitous wireless communication across multiple protocols
A scalable mesh interconnect of heterogeneous processing elements (PEs):? Configurable basebands for multiple (concurrent) PHY/MAC operation? Power and Size conserving when compared to “multiple” dedicate d cores or
“traditional” SDR (S/W defined radio) approaches? Tools for simple programming and portability to different arrays of elements
Ultra-wideband WPAN
802.11a WLAN
WCDMA WWAN
DD
CMOS AFE 3
CMOS AFE 2
1
PEPE PE
IO (EC)
IO (AFE 2)
PE
PE
PE
PE
PEPE PE
PE
PE
PE
PE
1
4
3
2
4
3
2
A
EA
CMOS AFE 1
I.E.
IO (EC) IO (EC)
IO (AFE 1) IO (AFE 3)
UMAC 2UMAC 2UMAC 1UMAC 1 UMAC 3UMAC 3
B C D
DCB
E
Figure source Intel research and development
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© 2003 Intel CorporationRe-configurable Communication Architecture 802.11a,b,g,n (HT) Example
Re-configurable Communication Architecture 802.11a,b,g,n (HT) Example
CMOS AFE 3
CMOS AFE 2
1
PE5PE4 PE6
IO NODE 1
IO NODE 2
PE3
PE1
PE7
PE2
PE10PE9 PE11
IO NODE 2
PE8
IO NODE 2
PE12
1
4
3
2
4
3
2
DA
DA
CMOS AFE 1
EMBEDDED CONTROLLER(I.E. XSCALE,)
IO NODE 1 IO NODE 1
PE13 PE14
Figure source Intel research and development
802.11 a,b,g
802.11n (HT)
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
AtherosWLAN BB Si
TI 6414
Intel RCA
Courtesy of Bob Brodersen, Dir. Berkeley Wireless Research Center
Trends with latest data on TI (DSP), Atheros (Dedicated ASIC), and Intel (Reconfigurable Comm. Arch.)
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
? Single Wireless Subsystem?Separate Radio/Passives
and Baseband Processor? Need Multiple (Separate) radios
for each of the standards that are supported
? RF and baseband are designed as a complete system
?Integrate multiple radio front ends into a cost effective technology
?Utilize CMOS economies of scale
?Develop a Multi-protocolBaseband Architecture
?Good place to use MIPs if cost effective
Wireless System Evolution
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© 2003 Intel Corporation
Overall SummaryOverall Summary??Spectrum is available but we need to “find it”Spectrum is available but we need to “find it”??Technology is allowing better and more efficient spectrum Technology is allowing better and more efficient spectrum
usage and influencing spectrum policy.usage and influencing spectrum policy.
??Geographic, spatial, frequency, time are all examples of the Geographic, spatial, frequency, time are all examples of the dimensionsdimensions
??Cognitive or Adaptive Radios are desirableCognitive or Adaptive Radios are desirable??To find spectrum and understand the available capacity of each To find spectrum and understand the available capacity of each
slice of spectrumslice of spectrum??UWB multiUWB multi--band OFDM approach will facilitate compatibility and band OFDM approach will facilitate compatibility and
coco--existence.existence.
??Cognitive Radios allow for ubiquitous wireless communication Cognitive Radios allow for ubiquitous wireless communication across multiple protocols and spectrum.across multiple protocols and spectrum.
??Reconfigurable or Adaptive Radios enableReconfigurable or Adaptive Radios enable??Lower cost (reLower cost (re--use Si) and lower energy (leakage) for low use Si) and lower energy (leakage) for low
activity factors (wireless applications)activity factors (wireless applications)
??Also enable adaptivity to optimum modulation, demodulation, Also enable adaptivity to optimum modulation, demodulation, and a smart antenna configurations for the given environment and a smart antenna configurations for the given environment